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AUTHOR 


PEAKE 


J 


CI    ITADCTU 


TITLE : 


HISTORY  OF  THE 
GERMAN  EMPERORS 


PL  A  CE : 


PHILADELPHIA 


DA  TE : 


1874 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARIES 
PRESERVATION  DEPARTMENT 


Master  Negative  If 


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'"^rwt-rfWP'iiiiwuii^g  «fi^mm-T^^*'^'^*^^ 


Peake,  Elizabeth.  '  * 

Ilistoiy  of  the  German  emperors  and  tin  n   ,  .mii  mpo- 

ranes.    Tr.  from  the  (Ivniuin  mu]  compile^!  iVruii  aiithc^n- 
tie  sources.     By  Eiiza belli  i 
Lippincott  &  co.,  1874.   - 

587  p.    illus.  (ports.)     23"". 


Phiiiid 


!  '    !  H  ■ 


1.  J_Ioly  Roman  empire— Emperors.    2.  Europe— Hist. 


l.ilirary  of  Congress 


5-35965t 


DD8S.6.P3 


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library  of  F.  A.  1'.  Barnard,  U,.l). 
Pres  nf  Columbia  Collosc  1864-1880. 


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This  book  is  due  two  weeks  from  the  last  date  stamped 
^.elow,  and  if  not  returned  at  or  before  that  time  a  fine  of 
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HISTORY 


r 


OF 


i 


THE  GERMAN  EMPERORS 


9 


AND 


THEIR   CONTEMPORARIES. 


TRANSLATED  FROM  THE  GERMAN  AND  COMriLED  FROM  ArTHENTIC  SOURCES. 


BY 

ELIZABETH    PEAKE. 

AUTHOR   OF   "  PEN   PICTURES   OF    EUROPE." 
\ 


4 


ILLUSTRATED. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT    &    CO. 

1874. 


THIS    HISTORY    IS    DEDICATED 
TO 

MY    SCHOLARS. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1874,  by 

ELIZABETH    PEAKE, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 


HAVING   BEEN   WRITTEN   ESPECIALLY   FOR  THEIR   USE, 

TO    REFRESH    THFIR   MEMORIES, 

AND   TO    RECALL   THE    PLEASANT    HOURS 

WHICH     THEY     HAVE    PASSED     IN    THE    PURSUIT    OF    THIS 

"  QUEENLY  BRANCH  OF  KNOWLEDGE" 

WITH 

THEIR   FAITHFUL   AND  AFFECTIONATE  FRIEND, 

E.  PEAKE. 


i 


Lippincott's    Press, 
Philadelphia. 


101428 


PREFACE. 


The  Town-House  in  Frankfort-on-the-Main,  called  Roeiner,  a  build- 
ing of  the  fifteenth  century,  has  little  architectural  beauty,  but  much 
historical  interest  to  recommend  it,  having  been  the  scene  of  the  cere- 
monies attending  the  election  of  the  Emperors,  and  the  place  where 
the  festivities  which  succeeded  their  coronations  were  held.  The  walls 
of  the  banqueting-room,  or  Kaiscrsaal,  where  the  Emperors  w^ere 
entertained,  and  waited  on  at  table  by  kings  and  princes,  are  covered 
with  their  portraits  in  the  order  of  their  succession,— fifty-two  in 
number,— painted  by  Lessing,  Bendeman,  Bethel,  and  other  eminent 
living  artists.  Under  nearly  every  one  is  the  motto  whicl  the  Em- 
peror adopted  at  his  coronation.  At  the  end  of  the  hall  is  the  *' Judg- 
ment of  Solomon,"  by  Steinle. 

Looking  at  these  portraits  reminded  me  of  Carlyle's  saying,  that 
*^the  history  of  the  world  is  but  the  biography  of  great  men;"  and 
the  thought  struck  me  that  it  might  be  a  good  plan  to  begin  with 
Charlemagne,  and  come  down  to  the  present  time,  taking  as  a  clue, 
through  the  Middle  or  Dark  Ages,  a  connected  outline  of  the  lives  of 
the  Emperors,  and  the  great  events  which  occurred  in  their  times, 
with  a  brief  mention  of  their  contemporaries,  even  though  it  might 
occasion  some  repetition. 

If  this  work  serves  as  a  guide  through  any  of  the  intricacies  of 
history,  and  adds  a  modicum  to  the  general  knowledge  of  past  events 
and  characters,  the  ambition  of  the  author  will  be  satisfied. 

E.  P. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Introduction 9 

FRANK    EMPERORS. 

Charlemagne 17 

Louis  the  Debonnaire 25 

Louis  IL,  the  German 29 

Charles  the  Fat 31 

Arnulph 32 

Louis  the  Child 33 

Conrad  1 34 

SAXON    EMPERORS. 

Henry  the  Fowler 39 

Otho  L,  the  Great 41 

Contemporaries 44 

Otho  IL,  the  Red 46 

Otho  III 48 

Henry  IL,  surnamed  the  Saint 51 

Contemporaries 53 

FRANCONIAN    EMPERORS. 

Conrad  IL,  the  Salic 59 

Henry  III.,  the  Black 61 

Henry  IV ,        .  63 

Henry  V 68 

lothaire  of  supplinburg 70 

Contemporaries 71 


SUABIAN   EMPERORS. 

Conrad  III 91 

Frederic  L,  Barbarossa 95 

Henry  VI 103 

Philip  of  Suabia 105 

Otto  IV.  of  Brunswick 107 

Frederic  II 109 

Contemporaries  ....               115 

HAPSBURG,  AND  OTHER  HOUSES. 

Rudolph  of  Hapsburg 131 

Adolph  of  Nassau 136 

Albert  1 139 

Contemporaries 143 

7 


8 


Henry  VII.      .        .        .        . 
Frederic  the  Handsome 
-^  Louis  the  Bavarian    . 
Charles  IV.        .        .        . 
Günther  of  Schwarzburg 

Contemporaries 
Wen  c  ES  LAUS    . 
Rupert,  or  Robert  . 
sigismund 

Contemporaries 


CONTENTS. 


HOUSE    OF   AUSTRIA. 


Albert  H. 
J^   Frederic  HI.      . 

Contemporaries 

•    Maximilian  I.     . 

Contemporaries 

Charles  V. 

Contemporaries 

Ferdinand  I. 

Contemporaries 

Maximilian  H.  . 
Contemporaries 

Rudolph  H. 

Contemporaries 

Matthias    . 
Ferdinand  H. 
Ferdinand  HI.  . 
Contemporaries 

Leopold  L    . 

Joseph  L 

Contemporaries 

Charles  VI.    . 
Charles  VII. 

Contemporaries 


HOUSE    OF    AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


Francis  I.    . 

Contemporaries 

Joseph  II.    . 
Leopold  II.     . 

Contemporaries 

Francis  II. 

Contemporaries 


P\GH 

149 

152 

153 
155 

158 
161 
170 

175 
176 

184 


199 
200 
210 
222 
,  226 

239 
.  251 

293 
.  296 

306 
.  308 

315 
.  320 

336 
.  341 

3^3 
.  370 

381 
.  387 

389 

.  403 

405 
.  406 


417 
428 

444 
447 
448 

459 
463 


HOUSE  OF  HOHENZOLLERN. 


William  I. 


556 


J*. 


:J 


INTRODUCTION. 


During  the  civil  wars  that  raged  between  the  sons  of  Constantine 
the  Great,  a.d.  340-355,  the  Roman  garrisons  were  recalled  from  the 
Rhine,  and  the  flourishing  provinces  of  Gaul  were  left  exposed  to  the 
incursions  of  the  German  barbarians  beyond  the  river.     Swarms  of 
Franks  and  Alemanni,  or  Suabians,  now  crossed,  and  spread  devasta- 
tion as  far  as  the  Loire.     Forty-five  populous  cities,  Tongres,  Cologne, 
Treves,  Worms,  Speyer,  and  Strasburg,  besides  a  far  greater  number  of 
open  towns  and  villages,  were  pillaged,  and,  for  the  most  part,  reduced 
to  ashes.     The  Alemanni  already  began  to  establish  themselves  on  the 
left  bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  the  Franks  occupied  the  island  of  the  Ba- 
tavians  (now  Holland)  and   Toxandria  (Brabant),  when   Julian,   the 
young  Emperor,  appeared  with  his  legions,  and  in  the  brilliant  cam- 
paigns of  356-358,  defeated  the  Alemanni  at  Strasburg,  driving  them 
headlong  across  the  Rhine  ;  and  making  a  treaty  with  the  powerful 
Franks,  permitted  them  to  settle  down  in  the  depopulated  province  of 
Germania  Secunda  (now  Belgium),  where  they  remained,  faithful  allies 
of  the  Romans  in  the  later  wars  with  Attila  and  the  Huns,  451,  until 
they,  under  Clovis,  burst  forth  in  486  to  share  the  spoils  of  the  perish- 
ing Empire  of  the  West. 

Tournay,  on  the  river  Scheldt,  was  then  the  capital  of  the  Franks, 
and  here  Childeric  I.,  the  father  of  Clovis,— a  brave  prince,  and  whom 
some  consider  as  the  real  founder  of  the  French  monarchy, — died,  in 
482,  and  was  buried.  In  his  coffin,  which  was  opened  in  1655,  were 
found  a  chasse  of  gold,  bearing  his  head,  and  many  other  curiosities, 
now  deposited  in  the  Bibliotheque  du  Roi,  at  Paris;  among  them  the 
'*  Golden  Bees,"  with  which  his  royal  robes  are  supposed  to  have  been 
studded.  They  were,  in  consequence,  adopted  by  Bonaparte  in  his 
coronation  vestments,  in  preference  to  the  fleiirs-de-lis,  as  symbols  of 
the  imperial  dignity. 

Clovis  (old  German,  Chlodwig,  i.e.  ^' famous  warrior ;"  modern  Ger- 
man, Ludwig;  French,  Louis)  was  born  A.D.  465.     His  first  achieve- 

9 


10 


INTRODUCTION. 


INTR  OD  UCTION. 


II 


ment  after  the  death  of  his  father  was  the  overthrow  of  the  Gallo- 
Romans,  under  Syagrius,  near  Soissons.  He  then  took  possession  of 
the  whole  country  between  the  Somme  and  the  Loire,  and  established 
himself  at  Soissons.  In  493  he  married  Clotilda,  daughter  of  the  King 
of  Burgundy.  She  was  a  Christian,  and  earnestly  desired  the  conver- 
sion of  her  husband,  who,  like  most  of  the  Franks,  was  still  a  heathen. 
In  a  great  battle  with  the  Alemanni,  at  Tolbiac  (now  Zülpich),  near 
Cologne,  Clovis  was  hard  pressed,  and,  as  a  last  resource,  invoked  the 
God  of  Clotilda,  offering  to  become  a  Christian  on  condition  of  ob- 
taining the  victory.  The  Alemanni  were  routed,  and  on  Christmas- 
day  of  the  same  year  Clovis  and  several  thousands  of  his  army  were 
baptized  by  Remigius,  Bishop  of  Rheims.  Clovis  at  length  took  up 
his  residence  at  Paris,  where  he  died  in  511.  His  great  aim  was  the 
subjugation  of  all  the  Frankish  princes,  and  the  union  of  the  whole 
Frankish  people  into  a  single  powerful  kingdom. 

The  ''good  King  Dagobert,"  as  the  French  call  him,  whose  throne* 
is  still  to  be  seen  in  the  Museum  of  Paris,  reigned  from  628  to  638, 
during  which  time  his  country  rose  to  much  consideration  :  commerce 
flourished,  and  gold  and  silver,  hitherto  almost  unknown  among  them, 

became  plentiful. 

The  kings  who  succeeded  him  were  called  Sluggards,  from  the  indo- 
lence of  their  lives,  and  all  the  power  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  officers 
called  "  Mayors  of  the  Palace." 

First  on  the  list  of  these  distinguished  mayors  stands  Pepin  the 
Elder,  or  Pepin  of  Landen,  related  to  the  Merovingian  family.  He 
took  his  name  from  his  castle  of  Landen  (now  Liege,  in  Belgium). 
Rebelling,  with  other  great  lords  of  Austrasia,  against  the  Regent 
Brunehaut,  he  offered  the  crown  to  Clotaire  II.,  who,  in  reward  for  his 
services,  created  Pepin  Mayor  of  the  Palace  of  Austrasia,  an  office 
which  he  continued  to  hold  during  the  two  following  reigns.    He  died 

in  639. 

This  Pepin  the  Elder  left  by  his  daughte-  a  grandson,  Pepin  the 
Fat,  or  Pepin  of  Heristal,  who  conquered  Neustria,  and,  satisfied  that 
he  could  have  no  slave  more  obedient  to  his  will,  caused  Thierry  III., 
King  of  Neustria,  to  be  proclaimed  King  of  Austrasia  also,  and  from 
that  time  ruled  both  kingdoms  with  energy,  and  undisturbed  by  any 
internal  commotion,  during  the  lives  of  three  other  do-nothing  kings. 
Pepin  married  Plectrude,  daughter  of  Hugobert,  Duke  or  King  of 
Bavaria.     He  died  in   714,  and  his  two  legitimate  sons  having  died 


1 


»ä 

;>*« 

* 


-'-. 


*  Napoleon  I.  used  this  throne  of  Dagobert  at  his  coronation. 


before  him,  Charles  Martel,  his  illegitimate  son,  succeeded  to  his  power. 
Charles  Martel  was  much  engaged  in  wars  with  the  Alemanni,  Bavarians, 
and  Saxons ;  but  his  importance  as  a  historic  personage  is  mostly  due 
to  his  wars  with  the  Saracens,  whom  he  defeated,  between  Tours  and 
Poictiers,  in  732,  in  a  great  battle,  and  again  in  Burgundy,  in  738,  when 
they  had  advanced  as  far  as  Lyons.  He  drove  them  back  to  the 
Pyrenees.  Charles  married  for  his  second  wife  Sunhilde,  daughter  of 
Grimoald  of  Bavaria.  He  died  in  741,  leaving  the  government  of 
the  kingdom  to  be  divided  between  his  two  sons,  Carloman  and  Pepin 

the  Short. 

Carloman  inherited  Austrasia,  Thuringia,  and  Suabia ;  Pepin,  Neus- 
tria and  Burgundy.  Pepin  and  Carloman  deprived  their  half-brother 
Gripho  of  his  inheritance,  and  threatened  the  liberty  of  his  sister, 
Chiltrude,  who  withdrew  to  her  mother's  country,  and  was  afterwards 
married  to  Odilo,  Duke  of  Bavaria. 

It  was  not  long  before  Carloman  grew  weary  of  a  warrior's  life,  and, 
preferring  to  become  a  monk,  he  gave  up  his  power  to  Pepin,  and  went 
to  the  monastery  of  Monte  Casino,  founded  by  St.  Benedict  a.d.  529, 
on  a  mountain  overlooking  the  town  of  San  Germano,  between  fifty  and 
sixty  miles  northwest  of  Naples.  This  monastery  became  remarkable  for 
its  noble  architecture,  its  great  wealth,  its  valuable  library,  its  archives, 
and  the  learning  of  its  monks.  Carloman  died  at  Vienne,  on  his  way 
to  Italy,  in  754,  and  Pepin,  his  brother,  inclosed  his  body  in  a  coffin 
of  gold  and  sent  it  to  Monte  Casino.  His  ashes  now  repose  beneath 
the  high  altar,  in  an  urn  of  onyx-stone.  A  splendid  inscription  was 
placed  on  it  in  1628. 

Pepin  put  down  a  rebellion  of  the  Saxons,  brought  Odilo  of  Bavaria 
to  terms,  and,  by  favoring  the  clergy,  secured  their  favor.  Pope 
Zachary,  feeling  the  importance  of  obtaining  the  aid  of  this  powerful 
Frankish  chief  against  the  Lombards,  who  were  then  masters  of  Italy, 
released  the  Franks  from  their  oath  of  fidelity  to  Childeric,  the  Mero- 
vingian monarch.  Pepin  at  once  caused  himself  to  be  elected  king  by 
the  assembly  at  Soissons,  a.d.  752,  and  was  consecrated  by  St.  Boni- 
face, the  Apostle  of  Germany,  whom  he  had  made  Archbishop  of 
Mayence.  Pepin  was  the  first  Frankish  monarch  whose  election  was 
sanctioned  by  the  Pope,  and  these  solemn  ceremonies  put  the  crown  to 
a  great  extent  at  the  mercy  of  the  clergy,  who  from  this  time  took  a 
political  rank  in  the  state ;  and  the  Latin  language,  which  was  also 
introduced,  being  the  language  of  the  clergy,  helped  to  increase  tlieir 
influence. 

Pepin  was  soon  after  called  to  aid  the  Pope  against  the  Lombards; 


12 


INTRODUCTIOK. 


INTRODUCTION. 


n 


and,  marching  into  Italy  with  a  large  army,  he  compelled  Astulf,  the 
Lombard  king,  to  retire  from  the  siege  of  Rome,  and  also  to  restore 
several  cities  which  had  previously  belonged  to  the  Greeks,  and  which 
he  handed  over  to  the  Pope.     Pepin  had  hardly  left  Italy,  755,  when 
he  was  forced  to  return,  the  Lombards  having  broken  their  engage- 
ments.    This  time  he  took  Ravenna,  Emilia,  the  Pentapolis,  and  the 
Duchy  of  Rome,  and  reunited  them  to  the  Holy  See.     Pepin  then 
reduced  Aquitaine,  after  a  desolating  war  of  eight  years,  and  shortly 
after  that  conquest  died  in  Paris,  of  dropsy,  in  768,  and  was  buried  m 
St.    Denis.      Pepin's  first   wife,  Leutberge,    had   three  sons  and   two 
daughters,  all  of  whom,  like  their  mother,  lived  and  died  in  obscurity. 
His^econd  wife  was  Bertha,  daughter  of  Caribert,  Count   of  Leon. 
After  Pepin's  accession  to  the  throne.  Pope  Stephen  III.,  who  visited 
Paris  at   that   period,  solemnly  crowned   the  king   and  queen,  in   the 
magnificent  church  of  St.   Denis,  a.D.    754-     Besides  Carloman  and 
Charlemagne,  they  had  another  son,  called  Gilles,  and  three  daughters, 
one  of  whom,  Giselle,  became  a  nun  ;  another,  Rotha'ide,  married  the 
Count  d' Angers,  whose  son  was  the  celebrated  hero  Roland,  who  per- 
ished at  Roncesvalles.     Bertha  died  at  an  advanced  age,  at  Choisi,  in 
783,  and  was  buried  by  the  side  of  her  husband  in  St.  Denis.     Pepin 
left  Neustria  to  his  oldest  son,  Carloman,  and  Austrasia  to  Charlemagne. 
Neustria  was  situated  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  English  Channel 
on  the  north  and  west,  the  Loire  on  the  south,  the  Meuse  on  the  north- 
east, and  Burgundy  on  the  southeast.     Being  the  earliest  conquests  of 
the  Franks,  it  was  thickly  settled,  and  the  centre  of  their  power.     Yet 
Brittany,  called  also  Armorica,  in  the  western  peninsula,  was  inhabited 
by  the  pure  old  Celtic  race,  as  different  from  the  Roman  inhabitants  as 
from  their  conquerors  the  Franks.     Charlemagne  was  the  first  to  carry 
war  into  that  country. 

CITIES    OF    NEUSTRIA. 

Paris  had  lost  that  distinction  as  capital  which  it  enjoyed  under  the 
Merovingians,  but  figured  still  as  the  metropolis  of  Neustria.  It  had  ^ 
grown  greatly,  and  was  no  longer  inclosed,  like  the  ancient  Lutetia, 
within  tlie  narrow  boundary  of  the  island  of  Notre  Dame,  but  had  ex- 
tended on  both  sides  of  the  Seine.  Here  were  still  the  palaces  of 
Julian  the  Apostate  (now  called  the  Palais  des  Thermes,  or  Hotel  de 
Cluny)  and  Clovis ;  the  ancient  cathedrals  of  St.  Medericus  and  St. 
Genevieve,  besides  numerous  monasteries,  convents,  and  gardens. 
Tournay,  the  early  seat  of  the  chiefs  of  the  Salian  Franks ;  Senones, 
now  Sens  ;  Rotomagus,   now  Rouen  ;   Ambianum,  now  Amiens.     St. 


;* 


Omer  had  a  celebrated  monastery,  in  which  Thierry  IV.,  the  last  Me- 
rovingian king,  died.  Boulogne,  on  the  coast,  had  fortresses  and 
arsenals,  and  Charlemagne  stationed  there  one  of  his  fleets.  Another 
squadron  he  placed  at  Gand,  now  Ghent,  at  the  junction  of  the 
Scheldt  and  the  Lys.  At  Rheims,  Clovis,  together  with  his  sister 
and  three  thousand  of  his  subjects,  was  baptized.  Soissons  still  pre- 
served its  rank  as  the  ancient  capital,  and  Carloman  was  crowned  there. 
At  Attigny,  not  far  from  Soissons,  the  brave  and  unfortunate  Witti- 
kind,  the  most  distinguished  of  the  Saxon  leaders,  did  homage  to 
Charlemagne,  in  785,  and  was  baptized,  with  thousands  of  his  followers. 
Tours,  on  the  Loire,  was  the  resort  of  thousands  of  pilgrims,  who 
thronged  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Martin. 

Carloman  reigned  over  Neustria  until  his  death,  in  771,  when  it  fell 
to  Charlemagne. 

Austrasia,  which  Pepin  gave  to  Charlemagne,  was  much  smaller  than 
Neustria  j  nevertheless,  it  was  an  important  part  of  the  country,  the 
cradle  of  the  Franks,  the  old  homestead  of  the  brave  thanes,  chiefs, 
and  warriors  who  formed  the  feudal  armies  of  the  Franks,  the  strong- 
hold of  the  new  dynasty  in  the  hereditary  castles  of  Landen  and  Her- 
istal,  on  the  Meuse,  surrounded  by  the  faithful  retainers  of  Pepin. 
Austrasia  extended  on  both  sides  of  the  Rhine,  from  the  Meuse,  which 
separated  it  from  Neustria,  on  the  west,  to  the  Weser,  which  formed  the 
eastern  frontier  towards  Thuringia,  and  the  Sclavonian  nations  on  the 
Elbe.  It  was  also  on  these  exposed  frontiers  that  all  the  assaults  of  the 
Germanic,  Sclavonian,  and  Tartaric  nations  were  to  be  repelled. 

CITIES   OF   AUSTRASIA. 

Aix-la-Chapelle  (Aquae  Grani,  Latin  ;  Aachen,  German) ;  Metz, 
southeast,  on  the  Moselle,  the  former  capital  of  Austrasia  ;  Treves 
and  Thionville,  on  the  same  river;  Speyer;  Worms;  Mayence;  Ingel- 
heim; Coblentz  and  Cologne,  on  the  Rhine;  and  Frankfort  and  Würz- 
burg, on  the  Main. 

The  early  Franks  took  possession  of  property  by  receiving  a  straw ; 
to  throw  down  a  straw  was  to  renounce  all  claim  to  property. 


MAYORS   OF  THE   PALACE. 


A.D. 


Pepin  the  Elder,  or  Pepin  of  Landen,  was  related  to  the  Mero- 
vingian family.     He  died     .         , 639 

Pepin  the  Fat,  or  Pepin  of  Heristal,  grandson  of  Pepin  of  Landen  655-714 

Charles  M artel,  illegitimate  son  of  Pepin  of  Heristal      .        .  714-741 

Pepin  le  Bref,  or  Pepin  the  Short,  son  of  Charles  Martel  .         .  741-768 

Pepin  of  Heristal  ruled  during  the  nominal  reign  of  six  Faineant  or  do- 
nothing  kings,  viz.:  Dagobert  IL,  Clothaire  III.,  Thierry  III.,  Childeric  IL, 
Clovis  III.,  and  Dagobert  III. 

Carloman  and  Pepin  the  Short  succeeded  their  father,  Charles  Mar- 
tel, in  741.  Carloman  resigned  in  747,  and  Pepin  ruled  alone  until  752, 
when  he  was  elected  king  at  Soissons,  and  reigned  until  his  death,  in  768. 

Pepin  the  Short  was  succeeded  by  his  sons,  Carloman  and  Charles, 
afterwards  Charlemagne. 


15 


FRANK    EMPERORS. 


FRANK    EMPERORS. 


A.D. 


CHARLEMAGNE.  SOU  of  Pepin  thc  Short.  King  of  France        .         • 

Louis  the  Pious,  son  of  Charlemagne 

Louis  the  German,  son  of  Louis  the  Pious  .  .  •  •  • 
Charles  the  Fat,  son  of  Louis  the  German  .  •  •  • 
ARNULPH.  nephew  of  Charles  the  Fat,  a  natural  son  of  Carloman. 

Duke  of  Carinthia 

Louis  THE  Child,  son  of  Arnulph 

Conrad  L,  nephew  of  Arnulph 


768-814 
814-840 
840-876 
876-887 

887-899 
900-911 
911-918 


16 


CARLOVINGIANS. 

CHARLEMAGNE,  KARL   DER  GROSSE.     A.D.  768-814. 

"  Christus  vincit,  Christus  regnat,  Christus  triumphat."     (Christ  conquers,  Christ  reigns, 

Christ  triumphs.) 

Charlemagne  was  born 
A.D.  742,  in  the  Castle  of 
Carlsberg,  in  Upper  Bava- 
ria. Others  mention  the 
Castle  of  Ingelheim,  near 
Mayence ;  and  others,  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  as  the  place  of 
his  nativity.  He  was  one 
of  those  characters  whose 
achievements  bear  the  im- 
press of  gigantic  power,  by 
whom  nations  have  been 
formed  and  destroyed,  and 
whose  influence  has  been 
felt  for  centuries.  He  was 
the  greatest  reformer  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  when  society 
was  in  a  ferment,  and  when 
barbarism  and  civilization 
were  in  the  most  violent 
contest  with  each  other. 
He  was  also  a  terrible  war- 
rior, who  for  forty-five  years 
led  his  immense  armies  from 
one  frontier  of  his  empire 
to  the  other  in  continual 
warfare. 

He  came  to  the  throne 
in  768,  and  four  years  afterwards,  in  the  Diet  at  Worms,  it  was  resolved 

2  17 


CHARLEMAGNE. 


Q  FRANK  EMPERORS. 

to  make  war  on  the  Saxons,  for  the  security  of  the  frontiers  which  they 
omtally  threatened,  and  for  the  extension  of  the  Christian  rehg.on. 
That  same  year  he  advanced  as  far  as  the  Weser,  ^-"""g'^;;?^"^;;^ 
by  castles  and  garrisons.     Pope  Adrian  I.  then  called  h.m  to  h.s  a^ 
against  Desiderius,  King  of  the  Lombards.     C'-^-'^-S^i^"  f^;,',! 
Alps  with  two  armies,  by  the  Great  St.  Bernard  and  Mont  Cen.s,  or 
LU  the  kingdom  of  the  Lombards,  and  made  tl«  P"Pe  J-s^^.end  W 
confirming  the  gift  which  his  father,  Pep.n,  had  made  to  the  Holy  See, 
c,^  the  exarchate  of  Ravenna. 

In  775  he  had  another  war  with  the  Saxons.     The  next  year  he  sup- 
pressed  an  insurrection  in  Italy.     In  777  l>e  so  completed  h.s  v.ctory 
over  the  Saxons  that  their  nobles  acknowledged  him  as  the.r  sovere.gn 
Tan  assembly  at  Paderborn.    The  Arabs  and  Moors  were  mak.ng  such 
progress  in  Spain  that  he  hastened  to  that  -untry,  in  778.  -d  add« 
'0  his  dominions  the  region  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Eb-   Jt  - 
in  this  campaign,  on  his  return  from  the  capture  of  Caesar  Augusta  now 
Saragossa,  in  th^  Ebro,  that  his  nephew,  the  famous  paladm  Ro    nd, 
Border-Count  of  Bretagne,  lost  his  life  in  the  pass  of  Roncesvalles. 

Hi    next  conquest  was  over  his  cousin,  Tassilo  II.,  Duke  of  Bavar, 
whl  he  deposed  at  a  diet  in  Ingelhein.  and  who  -  y--^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
renounced  all  his  rights  to  Bavaria,  and  ended  h.s  l,fe  m  »he  c  o     ers 
of  Lorsch.     He  was  the  last  of  the  Agilonfing.  race,  who  had  ruled 
over  Bavaria  two  hundred  and  thirty-three  years. 

Charlemagne  went  to  Italy  in  781,  where  Pope  Adr.an  I.  crowned 
his  second  son,  Pepin,  King  of  Italy,  and  his  third  son,  Lou.s  Kmg 
of  lauita  ne  The  wir  which  followed  with  the  Saxons  lasted  three 
:  at^re  he  succeeded  in  reducing  them  completely  to  subject.on 
Indin  persuading  their  principal  chiefs  to  be  baptized  and  become  h.s 
Jalf^vassals.  Subsequently  he  gained  victories  over  the  Bulgarians 
and  the  Huns,  consolidating  and  extending  h.s  emp.re,  the  eastern 
boundary  of  which  now  reached  to  the  river  Raab. 

Sn  the  death  of  Cynewulf,  King  of  Wessex,  in  787.  Egber  la.d 
claim  to  the  throne,  but  had  to  give  way  to  another  claimant,  Bnhtr.c 
and  took  refuge  at  the  court  of  Charlemagne,  where  he  ren.a.ned 
thirteen  years.  On  the  death  of  his  rival,  he  was  recalled  to  fill  the 
hrone  ofwessex,  and  after  ruling  that  kingdom  nine  years  in  peace 
and  prosperity,  he  subdued  the  other  sovereignties,  and  was  crowned 

V\x\^  of  all  England,  A.D.  828.  -r       ttt 

n  the  year  800  Charlemagne  went  to  Rome,  to  help  Pope  Leo  III. 
subdue  the  rebellious  Romans.     On  Christmas-day,  as  he  was  worship- 
ng  in  St   Peter's  Church,  the  Pope,  unexpectedly,  as  it  appeared,  set 


CARL  0  VINGIANS. 


19 


a  crown  upon  his  head,  and,  amid  the  acclamations  of  the  people, 
saluted  him  as  Carolus  x\ugustus,  Emperor  of  the  Romans.  Such  was 
still  the  lustre  of  a  title  with  which  were  associated  recollections  of  all 
the  greatness  of  the  Roman  Empire,  that  although  it  added  nothing  to 
his  power,  yet  it  greatly  confirmed  and  increased  the;  respect  enter 
tained  for  him. 

The  age  of  chivalry  had  not  yet  arrived,  and  what  is  said  of  Charle- 
magne's ''Twelve  Peers,  or  Paladins,"  of  his  tournaments  and  knightly 
pomp  and  pageantry,  belongs  to  fiction  and  romance. 

The  countries  he  had  conquered  were  Thuringia,  situated  between 
the  rivers  Weser  and  Saale;  Saxony  had  been  subdued  and  Christian- 
ized, after  a  terrible  struggle  of  thirty-three  years.  It  was  situated 
on  the  north  of  Austrasia  and  Thuringia,  having  Frisia,  now  Holland, 
and  Friesland  on  the  northwest.  Paderborn,  its  chief  city,  where 
Charlemagne  often  resided,  was  in  the  centre  of  Saxony.  Charlemagne 
built  Bremen  and  Hamburg  as  fortresses  for  the  protection  of  the 
coasts,  and  they  soon  became  thriving  and  commercial  cities.  Bur- 
gundy embraced  a  tract  of  country  along  the  Rhone,  and  nearly  all  of 
Switzerland.  Its  largest  cities  were  Lyons  and  Geneva,  Besangon,  a 
considerable  place  even  in  the  time  of  Caesar,  58  years  before  Christ, 
and  Dijon,  called  by  the  Romans  Divio.  Aquitania  reached  across  the 
Pyrenees  to  the  banks  of  the  Ebro,  on  the  south.  It  contained  the 
provinces  of  Gascony,  Septimania,  the  Spanish  Marches,  Corsica,  and 
the  Balearic  Islands.  Toulouse  was  its  capital ;  the  other  cities  were 
Bordeaux,  Limoges,  Perigueux,  Fronsac,  a  strong  fortress  built  by 
Charlemagne  to  hold  the  Aquitanians  in  check,  and  Saragossa.  Lom- 
bardy,  or  Italy,  comprised  the  greater  part  of  the  Italian  peninsula, 
from  the  base  of  the  Alps,  on  the  north,  to  the  territory  of  Gaeta  and 
the  river  Garigliano,  on  the  south,  which  formed  the  frontier  of  the 
tributary  duchy  of  Beneventum,  whose  duke  did  homage  to  Charle- 
magne and  paid  a  yearly  tribute  of  twenty-five  thousand  gold  pieces. 
The  chief  cities  were  Pavia,  the  former  capital,  Verona,  Ravenna, 
Parma,  Genoa,  Pisa,  Milan,  and  Turin.  Alsatia,  or  Alsace,  was  south- 
east of  Austrasia,  and  Strasburg  was  its  most  important  town.  Ale- 
mania — now  Baden,  Würtemberg,  and  the  northeastern  part  of  Switzer- 
land— was  southeast  of  Alsace.  Constance,  St.  Gall,  and  Chur  (Coire) 
were  the  principal  towns.  Bavaria  was  east  of  Alemania.  This  land 
of  the  old  Bojoarier,'^  especially  the  region  between  the  rivers  Lech 
and  Raab,  had  been  forcing  its  way  into  notice  since  590  b.c.  One 
of  its  dukes  or  kings  was  Arnulph,  brother  of  that  Odoacer  who  put  an 

*  Bojar  (pronounced  Boyar),  Le.  free  proprietor  of  the  soil. 


20 


I  A' AX  A'  EMPEKOKS. 


end  to  the  Ron«:.  Empire,  A.r.  476.     Regensburg   or  Rafsbon    on 
the  Dantibe,  was  its  capital.     The  other  towns  were  Augsburg,  Passau, 
Enns   and  Salzbur,,  where  Charlemagne  gave  a  splendid  reception    o 
d     or  ek  ambassadors  sent  by  the  Emperor  Nicephorus  to  settle  th 
frontiers  between  the  two  empires.     Carinthia,  or  Karnthen,  east  of 
he  Tyrol,  was  settled  by  Charlemagne  with  the  surviving  tribes  of  the 
^nqvLd  Avars,  in  803.     Avaria,  or  Hunnia,  was  the  vast  country 
^"tween  the  rivers  Enns  and  Theiss,  the  present  ^^^^^^^^^ 
in  which  Charlemagne  defeated  the  barbarians  in  several  bat  les^     Hi 
son  Pepin  continued  the  war,  and  driving  them,  in  796,  across  the 
■Theiss,'destroyed  the  camp  and  capital  of  their  '^•"g;-;'-^^^;^ 
fortified  circle-near   Buda,  on  the  Danube,  and  took  an  "--n  e 
booty      Part  of  these  vanquished  Avars  were  forced  to  adopt  Chris- 
tnn  iyand  settle  in  Carinthia;  the  mass  of  the  nation  fled,  however, 
w^s  the  Black  Sea,  where  they  suffered  still  wor.^  from  their  ene 
mies   the  Bulgarians,  and  disappeared  altogether.     Charlemagne  tin 
"0  gl  t  German  settlers  into  the  conquered  territory,  and  fon.ed  the 
ZL  boundary,  Osfricki,  or  Austrian  frontier  county,  with  Vi  nna 
fo    its  canitil      The  Sclavonic  tribe  of  the  Croats,  who  occupied  the 
ort  east'lf  Da.matia,  were  his  subjects.     The  States  of  the  Church 
were    u    d  by  the  Pope,  but  Charlemagne  styled  himself  "  Protector  of 
rVairimony  of  St    Peter."     Its  cities  were  Rome,  Ravenna,  Padua, 
Bolo-rni   Ferrara,  Rimini,  Pesaro,  and  Ancona. 

tTii;,  enthroned  on  her  hundred  isles,  was  already  an  independent 
republic,  an.l  it  was  only  a  mere  ceremony  when  she  sent  her  atribassa- 
dors  in  806,  to  do  homage  to  the  old  Emperor  at  Aix-la-Chapelle 

a;  tL  de  th  of  Charlemagne,  his  empire  included    taly,  the  whole 
of  Germany,  with  the  present  Hungary,  Poland,  and  Prussia,  half  of 

Sniin    and  all  of  P'rance.  r-  v  u 

The  most  celebrated  of  Charlemagne's  contemporaries  was  the  Caliph 
of  the  Saracens,  Haroun-al-Raschid,*  Aaron  the  Just,  who,  after  attaining 
°he  summit  of  ^vorldly  power  and  prosperity  in  the  East,  sent  a  splendid 
embassv  from  Bagda<l  to  Charlemagne,  which,  among  other  presents, 
S  a  magnificent  tent,  a  water-clock,  an  elephant,  and  the  keys 
ol  the  Holy  Sepulchre  at  Jerusalem,  implying  a  permission  for  Euro- 

Thalma;:!' spent  the  last  ten  years  of  his  life  in  improving  the  in 
ternal  organization  and  development  of  his  empire,  and  in  this  we 
behold  hi^  in  all  his  glory.    It  would  be  impossible  to  g-ve  an  account 

Ti^roun-al-Roschid  never  undertook  a  journey  without  a.  leas.Ine  hundred  men  of 
science  in  his  train. 


CARLOVINGTANS. 


21 


of  the  numerous  cities,  fortresses,  churches,  schools,  high-roads,  and 
bridges  which  he  established  in  every  part  of  his  dominions.  He  fully 
recognized  the  different  nationalities  he  governed,-Franks,  Germans, 
Lombards,  Sclavonians,  Tartars,  Greeks,  and  Arabs.  Before  his  time 
each  of  these  people  had  tlieir  own  peculiar  laws  :  but  he  was  too  wise 
to  allow  this  state  of  things  to  continue,  and  therefore  framed  laws  for 
the  whole  empire,  in  order  that  the  same  justice  and  right  mi-^ht  be 
meted  out  to  every  man. 

In  his  diets  on  the  Rhine,  the  clergy,  nobility,  and  the  mass  of  free- 
iiien  assembled  in  a  meadow,  where  they  were  marshaled  according  to 
their  rank  around  the  throne  of  the  great  Emperor.     His  comprehensive 
mnid  embraced  the  most  distant  portion  of  his  dominions,  and  even  the 
minute  details  of  income  and  expense  on  the  farms  of  his  imperial  estates 
Ihe  great  fundamental  change  undertaken  by  him  was  the  dissolution 
of  the  duchies,  and   the  subdivision  of   the   ancient  provinces  into 
counties,  which  again  were  subdivided  into  hundreds,  communes,  and 
manors,  all  with  their  corresponding  officials  and  their  military      He 
never  intrusted  an  ordinary  official  with  more  than  one  county,  except 
the  border-counts.     In  cases  of  insurrection,  dukes  were  nominated  to 
quell  the  rebellion.     Bishops  began  to  obtain  worldly  influence    bv 
being  placed,  as  civil  officials,  side  by  side  with  the  military  counts 
and  even  above  them  in  matters  belonging  to  the  Church;  yet  thev 
were  not  allowed  to  bear  arms,  nor  to  be  absent  Ion-  from  their  dio- 
ceses.     The   Church   was  divided   into  archbishoprics  or  provinces 
bishoprics  or  dioceses,  and  archdeaconries. 

His  decrees  were  issued  under  this  formula :  "  Our  Lord  Jesus  Christ 
reigning  forever,  I,  Charles,  by  the  grace  and  mercy  of  God,  Kin-  of  the 
Franks,  avowed  defender  and  humble  ally  of  the  Holv  Church  of^God  " 
In  806  Charlemagne  called  a  national  assembly  at  Thionville,  and 
divided  his  empire  in  the  presence  of  his  three  sons,  Charles,  Pepin 
and   Louis.     To    Louis,  the   youngest,  he   gave  Aquitaine.  Gascony,' 
Septimania,  the  Spanish  Border,  Burgundy,  and  Provence ;  to  Pepin 
Italy   Southern  Alemania,  Bavaria,  and  the  eastern  lands  as  far  as  the 
Danube  and  the  Upper  Rhine;  and  to  Charles,  the  future  Emperor 
Austrasia,  Neustria,  Northern  Alemania,  the  northern  part  of  Bavaria.' 
Phunngia,  Saxony,  and  Friesland.     Charlemagne  lived  to  see  his  two 
most  worthy  sons  die.  and  when  he,  in  814,  crowned  Louis  the  Pious 
Emperor,  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  he   gave  this  weak  and  bigoted  youth 
the  whole  empire,  with  the  exception  of  Italy,  wliich  he  bestowed  on 
nis  grandson,  Bernard,  the  son  of  Pepin. 

Charlemagne  promoted  agriculture,  arts,  manufactures,  commerce. 


FRANK  EMPERORS. 

1  ..,„„*,.     HC  ...o-e,,  n.  ^^^  U,,.  ^I^^^'"  **" 

1  •    r     -1  .      \v'li..ii.>vi'r  lie  met  a  scholar,  a  wriici,  o.  y^^^, 

his  family.     ^\l^clK\<-r  ne  ,,,.,,    ,,-  „.  once  made  him  his 

Frank,  Lombard,  Goth,  Saxon,  or  ^.ngll^h,  he  at  once  m 

fr  end      One  of  the  most  noted  scholars  at  h.s  conrt  was  laul  Warne 

so  V      known  nnder  the  name  of  Paulus  Diaconus,  the  Lomb    d 
1  ed,  so  well  k  ^^    ^^^^  ^,^j  ^Anc^xtA 

"T:::   he  r.«  de      ILuor  at  the  court  of  King  Desiderius,  and 
■irttl;  educated  his  daughter,  A^'eh>erga,  and  ..ote    or^^ 
•    1-1  ^  "     rhnrlpmnirne  sent  bim  word  tnat  nc  iiiauc 

..otion  of  learning,  made  a  collection  of   -;  7; -;;;„;  ^^U, 

r  .^-1      Thi^  monastery  was  becoming  more  ana  muic 

lived.      1  his  monasien  possessed  one  hundred 

s  ;;;;;tr:r  .f  :;;ia :::'!  ^  J^  eight...  of  .we. 

'"^:rrm:i^tS-::dti;r:f.eeig,^^^^^^ 

coitfidant  and  adviser  of  Charlemagne,  was  ^^^^^:^^l^_ 
Charlemagne  became  acquainte  ->;--;, ^^'^V  ^^rt.  Mcuin 
ing  from  Rome,  and  -^f^^^^^^^^,  -horn  he  instructed  in 
became  the  1--*^?'- ^^  ^^^^  ;  '^i^^ructions  more  avaib^^  Charle- 
the  various  sciences.     To  render  "'-  p^/«//;,<z,  the 

„..gne  established  at  his  cour  ^^;J^\^^^,^.,^^  ,^  ,om- 
superintendence  of  ^W.     ,  -  ->   -  of^  ^^  ^,^  ^„„,,,  „.„^  by  the 

„.ned  to  A  cum,  who        the  lea    ed^^^^^  ^^.^  ^^^^^^  ^^  ^,^^^^  .  ^^  ,^^ 

Xs -rir  ef  G^tinais,  St.  Lupus,  in  Troyes,  and  St.  Josse, 
abbeys,— i^erriercb,  ,     ,       ,  .    u,„  porrected  and  restored  manu- 

stance    and  Fo«  le,  or  ^^^^^  ^^^;  attended  the 

stood  «^7^7;^^  ^tvnht  palace,  with  all  his  family  and  the  scien- 
sessions  of  the  academ>  '"  '  '  '  .^f  ^mon"  whom  were  Peter  of  Pisa, 
tific  and  literary  men  of  his  ^°7'' '"^^"^^^j^j  .„,  j^e  Archbishops 
railed  Peter  Grammaticus,  Leidrodes,  Theodolpnus,  :nt  i 

caiiea  rcici   v.  Ai,i,,,t  ^f  Corve  . — a  Benedictine  ab- 


CARL0VINGL4NS. 


23 


801  Alcuin  retired  from  court  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Martin,  in  Tours, 
keeping  up  a  correspondence  with  Charlemagne  until  his  death,  in  804! 
Eginhard,   the  biographer  of  Charlemagne,  was  a  pupil  of  Alcuin. 
His  talents  and  acquirements  gained  him  the  favor  of  the  Emperor, 
who  appointed  him  his  private  secretary,  and  superintendent  of  public 
buildings.     Eginhard  accompanied  the  Emperor  in  all  his  marches  and 
journeys,  never  separating  from  him  except  on  one  occasion,  when  he 
was  dispatched  by  Charlemagne  on  a  mission  to  Pope  Leo.     On  the 
death  of  the  Emperor  he  was  appointed  preceptor  to  Lothaire,  son  of 
Louis  the  Debonnaire.     His  -Vita  Caroli  Magni,"  completed  about  the 
year  820,  is  the  most  important  historical  work  of  a  biographical  char- 
acter that  has  come  down  to  us  from  the  Middle  Ages.     He  also  wrote 
several  otlier  works.     There  is  a  legend  which  says  that  Eginhard's  wife, 
Emma,  was  a  daughter  of  Charlemagne.     A  mutual  affection  had  arisen 
between  them,  and  on  one  occasion,  when  the  lovers  were  enjoying  a 
nightly  interview,  a  sudden  fall  of  snow  covered  the  spacious  court,  thus 
rendering  retreat  impossible  without  leading  to  a  discovery.     As  the 
traces  of  female  footsteps  could  not  excite  suspicion,  Emma  carried  her 
lover  across  the  court  on  her  shoulders.     This  scene  was  observed  from 
a  window  by  Charlemagne,  who  united  the  affectionate  pair  in  marriage. 
Aix-la-Chapelle  and  Ingelheim,  on  the  Rhine,  were  the  favorite  resi- 
dences of  Charlemagne.     The  last  years  of  his  life  were  spent  at  Aix- 
la-Chapelle: 

"  Urbs  Aquensis,  urbs  regalis, 
Sedes  regni  principalis, 
Prima  regum  curia,"  etc. 

In  private  life  Charlemagne  was  exceedingly  amiable,  a  good  father, 
and  a  generous  friend.  He  was  tall,  good-looking ;  his  gait  was  firm,' 
and  his  bearing  manly  and  dignified.     He  had  several  wives. 

The  first  was  Gelene,  daughter  of  the  King  of  Toledo. 

The  second  was  Himiltrude,  whom  his  mother,  Bertha,  persuaded 
him  to  divorce  for  Desiderata,  the  daughter  of  Desiderius,  King  of 
Lombardy. 

The  fourth  was  Hermengarde,  whom  he  soon  divorced,  and  sent  back 
to  her  father. 

Hildegarde,  the  fifth,  was  a  prince.^s  of  Suabia,  who  had  five  daugh- 
ters and  four  sons,  the  youngest  of  whom,  Louis,  succeeded  his  father. 
She  died,  and  was  buried,  at  Metz,  carrying  to  the  tomb  with  her  the 
regrets  of  the  Emperor  and  the  nation. 

Fastrade,  the  sixth,  was  daughter  of  Raoul,  Count  of  Franconia. 
She  was  proud,  and  incurred  the  hatred  of  the  nobles.  She  died 
young,  and  was  buried  first  in  the  abbey  and  afterward  in  the  cathe- 


24 


FRANK  EMPERORS. 


dral  of  Mayence.  She  had  two  daughters :  Hiltrude,  Abbess  of  Fare- 
moutier,  and  Theodrade,  Abbess  of  Argenteuil. 

Luitgarde,  the  seventh,  was  a  beautiful  German  princess.  Charle- 
magne was  passionately  fond  of  her ;  and  to  please  him  she  accustomed 
herself  to  the  fatigues  of  the  chase,  and  always  accompanied  him  in  his 
autumnal  hunts,  which  took  place  in  the  forests  of  Ardennes  and  Vosges. 
In  799  Charlemagne  placed  the  iron  crown  of  Lombardy  on  her  brow, 
and  consequently  Luitgarde  was  the  first  to  unite  the  dignity  of  queen 
with  the  pompous  title  of  empress.  She  did  not  long  survive  these 
honors,  but  died  childless  at  Tours,  in  the  year  800,  and  was  buried 
there,  in  the  church  of  St.  Martin. 

Charlemagne  had  other  children,  also:   Drogon,   Bishop  of  Metz; 

Hugh  the  Abbot ;  and  Thierry. 

Charlemagne  is  styled  Charles  I.   in  the  enumeration  both  of  the 
French  kings  and  of  the  German  or  Roman  emperors.     He  possessed 
an  amount  of  learning  unusual  in  his  age  ;  he  could  speak  Latin  and 
read  Greek.     He  attempted  to  draw  up  a  grammar  of  his  own  language, 
the  German.     Besides  his  Capitularies  there  are  letters  and  Latin  i)oems 
ascribed  to  liim.     He  died  January  28,  814,  in  the  seventy-first  year 
of  his  age  and  tlie  forty-seventh  of  his  reign,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,   in   full    imperial    costume,  seated  on  a 
throne  of  gold,  his  crown  on  his  head,  a  chalice  in  his  hand,  his  sword 
Joyeuse  at  his  side,  the  Book  of  the  Gospels  on  his  knees,  his  sceptre 
and  shield  at  his  feet,  and  the  pilgrim's  pouch,  which  he  had  always 
borne  while  living,  fastened  to  his  girdle.     The  Emperor  Otho  HL 
repaired  the  cathedral  in  983,  and,  on  opening  the  mortuary  chapel, 
or  tomb  of  Charlemagne,  found  the  body  well  preserved.      It  was 
opened  again   in    1165,  after  the    antipope.    Paschal   III.,   had   made 
Charlemagne  a  saint.     The  venerable  relics  were  removed,  and  used  in 
the  coronation  ceremonies  of  succeeding  emperors  of  Germany.     They 
are  now  deposited  in  Vienna.     The  bones  were  placed  in  a  marble 
sarcophagus,  and  the  position  of  the  tomb  is  marked  by  a  large  slab 
of  marble,  under  the  centre  of  the  dome,  inscribed  with  the  words, 
Carolo  Magno.     The  throne  in  which  the  body  of  Charlemagne  was 
seated  is  preserved   in  the  cathedral  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     It  is  in  the 
gallery  which  runs  round  the  octagon,  facing  the  choir.     It  is  an  arm- 
chair, in  shape  somewhat  like  that  of  Edward  the  Confessor,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  but  made  of  slabs  of  white  marble,  which,  during  the 
coronation,  w'ere  covered  with  plates  of  gold.     Since  his  canonization, 
altars  have  been  dedicated  to  him :    one  in  the  cathedral  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  and  one  in  Frankfort,  as  well  as  in  some  other  churches. 


LOUIS   THE  DEBONNAIRE. 


25 


LOUIS   THE   DEBONNAIRE,   LUDWIG   DER   FROMME. 

A.D.    814-840. 
•'  Omnium  rerum  vicissitudo."     (All  things  are  subject  to  change.) 

Louis  the  Pious,  as  he 
is  called  by  the  Germans, 
succeeded  his  father  in  814. 

He  was  a  good  and  amiable 

man,  but  totally  incapable 

of  governing  the  vast  em- 
pire intrusted  to  his  hands. 

He  was  more  occupied  with 

priests  than  with  warriors; 

ordered  parts  of  the  Bible 

to  be  translated  into  Ger- 
man, and  strove  to  improve 

and  cultivate  the  German 

language.     Being  more  of 

a  student  than  a  statesman, 

and    trusting    his    German 

more    than     his     Frankish 

subjects,     he    divided     his 
dominions  among  his  sons, 
giving  Aquitaine  to  Pepin, 
Bavaria  to  Louis,  and  made 
Lothaire,    the    eldest,     his 
partner  in  the  empire.    His 
nephew,  Bernard,  who  held 
Italy  as  a  fief  of  the  empire, 
indignant  at  the  elevation 
of  Lothaire,  revolted,  and 
broke  out  in  open  rebellion. 
Beiiig  abandoned  by  his  troops,  he  was  taken  prisoner,  and  condemned 
to  death.     Louis  commuted  the  punishment  by  ordering  his  eyes  to  be 
put  out.     Three  days  after,  the  young  prince  died.     In  order  to  pre- 
vent further  trouble,  the  three  natural  sons  of  Charlemagne  were  shut 
up  in  a  monastery  and  compelled  to  take  monastic  vows. 

Louis  had  been  married  eighteen  years  before  his  accession  to  the 
imperial  throne,  and  was  crowned  at  Rheims,  by  Pope  Stephen  V     in 


LOUIS  LE  DEBONNAIRE. 


FRANK  EMPERORS. 
20 

816  His  wife  died  two  years  afterwards,  deeply  regretted  by  the  Em- 
p  ror  and  the  nation.  In  the  excess  of  his  grief,  he  declared  h.s  reso- 
Eon  to  renounce  the  world  and  becon^e  a  monk.  At  lengtn  d.ssuaded 
C.  this  purpose,  and  advised  to  marry  again,  all  the  noble  lad.es  of 
rinpire  assembled  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  and  endeavored  to  outv,e  one 

•  „Ott:;  in  attraction.     Louis,  entirely  unacquainted  w,th  the  cjual. Ue 
and  virtues  of  the  fair  candidates,  chose  the  most  beautiful    «ho  «as 
J  di  1     daughter  of  Welf,  or  Guelph,  Duke  of  Bavaria ;  and  the  mar- 
iai    00k  place  in  819,  at  Aix-la-Chapelle.     Soon  after   he  budt  a 
lace  in  Frankfort,  called  the  Saalkof,  a  residence  to  wh.ch  he  was 
ve  V  mrtial    and  in  which  his  son,  Charles  the  Bald,  was  born  ,n  8.3. 
The  a     en    of  those  early  times  were  charged  with  all  the  expenses 
of^      Tedor  of  the  palace^  and  were  the  depositaries  of  all  nK>neys 
clestined  for  the  payment  of  the  troops.     Juduh  obtan.ed  for  Bernard, 
Co tt  of  Barcelona  and  Duke  of  Septimania,  the  -tuat.on  o    cha^ 
berlain    which  comprised  the  functions  of   mm>ster  of   finance  and 
cor^^  rol  er  of  the   imperial  household.     From  the  birth  of  her  son, 
,  r  Ittious  princess,  seconded  by  the  chamberlain,  "--san  1>-  o  - 
cupied  herself  with  endeavors  to  aggrandize  ^^ J^^'ft^^"^ 
weak  enough  to  proclaim  Charles  k.ng  over  a  portion  of  h  s  estates. 

I  othaire,   Pepin,   and  l-ouis  revolted,  and  many  of   the  principal 
noblts  abo'ut  tie  court,  whom  Louis  had  loaded  w.^^-rs  joined 
them  in  taking  up  arms  to  dethrone  the  monarch.     Judith  «as  lorcecl 
o  r"ti      to  the  monastery  of  Laon,  where  she  was  arrested  by  Pepin 
To    ent  her  back  to  his  father,  after  he  had  o^'-"«"-;  l-™:,^  ^ 
take  the  veil  and  to  exercise  her  influence  over  Louis  to  ^^^  «-  - 
him  to  abdicate  ;  neither  of  which  promises  she  kept      The  princes, 
Xlted,  conducted  Louis  to  Saint  Medard,  >"  «o^^n^  >- 
prisoned  the  Empress  in  the  royal  monastery  of  St.  Radegonde,    n 
Po  tiers       The   Emperor,  meantime,  entered    into  negotiations  w   h 
hrXllious  sons,  and  the  people,  having  gained  nothing  by  tl 
disorder,    and    having    compassion    on    their    ill-used  and   legitimate 
sovereign   replaced  him  on  the  throne  by  universal  consent. 

L  ui  had'not  the  courage  to  punish  the  offenders  ;  but  he  was  no 
sooner  re-established  than  he  withdrew  Judith  from  her  captivity  de- 
ehr  "  her  vows  null,  because  they  had  been  forced  upon  her ;  and  she 
;  rn^d  riumphantly  to  the  palace.  Soon  after,  she  had  the  happiness 
of  e  ng  her  son  Charles  crowned  King  of  Aquitaine,  and  acknowl- 
edged by  the  princes  who  had  been  the  chiefs  of  the  conspiracy  to 
dl«s  him  But  hardly  had  the  flames  of  this  rebellion  been  ex- 
ti  gu  ^   d.  when  a  mt.ltitude  of  errors  on  the  part  of  Louis,  and  a  thirst 


LOUIS    THE   DEBONNAIRE. 

27 

for  vengeance  in  his  wife,  kindled  another.  The  disinheriting  of  his  sons 
Lothaire  and  Pepin  afforded  them  a  pretext  for  their  unnatural  hostility. 
In  832,  Lothaire,  Pepin,  and  Louis  assembled  their  troops  in  Alsace 
and  prepared  to  march  against  their  father  and  sovereign  Pope 
Gregory  IV.  joined  them  under  the  pretext  of  acting  as  mediator,  but 
displayed  all  the  zeal  of  a  warm  partisan,  and  threatened  the  weak 
monarch  with  the  terrors  of  excommunication. 

The  two  parties  met  in  a  field  between  Basle  and  Strasburg,  and 
the  Pope,  by  promises  and  threats,  induced  the  King  to  submit  to 
his  rebellious  sons.  The  Pope  and  princes  paid  so  little  regard  to 
their  promises  that  the  place  is  called  to  this  ^2.y  tht  Field  of  Lies 
By  the  intrigues  of  Gregory,  the  monarch  was  deprived  of  all  support 
and  deposed  by  a  tumultuous  assembly,  and  the  empire  was  conferred  on 
his  son  Lothaire,  after  which  the  Pope  returned  to  Rome.  Louis  was 
taken  to  the  abbey  of  St.  Medard,  and  condemned  to  do  penance  • 
his  son  Charles  was  sent  to  the  abbey  of  Pruym,  or  Prüm,  not  far 
from  Ireves;  and  Judith,  after  having  her  head  shaved,  was  confined 
m  the  abbey  of  Tortona,  in  Lombardy. 

But  tlie  same  circumstances  and  the  same  compassion  of  the  people 
re-estabhshed  the  Emperor  on  his  throne  a  second  time  ;  yet  the  crown 
had   less  attraction  for  him  than  his  reunion  with  the  wife  beloved. 
Judith  returned  to  court,  and  became  more  powerful  than  ever      Grief 
had  materially  injured  the  health  of  the  Emperor,   and  she  became 
anxious  to  secure  the  succession  to  her  son  before  the  death  of  his  father. 
On  the  death  of  his  son  Pepin,  Louis  divided  his  dominions  between 
Lothaire  and  Charles,  to  the  exclusion  of  Louis  of  Bavaria,  who  imme- 
diately had  recourse  to  arms.     While  the  Emperor  was  on  the  march 
against  this  rebellious  son,  tortured  with  grief,  and  terrified  with  an 
eclipse  of  the  sun,  which  he  deemed  an  evil  omen,  he  fell  ill  and  died,  on 
an  island  fn  the  Rhine,*  whither  he  wished  to  be  carried  from  Frankfort, 
hoping  to  recover  his  health  during  the  summer.     He  urged  his  boat- 
men to  row  faster,  and  immediately  on  landing  he  requested  a  tent  of 
leafy  branches  to  be  made  for  him,  such  as  had  served  him  while  hunt- 
ing, and  there,  away  from  the  clashing  of  arms  and  the  din  of  battle 
the  worn-out  monarch,  -lying  on  his  couch,  lulled  by  the  soothing 
music  of  the  gurgling  waters,"  breathed  his  last.     He  was  buried  in  St. 
Arnulfs  Church,  at  Metz.     He  had  made  provision  for  his  favorite 
son,  Charles,  bequeathing  him  the  provinces  of  Burgundy  and  Neustria. 
His  first  wife  was  Hermengarde,  daughter  of  Ingram,  Count  of  Hasby. 


*  This  island  is  now  occupied  by  the  castle  called  the  Pfalz. 


Q  FRANK  EMPERORS. 

Her  sons  were  Lothaire,  Pepin,  and  Louis.     She  died  two  years  after 

she  was  crowned  Empress.  •      ,1  ^ 

His  second  wife,  Judith,  daughter  of  Welf,  Duke  of  Bavana,  the 
mother  of  Charles,  was  artful  and  intriguing,  and  few  queens  ever  dis- 
played  greater  perseverance  or  obtained  greater  success.  But  all  her 
policy  could  not  prevent  a  terrible  struggle,  of  which  she  was  the 
cause,  between  the  sons  of  Louis  the  Pious,  on  the  bloody  field  of 
Fontenay.  At  length,  in  843,  she  succeeded  in  adjusting  the  quarrels 
between  the  brothers,  by  dividing  the  monarchy  among  them,  and  m 
the  same  year  died  at  Tours,  aged  eighty.  ^       ^    ^     ^ 

During  this  reign  the  Saracens  subdued  Sicily,  infested  the  Tuscan 
Sea  and  threatened  to  make  themselves  masters  of  Italy ;  and  the 
Normans  ravaged  the  coasts  of  Flanders,  Neustria,  and  Aquitaine. 
With  enemies  on  the  north  and  south,  discord,  crime,  and  civil  war 
rasing  within,  Europe  presented  a  lamentable  picture. 

Ye^  amid  all  this  war  and  misery,  we  find  Rabanus  Maurer,  a  Ger- 
man scholar,  doing  much  to  promote  the  improvement  of  his  nation. 
He  was  a  native  of  Mayence,  who  received  his  education  in  the  Bene- 
dictine  monastery  at  Fulda,  and  subsequently  went  to  Tours,  to  com- 
plete his  studies,  under  Alcuin.     After  his  return,  in  804,  he  became 
superintendent  of  the  monastic  school  at  Fulda,  from  which  proceeded 
many  distinguished  scholars.     After  many  adversities,  which  the  dif- 
fusers  of  light  in  the  Dark  Ages  always  had  to  encounter,  he  nv^s  con- 
secrated,  in  822,  Abbot  of  Fulda,  and  during  the  twenty  years  he  held 
this  office  the  beneficial  influence  of  his  literary  school,  and  of  his 
truly  Christian  church  discipline,  continued  to  increase      Dissatisfied 
with  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  he  was  desirous  of  ending  his  life  as 
a  hern.it;  but  the  Emperor,  Louis  the  Cxerman,  obliged  him,  in  847, 
to  accept  the  archbishopric  of  Mayence.     In  this  dignity  he  died,  in 
8^6      In  the  diffiision  and  formation  of  the  German  language  he  was 
very  active,  and  so  far  succeeded  as  to  introduce  preaching  in  German 
He  also  compiled  a  Latin  and  German  glossary  of  the  Bible,  preserved 
in  several  manuscripts,-a  valuable  monument  of  the  old  German  lan- 
guage, which  has  been  printed  in  Schiller's  -Thesaurus." 

The  famous  philosopher,  Joannes  Scotus  Erigena,  probably  born  in 
Ireland,  appears  to  have  resided  principally  in  France,  at  the  court  of 
Charles  the  Bald.  His  love  for  the  mystic  doctrines  of  the  old  Alex- 
andrian philosophers  was  shown  by  the  translation  of  the  writings 
ascribed  to  Dionysius  the  Areopagite,  which  proved  to  be  a  well-spring 
of  mysticism  during  the  Middle  Ages. 


LOUIS  IL,   THE    GERMAN. 


29 


LOUIS   II.,  THE   GERMAN.  LUDWIG   DER   DEUTSCHE. 

A.D.    840-876. 
(His  motto  is  unknown.) 

No  sooner  was  Louis  the 
Pious  dead,   than   his  sons 
began     to     dispute     about 
their  possessions.     Charles 
the    Bald    and    Louis    the 
German  united  their  forces 
against    their   brother,   Lo- 
thaire   of    Italy,    the    Em- 
peror; and  in  841  a  bloody 
battle  took  place   at  Fon- 
tenay,   near    Auxerre,     in 
Burgundy,    in    which     Lo- 
thaire was  defeated. 

The    treaty    of    Verdun 
followed,  in  843.     As  they 
had  no  common  language  in 
which  to  address  their  fol- 
lowers, Charles,  who  com- 
manded    the    Franks    and 
Gauls  (now  for  the  first  time 
beginning     to     be     called 
French),    addressed    those 
coming  from  the  north  in 
the  la?igHe  d'oui,  much  like 
the    modern    French, — the 
greater  part  German,  mixed 
with  a  little  Latin.     Those 
coming  from  the  south  used 
more  Latin  than  German;  to  these  he  spoke  in  thQ  langi^e d'oc,  after- 
ward called  the  Provencal,  the  favorite  language  of  poetry,  but  which, 
after  two  centuries,  ceased  to  be  spoken. 

At  the  treaty  of  Verdun,  Lothaire  was  forced  to  relinquish  his  im- 
perial title,  and  take  Italy  and  the  tract  of  country  lying  between  the 
Rhone,  Moselle,  and  Scheldt  on  the  west,  and  the  Rhine  and  Alps  on 


LOUIS  LE  GERMANIQUE. 


30 


FRANK  EMPERORS. 


the   east.     This  country  was  then  called  Lothar.ngm,  or  Lor  a.  e 
Louis  took  Germany,  and  hence  is  called  the  German  ;  .uul  Cliarles 
assumed  the  crown  of  France,  which  from  that  time  retained  the  name 

°  LouTs  the  German  now  fought  the  Bohemians,  Moravians,  and  Sua- 
bians,  whom  he  successively  defeated,  and  then  made  war  «n  Lot  -re 
and  took  from  him  one-half  of  Lorraine.  Lou>s  usual  y  es.ded  a 
Frankfort,  and  made  that  city  his  capital.  His  brother  Lotha.re  u. 
before  his  death,  retired  to  the  monastery  at  Prüm  and  took  t  x  hab  t 
of  a  monk  His  son  had  Italy,  with  the  title  of  Lmperor  bu  d>  mg 
oon  :?ter  his  dominions  were  claimed  by  Charles  the  B^d  and  ^.s 
the  German.     Italy  then  became  the  apple  of  discord  to  the  «hole 

'' Louis  the  German  exposed  himself  in  a  great  degree  to  tbe  reproach 
of  cruelty  at  the  rebellion  of  the  smaller  landed  proprietors  of  Saxony, 
;  t  he  his,  as  a  ruler,  the  merit  of  having  made  many  useful  mstuu  ions 

n  Germany.     The  poet  Otfried,  who  lived  at  that  time,  and  ^^  ho  is 

good  authority,  says  that  "  Louis  governed  the  East-Frank  empire  with 

strength  and  wisdom,  being  a  worthy  king."  ,.     ,.        ,         ,,_ 

He  founded  the  cathedral  of  Frankfort,  and  died  in  his  pa  ace,    he 

Saalhof,  in  876.     He  was  buried  in  the  monastery  of  Lojsch,  a  lew 

miles  from  Darmstadt. 

His  wife  was  Emma,  a  Low  Dutch  princess.     His  sons  were  Louis, 

Carloman,  and  Charles  the  Fat. 

AS  soon  as  Louis  the  German  died,  Charles  the  Bald  o  France  w  .0 
had  received  the  imperial  diadem  from  Pope  John  \  III.  m  875,  ap- 
peared with  an  army  on  the  German  soil,  hoping  to  subdue  the  cou„^r>^ 
But  the  sons  of  Louis  the  German,  Carloman,  Louis,  and  Charles  «ho 
governed  Germany  together,  boldly  opposed  the  enemy,  and  enUrely 
defeated  the  French  king,  near  Andernach,  on  the  Rhine.  Xharl 
the  Bald  died  the  following  year.  Carloman  died  m  &80,  Loui.  in 
882,  leaving  Charles,  the  youngest  son  of  Louis  the  German,  the  sole 

possessor  of  the  throne. 

Charles  the  Bald  of  France  had  four  sons,  only  one  of  «horn, 
Louis,  survived  him.  This  Louis  had  few  virtues  and  ^^ny  defects- 
He  reigned  two  years  in  France,  and  left  two  sons,  Lou-s  and  C  lo- 
man  and,  some  months  after  his  death,  a  posthumous  son  Cha.  es, 
r^vard^  surnamed  the  Simple.  Louis  and  Carloman  did  not  l.v. 
long  and  their  brother  Charles  being  very  young,  the  nobles  and 
bishops  gave  the  crown  of  France  to  Charles  the  Fat,  the  son  of  Louis 
the  German. 


CHARLES   THE  FAT. 


31 


CHARLES   THE   FAT.  KARL   DER   DICKE.     a.D.  876-887. 
"  Os  garrulum  intricat  omnium."     (A  garrulous  mouth  confuses  everything.) 

Charles  the   Fat,   the 
third  son  01"  Louis  the  Ger- 
man, came  into  the  posses- 
sion  of  the  whole  empire 
of  Charlemagne,   with  the 
exception  of  Provence.    He 
was  crowned  at  Rome,  in 
880,   by  Pope   John  VHI. 
He  lived  mostly  at  Frank- 
fort, and  enriched  the  ca- 
thedral.     He  had   neither 
physical  strength  nor  pow- 
ers of  mind  to  support  his 
high  dignity,  and  the  Nor- 
mans ravaged  his  territories 
with    impunity.       In     Z^d 
they   laid    siege   to   Paris, 
which  was  defended  by  the 
bravest  men  in  France,  with 
Eudes,  Count  of  Paris,  at 
their    head.      After    Paris 
had  stood  a  siege  of  four 
years,  Charles  the  Fat  made 
his  appearance  with  a  large 
army;      but,     instead     of 
fighting,  he  purchased   the 
safety  of  the  city  of  Paris, 
and  gave   the  enemy  per- 
mission to  march  into  anotlier  part  of  the  kingdom,  to  ravage  and  lay 
It  waste.     This  proof  of  cowardice,  added  to  his  pride  and  gluttony,  so 
disgusted  all  classes  and  nations  among  his  subjects,  that  the  princes 
assembled  at  the  imperial  diet,  which  he  had  convoked  at  Tribur,  near 
Frankfort,  deposed  him,  and  elected  his  nephew,  Arnulph,  in  his  stead. 
Charles  fell  into  such  abject  poverty  as  to  lack  the  necessaries  of 
life,  and  was  only  saved  by  charity  from  starvation.     He  died  shortly 
after  his  deposition,  not  without  suspicion  of  violence.     He  was  buried 


CHARLES  LE  GROS. 


FRANK  EMPERORS. 

in  the  isle  of  Reichenau,  anciently  famed  for  its  monastery.     This 
island  is  in  the  broad  part  of  the  Rhine,  where  it  -  -^^J^^^^ 
than  a  river,  and  a  few  miles  above  its  entrance  into  Lake  Constance 

His  first  wife  is  unknown ;  his  second  was  Richarda,  a  princess  of 
Alemania.     He  left  no  children. 


ARNULPH.    A.D.  888-899. 
"  Facilis  descensus  Averni."     (The  descent  to  Hell  is  easy.) 

Arnulph,     nephew     of 
Charles  the  Fat,  a  natural 
son  of  Carloman,  Duke  of 
Carinthia,*  was  a  brave  and 
capable  man.     He  refused 
the  crown   of  France,  but 
reserved  his  rights  of  sov- 
ereignty over  it.     He  de- 
feated the  Normans  in  the 
decisive  battle  of  Louvain, 
in  891,  and  built  a  castle, 
which  still  goes  by  the  name 
of  Chateau  de  Cesar,  as  a 
barrier  against  them.    With 
the  aid  of  the  Hungarians, 
he  conquered    the  Morav- 
ians, and  undertook  two  ex- 
peditions into  Italy,  in  894, 
and  again  in   895,   in  the 
latter  of  which  he   gained 
a  victory  by  an  impetuous 
attack  on  the  city  of  Rome, 
which    was    in    commotion 
caused    by    the    an  ti  popes 
Sergius   and   Boniface  VI. 
In    896    he   was    crowned 
Emperor,  by  Pope  Stephen 
VII.  ;  but  soon  after,  he  fell 
ill  (tradition  says  he  was  poisoned),  and  died  at  Ratisbon^^rRegens- 

77""  TT-.^nthPn   is  a  crown-land  of  the  Austrian  empire,  forming  part 


ARNOUL  I. 


4 


LOUIS   THE   CHILD. 

33 

burg,  where  he  used  often  to  reside,  and  where  he  was  buried,  in  the 
cloister  of  St.  Emmerans. 

His  wife,  Jutta,  was  sister  to  Luitpold  of  Bavaria.     He  left  one  son 
called  Louis  the  Child. 


LOUIS   THE  CHILD.     a.D.  899-911. 

"  Multorum  manus.  paucorum  consilium."     (Many  hands,  little  counsel.) 

Louis   the   Child,   Ar- 
nulph's  son,  was  only  seven 
years  old  when  he  succeed- 
ed his  father.    He  often  re- 
sided at  Frankfort,  and  gov- 
erned  the  state   under  the 
direction  of  Hatto,  Arch- 
bishop of  Mayence.     At  an 
early  age  he  took  an  active 
part    in    the  affairs  of  the 
government,    and     proved 
himself  worthy  of  his  illus- 
trious descent.     Feudalism 
was  daily  gaining  strength, 
and    the    Hungarians  were 
demanding  tribute  from  the 
provinces  they  had  invaded 
and  subdued. 

In  the  year  907,  the  brave 
Margrave  Luitpold  of  Ba- 
varia, the  ancestor  of  the 
Scheyern   and   Wittelsbach 
House,  lost  his  life  fighting 
the  Hungarians,  while  aid- 
ing   Louis    the    Child    to 
drive    them    back   to    their 
own    country.     Louis  was  obliged  to  fly,  in  order  to  save  his   own 
life;   and  on  his  return  to  Bavaria  he  made  Luitpold's  son,  Arnulph, 
Duke  of  Bavaria  and  the  border  countries.     Louis  died,  unmarried,' 
m  911.     He  was  buried  by  the  side  of  his  father. 


LOUIS  IV.,  L'ENFANT. 


the  Carni,  who  derived  their  name  from  the  Celtic  word  cam  or  com;  Latin,  comu, 
t-nghsh,  horn  :  an  allusion  to  the  craggy,  horn-like  pinnacles  of  their  hills. 


34 


J-KAXK  EMPERORS. 


After  his  death,   the   Bavarians   proclaimed  Arnulph   independent 

" t:;r:l,s  or  the  e^^re  could  no.  aspire  to  the  cr.vn  :  the 
Dnkes  of  Franconia,  Siiabia,  Bavaria,  and  Saxony.     The  crown 
offered  to  Otho   of  Saxony,  who,  on  account  of  his  advanced  age 
dSun'ed  it    and  recon.nended  Conrad  of  ^^<^^^ ^^^^:^^. 
descendant  of  Charlemagne  in  the  female  hne.     He  was  elected  l.m 

peror. 

CONRAD   I..  KONRAD    DER   ERSTE.     A.D.  911-9^8. 
..  Fortuna,  quam  blanditur.  flUlit."     (Fortune  deceives  when  she  flatters.) 

Conrad,  nephew  of  Ar- 
nulph, found  great  opposi- 
tion    among     the     unruly 
dukes  of  the  different  Ger- 
man    principalities.       Ar- 
nulph  of  Bavaria,  to  con- 
firm  himself   in   his  duke- 
dom, consented  to  the  elec- 
tion of  Conrad  as  Emperor, 
hoping  also  to  obtain    in- 
fluence through  his  mother, 
Cunigunde,  whom  Conrad 
married     after     Luitpold's 
death.      Soon     after,     the 
Hungarians     invaded     Ba- 
varia,   and   Arnulph,    with 
the  help  of   the   Suabians, 
completely  defeated  them, 
at  Getting,  on  the  Inn,  in 
913.     He  now  ventured  to 
uphold   his  uncles   on    the 
mother's    side,    Erchanger 
and  Berthold,  in  their  at- 
tempts to  make  themselves 
independent  dukes  in  Ale- 
mania.      But    Conrad    en- 
tered Bavaria  with  a  pow- 
erful   army,    and   Arnulph 
was  defeated,  and  fled  to  the  mountains  beyond  Salzburg.     Conrad 


CONRAD  I. 


CONRAD    I. 


35 


hen  gave  Bavaria  to  his  own  brother,  Eberhard,  secured  the  posses- 
Be  Lfhtlr'rl'^V?  "'^^  '"  '^«'"'"^  ^^"»^  '-  «-g--  • 
for  which  there'.  magnanimity  and  patriotism  by  an  act 

the  powerful  Saxons,  who  had  hitherto  appeared  hostile  to  theunitvof 

carrvTolfr  ''^f^ ^"^«^«°^  ^  '-»"d  he  ordered  his  brother  Eberhard  to 

vassT,J°  "57/  "T  ™P^",^'  ■"='>-'  to  prevent  the  indecis.on  of  tl! 
vassais,  and  decide  Henrv  s  ejprfinn       u■^v^  i        ■ 

xxcui_y  b  election.     Henry  was  hunt  no-  whpn  ti^^ 

trSleT"^'  '""^'  ^"'  ^^°"^  '^'-^  ■•ncidentUved  t^^:!«!!",^ 
Conrad  died  at  Limburg,  in  Bavaria,  and  was  buried  at  Fulda      His 


SAXON    EMPERORS. 


Hen-rv  I.,  THE  FOWLER,  grandson,  on  his  mother's  side,  of  Louis 


A.D. 


the  German 

Otho  I..  THE  Great,  son  of  Henry  the  Fowler' 
Otho  II..  THE  Red,  son  of  Otho  the  Great 
Otho  III.,  son  of  Otho  the  Red  .        .         . 
Henry  II.,  St.  Henry,  great-grandson  of  Henry  the  Fowler 


919-936 
936-973 

973-9S3 
9S3-1002 

I 002- I 024 
0I 


I 


SAXON    EMPERORS. 


P'  * 


HENRY  THE  FOWLER.  HEINRICH  DER  VOGLER.    ....  „^3,. 

Ad  vindictam  tardus,  ad  beneficentiam  vplnv  •■     /ci 

^"^'^"^  "^^^^^^       (Slow  to  punish,  quick  to  do  good.) 

Henry  the  Fowler, 
Duke  of  Saxony,  called, 
also,  the  Builder,  because 
he  founded  and  enlarged 
cities,  was  the  grandson  of 
Louis  the  German,  on  his 
mother's  side. 

Henry    was    proclaimed 
by  the  Thuringians  and  the 
Saxons,    and    soon    recog- 
nized by  the  Suabians  and 
Bavarians.       Through     his 
ability,  he  opened  the  do- 
minion   of   that   illustrious 
house  of  Saxony  to  which 
Germany  owes  its  organiza- 
tion   and    the    permanent 
possession   of  the  imperial 
sceptre.     He  repressed  the 
ambition  of  the  great  vas- 
sals, by  forming  a  regular 
army,  and  by  building  in  the 
provinces   fortified   castles, 
to  which  he  drew,  by  the 
grant   of  important   privi- 
leges, the  ninth  part  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  country. 
He  established  marches,  or 


HENRI  L'OISELEUR. 


n  an   and  Sorab.ans.     He  conquered  the  Danes  of  Jutland,  and  won  the 

I.'      o   wSuf  D7e  'Z?f^  '^'"^"^  ''°-  --^^  P-P'^- 
yj  ,    vinceslaus,  Duke  of  Bohemia,  was  compelled  to  recognize  his 


39 


SAXOuV  EMPEKOKS. 

1    •   If.  f<.r  the  eaucstran  warüire   against   inc    nu  j^ 
German  '^^^':^^?'^^'Zr^^  nobility  .vcrc  superb,  and  ^vere  ,n- 
The  hunting  fetes  of  the  C.erma  ,  gorgeously 

eluded  muong  the  highest  ^f-^'^l^^'^J^^,  .hase.  In  the 
ornamented  tents,  beheld  the  ""'."'  ^^l^^^^,  ^,,,  jovial  ccnpany, 
evening  they  feasted  under  tents  ^^]^\^'^;^^l'^  J,^,,  „f  the  hunt- 
wuh  their  suites,  returned  by  '°->^"ß  '' ^~  i,e  chase;  and  kings 
ing-horns.  Large  tracts  o.  and  -"«-f  ^^  j^^"^  „  ,,,,,  „sties,  and 
and  nobles  preferred,  on  th.s  account,  to  resKl^  ^,^^  ^^,^,,^ 

despised  the  qu.et  dwolbng  >"  -7^;  „'j^,,  a  nnnber  of  castles, 
eotmtry  against  the  Hun^-  ';;^2S::2:^o.  ^^  environs.  Merse- 
to  serve  as  places  of  ■■      S*^ '"  Quedlinburg,  and  many  other 

burg,  Meissen,  Dresden,  .^*  .^;;^\,,„i„gia,  arose  at  this  time, 
fortified  cities  and  castles  m  ^'^^°">  en  in  0^7  ami  that  of  Branden- 
He  founded  the  margrav.ate  of  Me  s    n  .9-^^,  a  ^^^^^^^  ^^ 

burg  in  93«.  I"  -'^^  ^^  rTlilvncomUv,  and  thus  extended 
Danes,  he  carried  the  war  >nto  ^1-  "-  co.  ^  ^^^^^.  ^^^^^^^  ,^^ 
the  limits  of  Germany  over  the  E  der,  as  ^^^^   ^^^^^^.^, 

founded  a  Saxon  colony  and   place     a  «^^  ^^^  ^,^ 

Lotharingia  to  his  emp.rc      At  the  e  ^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

the  Hungarians,  he  -  -^^  ^^^^  :;t:;r-ngia  and  Saxony,  but 
accustomed  to  receive  ^^"^  'Xior.Utrsch^r^^r.  <)ii,:^y^^--^^^ 
were  completely  routed  by  Henrj ,  betöre  °  j^^,      ;„ 

obliged  to  flee.  After  these  successes,  he  d-  f  \^  ,,^,„,„,en, 
order  to  be  crowned  Emperor  at  ^--^''^^^X.\z-  of  seventeen 
a  little  more  than  sixty  years  old,  after  a  g  o   -   ;<.  .  ^^^  ^^ 

vears,  and  was  buried  with  great  VO^^^^^^^oZl  and  his  naturally 
unguished  for  excellent  quahtje^  m  n  a  <i  ^  .-^  ^^  ^pp„.„,ed 
clear  understanding  supplied  his  'letec     o  ^^  ^^^^^ 

Otho  the  Great.  ^^^^^j  ,,,^  ^jf.ed  the  Great 

During  the  times  of  Charles  tne  r  England,  and 

had  been  employed  in  -tabUsh.ng  unn    an^l  pea  g^^^^  .^  ^^ 

striving  to  polish  it  by  I't-a  -e  -«i        '  -  ^^      ^^J^^,,,  ..„„..„es 
arms.     In  France,  the  sons  of  Charles  the  mia 


I 


OTI/0    THE    GREAT. 


41 


SO  weak  that  the  brave  Endes,  Count  of  Paris,  had  been  elected  king; 
yet  his  dominions  were  limited  between  the  Meuse  and  the  Loire,  and 
even  in  that  diminished  territory  there  were  several  lordships  or  states, 
the  most  powerful  of  whose  rulers  were  the  Counts  of  Flanders  and 
Anjou.  The  Saracens  were  laying  waste  the  shores  of  Italy,  the  terrified 
Popes  were  calling  in  vain  for  aid,  and  Italy  itself  had  submitted  to  the 
Dukes  of  Friuli  and  Spoleto. 


OTHO  L,  THE  GREAT.  OTTO  DER  GROSSE,  a.d.  936^73. 

"  Statius  est  ratione  .xquitati-s  mortem  oppetere,  quam  fugere  et  inhonesta  vivere."     (Bet- 
ter to  die  for  justice  than  to  flee  and  live  without  honor.) 

Otho  succeeded  his  father 
in  936,  and  was  crowned  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle,  by  Hilde- 
bert, Archbishop  of  May- 
ence,  receiving  the  oaths  of 
fealty  of  the  Dukes  of  Fran- 
con  ia,  Suabia,  Bavaria,  and 
Lothringen  or  Lorraine,  as 
well  as  of  other  magnates  of 
the  empire.     At  the  dinner 
which  followed,  the  Duke  of 
Franconia,  as  lord  high  stew- 
ard, brought  in   the   food; 
the  Duke  of  Suabia,  as  cup- 
bearer, credenced  the  wine; 
the    Duke    of    Bavaria,    as 
marshal,  provided    for    the 
knights    and    their    horses; 
and  the  Duke  of  Lorraine, 
as  chamberlain,  was  master 
of  ceremonies.     From  this 
time  these  four  offices  were 
retained  in  the  empire. 

Otho's  reign  was  a  suc- 
cession of  eventful  and  gen-    - 
erally  triumphant   wars,  in 
the    course    of    which    he 
brought     many     turbulent  °'^"^''" ''  ^^  ''''-^''''• 

tribes  into  subjection,  acquired  and  maintained  almost  supreme  power 


SAXON  EMPERORS. 
42 

in  Italy,  where  he  imposed  laws  with  equal  success  on  the  Kings  of  Lom- 
bardy  and  the  Popes  at  Rome;  consolidated  the  disjointed  power  of  the 
German  emperors;  and  established  Christianity  at  many  places  m  the 
Scandinavian  and  Sclavonic  lands,  which  lay  beyond  his  own  jurisdiction.. 
His  earliest  achievement  was  a  successful  war  against  Boleslas,  Duke 
of  Bohemia,  whom  he  reduced  to  subjection  and  forcibly  converted  to 
Christianity ;  next  the  Dukes  of  Franconia  and  Bavaria  were  com- 
pelled to  succumb  to  his  power,  the  former  paying  the  penalty  of  his 
opposition  to  Otho  by  defeat  and  death  in  battle,  and  the  latter  by  the 
confiscation  of  his  territories,  which,  together  with  the  lapsed  and  re- 
covered fiefs  of  the  empire,  were  bestowed  on  near  and  devoted  relatives 

of  the  conqueror. 

After  subduing  the  Slavi  of  the  Oder  and  the  Spree,  for  whose  instruc- 
tion in  the  Christian  religion  he  founded  the  bishoprics  of  Havelburg 
and  Brandenburg,  driving  the  Danes  beyond  the  Eider,  compelling 
their  defeated  king  to  return  to  the  Christian  faith  and  do  homage  to 
himself,  and  after  founding,  at  the  suggestion  of  his  mother's  former 
chaplain,  Adeldag,  the  bishoprics  of  Aarhuus,  Ribe,  and  Sleswig,  which 
he  decreed  were  forever  to  be  free  from  all  burdens  and  miposts,  he 
turned  his  attention  to  the  affairs  of  Italy. 

Berengar,  Marquis  of  Friuli,  had  poisoned  Lothario,  the  young  King 
of  Italy,  and  allowed  himself  to  be  crowned,  along  with  his  son  Adal- 
bert   in  950.      To  establish  himself  firmly  in   his   new  position  he 
wished  the  widow  of  Lothario,  the  beautiful  Adelheid  of  Burgundy, 
to  marry  his  son.     She  refused,  and  he  besieged  her  in  her  castle  of 
Canossa,  on  Mount  Apennine.     Adelheid  called  Otho  to  her  aid,  and 
the  chivalrous  Emperor,  in  951,  crossed  the  Alps  to  win  his  lovely 
bride  and  the  imperial  crown  of  Italy.     Berengar  was  conquered,  de- 
posed, and  banished,— an  event  of  the  utmost   importance,  because 
henceforth    Italy  drew  the    almost   entire  attention    of   the    German 
Emperors  to  the  affairs  of  that  country,  and  hindered  them  from  con- 
solidating their  power  in  their  own. 

Berengar,  at  the  imperial  diet  of  Augsburg,  in  952,  was  compelled  to 
acknowledge  Italy  to  be  a  fief  of  the  German  empire.  He,  how- 
ever, seized  the  first  opportunity  to  rebel.  Otho  sent  his  son  Ludolf 
against  him.  Ludolf  was  successful,  but  died,  in  957,  of  poison, 
administered,  it  was  believed,  by  Willa,  niece  of  Hugo,  King  of  Italy, 
and  wife  of  Berengar.  Again  Berengar  recovered  the  throne,  but  be- 
haved with  such  intolerable  tyranny  that  his  subjects  and  the  Pope 
called  in  the  aid  of  the  Emperor.  Berengar  was  captured,  and  sent  as 
a  prisoner  to  Bamberg,  in  Bavaria,  where  he  died,  in  966. 


OTHO    THE    GREAT. 


43 


Otho  was  acknowledged  King  of  Italy  by  a  diet  held  at  Milan,  and 
after  being  crowned  with  the  iron  crown  of  Lombardy,  was,  in  962, 
recognized  by  Pope  John  XII.  as  the  successor  of  Charlemagne,  crowned 
by  him  at  Rome,  and  took  the  title  of  Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman- 
German  Empire.  The  Germans  then  adopted  the  principle  that  the 
King  of  Germany  became,  by  his  election,  King  of  Italy,  and  Emperor. 
The  usage  of  the  triple  coronation  continued  for  centuries,  and  no 
King  of  Germany,  until  Maximilian  I.,  took  the  title  of  Emperor  with- 
out being  crowned  by  the  Pope. 

Otho  lost  no  time  in  asserting  his  imperial  prerogatives;  and,  having 
called  a  council,  deposed  Pope  John,  whose  licentiousness  had  become 
a  burden  to  Italy  and  a  scandal  to  Christendom,  and  caused  Leo  VIII. 
to  be  elected  in  his  place.  Fresh  wars  were  the  result  of  this  step. 
Popes  and  antipopes  disturbed  the  peace  of  Rome;  but  through  all 
these  disorders  Otho  maintained  the  supremacy  which  he  claimed  as 
Emperor,  and  made  the  clergy  and  people  swear  that  they  would  no 
longer  choose  a  Pope  without  his  consent  or  that  of  his  successors. 

Otho's  favorite  scheme  of  uniting  the  richly-dowered  Greek  princess, 
Theophania,  with  the  young  prince  Otho,  his  son,  met  with  such  con- 
tempt from  the  Greek  Emperor  that  his  outraged  pride  soon  plunged 
him  again  into  war.  His  inroads  into  Apulia  and  Calabria,  however, 
proved  convincing  arguments  in  favor  of  the  marriage,  and  Theophania 
became  the  wife  of  young  Otho,  with  Calabria  and  Apulia  for  her 
dowry. 

Otho  extended  the  limits  of  the  empire,  and  restored  the  prestige  of 
the  imperial  power  more  nearly  to  the  condition  which  it  had  occupied 
under  Charlemagne  than  any  other  Emperor.  He  appointed  counts- 
palatine,  founded  cities  and  bishoprics,  and  was  a  wise  and  just  ruler. 

He  died  at  Minsleben,  in  973,  aged  sixty-one,  and  was  buried  in  the 
cathedral  of  Magdeburg,  which  he  founded. 

His  first  wife  was  Edith,  daughter  of  Edmund,  King  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,  the  mother  of  his  son  Ludolf,  who  gave  him  much  trouble,  but 
who  died  in  957. 

His  second  wife  was  Adelheid,  the  widowed  Queen  of  Italy,  and  the 
mother  of  Otho  II. 

The  epitaph  placed  on  his  tomb  was,  ''Three  reasons  for  sorrow  are 
hidden  by  these  stones.  He  was  Emperor ;  the  pride  of  his  father- 
land ;  and  the  ornament  of  the  Church." 

Bruno  the  Great,  Archbishop  of  Cologne,  Duke  of  Lorraine,  one  of 
the  most  eminent  men  of  his  time,  was  born  in  928.  He  was  the  third 
son  of  Henry  the  Fowler,  and  brother  of  the  Emperor  Otho  the  Great. 


SAXON  EMPERORS, 
44 

Baldrich,  Bishop  of  Utrecht,  and  Israel  Scotigena  were  his  tutors     ffis 
surprising  knowledge,  sagacity,  and  eloquence  secured   or  h.m  an  ,rn 
mense  influence  over  the  bishops  and  clergy,  while  h,s  "be'-^"'y' >"  ^^ 
ness  and  great  earnestness  of  heart  won  the  affect.on  and  reverence  of 
"he  laity.     He  was  of  great  assistance  to  his  brother  the  Emperor,  at 
Ws    oun,  held  an  influential  position  among  the  chroniclers,  poets, 
;:d  pTilo'sophers.  and  was  made  chancellor  of  the  empire     He  accom- 
mnied  Otho  to  Italy  in  951 .  and  honorably  distinguished  himself  by 
Se   ty  to  his  brother  when  Otho-s  own  son  Ludolf  and  his  son-nvla^v^ 
Con  ad  of  Lorraine,  rebelled  against  him.     Bruno  died  at  R lien.s   in 
96  ".He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  Pentateuch,  and  several  lives  of 

saints.  ^.^.^ 

CONTEMPORARIES. 

The  most  in.portant  rnan  in  England  at  this  time  -^  ^t  J.« 
who  was  born  in  Glastonbury,  Somersetshire  m  95-    JJ^^  arlv  studi  s 
birth  and  even  remotely  related  to  the  royal  family.    His  early  tud^s 
we     'pursued  with  extraordinary  assiduity.     He  was  an  excellent  com 
poser  in  music,  played  skillfully  upon  various  instruments,  was  a  painter 
a  worker  in  design,  a  caligrapher,  a  jeweler,  and  a  blacksmith.     He 
Med  king  Ath  Istane  with  his  music ;  but  the  courtiers,  envying 
t   denounced  him  as  a  sorcerer,  and  procured  his  expulsion  from 
coun      He  retired  to  Glastonbury,  and  continued  his  studies  and  his 
Trk ;  took  the  clerical  habit,  and  acquired  such  a  reputation  for  sanctity 
hat  Edmund  I.,  on  his  accession  to  the  throne,  in  94o    recal  ed  l.m 
o  court      In  the  reign  of  Edred,  who  succeeded  Edmund,  in  946,  the 
Saint  began  to  distinguish  himself  as  a  statesman,  and  the  vigorous 
p; ley  of^Edred's  reign'  is  affirmed  to  have  proceeded  from  the  mspir  - 
tion  of  Dunstan.     Edred  was  succeeded  by  Edwy,  in  95.     He  de 
tested  Dunstan,  who  was  obliged  to  escape  to  ^'^^'^^^^^^^^^^ 
place  among  the  Northumbrian  Danes  after  the  ^^'^^^^ 
Edcar    the    brother    of   Edwy,  was  chosen  king.      Edv^>  ^   ^^eautiUU 
w  ffkgiva,  had  been  seized   and   murdered,  and  Edwy  died  of  a 
;tken  Sear;,  in  95S,  and  was  succeeded  by  hi.  ^-her  Edgar^^ 
of  fifteen.     Dunstan  returned  to  England,  and  again  ruled  the  kin 
dorn  w  th  vigor  and  success,  and  consolidated  the  detached  states  into 
iTe  compact  integrity  and  union  than  had  ever  ^-n  known  be    r. 
In  960,  Dunstan  was  made  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  on  the  death  of 
his  friend    Odo  the  Dane,  and  went  to  Rome  to  receive  the  pallium  at 
t     tnd';  of  the  Pope.     On  the  death  of  Edgar,  a  fierce  contes   t^^^^^ 
Place  between  the  partisans  of  Edward  the  Martyr  and  his  half-brotht 
place  Deiweeu         p  ^^c,',A^    p^^sed  Edward  to  be  murdered;  and 

Ethelred,  whose  mother,  Elfrida,  causea  r^uwaru 


Orno    THE    GREAT. 


45 


Dunstan  was  compelled  to  place  the  crown  on  the  head  of  Ethelred. 
The  credit  and  influence  of  the  great  monk  now  declined,  and,  soured 
and  exasperated  at  the  triumph  of  his  enemies,  he  retired  to  Canter- 
bury, where  he  died  of  grief  and  vexation,  in  988.  He  was  a  man  of 
extraordinary  abilities,  and,  though  despotic  to  the  last  degree,  he  was 
not  blindly  so,  like  a  commonplace  despot.  His  ambition  was  ever 
under  control  of  his  wisdom  and  his  fixed  ideas. 

At  an  early  period  of  his  life  he  introduced  the  Benedictine  order  of 
monks  into  the  land,  and  monasteries  continued  to  be  founded  or  en- 
dowed in  every  part  of  the  kingdom;  and  such  were  the  multitudes  who 
devoted  themselves  to  the  cloister,  that  the  foreboding  of  the  wise  Bede 
was  at  length  accomplished,— above  a  third  of  the  property  of  the  land 
was  in  possession  of  the  Church,  and  exempted  from  taxes  and  military 

service. 

In  France,  the  brave  Count  Eudes  had  died,  and  Charles  the  Simple, 
grandson  of  Charles  the  Bald,  was  recognized  as  sole  king.  In  911, 
Rollo,  a  leader  of  the  Normans,  appeared  in  France,  and  Charles,  to 
secure  the  rest  of  his  kingdom,  offered  to  bestow  upon  him  an  extensive 
territory  between  the  Seine  and  the  sea.  He  also  offered  him  his  daughter 
in  marriage  if  he  would  become  a  Christian.  Rollo  accepted  both 
propositions,  and  he  and  his  followers  were  baptized,  and  settled  them- 
selves in  what  has  been  since  called  Normandy.  Rollo  took  the  title 
of  Duke,  and  was  required  to  do  homage  for  his  fief  of  Normandy, — 
complying  with  all  the  established  ceremonies  but  one, — that  of  kissing 
the  King's  foot, — consenting,  however,  to  do  it  by  proxy.  The  imbe- 
cility of  Charles  led  to  his  deposition  by  his  subjects,  and  the  crown 
was  offered  to  Hugh  the  Fair,  nephew  of  Eudes,  who  declined  the  title 
of  king  in  favor  of  his  brother-in-law  Raoul,  but  retained  the  authority. 
Charles  died  in  929,  and  Raoul  in  936. 

Hugh  again  declined  the  crown,  and  sent  to  England  to  invite  Louis 
the  Stranger,  son  of  Charles  the  Simple,  to  return.  Louis's  want  of 
honesty  and  sincerity  rendered  his  abilities  of  little  service  to  himself 
or  his  country.  Louis  died  in  954,  and  Hugh  the  Fair  in  956.  Hugh 
is  said  to  have  been  the  most  powerful  man  who  never  wore  a  crown. 
He  was  married  three  times,  and  each  of  his  wives  was  a  king's  daugh- 
ter.    All  his  wealth  and  power  was  inherited  by  his  son,  Hugh  Capet. 


46 


SAXON  EMPERORS, 


OTHO   II.,  THE   RED,  OTTO   II..  DER   ROTHE.     A.D.  973-983. 

*'  Cum  hominibus  pacem,  adversus  vitia  bellum."     (Peace  with  every  one,  but  war  with 

the  wicked.) 

Otho  II.,  called  the  Red 
(Rufus),  was  crowned  dur- 
ing the  lifetime  of  his 
father,  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
and  also  at  Rome.  He 
was  born  in  955,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father  in  973. 
For  a  time  he  was  content 
to  rule  under  the  regency 
of  his  mother,  the  Empress 
Adelheid;  but  differences 
having  arisen  between  them, 
through  the  headstrong  and 
ambitious  inclinations  of 
the  young  monarch,  his 
mother  withdrew  from  all 
share  in  the  administration, 
and  left  him  to  the  exercise 
of  his  own  will,  which  soon 
brought  him  into  collision 
with  the  great  vassals  of  the 
crown. 

Henry    II.    of    Bavaria, 

incited  by  Bishop  Abraham 

of  Freysing*  to   lay  claim 

to     the     imperial     crown, 

formed    a    secret    alliance 

with      Harald      Bluetooth, 

King  of  Denmark,  and  Micislav  of  Poland,  now  for  the  first  becoming 

a  political  power  in  Europe.     For  a  time  fortune  inclined  to  the  side 

of  the  rebels,  but  Otho's  astuteness  circumvented  their  designs.     He 


OTHON    II 


*  Freysing  is  a  town  in  Bavaria,  on  the  river  Isar.     It  has  been  the  seat  of  an  episcopal 
see  since  the  eighth  century. 


OTHO    THE   RED, 


47 


marched  against  Henry,  who,  on  account  of  this  rebellion,  was  sur- 
named  the  Quarrelsome,  conquered  him,  and  placed  him  under  guard, 
at  Ingelheim.  In  a  few  weeks  he  escaped,  and  was  crowned  King  of 
Germany  by  the  Bishop  of  Freysing.  Full  of  anger,  Otho  fell  upon 
Bavaria,  defeated  the  rebels,  who  fled  to  Bohemia,  deprived  Henry  of 
his  dukedom,  and  gave  it  to  his  own  cousin,  Otho  of  Suabia.  He  then 
marched  against  the  Danish  king,  who  had  been  making  successful  in- 
cursions into  Saxony.  Otho  attacked  Harald  on  the  Dannevirke,  a 
famous  fortification  on  the  narrow  neck  of  land  at  Sleswig,  but  was  un- 
successful. Otho  retired,  vowing  that  he  would  return  before  another 
year  and  force  every  Dane  to  forswear  paganism.  Otho  kept  his  prom- 
ise, defeated  Harald  the  next  year,  and  compelled  him  to  receive  bap- 
tism as  the  badge  of  his  defeat.  Otho  stood  sponsor  for  Harald  and 
his  son  Sweyn. 

He  then  went  to  Lorraine,  which  the  French  king  had  seized  as  a 
former  appanage  of  his  crown,  and,  after  a  partial  defeat,  Otho  con- 
quered ;  not  content  with  this  advantage,  he  pursued  and  captured 
Lothaire,  devastated  Champagne,  and  went  to  Paris,  where  he  burned 
one  of  the  suburbs. 

Scarcely  was  this  war  ended  when  the  disturbed  condition  of  Italy 
called  Otho  across  the  Alps.  His  presence  put  a  stop  to  the  insurrec- 
tion at  Milan  and  Rome,  where  he  re-established  order,  and  having 
advanced  into  Lower  Italy,  he  defeated  the  Saracens,  drove  back  the 
Greeks,  and  having  re-established  his  supremacy  in  Apulia  and  Calabria, 
which  he  claimed  in  right  of  his  wife,  made  himself  master  of  Naples 
and  Salerno,  and  finally  of  Tarentum,  in  982.  The  Greek  Emperor, 
alarmed  at  the  successful  ambition  of  Otho,  called  the  Saracens  again 
into  Italy,  who  gave  him  battle  with  overwhelming  numbers. 

It  was  in  this  battle  that  Otho  of  Suabia,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  was 
wounded  mortally.  After  his  death,  the  Bavarians  requested  the  Em- 
peror to  give  them  back  their  duke,  Henry,  which  he  did;  and  Henry 
ruled  Bavaria  henceforth  in  peace  with  his  neighbors,  lost  his  title  of 
Quarrelsome,  and  received  that  of  Peaceable. 

In  battling  with  the  Saracens,  Otho  was  not  only  defeated,  but  taken 
prisoner,  and  carried  on  board  a  Greek  ship,  where,  watching  his  op- 
portunity, he  leaped  into  the  sea,  swam  vigorously,  reached  the  shore, 
and  was  received  by  his  troops  with  the  greatest  joy. 

'*  Doch  plötzlich,  was  tönt  am  Bord  für  Geschrei? 
Sie  schleppen  die  Spiesse,  die  Bogen  herbei, 
Wie  die  Fischer  in  nordlichen  Meeren, 
Wenn  den  Wallfisch  sie  brausen  hören. 


g  SAXON  EMPERORS. 

"  Ihm  nach  !  Zu  den  Rudern  !  Hinab,  in  den  Kahn  I 
Der  Kaiser  sprang  in  den  Ocean  ! 

Verdammt,  uns  entwischet  die  Beute  ! 
Ihm  nach,  ihr  säumigen  Leute ! 

"  Doch  der  taucht  unter  den  Wassern  fort, 
Bis  er  ihnen  entschwunden.     Schon  nahet  der  Port, 
Am  Ufer  stehen  die  Seinen, 
Ihn  umschhngend  mit  freudigem  Weinen." 

(Suddenly,  what  shriek  is  that  on  board  ?     Spears  are  seized,  bows  are  bent, 

Like  fishermen  in  Northern  seas,  when  they  hear  the  roaring  of  the  wliales. 

After  him  !  To  the  oars  !  Down  with  the  boat !  The  Emperor  sprang  into  the  ocean  ! 

Damnation  !  our  prey  is  escaping  us  !     After  him.  ye  sluggards  ! 

There  he  dives  along  under  the  water,  and  disappears.     He  is  nearmg  the  shore ! 

On  the  beach  stand  his  soldiers-now  they  embrace  him  with  tears  of  joy.) 

Otho  now  hastened  to  Verona,  where  a  diet  was  held,  which  was 
numerously  attended  by  the  princes  of  Germany  and  Italy,  and  at 
which  his  infant  son,  Otho,  was  recognized  as  his  successor.  This 
diet  is  chiefly  memorable  for  the  confirmation  by  Otho  of  the  franchises 
and  i.nvileges  of  the  Republic  of  Venice,  and  the  enactment  of  many 
n,  u  ],iu~    wliicli  were  added  to  ihe  celebrated  Longobard  Code. 

Utho's  death,  at  Rome,  "in  983,  arrested  the  execution  of  the  vast 
ciitrri.rises  against  the  Greeks  ar.l  Saracens  which  had  been  planned 
at  the  diet  of  Verona,  and  left  the  empire  embroiled  in  wars  and 
internal  <l!Murluiu.c>.      He  was  buried  at  IvMiie. 

II-  wile  wa>  Theoi^hania,  dau-luei  ui  the  Greek  Emperor  Roma- 
rais  11.      (  )i]in  111.  w.i-.  tlieir  ^on. 


Theo}  than  ia' 


s    ">  1  >  I  t 


r  Anrai    niarnril   the 


Grnnd  iJukc  Wiadiniir  i    of 


Vn-onul.  and  earned  nvdi/aiion  inio  K-i-ia.  Whidindr  was  bap- 
tized at  Cheison,  ni  9S7  .  lien,  e  the  mtruduetion  of  the  Greek  ritual 
in  Riis>iaN  and  died  in  1015,  havin-  eiideaxured  tu  ^ive  Ids  people  a 
hiudicr  dcifrcc  ot"  ci\  ili/at 


ntn 


OTHO    HI.     A.D.  9S3-TCX3: 


"  Facile  sini^nl:!  runipinaur  j.icula.  oniuiuaa  wn\  acne 


(>:nLle  arrows  are  easily  broken, 


not  bü  when  united.} 

Otho  III.,  who  was  only  three  years  old  at  ]n>  lather'^  deatli.  was  at 
once  crowned,  bv  the  first  Elector  of  ?.Iayencc,  Archl.i>]t()i)  Willigis, 
at  Aix-la-Ghapelle,  in  983.  The  government  was  administered  with 
extraordinary  skill  and  discretion  by  three  female  relatives,  hi.  mother, 


OTHO    III. 


49 


Theophania,  his  grandmother,  Adelheid,  and  his  aunt,  Matilda,  Abbess 
of  Quedlinburg,  who,  in  conjunction  with  Archbishop  Willigis,  directed 
his  education.     His  tutors  were  the  highly  distinguished  men,  Bern- 
ward,  Me  in  werk,  and  Ger- 
bert,  afterwards  Pope  Syl- 
vester IL     As  he  grew  up, 
his  teachers  were  so  grati- 
fied  with    his   intelligence, 
attention,   and  progress  in 
his  studies  that  they  called 
him    ''the  wonder   of  the 
age." 

The  princes  of  the  im- 
perial family  disputed  the 
right  of  these  royal  ladies 
to  the  custody  of  the  young 
king ;  and  Henry  of  Ba- 
varia, the  Quarrelsome,  the 
nearest  relative,  having 
seized  the  person  of  Otho, 
tried  to  usurp  the  supreme 
power;  but,  being  opposed 
by  the  majority  of  the  other 
princes  of  the  empire,  he 
was  compelled  to  release 
him  in  consideration  of  re- 
ceiving  back   his    forfeited  othon  m. 

duchy.  . 

Directed  by  his  mother  and  grandmother,  and  as  his  father  had,  in 
a  measure,  done  before  him,  he  adopted  tlie  Byzantine  court  cere- 
monies, and  early  showed  a  ]^reference  for  foreign  cu^tuins.  He  soon 
proved  that  he  had  inherited  tlie  great  qualities  of  his  foreflithers,  for, 
as  soon  as  he  was  capable  of  bearing  arms,  he  defeate«!  tiie  troops  of 
Liie  patrieian  Crescentius,  the  self-styled  Consul  of  Rome,  and  thus 
restored  (uaier  m  tlie  Roman  territories. 

In  996.  he  wi>  (u-owned  lanperor.  by  Itis  tmede  Bruno,  Poi-e  (rregory 
v.,  wiio  wa-^  the  fir^t  (;ennan  Pope,  and  who  was  elected  when  he 
was  onlv  iwent\-reMir  years  old.  He  >poke  German,  Latin,  and  Italian, 
and  was  calle.l' Gregorv  tlie  Less.  When  Otho  had  settled  the  affairs 
of  Italv,  lie  returned  to  Germany,  where  he  defeateil  the  Sclavonians 
who   had   long  earricd   on  war  against  the  empire;   and  having  iorced 


so 


SAXOA'  EMPERORS. 


Micislav  of  \\Aa\u\  to  «lo  liini  hoiiKi^i'.  lir   imimmI   iht;   I'oli^li  territories 
to  the  rank  of  a  kin-.loin,  in  ta\or  of  M  a  i>!.i,\-'-  >a.cessor.  lk)leslas. 

1'Ik-  riMu-waal  relH-l'Hon  of  C'rcsfent in-,  wl'.o  lirosc  Grc-ory  Iruin  the 
papal  tlirone,  conipilled  (  )lha)  !n  rciurii  I.)  l:al\.  wiiere  snrrt^^^  attended 
his  measures.    C'resc  entiiH.  wh.o  had  thrown  him-elt  hiIm  t  ne  castle  o!  >t. 


Anueh).  \va^  >ei 


/.ed  and  lieheaded.,  toiiether  with  tua-JNe^.f  ids  adh.ercnts; 
the  antipope,  [ohn  X\'l.,  wa--  iniiai>oried  ;  (irc,u^a\  w..^  restored;  and, 
on  the  speedy  death  of  the  Litter,  C)tho\e.]il  tntor.  (h  ihrrt.  Ar«  !il)i^]iop 
of  Ravenna,  wa^  rai>ed  to  the  papacy,  inaha-  tiu'  tith-  «a  S\i\esterII. 
Otho,  ehited  with  su(a  e>>,  took  \ip  his  rc-iden«  e  in  K.aiu-.  wliere'  he 
orsjani/ed  the  uovernnient,  ere(  ted  new  hnildin--^.  aaxl  sliowed  e\ery 
d!s[)osition,  notwithstanding  thie  ilk( oik  ealed:  dis-a i-Ku  tion  o!  tne 
Romans,  to  convert  their  (aty  into  thi-  (  .ijatal  <>l  tiie  We-tetn  lanpire. 
The  near  a})proa(d^  of  the  >ear  iccc,  to  wlia  1^.  so  nianv  aiarniing 
})rophecies  were  then  believed  to  point  a-  tlie  end  kA  \\w  world.  ii,(hi(  ed 
Otho  to  undertake  a  pil-rinia-e  to  the  lluly  Land-,  whrre  i^e  loinided 
an  archbishopric.  On  his  retnrn,  after  vi>itin-  (  ■iiarKana-neV  -rave 
at  Aixda-Chapelle,  and  removing  th.e  (oiise.  rated  cross  suspended  I'roin 
the  Emperor's  ne(  k,  he  again  repaired  to  Rome,  to  (  arr\  oat  \\\-  \Aa\\^ 
of  establishing  a  Roman  empire,  d'he  in>urre(tion  .>f  llie  Romans 
forced  idm  to  leave  Rome  at  tlie  risk  of  his  life,  and.  ]>,•  wii'nd.rrw  to 
Ravenna,  to  await  powerful  reinfori  ement^  from  Oerniaii)  :  l»iit  belore 
they  had  crossed  the  Alps  Otho  died,  aged  twentv-two,  apparently 
from  poison,  which  was  said  to  have  been  given  liim  bv  Stephania,.  tlie 
widow  of  Crescentius,  who  had  deliberatelv  set  herself  to  win  Ins  altec- 
tions  that  she  might  have  an  opportimity  of  avenging  tlie  death  ot  her 
husband  ;   and  with  him  the  male  branch  of  the  Saxon  Imperial  1  Knise 

became  extinct. 

He  was  buried  at  Aixda-Cha|)elle,  according  to  his  last  re([uest. 

"  O  kdui  !   wo  lucitic  P.üitlit-n 

WtiI«  «1  rt,  w  M'  (liii !  r->  1  ..iiib, 
1  )u  si  lilt  ilin  iiicla  hfli'.'ti'u 

Di-n  kai^rrlu'lirn  St, ml». 
Die  mir  dif  Tmic  IjiMchiMi, 

/atImüi.  hell  im-in  (j(;!u'iii  ! 
liciin  !4ri''--cn  Karl  in  A.u  licii 

Will  ich  iR-graljcn  .^«•in." 

(O  Rome!  where  my  bloom  witliere.!,  lik.'  a  drv  leaf,  Th<.u  -lialt  nr.t  keep  mv  mvnl 
dust,  lliose  who  broke  faith  with  me  wuuUl  ck-tn.y  my  bone^.  Hv  -reat  Karl,  m  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  will  I  be  Iniried.) 

Archbishop  Willigis,  of  IMayence,  was  the  son  of  a  wheelwright  ;   but 


\% 


ITEXRY    THE    SAIXT. 


51 


so  pious  and  kairned  tliat  lie  was  held  in  great  esteem  k)y  Otho  II.,  wlio 
ap])ointed  hini  his  court  preacher  and  made  him  a  member  of  hiis  privy 

council.      W'lUigis  was  for  a  long  time  jeered  at  and  rida  uled  b\'  the 

courtiers   on   aeconnt  of  Ids   birth  ;    and,  to   make   sport    of    liim.   t'ney 

olUMi  -keteiied  him  on  the  walb  (jf  the  court  with  his  hand  on  a  wlajek 

Wilhgi-^,  iiisteadi  of  resenting  it,  wrote  underneath  the  }»ieinres  witii  his 

own  liaiiei  : 

"  \'vilii;is,  Vviligis, 
Recole,  unde  veneris." 

(Willigis,  Willigis,  recollect  whence  thou  earnest.) 

And  he  never  forgot  it,  for,  when  he  was  made  Archbishop  of  Mayence, 
he  (.a)ii)lazoned  a  wheel  on  his  coat  of  arms. 

Ada/ibero,  tlie  (  elebrated  Risho})  of  Metz,  died  in  1005.  He  was  the 
son  of  Frederi(  k,  Duke  of  Lower  Lorraine,  and  Reatrice,  sister  c)f  Hngii 
Capet. 

The  castle  of  Quedlinburg  was  the  residence  of  the  Abbesses  of 
Que<llinburg,  who  were  princesses  of  the  empire,  independent  of  all 
spiritual  sovereign^  save  the  Pope,  having  a  vote  in  the  Diet,  and  a  seat 
on  the  bene  h  of  Rhenish  bisho|)S.  They  were  generally  members  of 
royal  or  noble  funilies.  ddie  town  itself,  many  coiu'ents  and  nun- 
neries, atui  very  extensive  domains,  belonged  to  the  abbess,  and 
she  niunbered  among  her  vassals  many  nobles  of  high  rank.  At  the 
Reformation  the  abbesses  adopted  the  Lutheran  faith,  losing  thereby 
their  fetidal  sovereignt\-,  and  the  greatest  i)art  of  their  estates.  The 
coinent  was  secjuest rated  in  1802,  and  is  now  falling  to  decay,  strip})ed 
of  its  splendor,  and  in  part  converted  into  a  school. 


HENRY  II..  SURXAMKD   THE   SAINT,  HEINRICH    DER   HEI- 

LKjE.     A.I).   1002-1024. 

"  Nihil  impense  ames,  ita  fi.a,  ut  in  nuUo  contristeris."     (Never  be  too  fond  of  anything, 

so  will  th(ni  never  grieve.) 

ID'NRY,  son  of  Henry  the  Qtiarrelsome  of  Bavaria,  and  great-grand- 
son of  Henrv  the  Fowler,  was  elected  and  crowned  first  at  Mayence 
and  afterwards  at  Aixda-Chaj)elle.  He  had  accompanied  the  Emperor 
Otho  HI.  in  two  (am])aigns  into  Italy,  and  rendered  him  much  service. 
In  I  CO  I  he  celebrated  the  marriage  of  his  sister  Gisela  with  Stephen, 
King  of  Hungarv,  who  was  afterwards  canonized. 

Henrv  of  Schweinfurt  had  been  active  in  aiding  Henry  to  be  elected 


S.LXOX  EMJ'KIvDk^. 


kc(l(>in  oi"   i;a\  nri.i  ;    I'lit 


l'jn{)cr(>r.  l)t'(\ui^c  he  hoped    to   obtain    llic  <lii 
hciiiL;'  disappointed,  he  tnrncd   a-ainst  the   lanjioiMr.  h\   whom    hr  was 

-i,u)n  drir  itv'f !.  and   Inu^aria 

l;  i\a!i  <!■-  a  tk't    1 1  >  I  1  ta  1 1'\   <  »l 

J  .iixrmi  >ni\L:,  \n<.  )t  hri'   » »t    his 

\\i!c-.     the     lunpiL>>     Kuni- 

L^niidr. 

1  irar\    i!Kidf   thice   expe- 
ditions     into     Italy,  —  was 
crowned    lanpcror  in   1004, 
b\  To.;--.  (  ".  ouoi  \  \  1., — and 
(.Apciird     ti:e     ( 1 1  ceks    and 
t  lu'ir  parti^aiLs  iVoni  Capua, 
r.nu-Naaito,     Salerno,     and 
the  southern  i)art  ol"  Italy. 
IK'    f^ivored    the    clergy  to 
the  detriment  of  the  impe- 
rial power,  and  gave  great 
])ri  vi  leges  to  the  Papal  See. 
Under    the    Othos,    and 
]|rn!\,     the      vassals     stic- 
(  ^  cded   in   establishing  the 
hereditary  transmission   of 
fiefs,  and  soon  also  that  of 
the    principal   dignities  of 
the    crown,     l^he   imperial 
throne    was    elective ;     the 
fiefs  and   dignities  became 
hereditary;   and  it  was  easy 
to  see  that,  in  a  contest  be- 
ta, .r.  ilu*   lanp'viur  would  be  the  loser. 
incc  tlu-  tbnrth  centMr\  .  iiad  I'een 
elective,  at  KM>t  to  tiie  extent  tlait  tlie  -oMMei-n  eouid  be  ehor^eu  "  irom 
among  a,ll  the  princes  oi"  the  reignnig  taamlv. 

Altlion'^ii  Hein-v  wa>  no  le>s  v.ibanl  llian  (hav^nt,  ]ii>  paetv  was 
(Iceplv  tinetm-ed  with  the  tanatieism  and  sup^er^ition  ot"  tlie  tnius  m 
\vhi(  h  he  li\e(l.  It  wa^  ]n>  (  n>tom,  whenever  he  i altered  a.  (  it\-  tor  th.e 
{lr>t  time,  to  repair  innne(bately  to  a  chnreli  de(b(  ated  to  the  mother 
of  the  Saviour,  and  there  to  pav  his  devotions.  (  )n  one  occasion,  when 
visitiiK^  the  abbev  of  \'erdun,  he  was  sei/ed  witii  mi<  li  a  weaiane>s  ot 
soul,  stich  a  tlisgust  tor  the  pumps  and  care>  of  liis  p^osition,  that  he 


HF.NKI   n. 


tweeli    the    la  M''e>  and    t];e   ha    ^ 
^b)bt  or  thic  iiK  Mian  iiie>  m   haii'Dpe. 


IIEXRY  TIIE   SAIXT. 


Ö3 


was  about  to  renounce  the  world  and  take  the  habit  of  a  monk.  The 
])rior,  Ri(  hard  of  Verdini,  told  him  that  the  first  vow  required  of 
him  would  be  obrJiiJicc.  The  Emperor  exjjressed  liis  readiness  to 
obe\  ;  theiaaipon  the  ])ri(jr  enjoined  him  to  retain  his  kingly  office  and 
dis(  liarge  its  duties.  ''  The  lOmperor,"  said  he,  "  came  hither  to  learn 
obedience,  and  he  practices  this  lesson  by  ruling  wisel\-," 

He  louraied  the  fine  Roinanes(|ue  cathedral  of  Bamberg,  with  its 
four  lo\\a;r>.  and  wlien  he  died,  in  1024,  he  was  interred  in  it.  His 
wife.  Kuniuunde  of  Luxemburg,  on  his  death,  took  the  IJenedi«  tine 
habit,  and  set  an  e\ami)le  not  onl}'  of  })iety  and  cliarity,  but  of  iiKbn- 
tr\  .  working  con■^tantl\■  when  not  engaged  in  praxer,  often  using  tiic 
wonb  of  St.  Paul,  th.at  tlio>e  who  did  not  work  had  no  rigiit  to  ear. 
Slie  <bed  in  1040.  and  was  buried  at  I^amberg,  by  the  side  of  iier 
hu.-3band.  The\-  liad  no  children.  Henry  wa^  the  last  of  the  S;ixori 
Fm])(a'ors,  whu  'na.d  reigned  gloriou-^h'  for  a  centurva  The)  lia^l  all 
endeavored  to  preser\-e  tlie  nnit\-  of  (Germany,  and  to  make  tile  emjüre 
liereditaa-y  in  the  famil}'. 


CON  n-.AU'OKAlxIES. 

Tn  France,  the  la^r  r)f  the  male  line  of  the  Ckirlovin^ian^  liad  die<l. — 
Louis  \'.  ;  and  trie  liistorN'  of  tiie  tiiird  ra(  e  of  French,  king^  had  begun 
with  llagli  ('apet,  who  was  crowned  at  Rheims.  He  did  not  ri.->e 
above  the  standard  of  medio(  ritN",  but  ])Ossessed  good  strong  sense,  and 
that  jjractical  knowledge  whicli  is  common!}"  called  worldl)-  wisdom. 
Gerbert,  his  sccretarv  and  tlie  tutor  of  his  son,  Robert  \Vx  Piou^,  had 
left  him  to  become  tutor  oi  tlie  bhnjjeror  ( )tho  IlL,  and  aiKawards  Arc  a- 
bishop  of  KaveiiiKi.  and  then  Pope  Sylvester  H.  liugh  Capet  died  in 
fjfjh.  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Robert  the  Pious,  who  v.\l>  belter 
fitted  tn  ])e  a  monk  than  a  kinij. 

lie  had  nairried  ai  fuirth  cousin,  Pertha,  daughter  of  Conrad  L, 
Ring  of  Purgiindx.  Robert  had  omitted  to  request  a  dispensation. 
I'nan  the  I'ope  lor  thus  marriage,  and  was  therefore  (^ommanded  to  se})- 
arate  from  luaa  Rollert,  alth.ough  very  devout,  was  too  much  attaciied 
to  his  wile  to  vield  to  the  will  of  the  |)ontiff.  Gregory  \\  thereiVn-e 
cxfaammnnicated  idm,  and  ])laced  the  kingdom  under  an  interdict. 
At  length  he  was  forced  to  \ield.  Pertha  retired  to  a  convent,  and 
Robert  married  Constance  oi  Provence,  a  proud  and  indolent  princess. 
Robert  spent  his  time  (  hietly  with  the  monks  and  in  making  pilgrim- 
ages, and  on  his  retmm  tVom  one  of  these  he  fell  ill  and  died,  in 
103 1 . 

The  continued  dei)redations  of  the  Danes  in  England  so  exasperated 


54 


S.IXOX   EMPEKORS. 


K.'\\vz  Ktliclrcd  that  a  plot  was  formed  to  ma>sa(-re  all  the  Danes  in  tlie 
kinirdom,  and  was  carried  on  with  such  secrecv  that  it  was  exec  ntcd  in 
one  day.  \\'hile  the  iMiglish  were  congratulating  ihenisches  on  being 
thus  rid  of  their  enenues,  S\ve\n,  son  of  Harald  lUuctoolh,  who  liad 
been  informed  of  tliis  treachert)U^  crueUy,  fiiri()U>  with  rcxenge,  ap- 
])eared  on  the  coast  witli  a  hirge  fleet,  and  luheh-ed  was  (ompelled  to 
tlv  into  Normandv,  and  tlie  whole  cotuUry  came  under  the  power  of 
Swe\n. 

Sweyn  died  in  1017,  and  his  son  Canute  was  left  in  peaceable  ]^os- 
ses^ion  of  the  whole  kingdom.  Canute,  surnamcd  the  Creat.  ruled 
with  vi<H>r  and  success.  His  brother  Harald,  Kini;  o\  Henmark,  died 
in  loiS,  and  that  kingdom  was  again  united  to  I'aigland.  wliich.  being 
sui)erior  in  refmement,  arts,  trade,  and  agri(  ultuiw  r\er(  iscd  a  benefi- 
cial influen(-e  on  Demnark,  and  under  Canute  tlie  last  wstigo  of  pagan 
worshi})  were  destroyed  in  that  countrw 

About  the  same  time  Christianit}'  wa^  introduced  into  Sweden,  under 
Olaf  Skotkonung,  who  was  baptized  b\- an  ]-jigli->h  (leigxinan.  Sigtried  ; 
and  into  \orwa\-,  muler  (  )laf  the  Pious,  who,  with  three  lunulred  l)rave 
men,  tra\'eled  around  and  destroxed  the  luMtheii  idob. 


Canute,  in   the  latter  part   of  his 


le,    I 


1  >udt  ehuri  hes   arid   endowc'tl 


monasteries,  and,  in  1026,  made  a  pdgriniage  to  Kome.  Cpon  liis 
journev  he  chanced  to  meet  witli  the  (ierman  l-hnperor,  ('onrad  lb, 
whom  he  intluced  to  renounce  b.is  claims  to  the  m;ngra\i:Ue  of  S(  h!es- 
wiif,  founded  bv  Henr\'  the  r\)wler  ;  and  a  marri.iue  wa^  >tii'ul,ited 
between  Canute's  daughter  (bmhilda  aiul  Conrad's  ^on  ]Ienr\.  Ca- 
nute died  in  1036. 

King  Stephen  of  Himgarx'  fouiid  his  people  barl)arou>  and  heathens, 
and  he  civilized  and  Christianized  them.  He  abo  sulnhied  tlie  neigh- 
boring pagans,  and  incorpora^ted  tluan  with  his  own  pc:ople.  ble  mar- 
ried (lisela,  sister  of  the  I'hnperor  Henr\  11.,  a  primers  ••full  of  most 
blessed  conditions."  rnh.ippih-,  all  tlieir  <  hildreii  died  bef)re  tlieir 
]xirents  ;  and  Stephen  transferred  all  the  riglUs  auid  power  of  his  <  rown 
to  St.  Peter.  Pope  S\lvester  II.  sent  him  \\\  leturn  a  ro\a!  diaidtan, 
and  a  cross  to  be  borne  betöre  his  arm}'.  This  <  row  n  was  ptrescrwd  at 
Presburg,  and  is  the  same  which  was  placed  on  tiie  fiir  head  of  Maria 
Theresa  on  the  nuunorable  da\'  of  her  coronation. 

It  is  in  the  cla\s  of  the  Saxon  }-an])erors  'c^iS-icj-p  that  we  dis- 
cover the  tlrst  formation  of  the  celebrated  //d/i<ifi  Ixrf^n/^liis.  which 
afterwards  ])ertormed  so  brilliant  a  ])art  in  the  liistor\-  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  It  was  the  Lombard  free  towns  that  sided  with  the  Italian 
Popes,  while  the  landed  nobility  took  part  with  the  (ierman  I'hn[)erors, 


i. 


HENRY   THE    SAEVT. 


55 


which  led  to  the  protracted  strtiggle  between  the  Guelphs  and  Ghibel- 

lines. 

After  the  death  of  Henry  H.,  an  P^mperor  had  to  be  elected.  The 
arc:hbisho[)s  and  nobles  met  on  the  Rhine,  between  Mayence  and  Op- 
])enheim,  wliere  Kcuiigstuhl  stands  on  Franconian  land,  and,  after  a 
long  time,  their  c  hoic  e  fell  on  the  two  Conrads  of  old  Franconian 
descent  ;;s  the  most  worthy,  l^he  eldest  lived  between  Speyer  and 
Worms,  and  had  married  Gisela,  the  rich  widow  of.  Duke  Ernst  of 
Suabia,  and  had  great  influence  in  Southern  Germany.  The  younger 
Conrad  had  great  possessions  in  Rhenish  Franconia,  and  had,  through 
his  stc-p-father,  h'reclerick  of  Cpper  Lorraine,  many  friends  in   North 

Cxermany. 

The  elder  said  to  the  younger,  ''On  us,  members  of  one  family,  the 
choic  e  has  tallen  ;  therefore  it  becomes  us  first  of  all  to  be  united.  Let 
neitlier  of  us  do  aiiything  to  hinder  perfect  freedom  in  this  election, 
but  let  Us  remain  faithful  and  true  to  each  other."  The  younger  gave 
him  liis  hand  and  the  kiss  of  peace. 

Tlie  eldest  obtained  the  most  votes, — young  Conrad  voting  for  him, 
—and  tlie  uoi)le  and  widowed  l':mpress  Kunigunde,  stepping  forward, 
gave  the  imperial  insignia  to  the  P^mperor-elect,  who  was  in:imediately 
atu'rwards  crowned  in  the  cathedral  of  Mayence. 


i 


FRANCONIAN    EMPERORS. 


Conrad  IE,  the  Salic, "^  great-grandson  of  the  eldest  daughter 
of  Otho  the  (ireat       ........ 

IIi:xRV  IIE,  son  of  Conrad  IE    ......         . 

Hknrv  I\'.,  son  of  Henry  IIE     ....... 

Hi:nrv  \'.,  son  of  llenrv  IVE       . 

EoTHAiRi:  OF  Supi'LiNr,UR(;,  whose  wife  was  a  descendant  of 
the  uncle  of  St.  Henry       ....... 


A.D. 


1024-1039 
io3f>-io56 
1036-1 106 
1 1 06- 1 12; 


1125-1137 


*  Sali. ins,  Salic  Franks  :  a  people  who  first  appeared  on  the  island  of  the  Batavi,  and  wlio 
probabh  took  their  name  from  that  of  a  river  in  their  former  country,  and  first  used  it 
wlien  they  emit^rated  to  Hatavia  (the  Eatin  name  for  Holland).  From  tlie  Salians  origi- 
nated the  Salic  cixlc  of  laws,  which  was  probably  drawn  up  in  Eatin  before  the  time  of 
('los  is,  bv  four  of  tlicir  mo>t  distinguished  men, — Arogast,  Bodogast,  Salogast,  and  Win- 
(liga>t.  It  wa^  in  f(HXf,  in  some  degree,  even  as  late  as  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centu- 
ries. The  sixty-second  article  of  this  code  is  very  remarkable,  according  to  which,  in  Salic 
estates, — that  is,  those  \shich  the  Salic  Franks  had  obtained  by  conquest  in  Gaul  and 
modern  Fr.mce,— the  daughters  were  excluded  from  the  inheritance,  and  the  sons  alone 
were  cmsidered  capable  of  succeeding  as  heirs.  Notwithstanding  this  article  liad  refer- 
ence onlv  to  private  e^tates,  the  application  of  it  was  extended  even  to  the  throne,  except 
bv  force  of  some  law  different  from  the  ordinary  usage.  The  Salic  law  was  first  alleged 
ag.nn>t  I'dward,  in  the  contests  between  Pliilip  VE  of  France  and  Edward  lib  of  England, 
about  the  I'rench  crown,  and  has,  since  that  time,  remained  always  in  force. 


57 


FRANCONIAN    EMPERORS. 


CONRAD    II.,  THE   SALIC,  KOXRAD   DER   SALIER. 

A.D.    IO24-IO39. 

"  Oiiiniiuii  mores,  mos  imprimis  observato."     (Heed  tlie  manners  of  all,  thine  own  first.) 


Conrad      II. 


was 


the 


great-grandson  of  tlie  eld- 
est daughter  of  Otho  the 
(ircat.      ''Had  Kaiser  Karl 

arisL-n  from  the  grave,  he 
could  not  have  been  greeted 
1)}'  the  people  with  more 
]<>}'."  l"he  old  ]jroverb 
said,  "On  Conrad's  sad- 
dle hung  the  stirrups  of 
Charhjrnagne.''  lie  was 
(UK'  of  tile  most  remarkable 
of  tlie  eauiier  Emperors  of 
(jerman)'.  lie  repre-^r^ed 
the  most  obnoxious  feat- 
ures of  I  lie  teutlal  >\>tem, 
and  byconferrinu  the  great 
ducdiies  of  Bavaria.  >uaJ. »ia, 
and  Carinihia  on  ln.-5  >A)n, 
reduced  the  dangerous 
p(j\\<  r  (if  ilie  great  dukes 
of  the  empire. 

Conrad     was      crowned    - 
again    at    Aix  la-Chapelle, 
and  then  began  his  glorious 
career.      In   three  years  he 
had    Germany,    Burgundy, 

and  Italy,  with  Rome,  -nider  lii-  conti-td.      He  was  crou-iied  at  ]\Iilan, 
and  aft(Twar(i^  111  R')nie.  \\\  1027,  1)\-  Pope  John  XIX. 

in  534,  Burgund}-  h.id  ]xissed  under  the  rule  of  tlie  Franks  ;   l-ut  the 

59 


CONRAl;    n 


6o 


/■'A'.L\\\KV/.!.V   y;.]/7V-:A'('A'.V. 


weak  government  of  the  later  C\irl()\-ingians  allowed  it  to  become  inde- 
pendent, and  it  was  named  the  kingdom  of  ArUs.  from  the  residenc  e 
of  its  first  king,  IJoso,  who  died  in  .S87.  ll  ])assed,  alter  a  time,  into 
the  possession  of  Duke  Rudolf,  nephew  of  Hugh  ('apct  of  l-Vaiu  e,  who 
made  himself  master  of  Ui)})er  lUirguiulv.  His  son  Rudolf  II.  was 
crowned  King  of  Italy  in  921,  and  un.ited  Lower  nurguiid\-.  oi-  AiK-^.  to 
his  own  kingdom  in  92S.  Conrad  the  Peaceable  ^uc(  ceded,  and  alter 
him  Rudolf  HI.,  who,  dying  without  male  is^ue  in  ic.:;2,  beijueathed 
his  kingdom  to  the  Emperor  of  ( iermany,  wh.ose  ^on,  Henry  HI.,  made 
it  a  duchy  of  the  Oerman  empire. 

Conrad  made  a  tcnir  throueh  (icrmanw  to  admin!>ter  instice  and 
acqtiaint  himself  with  and,  if  ne(  es>ar}-,  to  ameliorate  the  (ondition 
of  his  subjects.  With  a  view  to  this  List  he  instituted  the  Ci(>J"s 
jyiicw  which  forbade  fighting  during  Advent  and  bent  and  tiie  week- 
davs  speciallv  consecrated  bv  tlie  men!or\-  of  the  Pa.^siuii  and  Resurrec- 
tion  of  Christ. — that  is,  from  the  sunset  ot'  Wednesday  to  smiri-'c  on 
Monda\-.      Order,  right,  and  moralit}'  predoniiiuil  ed  (hiring  his  i\ign. 

Conrad  invested  hi:^  relatix'e,  Humbert  tlie  Wliite-Handedi.  a  de- 
scendant of  one  of  Charlemagiie'.s  juoieges,  with  tiie  iiet's  of  Chal^Iais 
and  Aosta.  Humbert  was  the  loun<ler  of  the  IbiiiM-  <»f  Sa\u\,  wlm  \\ 
took  its  name,  according  to  old  Italian  hi^toiaans.  tVoui  tlie  security  of 
its  roads, — Sdlra  I'i'i,  safV-  road  ;  relativa-ly  sale,  doubtless,  in  compari- 
scui  with  other  roads  :u  ros^  tlie  Alps,  wIik  h  \\ere  mtested  with  numer- 
ous bands  of  brigands,  'riie  rir^eM  town-  in.  liis  domains  were  Geneva, 
Chamberg,  Susa,  Savona.  and  Nn c 

In  1036,  a  rebellion  in  h;ily  again  compelled  L^onrad  to  cross  the 
Alps;  but  his  elVorts  this  liim'  to  restois,  iii-,  authority  were  unsuc- 
cessful, and  he  was  lor(  ed  to  gr.int  wuioa,  ]ai\iieges  to  his  Italian  sub- 
jects. Shortly  after  his  lelurn  h.e  died,  .it  I'trecht,*  in  1039,  deeply 
regretted  1)\-  Ids  ])eopie.  audi  was  buried  111  his  favorite  city  of  Speyer, 
in  tlie  cathedral  whi(  h  he  iouiided. 

His  wife  was  (iisebi  of  Suad*M.  a  nob^lc'  woman,  wlio  devoted  herself 
in  counsel  and  in  deedis  to  her  imperial  husband. 


■■■■  Utrecht,  calKd  by  the  Romans  Trajectum  ad  Rhenani, — ford  on  tlie  Rhine, — and 
in  monkish  Lalm,   I  'Kra  Trajectum,  hence  Utrecht. 

The  first  Risjmp  't^  t'trt>ctit  was  St,  Wilhbrod,  an  Enghshman,  who  left  his  own  country 
111  the  ?event!i  ccntiirx  to  O'  iiscrt  the  heathen  Prisons,  who  then  possessed  the  land.  He 
bapti/ed  ns  in\  thou-.nuN  nt  tln-m,  and  the  Pope  ordained  him  bishop  over  them  ;  while 
Charles  ^^artrl  prt-rritLtl  to  liim  die  castle  of  Utrecht  for  his  residence,  and  the  sur- 
rounding di-5trict  for  his  see. 


IlEXRY    riJE    BLACK. 


6f 


JrlllNKN" 


Tin:    bPACK,    HEINRICH    1)1:R    SCHWARZE 

A.D.    1 039-1056. 


"Qui   litem    aulert,  execrationem    in   bencclictiuneiii   nmtat."      (lie  who   ends  a  quarrel 

changes  a  curse  into  a  blessing.) 

lIi.M:\  III..  Conrad's 
son  and  \\a)rthi\'  successor, 
extendieii  (  haanan  Miprcm- 
ac\"  o\  '.a"  I  bingarw  a  ])art 
i){  which  he  conquered  and 
annexetl  to  Lower  Austria, 
while  he  repressed  tiie  in- 
solence and  despotism  ot 
the  spiritual  and  secular 
princes  of  Germany,  and 
gained  the  respect  of  his 
contem))oraries  by  his  zeal 
for  justice  and  his  valor  in 
arms.  Nature  had  given 
him  the  talents,  and  educa- 
tion the  character,  suitable 
for  a  ruler.  The  Church  was 
compelled  to  acknowledge 
its  dependence  on  him. 

Upon  his  first  journey 
over  the  Alps  he  deposed 
three  Popes,  Sylvester  Hi., 
Gregory  VI.,  and  Benedict 
IX.,  who  was  elected  Pope 
durincf  his  bovhood,  in 
1033  ;  but  in  1038  the 
Romans  rose  in  indigna- 
tion and  banished  him,  on 

account  of  his  unexampled  licentiousness.  He  \n  as  reinstated  by 
Conrad  11..  .md  again  formally  deposed  by  tlie  faction  o\  the  Consid 
Piolern.eu.-.  and  tfe  nnti]-o])e  Sylvester  HI,,  and,  after  three  months, 
was  once  more  installed  as  ro|)C  by  means  of  bribery.  Then  he  sold 
his  })apal  dignity  to  John  Cratianus,  Gregory  VI.,  but  was  still  regarded 


HENRI   III, 


63 


y-Ä'.I.Vi  '(KV/.-l.V    KM/'F.RO/xS. 


as  Pope.  Henry,  to  rcmcuT  such  gross  scandals  from  liic  Cliiircli, 
deposed  all  tliree  in  1046,  and  caused  the  iiisho])  of  liiniLei-  to  ])e 
appointed  in  their  stead,  under  tiie  name  of  dement  II.  nm  after 
the  death  of  Clement,  in  1047,  who  was  ])rol)al)ly  \nn-r>\\v^.  r.ene<li(  t 
once  more,  through  bribery,  gained  the  papal  chair,  and.  juld  n  ei-ht 
months,  when  he  was  again  dispUuxMl,  and  died  in  a  (onxent. 

Henry  then  obliged  the  Romans  to  renounce  the  freeelei  tion  of  tiie 
Pope,  to  proclaim  him  and  his  successors  patricians,  and  to  -ive  then-,. 
in  token  of  their  supremacy,  a  green  robe,  a  golden  ring  for  liie  lin-er. 
an  1  a  circlet  of  gold  for  the  head;  and  established   Ins  ri-lii   to  inter- 
fere in  the  choice  of  the  Roman  bishops  so  firmly,  that,  as  Ion-  as  he 
lived,   the  i)apal   chair  was   filled    in   submission   to   hi^  will.      'l^lie   re- 
mainder of  the  clergy  were  also  under  his  strict  scrufinv.      In  all  p-arts 
of  his  (lerman,  Purgimdian,  and   Italian  territories  no  spiritird  di-ni- 
tary  dared  to  bestow  any  important  oftice,  or  to  appropriate   the   ])rop- 
erty  of  the   Church,  without  consulting  him.      d1ie   temporal  lords  he 
held  not  merely  in  dependence,  but  in  actual  subjection.      Tlir  du(  hies 
and    counties    he    filled    or   left  vacant   al    hi.   pleasure,  and    the  whole 
empire  was  at  length   clianged   into  a  monar(  hv  dependcait    upon   him 
alone.      Henry  now  reigned   desf-otically,  but  displayed    in   everything 
which  he  undertook  a  steady  an  i  persevering  sj^irit.      The   priests  and 
clergy  gave  him  their  api^robation,  and  the  surname  of  the  Piou-^.     Put 
an  untimely  death  deprived   the  empire  of  a  powertui   arm  at  a  ]»eriod 
of  great  imi)ortance,  and  tlie  crown  of  Charlemagne  tell  into  the  hands 
of  a  child.      Henry  died    in    1056,   after   he   had,  tln-ee   \ears  before, 
caused   his   son   to   be  chosen   his  successor,   and   was    burii-d    in    the 
cathedral  of  Sjjeyer. 

His  first  wife  was  Gunhilda,  daughter  of  (\iiuite  the  Cieat  of 
England;   his  second,  Agnes  of  Poitou,  mother  of  Henry  IV. 

Prtmo,  Bishop  of  Toul,  and  Count  of  Hapsburg,  a  relative  of  (  \)nrad 
the  Salic,  was  made  Poi)e,  under  the  name  of  ]>eo  IX.  ,  .^t.  I.eo  ',  1049. 
Hildebrand  accompanied  him  to  Rome.  At  the  (  ouiuil  of  Rheims 
was  sung  ''F.v//  Or.?A>r,"— author  unknown/'^  Hildebrand  was  then 
subdeacon. 


*  This  livmn  is  auiibutcd  tu  St.  Grc-.rv 


JIEXMV  II 


63 


HI:NRV  I  v.,  HEINRICH    DER   VIERTE,     a.d.   105(^1  ioö. 

"  Muh;  inulta  sciunt,  se  autcin  nemo."     (Many  know  much,  but  not  themselves.) 

Hf:nr\"  was  oidy  six  years  old  when  his  father  died.  His  mother, 
Agnes,  was  regent,  assisted  by  Archbishop  Hanno  of  Cologne,  who 
was  extremely  strict  with  Henry,  and  by  Archbishop  Adalbert  of  Bre- 
men, who  was  extremely  indulgent.  The  great  vassals  of  the  empire 
stro\-e  to  aggrandize  themselves  during  Henry's  minority;  and  Agnes, 
to  win  friends  and  partisans,  gave  away  the  great  fiefs  of  Bavaria, 
Suabia,  and  Carinthia  :'  but  it  was  only  giving  new  allies  to  the  dis- 
affected vassals. 

Riickert,  in  his  '^  Henry  IV.",  puts  these  words,  in  strict  accord- 
ance with  history,  in  the  mouth  of  the  Empress  : 

"  Tiio  GLM-man  princes  quarreled  with  each  other  and  defied  me; 
As  often  :l^  an  injury  or  misfortune  befell  the  Empire,  they  charged  me  with  it. 
Tlic  mo-t  ]")()Wi>ifu]  and  refractory  I  thought  to  win  through  fiefs  and  gifts. 
And  thii>  made  >malk'r  the  inheritance  of  my  son,  which  I  strove  to  keep  for  him. 
My  r.awiiian  states  I  gave  to  Otho  of  Nordheim;  and  to  Rudolf  of  Rheinfelden, 
Who  c.irried  away  my  daughter,  only  eleven  years  old,  instead  of  punishing, 
I  gave  as  her  dower  the  duchy  of  Suabia.     Tliey  who  should  have 
Been  tl.e  best  friends  of  my  son,  are  now  the  worst  among  liis  enemies. 
Hut  the  greatest  wrong  done  to  the  mother  and  the  Empress  was  that  done 
l'>\-  the  Cologne  Archbishop,  who  enticed  the  boy  from  Suibert's  island. 
On  the  Rhine,  where  with  my  people  he  wns  keeping  joyfully  the  Whitsuntide. 
Fait,  when  he  saw  the  boat  was  taking  him  away,  he  leaped  into  the  river, 
And  my  young  Henry's  life  was  saved  with  difficulty.     Then  thought  I 
To  retire  within  tlie  cloister,  when  other  sorrow  came.     The  Bremen  Adalbert 
Robbed  liim  fn:»m  the  Cologne  Hanno,  archbishop  robbed  archbishop. 
Then  princes  stole  liim.     Thus,  like  a  ball,  they  tossed  him  to  and  fro  ; 
Eacli  -triving  all  the  while  to  seize  advantage.     Audacious  friends 
Led  him  froiu  one  folly  to  another, — unworthy  favorites  entangled  him 
In  Saxon  feuds  at  first;  and  then,  thoughtlessly,  with  Rome." 

The  state  of  society  at  this  time  was  frightful ;  wickedness  seemed 
to  ha\  e  reached  its  bounds,  and  men  looked  for  the  end  of  the  world. 
Bishoprics  and  abbacies  were  put  up  at  auction  and  given  to  the 
highest  bidder,  and  the  Popes,  too,  shared  in  the  general  corruption. 

From  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  only  centre  of  action  was 
the  Church,  which,  by  her  influence,  independent  of  times  and  places, 
could  act  upon  every  people,  communicating  a  regular  movement  in 
the  midst  of  their  constant  agitations,  and  rallying  around  her  every 
eminent  mind,  by  the  science  of  which  she  alone  was  the  depositary. 


u 


64 


J-A\L\-L(  )A7AX  EM  PER  ( 'A'5. 


IIEXRY  IV. 


65 


The  Church  had  more  tliau  oik  e  ^avcd  to\vn>  .iiid  countries;  >iK'  had 
orfninized  barbarian^  bv  converting  ihcni  to  ( 'hri-luniix-,  .md  alone 
possessed   the   iK)wer   to  (  liec  k   the   bUjody  (b,s>enMo]',^  ul    nations   and 

i!i(b\  i(hiar>.  b}'  <  ompeUing 
tlieni  to  ac  cept  the  'I race 
of  (iihi.  It  i^  not  snr- 
pri-mg  that  sucli  ])eru;lils 
sliould  luue  been  repaid  by 
general  e.onia.L'o.  'i'hns  the 
I  KII  K;(  \'  1 '(  I  ,nne  |;(  >^^-i.'-->ed 
(»r  imnien-e  oowor.  '1  hey 
liad  n<.)t  onl\  u  lun  I'epin 
and  Charlemagne  had  given 
tliem.  but  St.  Stephen  of 
Huriuar\-  i;.ai  transferred  to 
St.  1\  ter  all  the  rights  and 
jdwer  of  his  crown.  Robert 
Ciui.-.Laivi,*  wlio  defeated 
and  took  prisoner  Pope 
Leo  IX  .  treated  the  pon- 
tiff with  every  mark  of  re- 
spect, and  profited  by  his 
victory  to  obtain  a  grant 
of  his  con(piests  as  a  fief 
of  the  Holy  See. 

Such  was  the  state  of  so- 
ciety, and  such  the  power 
4-?  of  the  papacy,  when  Hil- 
dcbrand,  a  simple  monk  of 
Cluny,  in  Burgundy,  son  of 
a  Tuscan  <  npenter,  comes 
luj-  wi-^doni  a!,d  anM.'  re  virtue  called 
of  the  >ovcrei:;n  pontnt'-.  wiu  le  everything  gave 
way  before  the  in^})iral!on^  of'  hi.  ardent  ueiiiu-^.  11 1^  whole  life  was 
devoted  to  the  independence  ^^  the  Church  aiai  the  regeneratiun  ul' 
manners  ;  and  his  retorms  liegan  even  long  betöre  he  w.is  made  Pope. 
Under  Ceo  IX.  and  \d(  t(^r  II.,  several  bishops  who  had  bem  appointed 
by  the  Emperor  and  had  been  convicted  of  simuny  were  (hpo-.d  1  >y  his 


HENKI   IV. 


into    n(iti<  e.       1 1 1>    ri 
him    to  tlu;  conni  il. 


:  1 ' 


1 


advice-  .be  cclibacv  cf  the  clergy-a  masterpiece  of  policy-was  pro- 
claimed l.v  -teplicn  IX.  at  liis  instigation;  and  finally  he  prevailed 
upon  Nieholas  U.  to  issue  a  decree  reserving  to  the  cardinals  the 
free  elclion  of  the  Pope,  with   the  simple  reserve  of  the  Lmperor  s 

conilrniaticjn.  , 

Hcnrv  a  fierv  and  aspiring  youth,  at  the  age  of  fifteen  assumed  the 
government  at  U.e  diet  of  Go.slar.  The  pernicious  counsels  of  Adal- 
bert Vrchbishop  of  Ih-emen,  soon  produced  troubles,  especially  m 
Saxonv  where  Henrv  committed  many  acts  of  violence.  The  Saxons 
joined  the  d'hurinuians,  who  suffered  the  same  grievances,  and  drove 
Henry  from  Saxonv,  destroyed  many  of  the  castles  which  he  had  built 
to  overawe  the  inhabitants,  and  compelled  him  to  come  to  an  accom- 
modation. 

When  Hildebrand  was  s].okcn  of  for  Pope,  he  endeavored  to  per- 
suade Henrv  not  to  (  onhrm  hi.  election,  warning  him  that  his  imperial 
dignity  wou'ld  not  s:ive  him  from  the  censure  which  his  irregular  life 
deserved.      Henrv.  riowever,  approved  the  election,  and   Hildebrand, 

in  1073,  ^^-^^  '''^''  -^"-'1^^''  ^'"^  ^^'^^  ^''^^^'  ""^  Gregory  VII.  In  1074, 
the  Council  of  Rome  ])roscribed  simony,  the  traffic  m  holy  things,  and 
the  marriage  of  priests,  d^iese  decrees  were  carried  to  the  two  kings 
who  had  parti(  ularlv  tavored   the.e   abuses,-Philip  I.   of  Prance   and 


Henrv.       Both    ]»ronii-e< 


1    submission.       Henrv    had     again    marc 


hed 


-  Robert,  who  was  called  the   0/;;/;//r,'  r.uuf,  or  GuUcnr,l  the  r.]>solcte  English  word 
for  wiseacre. 


against  the  Saxons  with  a  powerfid  army,  and  attacked  them  at  Lan- 
gensalza, on  the  river  Un>trut,  where  they  suffered  a  total  deteat. 

Gregory's  next  council  decided  that  the  investiture  of  ecclesiastical 
proper'ty  should  no  longer  belong  to  laymen.  Henry  rejected  th.e 
Pope's  decision,  and,  flushed  with  his  trinmpl^  in  Saxony  and  dduiringia, 
determined  not  to  allow  tliis  decree  to  be  put  in  force.  Besides  thi^ 
the  Saxons  had  sent  accusation,  against  Henry  to  the  Pope.  Gregory 
therefore  summoned  Henrv  to  Rome,  on  iniin  of  excommunication,  to 
answer  the  compknnts  of  the  Saxons.  Henry  regarded  this  threat  so 
little  that  he  mMigated  the  l)ishoi)S,  who  were  assembled  at  Worms 
bv  his  order,  to  renounce  their  ol)edien(X'  to  the  Pope.  Gregory  p>ro- 
n'ounced  the  sentence  of  excommunication  against  him,  and  Henry  m 
return  sent  a  depo.ition  of  Gregory  to  Rome. 

But  Ilcin-v'.  scandalous  life  had  roused  all  Germany  against  him  ; 
even  lii-  nantiier,  the  Empress  Agnes,  took  sides  with  the  Pope. 

According  to  the  Saxon  laws,  it  was  not  until  the  Emperor-elect  had 
been  crouiu-d  by  the  Pope  that  he  obtained  the  imperial  power  and 
title,  d'lie  law  of  Suabia  said,  "The  temporal  sword  is  intrusted  to 
the  Emp^ertjr  by  the  Poi)e."     The  law  of  Germany  declared  that  every 


A 


f 


r'-^^jswssKSIBr-^s»?«- 


HENRY  IV. 


67 


(S6 


JKAXCOXIAX   l-MPEKOKS. 


one  under  sentence  of  exennmiuniention,  wh(.«lia  not  -l^tain  n  rever<;il 
of  tlie   sentence  !)ei\>re  the  end   of  t!ie   year,  diuuld  iurleil  \m>  net   anu 

his  })atrinu)nv.  .    , 

Henry's  {.option  was  as  rriti.  al  as  it  was  moriilyin-,  lor  mu.l  ul  ine 
<Teatv.^>als  threatened  tu  <\.\n»^-  hi.n  unk-  lu'  ol aalned  the  Popes 
pardon,  and  this  eouUi  not  be  done  without  hinnbllne:  hniiselt  bclorc  a 
power  whieli  lie  detected.  A>  tliere  w,i.  no  ehoiee  lell  \^nn,  he  set  out 
K)r  Italv  at  onee.  The  Pope  wa.  at  the  (  a.tle  (^i  Canc.^ ..  belonging 
to  the  Countess  Matlhla  of  Tn^eany.  The  town  ot"  ^b.dena,  m  which 
was  this  celebrated  castle,  i>  about  twelve  miles  soutiiwe^t  of  Reggio. 
Here  Henrv  was  obliged  to  wait  three  whole  day^  in  wiuirr.  wiUi  no- 
thin-"  but  a\voolen  tunic  to  protect  him  tVorn   the   «old.      Atua"  r.e  liad 

barefooted. 


1.. 


abaJed  himself  bv  three  <lay>'  Mippli<-ation.  barehe.aleo  a 

the  Tope  pardoned  him,  and    Henry  returned  to  (lennany,  meditatin- 

new  plans  of  vengeanee. 

The  insolence  with  whidi  the  Fop^'  n^ed  his  vietorv  produced  a 
reaction  The  Italian  princes,  who  had  long  been  .lissatiMied  witn 
(;re-orv,  and  were  de^rous  of  depoMUg  him,  gUhered  around  Henry, 
his'return    from   ( ieruKin  v,  with    a    large   armv.      Ib-nrv    led    them 

until    he  reached    Rome,  wiiere  lie  leM  inm^ell 


t    III.,    in    1CS4,   ;ne 
St.    Ar 


w  I  i ; 


le   was 


i(  >. 


i(a"oic  Oi'l  nKui 


on 

from  victory  to  vi(  tor\ 

(Towned    b\-   the    antipoj-e   (dcaneii 

besie^ini^  Greuorv   in   tlie  (  astle  ot 

WIS  delivere<l    bv    the    Norman,    Robert    Guiscard.    who   gave    him    a 

refuge    in   h.s  states,      (iregorv   «bed   soon    atler.  repeating  the   Nwaxls, 

-  I  k)ve(i  justice  and  hated  iniquity,  and  tiurelAre  1  die  in  exde." 

Henry  now  led  a  worthier  lile,  and  maiiUained  hi^  position  f^u-  thirty 
vears  a-ainst  anathemas,  excommunieation^.  and  nxM  lanperors,  ail  of 
whom  perished  lamentabl}'. 

Rudolf  of  Suabia,  whom  the  German  laan*  es  elected  at  Forchheim, 
in  1077,  was  killed  m  bmtle,  on  the  Kb-ter,  m  icSo.  b^  tiie  hmpemr  s 
faithftil  neld-marshab  (buirrey  of  Houilh.n.  (b.dnw  was  of  1  .eiu  n 
descent  on  liis  lather's  side,  but,  as  Margmve  0!  Antwerp,  and  atter- 
wards  Duhe  of  Lorraine,  a  prince  of  tlie  (German  empire. 

Hermann   of  Luxemburg,  de>erted   by   liis   retainer:.  0.x^   a   violent 

death,  in  loSS.  _ 

Egbert  of  Meissen  was  killed  shortlv  atua-  his  electmn.  in   lap. 
Henry's  oldest  son,  Conrad,  rebelled  against   him.  and   perished  in 
Italy,  in  the  bloom  of  manhood,  a.I'.  1  101. 

The  Emi)eror  then  caused  his  seeond  s(up,  Henrv,  to  be  eleeted  his 
successor  and  crowned,  under  the  stipulation  that  lie  shmild  not  inter- 
fere with  the  government  during  the  life  of  Ins  lather.      ihc  Lmperor 


was  particularlv  loved  by  his  stibjects  on  the  Rhine  and   in  Franconia, 
to  wliom  lie  had  alwa>s  been  a  kind  ruler.     Unfortunately,  this  son, 
,vh(,in  lie  had  always  treated  with  aOection,  instigated  by  bishops  and 
princes,  re-ardless  of  his  oath  not  to  interfere  with  the  government, 
assembled  an  army,  and  marched  against  his  father,  whom  lie  met  at 
Coblenz.      Here,  feigning  repentance,  he  persuaded   his  father  to  ac- 
comi)anv  liim    10  Ihngen,  where  he  seized  and  confined  him  in   the 
neighboring  castle  of  Maxburg,  threatening  him  with  death  if  he  did 
not%ive  up  the  imperial   insignia  and   retire  to  Ligelheim  for  the  re- 
maimler  of  his  lile.    Tiie  Emperor,  however,  escaped  to  Liege  1  Liittich  s 
where  he  found  friends.     The  burghers  of  Cologne  flew  to  arms,  and 
hastened  to  liis  aid  ;  but  death,  in  1106,  iTeed  them  from  further  strife. 
''Thy  inheritaiKx^  is  small,  for  thou  hast  left  me  nothing,"  were  the 
last  words  he  utteied,  when  dying,  to  his  son. 

"  Er  rauljte  mir  den  Purpur,  stiess  mich  liinab  \o\y\  Thron. 
Und  wisst  Ihr  seinen  Namen  ?     Der  Rauber  ist  niLin  Sulm  1" 

He  robs  mc  of  the  purple,  he  thrusts  me  from  tlie  throne. 
And  would  ye  know  lu^  name?     The  robber  is  my  sun  ! 

He  was  carried  to  Liege,  and  buried  in  St.  Lamliert's  Clunadi  :  but 
tiie  ban  of  excommunication  was  still  in  force,  and  he  was  obliged  to 
l)e  removed  and  buried  on  an  island  in  the  river  ^Laise.  Shortly  after- 
wards his  bodv  was  taken  uj)  and  c-arried  to  Speyer,  where  it  was  received 
bv  iiis  laitlihil  burghers  with  honorable  and  sorrowftil  demonstrations, 
an,]  Kiid  m  a  eoffin  in  St.  Afra's  Chapel.  Five  years  later.  Henry  V. 
compelled  the  I'oipe  to  grant  his  father  absolution  and  recall  the  pa}jal 
ban.  His  remains  were  then  deposited  with  great  i^omp  and  ceremony 
in   the  cathedral  oi   Speyer,  which  he  had  flnished  and  richly  endowed 

in  liis  lifetime. 

Henry  IV.  had  received  from  nature  good  talents,  ]naidence,  and 
courage  ;  but  his  dele*  ti\-e  education  had  rendered  him  in  the  highest 
degree  stn])l)orn.  He  was  an  able  warrior,  and  \vas  victorious  in  sixty- 
two  battles. 

His  first  wife  was  P.ertha,  ?v[argravine  of  Susa.  and  the  mother  of 
Conrad  and  bk'nry  Ab  His  second  was  Praxides,  or  Agnes,  who  ran 
awav  from  her  im}>erial  spouse. 


6S 


r/^.iycox/-!.y  J:MI'i-/wks. 


HENRY    V. 


69 


IIKNRV    \-.,    IIi:!NK[Cll    DV.K    I- I'M  TL 
•'  MiM-T,  ([m  inurtcm  .li^pcut,  iuiserior  (lui  tiim-t. 


A.li.    1  iu' 


I  I 


i:nli.i].py  l,e  who  seeks  death,  still  more 

unh.ij.py  he  who  i'-at-,  it.) 

ITiXKV  V.  \\-.i^  lH3rn  in  \hc 
year  icNi.  H^-  made  IniiiMat 
di>'  ra(  v\\\\\\  notorious  1)\"  Ins 
cons|)!!"a(  }"  ag.iin>t  ln>  huniT, 
and  l'\  In-  (  land  licatnu-nt  oi 
\\\\\\.  No  >omuT  Inid  lie  as- 
cendul  tlif  ihroiu'  tlnni  11c 
declared  iiiniM-lt'  again-t  inn 
ii--in"pan  ion>  ot  ll.c  i*o|K\  ajid 
tJK'    iiniortnnate    qnc>Uun    ui 

li-tracted 


imer-t  nnrc 


agani 


ll 


K' 


enn'n'r 


11 


w .  [  ^ 


;  l^.s,  violent,  and  fierce;  bnt 
l^  bold,  br;]ve.  and  (innnng  in 
battle.  1  b-  uarred  on  Hun- 
gary and  Toland  without  be- 
ing defeated,  yet  also  without 
conquering  them.  I'e  had 
trouble  with  the  magnates  of 
his  em])ire,  who  had  reason  to 
mistrust  him,  and  whom  he 
treated  harshly  and  kept  in 
continual  strife. 

In  IUI,  he  married  Ma- 
1  tilda,  daughter  of  Henry  I., 
I'ing  of  England;  and  the 
rich  dowry  of  this  princess 
gave  him  the  means  of  under- 
taking an  expedition  across  the  Alps,  in  order  to  receive  the  imperial 
crown  from  the  Pope  in  Rome.  Pope  Pascal  H.  had  incited  Henry 
against  his  father,  and  hoped  great  things  from  his  pupil ;  but  he  would 
consent  to  crown  Henry  only  upon  the  condition  that  those  rights 
claimed  by  Gregory  should  formally  be  conceded;  and,  as  the  bishops 
continued  to  add  fuel  to  the  fire  already  kindled,  Henry  determined 


1 


I 


to  put  an  end  to  the  dispute  by  an  act  of  violence.  He  caused  the 
Pope  to  l)e  carried  away  from  the  altar  while  at  mass,  and  cut  down  in 
the  streets  of  Rome  all  who  opi)Osed  him. 

After  an  imprisonment  of  two  months,  Pascal  yielded.     Henry  was 
crowned  witliont  any  new  conditions,   and,  upon  his  knees,   received 
from  the  ])rou(l  prelate  permission  to  inter  in  consecrated  ground  the 
remains  of  his  unhappy  father.      The  disturbances  in  Germany  soon 
required  Henry  to  leave  Italy.     While  he  was  engaged  fighting  against 
Lothaire,  Duke  of  Saxony,  the  Pope  excited  a  rebellion  in  Italy  and 
among   the   princes  of  the  German  empire,  declaring  that  the  peace 
wliiclf  liad  been  concluded  with  the  Emperor  had  been  comixilsory. 
This  war  lasted  two  years,  and  devastated  Germany  in  a  shocking  man- 
ner ;   after  wln(  h  Henry  made  a  second  expedition  to  Italy,  and  com- 
])elled  Pascal   to  tly  to  Apulia.     After  Pascal's  death,  which  soon  took 
p]a(  e,  tlie  (  ardinals  elected  Gelasius  II.      Henry,  dissatisfied  with  this, 
caused  l>ourdin,  Arc  hbishop  of  Braga,  under  the  name  of  Gregory  VIII. , 
to  be  chosen.      Gelasius  went  to  Vienna,  where  he  collected  together 
a  coun(il   and   excommunicated    Henry.      The  successor  of   Gelasius, 
Calixtiis  II.,  did   tlie  same  at  the  Council  of  Rheims.     Tlicse  excom- 
iiiunic  ations,  and  tiie  (-ontinual  insurrections  of  the  nobility,  at  len-ih 
forced   IKiirv  to    yield.      In   the   Concordat  of  Worms,   11 22.   he  re- 
nonnce«!  the  right  of  investiture  />y  the  rini;  and stajf.  and  conllrmed  ro 
;il!  tlie  (  hurches  the   tVee   (  lioice   of  tlieir   i^relates  ;   but   tlie  choice   ot 
the  bishops  and  abbot>  k>{  Clerman}-  was  to  l)e  made  in  tlie  presence  of 
the  Emperor,  amd  tlie  }Hjr-on  elected  was  to  receive  inve>titnre  oi   tlie 
Emperor  b\  liic  sceptre,  in  regard  to  his  temporal  possessions,  wlueh  were 
subject  to'feudal  tenure.     The  Pope,  on  hir>  side,  gave  u])  tlie  investiture 
by  the  sceptre  of  tlie  ec  clesiastlcal  domains,  which  were  al^o  sul)ject  to 

feudal  tenure. 

Thus  the  Pope  was  only  the  spiritual  luad  of  the  Church,  the  Env 

peror  the  first  and  greatest  king  of  Europe. 

The  General  Council  of  the  Lateran,  in  11 23,  confirmed  this  agree- 
ment; and  from  that  time  the  election  of  the  Pope  has  belonged 
exclusively  to  cardinals. 

Henry  laid  claim  to  the  estates  of  Matilda  of  Tuscany,  after  her 
death,  as  fiefs  of  the  empire.  He  was  planning  to  make  war  on  France 
because  that  country  had  not  helped  him,  as  he  had  expected,  in  his  diffi- 
culties with  the  Pope.  He  died  shortly  after,  at  Utrecht,  in  the  forty- 
fourth  year  of  his  age,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Speyer.  He 
left  no  children,  and  with  him  ended  the  Franconian  line,  which  had 
reigned  one  hundred  years.    After  the  Emperor's  death,  his  wife  Matilda 


X 


FRANCONIAN  EMPERORS. 

went  to  Norma.>ay,  where  her  father  married  her  to  Geoffrey  Plan- 
tagenet,  eldest  son  of  Foulques,  Earl  of  Anjou.  Her  son  afterwards 
became  Henry  II.,  King  of  England.  ,     ^     ,  , 

Two  old  families  now  laid  claim  to  the  imperial  throne —the  Gueli)hs 
OVelfs)  and  the  Ghibellines,  the  Hohenstaufen  lords  of  Wibelin.  The 
Gueli'hs  held  Bavaria,  and  had  temporary  possession  of  Tuscany  and 
Lombardy,  the  rich  inheritance  of  the  Countess  Matilda.  The  Hohen- 
staufens  were  masters  of  Suabia  and  Franconia.  Frederic  von  Hohen- 
staufen was  a  nephew  of  Henry  V.  The  Pope  and  his  friends  wanted 
neither  of  these,  and,  in  an  underhand  way,  procured  the  election 
of  Lothaire,  Duke  of  Saxony  and  Count  of  Supplinburg,  the  son  of 
Gerhard  of  Supplinburg. 


LOTHAIRE  OF   SUITUNBURG.     A.D.  1125-1137. 
"  Audi  alteram  partem."     (Hear  the  other  side  also.) 

LOTHAIRK,  Duke  of  Saxony,  had  been  the  most  powerful  adversary 
of  the  two  preceding  Emperors.  After  the  death  of  Henry  \  .,  he 
was  elected  at  Mayence,  through  the  influence  of  the  clergy,  and  even, 
it  is  said,  in  opposition  to  his  wishes.  He  was  submissive  to  the  Popes, 
and  soon  after  his  election  renounced  the  prerogatives  which  had  been 
guaranteed  to  the  imperial  power  at  the  Concordat  of  Worms. 

Frederic  of  Hohenstaufen  and  Conrad  of  Franconia  refused  to 
recognize  him,  and  Lothaire  passed  the  greater  part  of  his  re.gn  m 
contending  with  these  powerful  enemies.  He  had  been  crowned  by 
the  Pope's  legate,  and,  after  bringing  Frederic  and  Conrad  to  terms, 
marched  into  Italy,  to  aid  Pope  Innocent  IL,  who  had  been  driven 
from  his  apostolic  throne  by  the  antipope  Anacletus  II.  and  the  Nor- 
mans. After  reinstating  Innocent,  he  was  crowned  by  hmi;  and  then, 
driving  back  the  Normans,  conquered  Apulia  and  Calabria.  On  his 
return  to  Germany,  he  fell  ill,  and  died  in  the  cottage  of  a  peasant,  m 
the  Bavarian  Alps,  and  was  buried  at  Königslutter,  in  Brunswick. 

His  wife  was  Richenza,  daughter  of  Henry  the  Fat,  the  last  male 
descendant  of  Henry  the  Fowler.  Lothaire  had  no  sons  His  patri- 
mony he  bestowed  on  his  son-in-law,  Henry  the  Proud  of  Bavaria, 
who  married  his  daughter  Gertrude. 


LOTHAIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


7* 


•   ► 


I 


I 


CONTEMPORARIES   OF   THE   FRANCONIAN    EMPERORS. 

A  glance  at  the  rest  of  Europe  during  the  reign  of  the  Franconian 
Emperors~that  is,  from  A.D.  1024  to  1137-may  not  be  uninteresting. 

In  England,  the  disorders 
of  the  sons  of  Canute  the 
Great  induced  the  English 
to  place  a  monarch  of  the 
Saxon  line  upon  the  throne ; 
and  Edward,  surnamed  the 
Confessor,  was  by  general 
consent    crowned    king   in 
1 041.     He  married  Edith, 
daughter  of  Earl  Godwin, 
of  the  West  Saxons.     The 
English    probably    thought 

they  had  chosen  an  English 

king.   But  Edward  had  been 

taken  to  Normandy  when  a 

boy,  and   had   lived   there 

until  he  was  called  to  the 

throne.     He  was  very  fond 

of  his  young  cousin,  Duke 

William;      and     his    chief 

thought  was  to  get  his  other 

French  friends  over  to  Eng- 
land, and  to  give  them  as 

many  fiefs  and  estates  as  he 

could.    His  mother,  Emma, 

who  had  married  Canute  for 

her  second  husband,  seemed 

to  love  her  younger  children 

better  than  she  loved  him. 


::ae" 


x^._. 


LOTHAIRB  II. 


Edward  made  a  Norman  monk,  named  Robert,  who  had  been  Abbot 
of  Jumieges  and  had  built  its  cathedral,  Bishop  of  London,  and  in  1050, 
on  the  death  of  Archbishop  Eadsige,  made  him  Archbishop  of  Can- 
terbury. This  seemed  strange  to  the  English,  who  had  never  had  a 
foreigner  in  Canterbury  since  England  had  been  united  into  one  king- 
dom. When  his  cousin,  Duke  William,  was  twenty-three  years  old,  he 
came  to  England  and  made  him  a  visit.  Earl  Godwin  and  his  sons, 
Harold  and  Tostig,  were  ruling  England  wisely.     Edward,  when  he 


\ 


72 


FRANCONIAN  EMPERORS, 


was  about  fifty-three  years  old,  having  no  children,  sent  an  embassy  to 
the  Emperor,  Henry  III.,  for  permission  to  go  to  Hungary  for  the 
Etheling  Edward,  the  son  of  Edmund  Ironside.  Edward  was  living  in 
that  country  with  his  wife,  Agatha,  who  was  a  niece  of  the  Emperor 
Henry  II.,  or  St.  Henry.  They  had  three  children,  Edgar,  Margaret, 
and  Christina :  the  boy  had  an  English  name,  the  girls  Greek  names. 
In  1057,  Edward  and  his  children  came  to  England ;  but  he  never  saw 
his  uncle,  the  king,  for  he  died  soon  after  he  landed,  and  was  buried 
in  St.  Paul's  Minster.  That  same  year  another  great  man  died,  Earl 
Leofric,  and  was  buried  at  Coventry.  His  wife  was  the  beautiful  Lady 
Godiva,  for  looking  at  whom  Peeping  Tom  was  struck  blind.  The 
English  say  that  ''Peeping  Tom  must  have  been  one  of  King  Ed- 
ward's Frenchmen,  for  at  that  time  the  English  did  not  use  Scripture 

names." 

Edward  the  Confessor's  great  object  had  been  to  build  a  great  monas- 
tery in  honor  of  St.  Peter  at  Westminster,  and  he  lived  just  long  enough 
to  finish  it.  He  kept  Christmas  in  London;  the  minster  was  hallowed 
on  Innocents'  Day,  but  the  king  was  too  sick  to  be  there,  so  the  Lady 
Edith  stood  in  his  stead.  The  king  died  on  the  5th  of  January,  1066, 
and  the  next  day  being  the  Feast  of  Epiphany,  he  was  buried  in  his  own 
new  church  of  Westminster.  He  was  the  last  male  descendant  of 
Cerdic  who  reigned  over  England. 

William  of  Normandy  said  that  Edward  had  willed  him  the  crown. 
The  Wise  Men  said  that  the  king  had  named  Harold  to  succeed  him, 
because  Edgar  the  Etheling  was  too  young.  Then  followed  the  war, 
and  at  the  battle  of  Hastings  Harold  was  defeated  and  slain,  and  thus 
ended  the  Saxon  monarchy  in  England,  which  had  continued  for  more 

than  six  hundred  years. 

William  the  Conqueror  possessed  superior  talents,  both  political  and 
martial,  and  employed  both  with  remarkable  vigor  and  industry. 
Stigand  and  Lanfranc,  Archbishops  of  Canterbury,  were  the  most 
learned  men  at  that  time. 

His  son,  William  Rufus,  who  succeeded  him,  possessed  vigor,  de- 
cision, and  policy  ;  but  was  violent,  perfidious,  and  rapacious.  Anselm, 
Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  and  Odo  of  Bayeux  were  the  most  learned 

men  in  his  time. 

Henry  Beauclerc  succeeded  his  brother,  William  Rufus,  in  1100.  He 
was  a  prince  of  great  accomplishments,  both  in  mind  and  person,  and 
England  was  prosperous  during  his  reign. 

Edgar  the  Etheling  escaped  with  his  sister  Margaret  to  Scotland,  after 
the  death  of  Harold.     Malcolm  Canmore,  the  young  King  of  Scotland, 


I 


t 


LOTH  AIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


73 


who  had  regained  his  possessions  from  the  usurper  Macbeth,  gave  them 
a  friendly  reception,  and  shortly  after  marned  Margaret 

William  the  Conqueror  looked  upon  Scotland  as  a  fief  of  England 
and   ent  his  oldest  son  Robert  to  fight  Malcolm.     Robert,  who   w      - 
ever  his  faults  might  be  as  a  private  character,  was  one  o      he      est 
Turteous  knights  Tnd  polished  gentlemen  of  the  age  -  wh.ch  he  hved, 
findin.  his  forces  inadequate,  entered  into  „egotiafonw.th  Malcolm, 
a  d  fiinllv  cemented  the  auspicious  amity  which  he  had  established  be- 
1    ,:!^:;al  sire  and  the  warlike  husband  of  the  heiress  presumpUve 
of  the   Saxon  line  of  kings  by  becoming  the  sponsor  of  the  infant 
priicss  Edith,  whom  he  named  Matilda,  after  his  o.m  mother,  Ma- 
Sda  o    Fland;s,-little  thinking  that  this  Matilda  of  Scotland  ^vouM 
one  day  be  the  honored  and  noble  wife  of  his  young  brother  Henry, 
and  the  mother-in-law  of  the  Emperor  Henry  V.  of  Germany. 

In  Frince  Robert  the  Pious  had  died,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son, 
He:' I.  a,;  insignificant  character.  Philip  I.,  son  of  «enry  came 
to  the  throne  when  he  was  only  fourteen  years  old.  Jf^^'^^^^ 
his  own  guidance,  he  became  a  slave  to  his  vices.  He  had  naturally 
a  ood  deposition'  and  a  fine  person  ;  but  all  the  faculties  o  his  mmd 
were  lost  in  sloth  and  sensuality,  and  his  personal  beauty  was  destrojed 

'^hI:::;:  LoSTe'  Fat,  succeeded  him  in  .08.  Louis  had  a  good 
he"  an  nflexible  love  of  justice,  a  friendly  disposition,  and  a  gay 
and  cheerful  temper.  In  the  early  part  of  his  reign  he  was  engaged  m 
cim  war  wid.  his  great  vassals,  and  in  putting  a  stop  o  the 
outra.es  and  robberies  of  the  lesser  nobles,  ,n  both  of  which  he  was 
Lte^ul.      Arts,  sciences,  and  commerce  began  to  improve  in  his 

"i:dre"t  KinVc^^Hungary,  in  order  to  secure  the  crown  Jo  his 
son  Salomo,  betrothed  him,  though  only  seven  years  old,  to  Sophia   a 
daughter  of  the  Empress  Agnes,  and  then  had  him  crowned  ;  bu    the 
mjfL  of   Hungary  took  up   arms   for   Bela,  the   king  s   bro^- 
Agties  sent  Bavarian  troops  to  aid  Andreas,  but  he  was  totally  de  eat  d^ 
This  misfortune  so  disheartened  the  Empress  '.'-t  she  laid  doM^the 
government  of  Bavaria,  and,  in  xo6r,  gave  it  m  fief  'o  Coun    Otho 
of  Nordheim.     In    X070,   Otho   took   part  with   the   Sax°-  -agam^^ 
Henry  IV.      The   Emperor   defeated    him,   and   not   only  deprived 
ll  li  his  patrimony  in  Nordheim  and  his  estates  in  Saxonj  but  took 
away  Bavaria  also,  and  gave  it  to  Otho's  son-,n-  aw   Gu    ph   son  of 
Azzo  of  Este  and  the  Guelph  princess  Kunizza,  who  had  large  posses 
Azzo  ot  £.ste  aiiu  i  v    '  „  ,,  .  t     „hted  through  his  mother  to 

sions  in  Bavaria  and  Suabia.     Guelph  i.,  related  iiiiuu^ 


FRANCONIAN  EMPERORS. 
74 

the  old  race  of  Guelphs  in  Bavaria,  to  ingratiate  himself  further  with 
Henry  separated  from  his  wife  Ethelinda,  and  married  Judith,  daugh- 
ter of  Count  Baldwin  of  Flanders,  and  afterwards  aided  Henry  to 
defeat  the  Saxons  on  the  Unstrut.  In  the  beginning  of  the  stnfe 
between  Henry  and  Gregory  VH.,  Guelph  took  sides  with  the  Pope, 
and,  in  1077,  Henry  deprived  him  of  Bavaria. 

To  make  up  for  this  loss,  Guelph  brought  about  a  marriage  between  his 
son  Guelph  H.  and  Matilda  of  Tuscany,  the  strongest  ally  of  the  Pope. 
At  len-th,  father  and  son  finding  that  Matilda  had  given  all  her  pos- 
sessions to  the  Pope  as  early  as  1077,  they  broke  their  engagements. 
The  youm^er  Guelph  separated  from  Matilda,  and  the  elder,  leaving  the 
Pope,  took  part  again  with  Henry,  who  reinstated  him  in  Bavaria,  with 
the  probability  of  its  becoming  hereditary  in  his  famdy.  In  1 100, 
Guelph  I.  joined  the  unfortunate  crusade  with  William  of  Aquitaine, 
and  died  the  next  year,  on  his  return  from  the  Holy  Land  at  Paphos 
in  the  island  of  Cyprus,  leaving  two  sons,  Guelph  II.,  in  Bavaria,  and 
Henry  on  his  estate  in  Siiabia. 

Guelph  II.  helped  Henry  V.  to  drive  Pope  Pascal  from  Rome,  and 
dying  childless  shortly  after,  his  brother  Henry  succeeded  him  in  Ba- 
varia Henry  supported  the  nomination  of  Lothaire  of  Supplinburg, 
and  was  rewarded  by  him  with  the  marriage  of  his  daughter  and  heir- 
ess Gertrude  to  Henry,  second  son  of  Duke  Henry.  The  magnificence 
with  which  this  marriage  was  celebrated  between  Gertrude  and  Henry 
gave  him  the  surname  of  Henry  the  Proud.  After  the  death  of  his 
father  and  the  Emperor  Lothaire,  the  lands  of  Henry  the  Proud  reached 
from  the  Adriatic  to  the  Baltic. 

About  half  a  century  before  the  battle  of  Hastings,  the  Normans 
had  begun  to  take  possession  of  Southern  Italy.  Forty  Normans,  re- 
turning from  a  pilgrimage  to  Jerusalem,  landed  at  Salerno  while  the 
citv  was  sore  pressed  by  the  Saracens.  The  Normans  easily  put  to 
flight  the  invaders,  and,  on  their  return  home,  told  such  wonderful  tales 
of  the  glory  that  was  to  be  won  there,  that  three  hundred  of  their 
countrymen  set  forth  under  the  guidance  of  Raynulphus,  and  entered 
the  service  of  the  Duke  of  Naples.  Raynulphus  was  rewarded  by  the 
gift  of  the  castle  of  Anversa,  in  1026,  and  the  title  of  Count,  under 
the  sovereignty  of  the  Emperor  Conrad  II.  ^     ,      r-     a 

Tancred  of  Hauteville,*  the  brave  old  Baron  Tancred,  the  friend 
and  companion  of  Duke  Richard  the  Good  of  Normandy,  had  twelve 


«  The  ruins  of  the  castle  of  Hauteville  are  still  seen  in  the  neighborhood  of  Coutanees. 
in  Normandy. 


LOTHAIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


75 


Pd  for  their  valor,  three  of  whom,  William,  Humphrey, 
sons,  renowned  for  their  ^a'°  '  countrymen  drive  out  the 

and   Drogo,  went  to  Italy  to  help  the  r  cou      y  ^^^ 

Greeks,  and  in   1041   the  open  wa         „  brothers, 

Tancred  joined  ^'^ '  -^-^^f if  'e  gLI  Jere  not  only 
Roger,  Malger  and  Go^  y^  ^f^^J  ^^,„,,,  ,,eir  dominion  over 
driven  ou    of  Italy    ^^''^'^  ^,„,„,,„3  then  divided  the  tern- 

Apulia  and  Calabria.     Ihe  v'^t°"°  j^^;  ,,t  and  defile  with 

tories  among  themselves,  and  fo  t.fied  ^^«jy       ^  ^f  j,« 

i„.p.egnab,e  castles,  fn.m  whose  ---'^^    "'^j;,  r,„.,.  Popes, 
north  waved  in  proud  defiance  of  Gr^*  ^™P  ^^^^rprise  ;  he 

Robert  Guiscard,  however,  was  the  soul  ot  that  g 

was  the  hero  of  the  age,  the  ^'-"g-V^fln  "eed  and  llded  with 
in  his  heavy  panoply,  sprang  u,,  f-^  ^^J^f  ^X^fhis  lance  in  the 
equal  dexterity  his  ^-adsword  m  his  right  hand  an  ^^^  ^^ 

left.  He  carried  his  arms  and  '^»^^  8^°'^^  '"°!  '  .„^e-clad  princess 
Greece,  where  his  fair  enemy,  Anna  C^™;:;;^ ^  P^^J,  ,,e  admira- 
and  historian,  in  spite  of  her  anger  and  terr,  expre.  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^^ 
tion  with  which  Robert  Gu-ard    "  P.  ed  h    •  ^^  ^^.^^  ^^^_ 

«an  Achilles  in  combat  and  a  Ulysses  m  cum     g  ^^^^^^^  ^^^ 

ness  executed  his  designs,  and    abov    al     a^P.r  d  to^^^  J^^  ^^  ^_^^^^^^^_ 

glory."     Nay,  the  image  of  ^^^'f^^^'^^^^^  ^^at  when  celebrating 

sion  on  the  imagination  o    J-J^^f  ^P^h  ^  ^.«</--  ^^-  ^  ^'"^^'^ 
the  noble  appearance  of  a  hero,  sne  ca 

from  Normandy.  p        ^^q  jx.  with 

The  N°^--'^tra°:i;^Vhrbu?fln1^  himself  suddenly  sur- 
ft large  army  marched  against  them,  ou  ^^^^^^ 

defender  of  the  -- --^^t^r  S^riilled  a  nephew  of 
The  next  conq-  -   S.     ,  .^  ^^^^^^  ^.^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^,„g 

Roger  and  ate  his  heart,  Deue      »  ^^  ^^^^  jx.,  met 

of  his  valor.     Pope    nnocent     I     f°^=^-  ^^^^^^     ^^.^^  ,,f,,,ed,  and 
Roger  II.  in  the  field,  a"d,  ^ke  his  P  ^.^^^^.^^^  x^orman. 

compelled  to  comply  -'''\^J^.f  ^J^'    L../M.  r^.&V///«,  A.D. 
Ro^er  demanded  and  received  the  title  01  a///^  y 

'T     ':' M^  Pa't^LodtSmo,  and  other  populous  and  wealthy 
In  1056,  M  Ian   ^^^'^'  '  ^^  constitute  themselves  as  m- 


76 


FRANCONIAN  EMPERORS. 


and  militia.  Pisa  and  Genoa,  long  rivals  in  commeroal  enterprise 
and  military  prowess,  drove  the  Saracens  from  the  island  of  Sardmia 
in  looo,  and  then  divided  it  between  them.  In  1092,  t'^eP.sans  ob- 
tained Corsica  as  a  fief  of  the  See  of  Rome,  and  Venice  had  extended 
her  conquests  along  the  Istrian  and  Dalmatian  coasts. 

In  Spain,  the  provinces  occupied  by  Christians  were  a  very^msecure 
possession,  being  frequently  overrun  by  the  Arabs.     The  Kings  of 
Leon,   Castile,  and  Aragon  were  engaged   in  constant   warfare  with 
them.      Roderigo  Ruy  Diaz,  descended    from   one   of  the  proudest 
families  of  Castile,  called  by  the  Arabs  El  Sayd  (Lord),  and  .afterwards 
the  Cid  Campeador,  acquired  undying  fame  in  battling  with  the  Moors, 
and  in  the  siege  of  Valencia,  which  he  took  in  1094.     Leon,  Castile, 
the  Asturias,   Galicia,  and  the  county  of  Portu-Cale  (Portugal)  were 
united  under  the  enterprising  monarchs  Ferdinand  I.  and  A  phonso 
VI.     After  a  siege  of  three  years,  Toledo,  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
Visigoths,  surrendered,  in  ,083,  to  Alphonso;  but  when  he  pushed  on 
towards  the  Gi.adiana,  he  was  met  in  the  plain  of  Zalaca   in  .087,  by 
Yussef-Ben-Taxfin,_Al-nazar-ed-din   (Defen.ler  of  the   Fa.th)  -and 
totally  defeated,  with  the  loss  of  twenty-four  thousand  of  h is  bravest 
warriors.     Alphonso  conferred  the  government  of  the  country  from  the 
Minho  to  the  Tagus,  and  the  right  of  conquering  as  far  as  the  Guadiana, 
on  the  young  hero  Henry  of  Besan?on,  a  Burgundian  prince   who,  in 
1072,  married  his  daughter  Teresa,  and  to  whose  valor  he  had  been 
indebted  for  many  of  his  victories.     Numbers  of  Burgundian  nobles 
having  joined  the  banner  of  Count  Henry,  he  beat  back  |he  Moors, 
who,  in  1:07,  made  a  desperate  attack  on  Coimbra:  a.id  he  laid    he 
foundation  of  the  chivalrous  monarchy  of  Portugal  before  his  death, 

'"-Thrfirst  crusade  took  place  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Henry  IV. 
From  an  early  period  in  the  history  of  the  Church  it  was  considered  a 
pious  act  to  make  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Sepulchre   and  to  visit  the 
larious  l)laces  ^^hich  the  Saviour   had  consecrated  by  his  presence. 
When  Palestine  was  conquered  by  the  Arabs,  in  the  seventh  cenury 
that  fierce   but   generous  people  respected   the  religious  spirit  of  the 
pilgrims,  and  allowed  them  to  build  a  church  and  a  hospital  ,n    eru- 
salem;  but  a  fearful  change  took  place  after  the  subjugation  of  the 
country    in  1065,  by  brutal  hordes  of  Seljuk  Turks,  who  wreaked  their 
crudty  ;«  the  Mussulmans  of  Syria  as  well  as  on  the  Christians      In 
,07,,  the  Greek  Emperor,  Manuel  VII.,  sent  to  supplicate  the  assistance 
of  the  great  Pope,  Gregory  VII.,  against  the  Turks  accompanying  his 
petition  with  many  expressions  of  profound  respect  for  his  holiness  and 


LOTIIAIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


77 


the  Latin  Church.    Gregory,  who  beheld  in  the  supplication  of  Manuel 
a  grand  opportunity  for  realizing  the  Catholic  unity  of  Christendom, 
cordially  responded ;  but  circumstances  prevented  him  from  carrying 
into  execution  the  vast  designs  which  he  entertained,  and  the  idea  of 
a  crusade  gradually  died  away.     It  was  revived,  however,  by  his  suc- 
cessor  Urban  IL,  an  able  and  humane  man,  whose  sympathies  were 
kindled  by  the  burning  zeal  of  Peter  the  Hermit,  a  native  of  Amiens, 
in  France,  who  had  made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land,  had  witnessed 
the  cruelties  perpetrated  by  the  Turks,  and  was  now  traversing  Europe, 
preaching  everywhere  to  crowds  in  the  open  air,  and  producing  the 
most  extraordinary  enthusiasm  by  his  impassioned  descriptions  of  how 
pilgrims  were  murdered,  robbed,  or  beaten,  how  shrines  and  holy  places 
were  desecrated,  and  how  nothing  but  greed  restrained  the  ruffian  Turks 
(who  made  the  Christians  pay  heavy  taxes  for  their  visits  to  Jerusalem) 
from  destroying  the  Holy  Sepulchre  and  extirpating  every  vestige  ol 

Christianity  from  the  land.  ,   tt  1 

As  soon  as  the  feelings  of  Europe  had  been  sufficiently  heated,  Urban 
openly  took  up  the  question.  Two  councils  were  held  in  1095.  At 
the  second,  held  in  Clermont,  in  France,  a  crusade  was  definitely 
resolved  upon.  The  Pope  himself  delivered  a  stirring  address  to  a  vast 
multitude  of  clergy  and  laymen,  and  as  he  proceeded  the  pent-up 
emotions  of  the  crowd  burst  forth,  and  cries  of  Deus  vult !  "God 
wills  it  I "  rose  simultaneously  from  the  whole  audience.  'I  hese  words, 
Deus  vidt  by  the  injunction  of  Urban,  were  made  the  war-cry  of  the 
enterprise,  and  every  one  who  embarked  in  it  wore,  as  a  badge,  the 
sign  of  the  cross;  hence  the  name  crusade— French,  croisade,  from  the 

Latin  ^r».v,  a  cross.  •  ,.    r 

The  first  crusade  was  undertaken  simply  to  vindicate  the  right  ot 
Christian  pilgrims  to  visit  the  Holy  Sepulchre.      From  all  parts  of 
Europe  thousands  upon  thousands  hurried  at  the  summons  of  the  Pope 
to  enga-e  in  the  holy  war.     William  of  Malmesbury  says,  "  The  most 
distant  islands  and  savage  countries  were  inspired  with  this  ardent  pas- 
sion     The  Welshman  left  his  hunting,  the  Scotchman  his  fellowship 
with  vermin,  the  Dane  his  drinking-party,  and  the  Norwegian  his  raw 
fish  "     A  disorderly  multitude,  the  mere  dregs  and  refuse  of  Christen- 
dom   to  the  number  of  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand,  started 
in  the  spring  of  1096.    The  first  army  consisted  of  twenty  thousand  foot, 
and  was  commanded  by  a  Burgundian  gentleman,  Walter  the  Penni- 
less      It  marched  through  Hungary,  but  was  cut  to  pieces  by  the 
natives  of  Bulgaria,  only  a  few,  among  whom  was  Walter  h.mselt, 
escaping  to  Constantinople.     The  second,  consisting  of  forty  thousand 


0  FRANCO NI AN  EMPERORS. 

men,  women,  and  children,  led  by  Peter  the  Hermit  reached  Con- 
stantinople greatly  reduced.  A  third,  composed  of  fifteen  thousand 
Germans,  led  by  a  priest  named  Gottschalk,  was  slaughtered  or  dis- 
persed in  Hungary,  which  also  proved  the  grave  of  a /W/,  a  ternble 
horde,  consisting  of  about  two  hundred  thousand  wretches  from  France, 
England,  Flanders,  and  Lorraine,  who  had  swept  along  through  Ger- 
many, committing  horrible  ravages,  especially  against  the  Jews,  whom 
they  murdered  without  mercy. 

Soon  after,  the  real  crusaders  made  their  appearance,— the  gentry, 
the  yeomanry,  and  the  serfs  of  feudal  Europe,  under  chiefs  of  the  first 
rank  and  renown.     Six  armies  appeared,  marching  separately   and  at 
considerable  intervals  of  time.     Their  respective  leaders  «^re  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon,  Duke  of  Lorraine  ;  Hugh  the  Great,  Count  of  \  erniando.s 
and  brother  of  Philip  L,  King  of  France;  Robert  Curthose,  Duke  of 
Normandy,  son  of  William  the  Conqueror ;  Count  Robert  of  Flanders; 
Bohemond,  Prince  of  Tarentum,  son  of  the  famous  Gu.scard    under 
whom  was  Tancred,  the  favorite  hero  of  all  the  historians  of  the  cru- 
sade ;  and,  lastly,  Count  Raymond  of  Toulouse.     The  place  o   rendez- 
vous was  Constantinople  ;  the  number  that  met  there  was  not  less  than 
six  hundred   thousand.     The  first  place  captured  was  Nice,  ni  June, 

1007  tlH»  l.dessa  and  Antioch,  after  a  siege  of  seven  months,  in  June 

1008  I:  w^-  on  a  bright  summer  morning,  1099,  that  forty  thousand 
crimder.,  the  r.-mnant  of  that  vast  array  which  two  years  before  had 
laid  siege  to  Nice,  obtained  their  first  glimpse  of  Jerusalem.       Ihe 
„„„,„„;  u.s  intense,  the  scene  sublime.     On  the  isth  of  July,  after 
a  siege  ui  r.iihc    ,iu,.c  than  five  weeks,  the  grand  object  of  the  ex- 
pedition was    realized.       Eight  days  after   the  capture  of  the   cty 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon  was  unanimously  elected  King  of  Jerusalem ;  but 
he  refu'sed  to  "wear  a  crow,  of  gold  where  the  Saviour  of  the  world 
,,.!  ,,v.,n>  a  crown  of  thorns,"  and  took  only  the  title  of  "  Defender 
01  the  Huh  >cpulchre."     For  nearly  fifty  years  Edessa,  Ant.och,  and 
T,-r.i-;ilem  not  only  maintained  themselves  against  the  attacks  of  the 
■m,     rnmedans  of  Egypt  and   Syria,  but  greatly  increased  in  size, 
power,  an.l   uealth.       \t   Jerusalem  were   founded   the   two   famous 
orders  of   the  Knights   Hospitallers  of   St.    John    and    the    Knights 

Templar.  ^  ,        ^  ,        ,,    , 

ihe  KniMs  of  St.  John,  or  Hospitallers  of  Si.  John,  afterwards  called 
KniMs  of  Rhodes,  and  finally  Knights  of  Malta,  were  a  celebrated 
order  of  military  religious  established  at  the  commencement  of  the 
crusades  to  the  Holy  Land.     As  early  as  1048,  some  merchants  from 
Amilfi   in  Naples,  established  a  church  at  Jerusalem,  and  built  a  mon- 


LOTHAIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


79 


^3 


i 


astery    which  they  dedicated  to  St.  John  the  Baptist.      It  was  the 
duty  of  the  monks,  who  were  called  Brothers  of  St.  John,  or  Hospital- 
lers  to  take  care  of  the  poor  and  sick,  and,  in  general,  to  assist  pil- 
grims.    This  order  was  regularly  instituted  in  the  beginning  of  the 
twelfth  century  as  a  military  order  by  the  principal,  Raymond  du  Puy. 
These  knights  observed  the  rules  of  St.  Augustine.     Besides  their  vows 
of  chastity,  obedience,  and  poverty,  it  was  their  duty  to  aid  in  defend- 
ing the  Church  against  infidels.     The  order  was  divided  into  three 
classes,— knights,  who  should  bear  arms ;  chaplains,  who  were  ecclesi- 
astics •'  and  servitors,  whose  duty  it  was  to  take  care  of  the  sick.     This 
order  'long  maintained  itself  against  the  Turks  and  Saracens  by  union 
and  courage;  but  in  1191  it  was  driven  from  Palestine.      Upon  this 
the  knights  conquered  Cyprus,  but  soon  lost  it  again,  and  established 
themselves,  in  1309,  on  the  island  of  Rhodes,  where  they  remained 
upwards  of  two  hundred  years.     Driven  thence  by  Sultan  Solyman  the 
Magnificent,  the   knights  went   to    Candia,  then    to  Venice,  Rome, 
Viterbo   Nice,  Villa  Franca,  and  Syracuse,  till  the  Emperor  Charles 
V   gave  them  the  islands  of  Malta,  Gozzo,  and  Comino,  on  condition 
of  perpetual  war  against  the  infidels  and  pirates,  and  the  restoration  of 
these  islands  to  Naples,  if  the  order  should    succeed   in   recovering 
Rhodes.      From   this  time   they  were  commonly  called   Knights  of 
Malta      The  chief  of  this  order,  which  had  great  possessions  in  almost 
every  part  of  Europe,  was  called  "  Granci  Master  of  the  Holv  Hospital  of 
St  John  of  Jerusalem,  and  Guardian  of  the  Army  ot  Jesu.  Christ."    He 
was  chosen  by  vote,  and  lived  at  T  •,  ^  alette,  in  the  inland  of  Malta     The 
spiritual  power  was  exercised  by  the  chapter,  which  consisted  of  eight 
ballivi conventuali,  anU  in  win.  h  the  grand  master  presided     The  prin- 
cipal offices  in  the  order  wer.  held  bj-  t!ic  i>illar.  of  the  eight  languages 
into  which   the   knights  were  divided   according   to   then-   respective 
nations.     The  languages  were  those  of  Provence,  Auvergne,  1- ranee, 
Italy,  Aragon.  Germany,  Castile,  an.!  England.     In.  n,  these  languages 
the  ballivi  eonventuali  ^s<txt  chosen,  and  their  lands  were  <l.v,ded  into 
priories,  these  into  bailliages,  and  these  again  into  commamlcries.     Of 
the  priories,  the  German  had  the  preference,  and  was  called  the  Grand 
Priory.     The  grand  prior  was  a  prince  of  the  cmv.irc.  and  resided  at 
Heitersheim,  a  city  and  castle  of  Brisgau,  in  Baden.     The  last  grand 
prior,  a  count  of  Reichenbach-Fouxmaigne,  lost  all  his  possessions  by 
the  peace  of  Presburg,  in  West  Suabia,  which  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Grand  Duke  of  Baden.     <  'f  the  eight  languages,  the  English  became 
extinct  in  the  sixteenth  century ;  the  three  French  languages  perished 
during  the  revolution ;    those  of  Castile  and  Aragon  were  separated 


o  FR  A  NC  ONI  AN  EMPERORS. 

bo 

from  Malta  at  the  peace  of  Atinens;  and  the  Italian  and  German  have 
since  been  abolished.  In  peace  tliese  knights  wore  a  long  black 
mantle,  a  gold  croäs  of  eight  points  enameled  white  ;  in  war  they  wore 
a  red  jacket,  or  tabard,  charged  with  a  full  white  cross  Only  in 
spiritual  concerns  was  the  order  subject  to  the  Pope ;  >n  all  temporal 
ones  it  enjoyed  unlimited  sovereignty.  t-     i     • 

The  Prussian  order  of  Knights  of  St.  John,  founded  by  Fredenc 
AVilliam  111.,  and  which  is  a  royal  order,  can  be  considered  only  as  a 
memorial  of  an  order  venerable  for  its  anti<iuity  and  its  services. 

The  order  of  the  Tcm/^lars,  or  Knights  of  the  Temple,  was  the  most 
celebrated  and  powerful  of  the  religious  military  orders  of  Chnsten.lom 
Its  origin  is  ascribed  to  Hugues  de  Payens,  Geoffroi  de  St.  Omer,  and 
seven  other  French  knights,  who,  in   iiiS  or   1119,   i»    addition    to 
the  three  vows  of  chastity,  poverty,  and  obedience,  took  a  fourth,  by 
which  they  bound  themselves  to  defend  the  holy  sepulchre  of  Christ, 
and  to  afford  protection  to  the  numerous  pilgrims  who  then  annually 
flocked  to  the  Holy  Land.     The  military  character  associated  with  the 
new  order  attracted  immediate  attention,  and  after  its  formal  mcorpo- 
ration  by  Pope  Honorius  II.,  in  . ,  28,  at  the  instigation  of  St.  Bernard, 
its    numbers    rapidly   increased,  member»  of  the  noblest   families  of 
Europe  seeking  admission  into  its  ranks,  and  people  of  every  degree 
Wing  with  one  another  in  endowing  it  with  gifts  of  land  or  money. 
Honorius  gave  them  a  peculiar  dress,  consisting  of  a  white  mantle   to 
distinguish  them  from  the  Hospitallers,  who  were  habited  m  b  ack,and 
in  1,46  they  added  a  red  cross  on  the  left  breast.     This  en^^lem  was 
also  borne  on  their  banner,  formed  of  striped  black  and  white  cloth, 
and  called  l>eausiant,  a  word  rendered  famous  throughout  Christemlom 
as  the  battle-cry  of  their  order.     Soon  after  their  establishment,  Bald- 
win II.,  King  of  Jerusalem,  gave  them  a  part  of  his  palace  as  a  resi- 
dence, to  which  the  canons  of  the  adjoining  convent  of  the  Temple 
added  another  buildmg  for  keeping  their  arms,  whence  they  were  called 
Knights  of  the  Temple.     The  province  in  which  the  grand  master  re- 
sided, and  which,  for  upwards  of  one  hundred  and  seventy-three  years 
'from  the  foundation,  continued  to  be  in  Palestine,  was  always  consid- 
ered the  chief  seat  of  the  order.     In  1 1 72,  Pope  Alexander  III.  allowed 
the  order  to  receive  spiritual  members,  so  that  among  other  •"^P0"='" 
advantages  conferred  upon  the  Templars  was  that  of  having  the  offices 
of  religion  performed  in  their  houses,  even  in  countries  under  an  inter- 
dict, whence  in  practice  they  became  exempt  from  the  effects  of  an 
interdict,  a  circumstance  which  added  greatly  to  their  influence  and 
numbers.     They  became  in  time  a  formidable  and  wealthy  military 


LOTHAIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


81 


community,  whose  members  acknowledged  no  spiritual  atuhonty  but 
"op     a^d  held  themselves  amenable  to  him  only  in  secular  matters. 
Ori  JinauV  subsisting  upon  the  alms  of  the  charitable,  and  making  a 
SS  of  poverty,  as' illustrated   by  their  seal,  which  represented  two 
knights  riding  upon  a  single  horse,  they  increased  so  rapid  y  in  wealth 
as  to  become  more  interested  in  extending  and  guarding  their  posses- 
ons  tri^  affording  protection  to  pilgrims;  and,  notwithstanding 
Lei    unquestioned  prowess  and  daring,  their  frequent  feuds  w,th   he 
rt     o  der  of  the  Hospitallers,  and  their  open  licentiousness  and   ust 
Zl.   often  injured  rather  than  aided  the  cause  to  which  they  had 
devoted  tl.emselves.     Hence  they  fought  for  themselves  more  than  for 
le  common  cause  of  Christianity ;  aided  or  thwarted  the  plans  of  cam- 
na!c^°s  at  their  pleasure,  and  frequently  stained  their  kn.ghtly  name  and 
Lure  b    open  treachery,  as  in  the  crusade  under  the  Emperor  Frederic 
n     tl^  partial  failure  of  which  was  attributed  to  the  machination    of 
the  -rlplars.     After  having  their  chief  seat  successively  ,n  Jerusalem, 
Antioch    Acre,  and  the  Pilgrims'  Castle,  near  Cesarea   they  were  com- 
^     d   at  the  final  extinction  of  the  Latin  power  in  Palestine,  in  1391, 
^:  retove  to  the  island  of  Cyprus,  which  they  had  P-cbased  from 
Richard  I.  of  England  for  thirty-five  thousand  ^^ver  mark.        h 
extensive  possessions  in  Europe  drew  upon  them  at  length  the  suspi 
Z  and  jealousy  of  princes,  whose  cupidity  was  also  e-ited  by  the, 
immense  wealth   in  landed  revenues  and  hoarded  coin      Under 
influence  of  these   motives,  and  irritated  ^Y '-.Y"^^''''>„  ° Jj^^''  'l''^ 
order,  Philip  the  Fair  of  France,  in  concert  with  P°l-  C-Bem^^- 
determined  upon  its  destruction.     Accordingly,  in  1306,  Jacques  De 
Molav,  the  G  and  Master  of  the  Templars,  was  enticed  to  Pans,  on  a 
p  etex    of  consulting  him  with  reference  to  a  new  crusade  and  other 
n"  ters,  and  in  October,  1307,  all  the  members  of  the  order  ,n  Franc 
Sudi^g  De  Molay  himself,  were  taken  into  custody,  and  their  hou.e, 
Ind  goods  were  everywhere  seized.     Many  were  executed  on  accoun 
"grave  heresies  imputed  to  them,  and  Clement  issued  a  bul   for  the 
:i  obtion  of  the  Templars.     Their  movable  property  was.  for   he  n^ 
part,  appropriated  by  the  sovereigns  of  the  countries  ,n  -hu^^-'j; 
deposited  ;  and  although  their  landed  possessions  were  "°-"^'y  ';^'   " 
ferred  to  the  Hospitallers,  the  crown  as  a  general  thing  secured  the  dis- 
position of  them.'    The  order  ceased  at  once  throughout  CU-  en  om 
except  in  Portugal,  where  it  merely  assumed  the  name  of  the  Cheva 
ier   of  Christ,  which  order  still  subsists.     The  last  act  of  the  drama 
was  I.  execution  at  the  stake  of  De  Molay.  Guy  of  Auvergne.  and 
other  high  dignitaries  of  the  order,  of  whom  the  first  two  died  pro- 


I 


32  FRANCONIAN  EMPERORS. 

testing  their  innocence,  having  previously  recanted   the  confessions 
extorted  from  them  by  hoi)es  of  absohition  or  by  torture. 

It  has  been  said  that  the  founders  of  the  various  religious  commu- 
nities were  all  remarkable  men,  and  some  of  them  were  more,— they 
were  wonderful  men,— men   of  genius,  of  deep  insight  into  human 
nature,  of  determined  will,  of  large  sympathies,  of  high  aspirations,— 
poets  who  did  not  write  poems,  but  acted  them.     St.  Bruno  may  here 
be  mentioned.      He  was  born  at  Cologne,  105 1,  and  studied  at  Rheims, 
where  he  so  distinguished  himself  that  Bishop  Gervasius  appointed  him 
director  of  all  the  schools  in  his  diocese.     At  length,  troubled  with  the 
wickedness  of  the  world,  and  anxious  to  escape  from  what  seemed  to 
him  the  general  pollution,  he  took  refuge  with  six  pious  friends  in  a 
desert  place,  near  Chartreuse,  in  the  diocese  of  Grenoble.     Here,  in 
1086,  he  founded  one  of  the  most  austere  of  all  the  monkish  orders, 
called  Carthusians.     One  of  the  rules  was  that  the  members  of  the 
order  should  keep  silence  six  days  of  the  week,  and  should  see  one 
another  only  on  Sundays.     Their  dress  was  a  white  garment. 

It  is  not  clear  that  St.  Augustine,  that  great  father  and  teacher  of 
the  Church,  ever  contemplated  the  institution  of  a  religious  order;  but 
I'upc  Uu  ill  and  the  Emperor  Lothaire  decreed  that  all  the  various 
,l^^^^,,.,,,tions  of  the  Christian  clergy  who  had  not  entered  the  ranks 
of  in.onachism-priests,  canons,  clerks,  etc.-should  be  incorporated 
into  one  great  community,  and  receive  as  their  rule  of  discipline  the 
regulations  I  r>.nnilgated  by  Si.  Augustine.  ,      ,      .  , 

'\U-  i  nnons  Abelard,  the  scholastic  philosopher  and  theologian,  and 
,pon..ts..rMMv  tin  boldot  thinker  of  those  times,  was  born  near 
NuU.,  in  Ir.nu.,  a.  p.  1079.  ^^-  ^-^  -  '--^'^  ^'^  i^inciple  that  nothing 
is  to  Iv  brlK'vr.!  but  uii.it  ha.  tn-^t  W.n  understood;  while  the  Church 
],,Mthii  ^^.■ln^.t  1  ..lieve  i n  -r. hr  to  understand.      He  died  in  1  1  i.. 

n,.hop  IVrnwanl  oi  H  li- !.s].a,n.  who  nh.l  in  11  ...  was  a  great  pro- 
moter 01-  the  arts,  ana  oi  nh,r<o-w. -rk  v.  particular.  A  silver  cross 
and  rhaluv,  and  a  <  ra.  hlx  tw.ntv  nahes  In^in  .uxcred  with  gold 
plates  and  ornanuaitcd  with  hli^ive,  wha  a  he  made,  are  still  kci^t  at 
Hiklesheini. 

S,  VIE    or    SOCII-TV    AI-     IHK    COMMKXCEMEN-r    O,'    THE    REK.N    Ol     iilE 

SUAIilAN"    KMl'FKriK-. 

And  first  let  ii^  -<>  lark  to  tin-  S.ira.ciK.  who  r,,n,|iP.;-..!  >i..ni.,  ;in,i 
crante.l  rompU'tc'tokTatu.n  t„  Uu-  (■iin>t,an  Cm;,,.  ;,,„l  who.  un,W 
the  nan.e  of  Moc;arabians  ^mixed  .-XraU.an.  ■.  livol  in  Uu:  ,ni,Ul  ol  ,he 
Mussulmans. 


LOTHAIRE    OF  SUPPLINBURG. 


83 


.^ 


% 


Abdelrahman,  a  contemporary  of  Charlemagne,  was,  like  him,  the 
patron  of  letters ;  but,  more  enlightened  than  that  prince,  he  pursued, 
even  in  the  civilization  of  the  Christians  themselves,  a  more  beneficent 
and  permanent  policy  than  that  of  the  Frankish  monarch.  He 
sought  to  attach  his  Christian  subjects  to  his  empire  by  the  prodigious 
superiority  in  arts,  letters,  sciences,  and  cultivation  which  then  dis- 
tinguished the  Arabians.  The  study  of  the  Arabic  language  was 
considered  the  best  means  of  developing  genius,  and  the  colleges  he 
founded  were  resorted  to  for  study  by  all  the  learned  of  Europe.  Ger- 
bert,  who  filled  the  papal  chair  from  a.d.  999  to  1003,  under  the  name 
of  Sylvester  II.,  studied  at  Seville  and  Cordova. 

CHIVALRY. 

Chivalry  assumed  the  character  of  a  positive  institution  in  the 
eleventh  century ;  its  heroes  are  described  as  endowed  with  the  most 
brilliant  qualities  of  all  the  nations  with  which  they  had  come  in  con- 
tact,—with  the  fidelity  of  the  Germans,  the  gallantry  of  the  French, 
and  the  rich  imagination  of  the  Arabians. 

To  this  last  source,  according  to  some  authors,  are  we  to  look  for  the 
primary  origin  of  the  romance  of  chivalry.     The  Germans,  although 
they  respected  women  and  admitted  them  to  their  counsels  and  their 
worship,  had  no  great  amount  of  tenderness  für  tlie  sex.     Gallantry 
was  unknown  to  them,  and  their  rugged  manners  rould  never  have  con- 
tributed to  the  development  of  the  sentiment  ;md  heroism  of  chivalry. 
Not  only  did  the  Arab  notions  on   the  i-oint   (.f  honor  possess  great 
influence  over  the  system  oi  eiiivahy,  but  ihur  ehect  is  felt  even  in  our 
modern  manners.      To  tliem  we  owe:   th.at    spirit  ot'  vengeance  which 
has  been  so  religiously   inenh-ated,  and   tiiat   tastidious  sensibilit)-  10 
insults  and  affronts  which  has  induced  men  to  sacrifice  not  only  their 
owri  bv.-.  but    iiiose  of  their  famibe^,  to  wa>h   out  a  >tain  upon  their 
honor.      l)e\a;ii'.n   to  tlie   female  sex  api)ears  to  be  |)e(  unar  to  liio-^e 
nations  who>e  bh)od  lias   felt   the   influence  of  a  bnrnir;-  sun.      They 


love 


wa 


t  !-! 


a  jia^sion  antl  excess  of  which  neither  our  ordiinar\-  lite  nor 
our  romances  present  any  idea.  They  regard  the  hal)itation  of  their 
wives  as  a  sanctuary,  and  a  reflection  u])on  them  as  a  blasj.liemv.  The 
liunor  of  a  man  is  deposited  in  the  hands  of  her  whom  he  loves. 

Tiu"  ])eriod  when  chivalry  took  its  rise  is  precisely  that  when  the 
moral  feelings  of  the  Arabians  attained  their  highest  pitch  of  delicacy 
and  refinement.  Virtue  was  then  the  object  of  their  enthusiasm  :  and 
the  purity  of  the  language  and  of  the  ideas  of  their  authors  excite  our 
admiration. 


84 


J-/i.lXCO.V.'-I.V   J. .]//'/: A' O AS. 


I 


Z  0  THAI  RE    OF  SUP  PL  IXB I  'K  G. 


8- 


TROll'.AlMUKS. 

The  most  hcautiful  period  of  the  Mi.hllc  A.-es  j-roihu'ed,  m  tlic 
South  of  Kiiroi-c,  the  >in-crs  and  poet.  (  alk-d.  d'rouha(h)iirs.  Dunn- 
thir.  period  chivalry  ro>e  and  >i.read  all  over  lairopr.  -ivm-  hirili  lo 
poetrv  as  divcrMl'ied  a^  tlie  lorin>  of  ,  hivaha.  < iiar.K  ter  trom  wiii*  ii  it 
sjiraiii;.      'rhu>  originated  liie  prod^.■tlon^  ^Ä  tiie  M  ;nne-in-er->  m  (.er- 


nianv,  the    lofty  poetry  of  liie    North,  the   halLid^   o!    >p;ii!i,  the   songs 
of  the  •I'roiibadourr.  and  d'rouvere^  m   hran»  e.  and  of  the    .Min.Mrd-   m 

EnL;land. 

The  beautiful  shores  kÄ  I'rovenee,  l.an-uedoe.  (baienne.  and  ChiMony 
eseai-ed,  m  a  -reat  nieaMire,  tlie  <leva>tatin-  war.  of  tlu-  r-^t  ol  laimpe. 
Durin-  thi^  whole  prriod  (  ouru•ousnes^  and  -allantr\  were-  nowh.cre  so 
iully  developed  as  in  Proven,  e  ;  and  we  need  not  be  Mirpri-^ed  when  we 
see  the  Enii'^'ror  Frederic,  15arbaro..>a  m  (lermany,  and  Km-  Rk  hard 
Cceur  lie  Lion,  invitin-  the  Provencal  kni-ht.  to  their  (  ourt,-^,  t^; 
receive    instruction  tVuni   their  -not.  in    the  u>a-es  and  cereuiunic.  ut 

chivalry. 

d'he  ceremonies  admittin-  to  kni-hthood  were,  hr-t,  pla*  in-  the 
candidate  in  a  bath,  as  if  to  express  that  in  predentin-  him>elf  lor 
kni-hthood  he  i)re>ented  hun>elf  wa>hed  tVorn  hi.  mus  :  then  he  was 
clodied  in  a  white  tunic,  si-nifym-  the  puritv  of  life  he  wa.  to  lea.d  ; 
afterwards  he  put  on  a  crini.on  vc.t,  in  token  of  the  blood  he  would 
be  called  upon  to  shed  ;  and  la^tlv,  a  complete  suit  of  bla(  k  armor,  as 
an  emblem  of  death,  tor  which  he  mu.t  always  be  ja'cpared.  A  belt, 
the  symbol  of  chastity,  was  then  girded  on.  and  a  i)air  of  spurs,  to 
denote  his  readiness  to  hapten  where  dutv  called  him.  While  his  sword 
Avas  girded  on,  he  was  exhorted  to  be  brave  and  loyal.  The  whole  was 
concTided  by  a  stroke  on  the  shoulder  with  the  bla.le  of  a  >word  by 
the  knight  who  admitted  Inm,  intended  as  a  memento,  to  hx  strongly 
on  his  mind  the  solemn  eiiga.gements  into  which  he  had  entered. 

Provence  is  the  native  land  of  the  (/ourts  of  Pove,  and  the  royal 
court  at  Aries,  its  capital,  was  for  nearly  two  centuries  the  theatre  of 
the  fmest  chivalry,  and  the  centre  of  a  roman.tic  life.  'Phe  assembly 
of  knights  and  troubadours,  of  jongleurs,  with  their  Moori^li  story- 
tellers and  buffoons,  of  ladies  acting  as  judges  or  parties  in  matters  ol 
courtesy,  exhibits  a  glittering  picture  of  a  mirthful,  soft,  and  luxurious 
life.  'Phe  knight  of  Prevent  e  devoted  himself  to  his  ladydove  m  true 
poetic  earnestrand  made  the  dance  and  tilt-yard  the  grevit  business  of 

territorv,    invited   the 


his   life.      Each  baron,  a  sovereign   in   his  own 

neighboring  knights  to  his  castle,  to   take  part   in   tournaments  and  to 


contend  in  song,  at  a  time  when  the  knights  of  Germany  and  North- 
ern I'^rance  were  challengiiig  one  another  to  deadly  combat. 

There  might  be  seen  the  joyous  companies  of  ladies  and  knights 
under  fragrant  olive  groves,  upon  the  enameled  meadows,  sporting  from 
or,c  holiday  to  another.  There  the  gallant  knight  broke  his  lance  on 
the  shield  of  his  manly  antagonist ;  there  the  princess  sat  in  the  circle 
of  ladies,  listening  seriously  to  the  songs  of  the  knights  contending  in 
rh\  nies  respecting  the  laws  of  love,  and,  at  the  close  of  the  contest, 
pronouncing  her  sentence  (arret  d'amour). 

Among  the  great  who  com])osed  songs  in  the  Provencal  dialect 
were  l^rederic  Barbarossa,  Richard  Ctetir  de  Lion,  Alphonso  IIP  and 
Leter  IIP  of  Aragon,  ^Villiam,  Duke  of  Aquitaine,  Frederic  IIL  of 
Sicily,  the  Dauphin  of  Auvergne,  the  Count  de  Foix,  the  Prince  of 
Orange,  anal  the  APirquis  of  Alontferrat,  King  of  Thessalonica.  Fred- 
eric: Barbarossa,  who  sj)o'.e  almost  all  the  languages  of  his  time,  met 
Raymond  Berenger  IL,  Count  of  Provence,  at  Turin,  in  1154,  and 
bestowed  on  him  the  investiture  of  his  fiefs.  The  Count  was  accom- 
panied by  a  great  number  of  the  poets  of  his  nation,  almost  all  of 
whom  were  among  the  i)rincipal  nobility  of  his  court.  They  delighted 
Frederic  by  the  richness  of  their  imaginations  and  the  harmony  of 
tlieir  \'erses.      Frederic  repaid  their  attention  by  the  following  lines: 

"  A  l-'reiKhman  I'll  have  for  my  cavalier, 

And  a  Cataloniaii  ilame, 
A  Genoese  fcjr  his  honor  clear, 

And  a  court  of  Castilian  fame; 
The  Provencal  songs  n^y  car  lo  please, 

And  the  dances  of  Trevisan, 
I'll  have  the  grace  of  the  Aragonese, 

And  the  pearl  of  Julian  ; 
An  Englishman's  hands  and  face  for  mc. 
And  a  youth  I'll  have  from  Tuscanv." 

TROUVERES. 

Tlie  subjects  of  Charlemagne  were  composed  of  two  very  different 
races:  the  Germans,  who  inhabited  along  and  beyond  the  Rhine,  and 
the  Walloons,  who  called  themselves  Romans,  and  who  alone  of  all  the 
])eoplc  of  the  south  were  under  the  dominion  of  the  Franks.  The 
name  ot  U'aclchs,  or  Walloons,  which  was  given  them  by  the  Germans, 
wa>  the  same  as  that  of  Galli,  or  Galaiai,  which  they  received  from 
the  Latins  and  Greeks,  and  oi  Kalfai,  or  Celts,  the  name  whi'  h,  ac- 
cording to  Cc\3sar,  they  themselves  acknowledged.  It  was  from  Nor- 
mandy that  the  first  writers  and  the  first  poets  in  the  French  language 


86 


FKAXCOXIAX  EMPERORS. 


LOTIIAIRE    OF  SUPPLEVBURG. 


87 


sprm-  The  two  first  literary  works  of  these  Trouvercs,  which  prove 
that  t'he  /.///c//.' ./'.W  was  beginning  to  be  cultivated,  are  the  -  l^ook 
of  the  Britons,"  or  "Brutus,"  a  fabulous  history  ot  tlie  kings  of  l.ng- 
land  in  1155,  and  the  -  Romanre  of  the  Lion,"  written  at  the  same 
period,  both  of  them  in  Normandy,  or  at  least  by  Normans.  1  hen 
came  -  Le  Rou  des  Normands,"  or  the  -  bivre  dc  Raoul,"  wiurli  gives 
a  history  of  the  establishment  of  tliat  pcuple  in  Normandy. 

The  -Romance  of  St.  (;real,"  written  m  verse  by  Christian  de 
Troyes,  in  the  twelfth  centurv,  is  a  mixture  of  Briton  c  hivalry  and 
sacred  history.  The  cup  out  of  which  the  Saviour  drank,  during  hi. 
crucifixion,  was  called  the  Sainf  Gnui/.  They  supposed  it  to  have 
been  carried  into  England,  where  it  came  into  the  possession  ot  king 
Arthur,  his  nephew  Gawain,  and  the  Knights  of  the  Round  fable, 
Lancelot  of  the  Lake,  Galar,  his  son,  I'ercival  of  Wales,  and  Broot,  oi 
whom  the  history  of  cat  h  is  given. 

THE    MINNF.SIXC.F.R?. 

The  ancient  German  word  ;///////.•  was  used  originallv  to  denote  love 
and   friendship.      The  (lerman   poets  oi   the  Middle  Ages  expre^^ed  by 
it   particularlv  a  pure,  taithtul,  and  generallv  happ-v   love   between   the 
two  sexes,      ''bhe  Minnesingers  are   also   called  N//^//'/.///  poets.      In  the 
beginning  of  the  twelt^h  century,  when  the  art  of  poetry  (  ame  tVoin  the 
South  of'^France  to  Germany,  it  found  a  weU  ome  at   the  (ourt  ot   the 
Suabian   Emperors  of  Germany.      The   Minnesingers  were   knights,  or 
at  least  men  of  noble  descent,  who   lived   and   ^ang  at    the  courts  oi 
princes    who    loved    and     i)rotected    the    arts,    surh    as    the     lani.eror 
Frederic  IL,  Duke  Leopold  of  Austria.  Weuceslau.,  King  o!  Bolieinia, 
Duke  Henrv  of  Breslau,  and   others.       Not  a  lew  pnn.es  took   part  111 
these  songs.^     The  "  Heldenbucir'— Took  of  lleroe— -was  a  celebrated 
coUectioii    of   old    German    poems    drawn    from    national    traditi.ui... 
Among  the  authors  are  Henry  of  ()fterdin,:,en  and  WoltVam  of  Es<  hen- 
bach.       These  poems  excite   the   imagination   bv  their  livelv   tales  ot 
war  and   of  love.      The  earliest  of  the   Miniusingers  now  known  was 
Henrv  of  Veldeke,  who   tlourished  about  iiSo.      The  Nibelungculu  .1, 
an    ancient    German   epic    poem,   ranks   among    tlie    noblest    work,  ot 
imagination.      The  name   is  derived  from  the  Nibelungen,  an  .indent 
and'^powerful  Burgundian  tribe,  the  name  of  whi(  h,  in  all  probabilitv, 
was  founded   on    the   ancient    mythical    ideas  of  a    Nebelland  ,  land  ot^ 
mists)  m  the  north.    The  subjec  t  of  this  great  epic  is  the  dreadtul  täte  ot 
this  tribe,  caused  by  the  passion  of  two  princely  l)airs.      The  one  pan 
is  Siegfried,  son  of  King   Sigismund  of  Santen,   on   the    Rhine,  and 


Chriemhild,  sister  to  Günther,  King  of  Burgundy ;  the  other  is  Günther 
and  Brunhildis,  a  heroine  of  the  fabulous  North.  The  time  in  which 
we  find  the  historical  basis  of  this  tragedy  is  about  430  or  440  a.jj.  ; 
the  scene  is  on  the  Rhine  and  the  frontiers  of  Austria  and  Hungary. 
The  p(;em  of  the  Nibelungen,  after  having  been  apparently  forgotten, 
appeared  again  to  delight  the  lovers  of  true  poetry  and  of  German 
anti'iuities.  The  Nibelungen  seems  to  have  undergone  several  re- 
moiielings  at  different  ]>eriods.  As  the  ]joet  who  gave  it  its  present 
sha[)e  has  not  disclosed  his  name,  and  as  no  information  exists  respect- 
ing him,  conjectures  have  been  divided  as  to  who  he  was.  From  the 
author's  geograjjhical  knowledge  being  most  accurate  in  regard  to  the 
southeastern  part  of  Germany,  and  from  his  decided  predilet  tion  for 
Hungary  and  his  dislike  towards  Bavaria,  as  well  as  from  his  flattery 
of  the  house  of  Babenberg,  A.  W.  Schlegel  is  inclined  to  believe  that 
Klingsohr  of  Hungarv  or  Henrv  of  Ofterdin^en — both  of  whom  were 
}a-esent  at  the  court  of  the  Landgrave  Hermann  at  Wartburg  in  1207  — 
was  tlie  author. 

''The  War  of  the  Wartburg,"  one  of  the  earliest  German  dramatic 
poems,  grew  out  of  the  ])0etical  contest  in  which  six  of  the  most  dis- 
tinguished Minnesingers  assembled  under  the  protection  of  the  Land- 
grave were  engaged.  They  were  Henry  the  Clerk  (  Henry  von  Rispach  ), 
Walter  v(jn  der  Vogelweide,  WoltYam  von  Eschenl)ach,  Bitterolf,  Henry 
von  ( )fterilingen,  and  Reimer  von  Zweten  or  Zwetzen. 

The  (  astle  of  Wartburg  was  the  ancient  residence  of  the  Landgra\e5 
of  d'huringia.  Llere  lived  Hermann's  son,  Prince  Louis,  who  married 
Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Andreas  II.,  King  of  Hungar\-, — the  celebrated 
St.  l^lizabeth,  the  type  of  female  charity.  She,  in  the  absence  of  her 
husl)and,  daily  visited  the  poor  in  the  suburbs  of  Eisenach.  One  da\-, 
during  a  severe  winter,  she  left  the  castle  with  a  single  attendant, 
carrying  in  her  robes  a  su|)ply  of  bread,  meat,  and  eggs  tor  a  certain 
l)Oor  famil}-.  Meeting  her  husband  returning  from  the  chase,  "What 
dost  thou  here,  my  Elizabeth?"  he  said;  -''let  us  see  wiiat  thou  art 
carr\ing  awa\-?"  Confused,  and  blushing  to  be  so  discovered,  she 
pressed  the  mantle  to  her  bosom  ;  but  lie  insisted,  and,  opening  her 
robe,  beheld  onlv  red  and  white  roses,  more  beautitul  ar.d  t>a2:rant 
than  an\-  that  grow  on  this  earth,  and  it  was  now  the  depth  of  winter. 

This  castle  was  also  the  })lace  where  Frederic  the  Wise  of  Saxony 
caused  Luther  to  be  carried,  and  where  the  Retbrmer  lived  tVom  15  21  to 
1522,  under  the  name  of  "Junker  Georg,"  and  translated  the  Scriptures. 
The  chamber  which  he  inhabited  is  still  })ointed  out.  His  bedstead 
and  chair  have  been  carried  away  in  chips  by  visitors  as  relics ;  but  his 


88 


FA\tXCOXIAX  EMPERORS. 


table  has  been  preserved  by  a  strong  iron  band.  The  wall  shows  the 
mark  of  the  inkstand  which  lie  threw  at  tlie  head  of  tlic  Evil  One,  who 
attacked  him  in  his  solitary  hours.  The  windows  of  tins  room  com- 
mand a  beautiful  view. 

PAixriNc;. 

On  the  conquest  of  Constantinoi)lc  by  the  Latins,  in  1 20 .^  the 
Byzantine  school  of  jjainting  was  broken  up,  and  many  Greek  arti>ts 
went  to  Italy.  The  hrst  Italian  artist  whose  name  is  mentioned  is 
Guido  of  Siena;  a  large  Madonna,  inscribed  with  his  name,  dated  1221, 
is  still  i)reserved  in  that  city.  Giovanni  Cimabuc,  who  lived  trom 
1240  to  1300,  is  commonly  styled  the  founder  e)f  the  Italian  school  :  but 
this  art  received  its  chief  impetus  from  his  pui)il  Giotto,  the  slie[)lKM\l- 
boy,  the  son  of  Tordone. 


I 


PIOHENSTAUFEN    OR    SUABIAN 

EMPERORS. 


Conrad  III.,  on  the  mother's  side,  grandson  of  Henry  IV. 

Frederic  I.,  Barbarossa,  nephew  of  Conrad  HI.    . 

Hexrv  VL,  son  of  Frederic  Barbarossa 

Philip  of  Suabia,  son  of  Frederic  Barbarossa    . 

Otho  IV.  of  Brunswick,  son  of  Henry  the  Lion  of  Saxonv  and 

Matilda,  sister  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion 
Frederic  II.,  son  of  Henry  VI.  .... 


A.D. 


II38-II52 
I  I  52-1  190 
I  I 90-1  197 
II97-I208 

II97-I2I5 
I2I5-I25O 


89 


% 


SUABIAN    EMPERORS. 


HOHENSTAUFEN. 

"  Das  sind  die  Sprösslinge  des  herrscher  Stamms, 
Des  geistesmächt'gen,  dem  kein  anderer  gleicht, 
In  dem  die  Trefflichkeit  nie  ausgeblüht 
Und  grosse  Väter  grosse  Söhne  zeugen." 

Uhland. 

(They  were  the  offspring  of  a  lordly  race,  of  intellect  surpassing,  in  whom  excellence 
never  died  out,  and  great  fathers  begat  great  sons.) 

CONRAD   III.,  KONRAD   DER   DRITTE.     A.D.  1138-1152. 

•  Pauca  cum  aliis,  multa  tecum  loquere."     (Speak  litüe  with  others,  much  with  thyself.) 

The  family  of  Hohenstaufen  took  its  name  from  the  high  conical 
mountain— ./d-r  hohe  Staufen—\xi  the  valley  of  the  Rems,  four  miles  north- 
east of  the  town  of  Goeppingen,  in  Suabia.  There  the  ancestor  of  the 
family,  Frederic  of  Büren,  had  built  a  strong  castle,  the  cradle  of  his 
chivalrous  race.  A  loyal  adherent  to  Henry  IV.  in  the  days  of  adver- 
sity, he  was  rewarded  by  that  unhappy  monarch  with  the  hand  of  his 
daughter  Agnes,  and  the  duchy  of  Suabia  as  dower.  His  sons  were 
Frederic,  Duke  of  Suabia,  and  Conrad,  who,  while  under  twenty  years 
of  age,  bravely  supported  his  uncle,  the  Emperor  Henry  V.,  against  his 
enemies,  and  in  return  that  monarch  invested  him  with  the  duchy  of 

Franconia. 

On  the  death  of  the  Emperor,  Lothair  the  Guelph,  Henry  the 
Proud  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony,  heir  of  the  patrimony  of  his  father-in- 
law,  the  lunperor  Lothair,  and  possessor  of  the  crown  jewels,  stood 
boldly  foiward  as  a  candidate  for  the  imperial  dignity.  But  the  Ger- 
man princ  es,  dreading  so  powerful  and  haughty  a  master,  elected  the 
Hohenstaufen  Conrad,  Duke  of  Franconia,  in  Frankfort,  on  February 
-2,  113S.  Henry  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony  dying,  and  his  son  Henry 
(the  Lion  )  being  still  a  child,  the  contest  seemed  at  an  end.  But  when 
Conrad  III.  declared  the  Guelphic  fiefs  escheated  to  the  crown,  and 
gave  the  duchv  of  Bavaria  to  his  half-brother,  Leopold  of  Austria,  and 
the  duchy  of  Saxony  to  Count  Albert  the  Bear,  of  Ascania,  the  whole 

9* 


-I 


93 


SCABIAX  I-MPEKOKS. 


COXKAD    III. 


93 


Saxon  people  rose  in  defense  of  their  young  prin(  e ;  and  Count  Guelph 
of  Altorf,  the  brother  of  Henry  the  Proud,  throwing  down  the  gauntlet 

on  tlie  pan  >!  his  injured 
nephew,  be^\in  tlie  deso- 
lating war. 

The    deci'  ivc    battle   was 
fought   bctwjcn    the  hostile 
parties  near   \\'L'iii>l)erg,  in 
Sua.bia,    in     11 40.       b    ^vas 
here     thai     'he     name-    of 
Welts  ^Cbiel'-iis  .  and  Wa'i!)- 
lin"-ers'^'     (Ihihellines  .  were 
licard      !br     the     !ir>t     time. 
The      baatb'  (  ry      of       the 
knights     s|  aiTiiig      on      to 
the    atta(  k,   "S/n/^r  J>r  iiic 
\\\!fs :''    '  Sinke   for    iiic 
W'dih'in^cr: !''   bec-ame  af- 
lerwaicb    tbr   centra  i<>    tiie 
rall\ing-word>    wha  \\    eo-t 
so   null  h   b  i  (m1  l)r\(>nd  the 
Al},»>,  thouL  h    tlie   early  sig- 
nifu  ation  of  them  had  been 
(jiitireU     (  1  an-ed.        Connl 
(;!u-l]>h    w.i^     (Irteateib    and 
lor.;  ed    to    surrender,    alier 
an   ub.^tinatc    resistance,    in 
the  eitv  of  V/einsberg.     Vet 
he   was   ger.erously   treated 
bv    iiie    <  hivalric    Conrad. 

CONKAl)    III.  ^  ,  . 

l-;x;i.|  vrau-  ]  ,it  liu  heroic 
defense  of  Count  Guelph,  with  hi->  kni-ht^  and  <  iti/  aw.  Cuurad  iaai 
resolved  to  destroy  Weni^berg  with  tue  anal  swnr<l.  lie  hU.pcndcd, 
however,  the  last  assault,  and  pernnlted  the  Wein-Terg  women  pre- 
viouslv  to  retire,  and  to  carr)  with  lluan  their  Jrar.  <(  jetocls.  Ib-w 
great  was  the  astonidnnent  of  the  lanperor  and  hi  ^  art^^  unen.  at 
dawn  of  dav,  thev  l)eheld  lu  h)ng  re,ws  the  Comile-.  .  lal  lier  kar  (uni- 
panions,  instead   of  carrying  off  their  jeweb  and   tn  iket>.  stnggering 


along  beneath  the  weight  of  their  husbands  or  dearest  relatives  I  This 
affecting  scene  moved  Conrad  to  tears,  and  when  his  brother,  Frederic 
of  Stiabia,  galloi)ing  up,  upbraided  him  for  his  weakness  and  de- 
nounced the  treachery,  Conrad  spoke  those  noble  words  which  have 
been  ].re^er\•ed  for  ages,  ''A  royal  icord  must  not  be  tioistcd,  nor  iingen- 
erous/y  iiitcrprcttj:'  He  dismounted,  and,  embracing  the  Count  and 
Counters,  the  tragical  scene  terminated  in  the  romantic  spirit  of  the 
age  :  and  tlie  loyal  old  city  of  Weinsberg  is  still  proud  of  the  name  of 
jrc/V'/7-//v/^— woman's  faith,— which  honors  its  towering  fortress. 

Soon  after  this,  Leopold  of  Austria  died,  and  Bavaria  again  reverted 
to  the  einj-ire.  In  1142,  Conrad  convoked  a  diet  of  the  empire  at 
branlTori,  for  the  magnificent  celebration  of  the  nuptials  of  his  half- 
brother,  1  lenre  of  Au-tria,-  with  Gertrude,  the  young  widow  of  Henry 
ilie  blond,  whose  >on,  Henry  the  Lion,  renounced  Bavaria  in  favor  ot 
In-  -lep-ftther.  and  in  return  received  Saxony. 

In  1  I  14.  new^  rea(  hed  Lurope  that  Edessa  had  been  conquered  by  the 
Ibnir  of  Mosul,  and   the  Christians  slaughtered.      Llis  son  Xoureddin 
was  advancing  to  dotroy  the   Latin  kingdoms  of  Syria  and   Palestine. 
Europe  once  n^ore  treml)led  with   ex<  itement.      A  second  c  ru^ade  was 
preached    h\     tlie    famon-.    St.    Bernard,    Abi)^Jt   of    Clairvaux,    whor^e 
ascetic  life,  solitary  studies,  and  >tirring  eloqtience  made  him,  during 
his  life,  the  oracle  of  Europe.      Lutlier  ^aid  of  him,    "'If  there  ever 
lived  on  the  earth  a  God-fearing  and  holy  monk,  it  was  St.  Ivernard  of 
Clairvaux."      Others    have    called    him    the    ''Last   of   the    Fathers." 
St.  Bernard,  after  preaching  tlie  (  ru-ade  in  France,  hastened  into  Ger- 
many.     He  could  not  speak  German  ;    lait  the   people  were   moved   by 
the  pathetic  vehemence  of  his  tones  and  gestures,  and  the  Enqjeror  was 
induced  to  join  with  Loui>  \1L  m  a  new  crusade,  and  declared   this 
intention  at  the  Diet  of  bpe\er.  m  1146.      After  having  caused  \{\-  >^y\\ 
Henry  to  be  elected,  at  Frankf)rt,  as  Itis  successor,  in  1147.  he  set  out 
wdth  about   tuo   hundred    thousand  tollowers   on   his  expeditie)n  to  tlie 
East.      Women,  too,  caught  the  enthusiasm  of  the  times,  and    in  (^)n- 
rad's  ann\   there  was  a  com|)any  of  them,  armed,  riding  like  men.  and 
1   ,1    l)y  a  woman,  who,  from   lier  .gilded   spurs  and    rich    bu^kin^.   was 
üd\\<ii\golden-footCiL      The  part  of  the  golden-footed  dame  in  the  French 
host  was  performed  by  no  less  a  personage  than  Queen  Eleanor  her-elt. 
She  was  attended  bv  a  large  band  of  the   youth  of  both  sexes,  and  a 


*The   Hohenstaufens  obtanu.l   t!us   n,,nu-  fron,  a  .tmn^  n  .rlrr^..    I!  ;;VM./o,.«.  now  the 
small  town  of  that  name,  on  the  Low.t  kerns,  a  few  n,;l.'^  u.^t  ..t  li  nr  castle  of  Staufbn. 


«•  The  Emperor's  moth(M-,  A-n^s,  daughter  of  the  Emperor  Henry  IV.,  married,  after 
her  first  Iui4.an4's  death,  >t.  Leopold  of  Austria;  they  had  eighteen  children,  eleven  of 
whom  survived  iheni. 


94 


.s /;//;/./. \"  fMri-:/^i')Ks. 


IREDERIC  BilRBAROSSA. 


9S 


(  hoM'ii   band   of  tliciiawst   arul    xwoA   woXAv  voiini-'  www   -t\](;(]   tlicin- 
selves  "()ufcn  ICleauor's  Ciuard.'' 


C.'onrad  \va>   the  tir>t    to  set   out,  a.iiii,  .itUT   a   sene>   <  l"  di-a->ter 


and 


(lefea.ts,  in  whu  h  the  gieater  j^irt  of  hi>  ar!n\-  \o>{  Vm-\\  lives,  the  Vaw- 
])eror  rea(/he<l  Antioeli  ;  Irnni  then<e  !k'  ni.idf  a  piiun  ikum*  to  Jtaaisa- 
lern.  and  then  returned  to  lan-'»]^-.  I.ouin  ni«!  witli  n«»  heiter  success. 
'I'he  Sarataai^  were  hir  ^ujKaior  in  ^kiil  to  the  '^  diristians,  and  their 
e(|iial>  \\\  (  ourama  aial  trie  invaders  were  cut  iii  pieces  in  the  defiles  of 
the  TiMdain  jnouiitains. 

Coni-ad  liad  no  sooner  rctn:  nrd  t^  M  \v\\\\\va\  than  he  had  to  quell  new 
rehehionN,  ^\\i\  iu  (hed  a  1  u  \c  n^  afterwards,  poisoned,  it  is  said,  by 
Roori.  K  ng  of  Sicily,  who  had  many  good  reasons  to  fear  him.  His 
tomb  is  in  the  catliedrail  oi   liamberg,  near  that  of  Henry  II. 

His  wile  wa.^  Ciertrude,  daughter  of  a  Count  of  Sulzbach.  Their 
son  Henrv  died  before  his  father. 

It  is  said  that  Conrad  III.  was  the  first  German  Emperor  who,  fol- 
lowing the  example  of  the  Byzantine  Emperors,  adopted  the  double- 
headed  eagle  as  the  arms  of  the  German  Empire.  Former  Emperors 
had  only  one,  or  sometimes  two  single  eagles. 

"  Wanim  in  jeder  Schilderey 
Der  deutsche  Adler  doppelkopfig  sei  ? 
O  lasst  doch  einmal  nach,  mit  Forschen  Euch  zu  pagen, 
Ein  Novellist  kann  Euch  die  Walirheit  sagen : 
Der  ein  Kopf,  der  südwärts  blickt, 
Sanft  scheint  und  desto  schärfer  pickt, 
Ist  Kaiser  Josephs  Kopf,  des  toleranten  Weisen  ; 
Der  andre  Kopf,  der  nordwärts  schaut. 
Scharf  sieht  und  mit  den  Schnabel  haut, 
Ist  Friederich,  der  Donnergott  der  Preussen. 
Warum  sie  aber  uneins  sind, 
Begreift  beinah'  ein  kleines  Kind  : 
Sie  sind  entzweit  in  dem  gemeinen  Falle, 
Was  eine  Kralle  packt,  packt  auch  die  andre  Krallte 
Drum  zerren  sie  so  jämmerlich  ! 
O  Vaterland,  du  dauerst  mich  !" 

Why  should  the  German  eagle  double-headed  be 

Which  in  this  picture  here  you  see  ? 

O  cease  to  try  to  learn  the  reason  why. 

For  you  the  truth  a  novelist  will  tell. 

And  that  will  satisfy  you  just  as  well. 

The  head  turned  towards  the  south 

And  looks  so  gentle,  only  sharper  cuts. 

That's  Kaiser  Joseph,  the  tolerant,  the  wise  man. 

The  other,  with  strong  beak,  scanning  the  north, 

Is  Frederic,  the  Thunder-Grod  of  the  Prussians. 


The  reason  wliv  tlicy  disagree  is  plain  — 
So  plain,  a  simiV.c  child  can  iimlcro.and  ; 
They  are  divided  by  tlie  way  they  stand,— 
So  what  this  claw  seizes,  seizes  too  the  other ; 
And  so  they  war,  and  pull,  and  tear  each  other, 
And  Germany  is  rent  so  miserably, 
O  Fatherland  !  I  pity  thee  ! 


FREDERIC    I.    BARBAROSSA,    FRIEDRICH 

.\:\).   1132-1 190. 


DT'R 


ROTH  BART. 


••  Priestat  uni  probo,  quam  mille  improbis  placere."      (Better  to  please  one  honest  man 

than  a  thousand  dishonest.) 

Conrad  III.  died  at  Bam- 
berg, in  1 152,  recommend- 
ing, as  his  oldest  son  Henry 
had  died,  and  his  younger 
son     Frederic    was    still    a 
child,  his  nephe\y  Frederic, 
son  of  his  brother  Frederic 
of    Suabia,    for    Emperor. 
Barbarossa    had    succeeded 
his  father  in  the  duchy  of 
Suabia     in      1147.        His 
mother,     Judith,     was     a 
Guelph,  a  sister  of  Henry 
the  Proud,  and  the  Guelphs 
looked    for    favor    at     his 
hands;  while  Frederic  him- 
self counted  on   their  sup- 
port to  help  him  carry  out 
his    ])lans    in    Italy.       He 
therefore   invested    Guelph 
III.,  brother  of  Henry  the 
Proud,  with  Tuscany,  Spo- 
leto,     and     Sardinia,     and 
urged    Henry    Jasomirgott    """^^^^ 
to  resign  Bavaria  to  Henry 
the  Lion.     Henry  Jasomir- 
gott was   unwilling    to  do 
this,   and    Frederic,    being 
occupied  with   preparations  for  his  Italian  campaign,  let  the  matter 


FREDERIC  BARBEROUSSE. 


96 


SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 


FREDERIC  BARBAROSSA, 


97 


rest,  and  set  off  for  Rome  that  same  year,  accompanxl  by  Henry  the 
Lion  and  Otho  VI.  von  Wittelsbach. 

It  was  at  this  time  that  Arnold  of  Brescia,*  who  was  educated  in 
France  under  Abelard,  after  adopting  the  monastic  life  and  distin- 
guishing himself  by  the  success  with  which  he  contended  against  the 
corruptions  of  the  clergy,  had  been  cited  before  the  second  Lateran 
Council,  and  banished  from  Italy;  he  then  took  lefuge  in  France, 
where  he  was  persecuted  by  St.  Bernard,  and  was  forced  to  retreat  to 
Zurich.  Meantime  his  doctrines  exerted  a  powerful  influence  in  Rome, 
which  ended  in  a  general  insurrection  against  the  government;  where- 
upoa  Arnold  repaired  thither,  and  endeavored  to  direct  the  move- 
ment, hoping  to  establish  a  government  similar  to  that  of  the  ancient 
Roman  Republic.  But  the  people,  provoked  by  :he  treachery  and 
opposition  of  the  papal  party,  and  disunited  among  themselves,  gave 
way  to  the  grossest  excesses.  The  city  continued  for  ten  years  in 
a  state  of  agitation  and  disorder.  Pope  Lucitis  II  was  killed  in  an 
insurrection  in  i  i  15,  and  Eugenius  III.,  to  escape  i  similar  fate,  fled 
iiuo  i'l-ance.  These  factions  were  subdued  by  I'  .pe  Adrian  IV., t 
uhr>,  f.  clin-  \hv  \v(akness  of  his  temporal  authority,  turned  to  the 
s]-iriHKd,  aiui  laid  the  city  under  excommunication,  and  Arnold  was 
forced  to  take  refuge  with  influential  friends  in  Campania.  On  the 
arr  wil  of  t;  c  Ijnin  ru  iMcderic  for  his  coronation,  in  1155,  Arnold 
wa>  arrcbicd  .vm\  luuii-ht  i.  Kmum  ,  tried,  hanged,  his  body  burned, 
and  tlu*  a^hrs  thrown  into  ihc    Tiber. 

\\)\K-  Adnati   was  at   Iir->t    nn    fnh-nfllv  terms  witli   the   l^mpcror,  but 


\\\^   \\\ii}'\    n')ti()n>  (>!    the    \'^\'^ 


emac\ .  whi«  li   hi    carried  as  far  as 


even  Grei/orx   \'ll.  IkhI  Jone,  Kd   to  the   \k 


ruling  of  that  long  con- 
tent ol"  the  \\)\K'>  a-ain^t  the   House  of  Hohenstaufcn,  which  ended  in 

the  destruction  of  tlie  (l\!!a-t\. 

In  this  fir-L  vi^it  to  Rome,  lienr\  llie  l.io,n  savc<l  the  l-.mpcrur^  life 
in  an  attack  ot"  the  Romans;  and  Otho  \un  \\'iitel>h.  <  li  dcfcndcfl  him 
on  liis  return  through  the  narrow  «ietile  ot  \  erona.  I'or  ihis  Oiho 
soon  after  was  rewarded  witli  the  lid' of  the  nawinan  l'ahii:n;te,  win  11 
had  become  vacant  by  the  death  ot"  \\\>  taiiua-,  m  1  155  1  Ii ürx  \\\r  Liuu 
was  invested  with  the  duch\-  i){  Havana,  on  (onih.lion  oT  -e[):ira-in- 
the  margraviate  of  Hrandenhur-  trom  Saxoux-;  the  Ostmarlx.  Willi 
three  Bavarian  counties  tVoni  Bavaria,  wa^  erected  into   I'l  in(h,'[)en(hMU 


-  Brescia,  a  city  of  Iv^nibardy. 

t  Adrian    IV^  was  by   l;iitli    \n   V.\\vy\-\\mA\\,  \\\v  onlv  one   nf  t!  t   nati'Mi   tliit   (>vcr  sat 

in  the  papal  chair.       Ili^  name  wa.-,  Nichola-,   Brcalc-peare.       It  \  .>  \\\   !n>  iinn-  i!iat  the 

doctrine  of  transubstantiation,  advanced  l)y  I'etru-,  L.)nil)ardii->,  \v  established. 


duchy  for  Henry  Jasomirgott;  while  Albert  the  Bear  received  Bran- 
denburc  in  exchange  for  Saxony. 

He"  rv  the  Lion  was  now  at  the  height  of  h,s  power,  and  h.s  pos- 
sesions extended  from  the  Baltic  and  the  North  Sea  to  the  Adr.at.c^ 
In     166  he  had  a  quarrel  with  the  Emperor's  uncle,  Bishop  Otho  of 
Frey  it,  who  had   laid  a  tax  on   the  salt  which  was  carried   from 
Reichen  all  over  the  Iser-bridge  at  Oberfohring,  where  tl.e  to^l  was 
folec    d.     The  bishop  being  unwilling  to  give  up  th.s  right    Henry, 
n   X     7,  built  another  bridge  over  the  Iser,  not  far  f--/^hr'."g' 
^,d  ie  at  that  time  stood  a  few  scattered  houses,  called  Munich. 
Af?e    building  good  roads  to  lead  into  Munich,  he  ordered  the  bishop  s 
bHde        be  demolished,  one  night,  and  thus  they  were  obliged  to 
carr?  the  salt  throtigh  Munich.     Ucthen  built  a  depot   or  salt   a  mint 
for  coining,  and  began  to  lay  the  foundations  for  a  cii> ,  Ouch  soon 
became  ve';  prosperous.    The  bishop  complained  of  these  proceedings 
to  the  Emperor,  who  decided  that  Munich  should  retain  ,t=  priv,  eges 
but  that  Henry  should  pay  one-third  of  the  toll  to  the  bishop,     .^bout 
two  vears  afterwards,  Henry  separated  from  his  wife  a'.m   )P,.  rr,  .1   .Ma- 
tilda', daughter  of  TTctirv  Tl.  of  l-ngland. 

Frederic  Barbarossa  was  one  .1   liie  nio.t  enli.ahtcnf.l  an.!  i^uwcr  ul 
rulers  that  ever  swayed  tl,e  Im^^nA  sceptre.     In  l,i,  .le^ire  to  rn,<e  the 
secular  uuuer  ut  , he  em,. re,  .n  opposition  to  the  arrogated  .upremary 
of  the  panal    <-ha,r.  he  u'a.   brought   into  constant   collision  w,th  lus 
Italian  subjects.      Six  times  he  was  obbge.l   to  cross  the  Alps  at  the 
head  of  a  hiru-e  annv.  to  eha^tise  ilie  retVartory  eines  ot    l.ombanly. 
The  diffirultv  of  seltlinu'   the   Italian   troubles  was  aggravate.!   be  the 
oeeu.ants  ol'   tlu-  pa-Kil   <  ha,r.      .\t   another  time  there  were   .listrac- 
tions  ranged   hv  the   nval    I'opes  Alexander  III.  and  Victor  I\..  wlio 
ex.  ommuro.  ated  each  (,lher,  and  In.rled  the  anathemas  ot  the  Church 
against  th.eir  several  oi)ponents. 

The  Onperor  was  soon  engage.l  in  disputes  with  the  Pope,  x^ho  began 
hostilities  shortlv  aüer  the  imperial  diet  at  15esan(;on,  where  Otto  von 
WnuT'.u,  1,  threatene.l  the  Pope's  legate  with  the  sword,      tour  lunsts 
a-reed  ,n  .leelaring  that  the  Emperor  w.as  legally  possessed  ot  universal 
sovere.untv,  and   Frederic  began  the  exercise  of  it  by  attempting  to 
annul  the  ele<:lion  of  Alexander  III.     Alexander  replied  by  a  bull  ot 
excommunication,  and  by  calling  the  Guelphs  of  Eombanly,  ^^  ilbam 
II.  01  Sieilv,  and  all  Christian  princes  to  his  defense.     Barbarossa  ad- 
vanced at  the  head  of  his  armv,  burning  the  harvests,  laying  w.aste  the 
fields,  and  massacring  the  prisoners  that  fell  into  his  hands.     After  a 
long  siege,  in  which  the  citizens  displayed  the  greatest  firmness  and 


i 


\ 


98 


SCM/...I.\    I.MJ-EJ^OKS. 


FREDERIC   BARBAROSSA 


99 


.levotion,  i'.c  look  M'i...  liucw  down  Uk  walls,  a.  "  i^vssed  Uu-  plow- 

slvire  ON*-'!'  It--  Ninokinu  rums.  ^ 

V.„-  ,  .  „m-ciii    .1.'  K-:nlMr.l.  wer,-  terror-stricken  and  submitted  to 

,  ,,   I'v' p,  ,,.:        Hn;.  exasperated  by  the  crnelties  of  the  imperial  gov- 

,;„.;,  .[.odestaX  they  found    courage   in   indignation     and  formed  a 

.  '  .    inU-      The  Poue  dec  ared  for  tlie 

leasue   for    ila;    euuaiu  hi-eiiu    i,   n^    liaU.       Hie    1  ope   uc  ^  .   ,•  ►  x 

/,-..,■  ofLomoardx.  Venire  M.ieu  w  uh  .l>e  Gnel,.hs  (ant-mpenal.sts), 
U.:.,.;(-,en,.:..  !.:,■  ,iv.l.  1..1  deebred  for  tl,e  Ghibelbnes  ;  and  the 
1,,;,  .,,  ,,„,,,.■,.  .r,n,t..l  i.e.  r:>e  >nvereipUy  of  the  Adr.aUc  Ihe 
...„Vl'.ru...  01  MH,n>.  who  had  been  d.^perse.!  tluough  the  neighbornig 

;;:wn.;ulUvK.,l.o.e,he.-.nd,ei.uUthe„-,,.v^  'l-iKU  all  johied  again 
,,a  l,„,lt  another,  Kv,. .,.1. he.  knpnn  tke  (,inl.ll:ne  I'aM.i.  Alessan- 
dria ,/V/,;/  /'./,Ä'-  l''^  >/'wrr'-rt,/A-':-,./Ale..aialna 


Th',   ,,.,es'\'.l-  the    l.otnlMi.l    1  ,ea-,e  were    Nki.n.  llelgamo    Ike, 


CKl 


Man.na,  fVrrara.  b.,lo,na,  |-arn,..  Pea  en,a.  M- „iena,  Venice  Vieetiza, 
K.aua,  and  Trev,»u.       lioten.  e  a.ulTr.eany  a.w.x -„. -k  part  w,tn  tla 

^  ''rhe  r,hil.ell.ne  ,  Itie,  were  Paai a,  lite  are  )ent  capital  of  I,omlur,ly, 
Gettoa,  fonto.  I.odt,  Cretnona.  Xer^elli,  N,.^,.r,..  and  iMsa.  1  lu 
pr.netpahtte^  .n  favor  „1  the  lanpemr  were  Munllerrai,  .NtalaM.ana.  a.tc 

the  eouniy  of  Savoy.  111,..,. 

F,ve  vears  alter  the  demoUuon  .,1    Mdan.  the  l.o.nlurd..   .  onUl   lea 
their  hmn.halion  no  longer:  they  ro.e  ,n  ti,e,r  ,ni,at.  an,l  on  tne  platn 
of  Legnano,  norlhwe.l  ol    M.lan,  ihe  .!e,  iMve  ha.tle  ...    Uanan     d.er.y 
was  fou.ht,  Mav  .9.  "z^.      H  -x.  he.e  lltat   llentw  the  iaon  leli  in.,- 
E.upero'r,  notwathstanding  h,s  entreaties,  aral  tlie  enn-e,|e,ein  e  wa,  tli.: 
defeat   of  Krederie.      Tlie   bnlliant   s.|ua.lron,  ot   t'ne    Milanese   youth.; 
spurred   against   the  Gerinai,   .hivalry  wuh  mi.  h  reMMle^,  '--.v  ;hat  tne 
whole  hostile  armv  was  routed  with   treinendo.»  .laagnter.      Old    .ai- 
barossa,  falling  beneath  his  woun.led  .teed,  lay  Indden  .nnong  the  slam, 
and  wa.  with  diffietiltv  brought  away  by  hi>  laitht    1  s.inne..  <lunng  the 
darkness  of  the  night.      While  the   Italian,  wen     revelnig  alter  their 
Victore,  the  vanquished  l-hnperor,  disguised  a.  a  .■'  epherd.  p.i.^ed  llie.r 
lines,  and,  through  by-paths,  succeeded  „1  gamin,  I'avi,.,  where  Im  Im- 
press   Beatrice  of  Burgundy,  and  the  court  were  nuairnmg  his  death. 

Frederic   and   the    I'ope   met   after   tlii-,  at  \-en,ee.  ami   the  nnperia. 
crown  was  again  humbled  before  the  tiara.-     The   lanperor  ,a,n.ente,l 


■s  T.e  ancient  tiar.i  «a,  n  n.un.l,  r..i..:.l  eip,  luvji^  a  ...ami  at  l!a-  1.. 
.vml...l  ..f  ;.owcr  ^^^v,^v■  .he  M.-.l.',  an.l  lV,-;a,„.  I'.,i.-  li.  ...a...-  \  H. 
cr.wn  ..,  1,.»,  -va,.  .,74.  an.i  Ucnedaa  XI 1.  ,..l.i..l  .i:c  »..el,  a.  ,,,4. 


tt.  .m.      Tt  \v,\'    :i 
.i.l.lcii  ,1  .^cco  id 


to  acknowle.l.e    Irbin   lb.   tke  stic.;es.or  of  Aiexan.ler   III.,   as   tne 

rhduM  Pope    and  then  retnnu  .i  to  Gennanv.      by  in,-  energetic  meas- 

re     1      ^cc  eded    in   thorough!)    lain.bimg    his    troublesome  vassal, 

Henr    the  Lion,  and   thus  crushed   the  Guelphic  power  m  (.ermanv. 
Henry  tne  1.1     ,  ^^^^^^  ^.^^^^  ^^^^^  ,^x^x~^x.%  to 

He  summoned  Hem y    t.i  api.ea.  .       .  Ti„wh,ehips 

obey  he  was  put  under  the  ban  ..t  ti.e  emp.re,  m,  1  180.  Ihe  duchies 
of  ä  aria  anS  Saxonv  were  made  smaller  i.v  some  of  their  lands  being 
Jven  to  bishops,  an.l  some  being  hehi  by  the  empire.  I-redenc 
f  eng  ve  Bavaria  t.,  <  nto  von  Wittelsbach.  an,l  .a.xony  to  Bernna,  1 
'Inhalt  son  of  Albert  the  Bear.  The  Archbishop  o  Cologne, 
tie  ill  s  of  Halber.adt  an.l  Münster,  an.l  ma,, e  secular  barons, 
:;;:ided  ^^estpha,la  among   >'^ems.v..     'rhe   Ai.hbi   .p  o^^  B^^ 


Ä  tlu-  11 


,t 'ulb  (.f  the  Elbe.     ^Fhc  Cuunts  of  Oldenburg 


« 


took  possession  <m   mc  n^-utu  v-    ^..^  _ 

,,,,  Holstein  range.l  themselves  un.ler  the  emiare.  an,    Lube,     i.ow  ,. 

nnp,,rU.i.t.,tv.aUer,!na,wing.a:heraile.an<.etol)ent.ai-k    hoped 

„',„.,.omean,in,.erialfreee,ty.  dhe  .hu  liy  «a  Tanaaberg  ana  l.i  ....- 
„-a  k  .  the  an.aem  ( l-tphalia ;  wa.  the  only  pait  o.  i^-'  ;^"-..e  .  uehv  of 
S^v.nv  win.h  rerna.ine.!  in  possession  of  the  Guelp.h  tainilv  .,1  Henry  the 
I,,.„  an,,-  In.,  .Usgrace  m  1  ..So.      Glorious  ol.l  Saxo.iy  wa-  no  nvre  . 

Henrv  then   left  Gennanv  tV.r  three  years,  atal  went  to  Lng.and.  .0 
his   t-ulter-in-law.  Henrv  11..  where   was  born   h>,  tliird   .on,  \\m.am 
.vh.,-e  ,lea<en.lant>  oeenpie.l  the   thrones  of  Englan.!.  Brun-wa  k.  an.. 
H  mover.*      In    11. S4.   I'.e   .vtt.rned    to   Germany:    out    hre.leric,   sus- 
,„;,ousof  tlie  pr.,n,!   an.l  higli-mm.led  Henry,  gave  him  :v..  eh.oiee  to 
I,,  ,„   hnmlan.l   lor  three  years,  or  to   follow  him   t..   I'a le.tme.      He 
r.relerre.l  the  lir.t  :   but,  a^   the   promi.e  to  leave  In.  here.luary  l.os.es- 
'ions  nn.ii.turbe.l  wa.  violate.l,  he  went  back,  m  11.S9.  and  .  onquered 
„„„V  eities.      A  recon,  illation   between   the   conten.tmg   part.e.  was  .U 
la.t  elTe.ted.     Henrv's  eldest  .on  had  married  Agnes,  the  n.e(^-e  of  b  red- 
en.'  r,arba,a,..a.  an.l  thi.  .onnection  of  the  mightiest  G.ieli.h  witn  the 
..reatest  Ghibell.ne  seem.e.l   to   be   the   signal    for  a   termination  ot   the 
ol.l  .niarrel.     Henrv  .lied  in  peace  at  Brunswick,  in  1195-  ag«»  MXty-six. 
Hi.  t.anb  IS  still  to'  be  seen  there.     He  was  noble-min.led.  brave,  aiul 
in.lelatigable,  but  stubborn.  ,.rou.l,  and  pas.ionate.     Though  constantly 
engaged  in  a  struggle  with  tl.e  clergy,  he  was  pious.      He  was  much  m 
a.l'vance  of  his  age  in   fostering  industry,  science,  commerce,  and  the 

'''  bre.leric  Barbar.>s.a,  in  the  early  part  of  his  reign,  visited  the  de- 
feeti..ns  of  his  vassals  with  undue  severity  ;  but  as  he  grew  older  his 


.■>  Bru.i^w.ck  an.l  Hanover  la.ve  passe.!  from  their  hands  into  .he  r.:av.:r  of  Prussia. 


lOO 


SCAßlAX  EMPERORS. 


conduct  towards  thcin  was  <  haracterized  by  a  generous  Icnicnr}-  and  x 
politic  liberality  in  advance  of  his  time.  In  the  (()un<  il  lie  eonvokeil 
at  Constance,  in  1183.  he  let't  tlie  Lombard  (  itie-  tlie  riglit  to  dioo-j 
their  own  municipal  rulers,  and  to  ( onclude  tre^uie^  and  leauues  amon;; 
themselves,  although  he  retained  his  supreuKU  y  over  them,  together 
with  the  power  of  imposing  certain  fixed  taxes.  He  made  lN)iJ.nd  tial)- 
utarv  to  the  em[)ire,  r.;iiscd  lH)]iemia  to  the  rank  of  a  kmgdom.  and  thj 
marii'raviate  of  Allst  ria  into  an  !ndc!)endeMt   Iutc»]  i!ar\-  (hi*  by. 

Attention  was  again  tnrnrd  to  the  IvHt.  Sakulin,  a  young  K'/.r-ii-i 
chief,  had  made  himsfir  Salt  in  of  i\u\ptjuid  mx.aled  Ifilestine.  had 
taken  tovrn  after  town,  :ni(l.  hiuillv.  in  October,  1S17.  laai  compelled 
lenisalem  to  'apituKite,  after  a  hiege  of  hjurteen  days.  This  news 
led  to  a  I'nird  (iti>..'U\  the  chiefs  of  wloi-,  h  were  Frederic  Barbarossa, 
IMiilip  Augustus,  King  of  France,  and  Ra  land  Cceur  de  Lion.  Kinj 
of  l-'nu  Liiid. 

In  1  iS().  Irederic,  having  settled  the  affairs  of  the  empire  and  pro- 
claime«!  uiii\a  is.n  \-.m:x  in  his  dominions,  resigned  his  government  to 
his  eldest  son.  Iknry,  and,  at  tlie  head  of  one  hundred  thousand  men, 
set  f  aiii  'a  tiie  Holy  Land,  accompanied  by  his  second  son,  Frederic 
of  Suabia,  the  founder  of  the  order  of  the  Teutonic  Knights;  Conrad  of 
;d  )ntferrai,  ulio  fell  beneath  the  vengeance  of  the  Old  ^Lin  of  the 
Mo mtain.  Chief  of  the  A.ssassins  in  Palestine;  Leopold  of  Austria;  and 
Count  Amadea.^  of  Savoy.  After  gaining  two  great  victories  over  the 
Saracens,  at  Philomelium  and  Iconium,  Frederic  was  drowned,  in  1190, 
in  a  river  of  Syria,  while  trying  to  urge  his  horse  across  the  strearc. 
His  remains  were  recovered  by  his  son,  and  buried  at  Tyre.  The 
death  of  Frederic  excited  the  deepest  grief  in  Germany,  where  his 
memory  has  always  been  cherished  as  that  of  the  best  and  wisest  of  his 
race.  He  was  a  patron  of  learning,  and  enacted  many  admirable  laws, 
some  of  which  are  still  in  force. 

His  first  wife  was  Adelaide  of  Vohburg,  whom  he  divorced.  His 
second  was  Beatrice  of  Burgundy,  the  mother  of  Henry  VL  and  Philip. 

Frederic's  army,  much  reduced,  joined  the  fcrces  of  the  other  two 
monarchs  before  Acre,  which  important  city  was  immediately  besieged. 
In  vain  did  Saladin  attempt  to  relieve  the  defenders;  and,  after  a 
beleaguerment  of  twenty-three  months,  the  city  mrrendered.  But  the 
Crusaders  were  not  united  among  themselves.  Philip  Augustus  soon 
after  returned  to  France,  and  Richard,  after  ac- omplishing  prodigies 
of  valor,  which  excited  the  admiration  of  the  Iriracens,  concluded  a 
treaty  with  Saladin,  by  which  ''  the  people  of  the  West  were  to  be  at 
liberty  to  make  pilgrimages  to  Jerusalem  exempt  .'rom  the  taxes  which 


FREDERIC  BARBAROSSA. 


lOI 


the  Saracen   princes  had  in  former  times  imposed."     And  this  was 
all  that   had   been  claimed  by  the   first  Crusaders.     In  October,  1192, 

Richard  set  sail  for  Europe. 

A  iKUional  tradition  of  Germany  says  that  Frederic  Barbarossa  is  not 
dead,  hnt  sits  in  tJK'  subterranean  hall  of  Mount  Kyffhausen,  not  far 
from  Halle,  plunged  in  magic  sleep,  and  that  in  time  he  will  awake 
and  reapj.ear  to  bring  back  the  honor  and  glory  of  the  German  nation. 


Der  alte  Barbarossa, 
Der  Kaiser  Friederich, 

Im  unterird'schen  Schlosse 
Hält  er  verzaubert  sich. 


The  cid  Barbarossa, 
The  Emperor  Frederic, 

In  a  subterranean  castle 
Is  held  enchanted. 


Er  ist  niemals  gestorben. 
Er  lebt  darin  noch  jetzt ; 

Er  hat,  im  Schloss  verborgen. 
Zum  Schlaf  sich  hingesetzt. 

Er  liat  hinabgenommen 
Des  Reiclies  Herrlichkeit, 

Und  wird  einst  widerkommen 
Mit  ihr  zu  seiner  Zeit. 


iie  did  not  ever  die. 

He  lives  there  even  now  ; 
He  has,  in  the  seclusion  of  the  castle, 

SiU  himself  down  to  sleep. 

He  has  taken  down 
The  glory  of  the  kingdom, 

And  will  at  a  future  time  return 
With  it,  when  it  shall  be  his  time. 


Der  Stuhl  ist  Elfenbeinern 
Worauf  der  Kaiser  sitzt, 

Der  Tisch  ist  Marmelsteinern 
Worauf  sein  Haupt  er  stützt. 

Sein  Bart  ist  nicht  von  Flachse, 
Er  ist  wie  Feuersgluth, — 

Ist  durch  den  Tisch  gewachsen 
Worauf  sein  Kinn  ausruht. 


The  chair  is  ivory 

Upon  which  the  Emperor  sits, 
The  table  is  marble 

Upon  which  he  rests  his  head. 

His  beard  it  is  not  flaxen, 
It  is  like  the  glow  of  fire, — 

It  has  grown  through  the  table 
Whereon  he  leans  his  chin. 


Er  nickt,  als  wie  in  Traume, 
Sein  Aug,  halb  offen,  zwinkt ; 

Und  je  nach  langem  Räume 
Er  einem  Knaben  winkt. 


He  nods,  as  in  a  dream. 
His  eye,  half  open,  droops; 

And  ever  after  a  long  time 
He  winks  to  a  boy. 


Er  spricht  im  Schlaf  zum  Knaben  : 
Geh  hin  vor's  Schloss,  O  Zwerg, 

Und  sieh  ob  noch  die  Raben 
Herfliegen  um  den  Berg. 

Und  wenn  die  alten  Raben 

Noch  fliegen  immerdar. 
So  muss  ich  auch  noch  schlafen 

Bezaubert  hundert  Jahr.* 


He  speaks  in  sleep  to  the  boy  : 

Go  hence  before  the  castle,  O  dwarf. 

And  see  whether  the  ravens 

Are  still  flying  around  the  mountain. 

And  if  the  old  ravens 

Are  still  flying  there. 
Then  must  I  sleep 

Enchanted  another  hundred  years. 


*  Riickert. 


102 


SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 


Frederic  Barbarossa  bestowed  many  favors  on  the  city  of  Frankfort, 
to  which  he  was  partial ;  but  his  usual  residence  was  his  paternal  castle 
of  Staufen,  which  saw,  in  its  good  old  times,  all  the  pomp  and  splendor 
of  that  grand  old  race.     Its  situation  commands  one  of  the  most  mag- 
nificent views   in  all  Germany.     The  mountain  on  which  the  castle 
stood  rises  in  the  form  of  a  pyramid,  above  the  chain  of  hüls  which 
extends  between  the  rivers  Fils  and  Rems.     The  castle  was  burned  by 
the  insurgents  in  the  Peasants'  War,  1525,  and  the  stones  were  after- 
wards employed  in  the  construction  of  the  castle  at  Goeppmgen.     1  he 
little  village  of  Hohenstaufen  lies  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain,  and  part 
way  up  the  slope  stands  the  little  church,  sole  relic  of  the  Imperial 
House  of  Hohenstaufen.     This  church  has  been  partially  restored  ;  the 
exterior  is  adorned  with  the  imperial  eagle,  surrounded  by  the  names 
of  the  members  of  this  illustrious  toily.     Above  are   the  armorial 
bearings  of  the  seven  ancient  electorates  of  Germany;  beneath,  those 
of  the  former  kingdom  of  Jerusalem  ;  then  those  of  the  other  countries 
—part  of  France,  Holland,  Denmark,  Poland,  part  of  Italy,  etc.-over 
which  the  Emperors  held  supremacy.     Over  a  door,  on  the  north  side, 
which  is  now  walled  up,  is  an  old  fresco  of  Frederic  Barbarossa,  with 
the  inscription  recording  that  the  Emperor,   *' amor  bonorum,  terror 
malorum,"— friend  of  the  good  and   terror  of  the  bad,— was  in  tlie 
habit  of  entering  the  church  by  this  door. 

The  tradition  prophesying  his  return  has  been  celebrated  in  paint- 
ings and  in  song.  The  poet  Geibel  describes  his  return  in  the  follow- 
incr  lines  : 


Alles  schweigt,  nur  hin  und  wieder 
Fällt  ein  Tropfen  vom  Gestein, 

Bis  der  grosse  Morgen  endlich 
Bricht  mit  Feuersgluth  herein. 

Bis  der  Adler  stolzen  Fluges 
Um  des  Berges  Gipfel  zieht, 

Dass  vor  seines  Fittigs  Rauschen 
Dort  der  Rabenschwarm  entflieht. 

Aber  dann,  wie  ferner  Donner 
Rollt  es  durch  den  Berg  herauf, 

Und  der  Kaiser  greift  zum  Schwerte 
Und  die  Ritter  wachen  auf. 

Laut  in  seinen  Angeln  tönend 
Springet  auf  das  ehrne  Thor : 

Barbarossa  mit  den  Seinen 

Steigt  im  Waffenschmuck  empor. 


All  is  silent,  save  now  and  then 
Falls  a  drop  from  the  stone, 

Till  finally  the  great  morning 
Breaks  in  with  the  glow  of  fire. 

Till  the  eagle's  proud  flight 

Circles  round  the  mountain's  top, 

That  before  the  whirring  of  his  pinions 
The  swarm  of  ravens  fly  away. 

But  then,  like  distant  thunder. 
It  rolls  up  through  the  mounUiin, 

And  the  Emperor  seizes  his  sword 
And  the  knights  awake. 

Loud  on  its  hinges  sounding 
Springs  open  the  iron  gate  : 

Barbarossa  with  his  warriors 
Comes  forth  in  full  armor. 


HENRY   VI. 


103 


Auf  dem  Helm  trägt  er  die  Krone, 
Und  den  Sieg  an  seiner  Hand, 

Schwerter  blitzen,  Harfen  klingen. 
Wo  er  schreitet  durch  das  Land. 

Und  dem  alten  Kaiser  beugen 
Sich  die  Völker  allzugleich, 

Und  auf's  Neu  zu  Aachen  gründet 
Er  das  heil'ge  deutsche  Reich. 


Upon  the  helm  he  wears  the  crown, 

And  victory  on  his  hand, 
Swords  flash,  harps  ring. 

Where  he  strides  through  the  land. 

And  before  the  old  Kaiser  bow 

Themselves  the  people  all  together, 

And  anew  at  Aachen*  founds 
He  the  holy  Germaji  Empire. 


Barbarossa  awoke  July  15,  1870,  and  the  new  empire  was   founded 
January  18,  187 1.  / 

HENRY   VL,  HEINRICH    DER   SECHSTE.     A.D.    1190-1197. 

"  Qui  tacendi  non  habet  artem,  nee  loquendi  novit  opportunitatem."   (He  who  knows  not 

when  to  be  silent,  knows  not  when  to  speak.) 

Henry,  eldest  son  of  Frederic  Barbarossa,  was  crowned  at  Rome  in 
1 191.  His  talents  nearly  equaled  those  of  his  father,  but  his  dispo- 
sition was  less  noble.  He  thought  less  of  the  rights  of  others  than  of 
his  own  interests,  and  all  his  attention  was  turned  towards  making  the 
German  crown  hereditary  in  his  family.  In  order  to  raise  an  army, 
he  detained  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  a  prisoner  until  he  was  paid  the 
heavy  ransom  of  one  hundred  thousand  marks  of  silver. 

In  the  contest  between  the  Pope  and  his  father,  the  Normans  had 
remained  attached  to  the  papal  party  ever  since  Innocent  II.  had  con- 
ferred upon  Roger  II.  the  title  of  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  The 
new  kingdom  was  to  take  a  very  different  part  under  the  dynasty 
which  succeeded  to  the  Normans.  Frederic  Barbarossa  had  prepared  for 
this  change  by  marrying  his  son  Henry  to  Roger's  daughter,  in  1186. 
Shortly  after,  he  died  in  the  crusade,  and  Henry  claimed  the  inherit- 
ance of  Roger.  The  Pope,  of  whom  the  Norman  fiefs  of  Italy  were 
held,  unwilling  to  leave  this  rich  and  beautiful  country  in  the  hands 
of  strangers,  conferred  the  investiture  upon  Tancred,  a  natural  son  of 
the  last  king. 

Henry,  having  procured  a  fleet  from  Genoa  and  Pisa,  and  already 
furnished  with  his  army,  marched  into  Italy,  conquered  Apulia,  Cala- 
bria, Naples,  and  Sicily,  crushing  entirely  the  national  party,  and 
revenged  himself  upon  the  leader  of  the  Sicilian  army  by  having  him 
tied  upon  a  throne  of  red-hot  iron  and  crowned  with  a  crown  of  burn- 
ing copper.     Italy  trembled  at  his  cruelty. 


*  Aachen,  the  German  name  of  Aix-la-Chapelle. 


I04 


SU  AB  IAN  ExMPERORS. 


Henry  died  suddenly  at  Messina,  scarcely  thirty-two  years  of  age. 
^  But   he  had  taken   care  to 

have  his  son  Frederic,  al- 
though only  two  years  old. 
acknowledged  as  his  suc- 
cessor. Henry  was  buried 
in  the  cathedral  of  Paler- 
mo. 

His  wife  was  Constance, 

daughter  of  Roger  U. ,  King  • 

of  Sicily. 

The  cathedral  of  Paler- 
mo contains  the  tombs  of 
its    kings,— King    Roger, 
his   son-in-law    Henry,  his 
daughter    Constance,    and 
his     illustrious     grandson, 
Frederic  H.     The  sarcoph- 
agus of  the  latter,  supported 
by  four  lions,  is  the  hnesr.. 
On   the  walls   above  these 
monuments    are    recorded 
the    privileges    granted   to 
the    city   by   Frederic    H., 
inlaid  in  marble.     In  1781 
the    sarcophagi     were    re- 
moved from  their  original 
place   in  a  side   chapel   to 
the  aisle  on  the  right  of  the 
south  portal  and  oi>ened.     The  remains  of  Henry  VI.  and  Constance 
were  greatly  decomposed,  whilst  those  of  Frederic  II.  were  ,n  a  good 
state  of  preservation.    The  corpse  of  the  great  Emperor  was  envelop«! 
in   sumptuous  robes  with  Arabian   inscrii.tions ;    beside  h>m   lay  the 
crown  and  imperial  apple,  and  at  his  side  lay  his  sword.     1  he  sacn.ty 
contains  the  crowns  and  the  remains  of  the  robes. 


HENRI  VI. 


PHILIP   OF  SUABIA. 


105 


PHILIP  OF   SUABIA,  PHILIPP  VON   SCHWABEN,  a.d.   i  197-1208. 

..  Quod  male  cccptum  est.  ne  pudeat  mutasse."    (Be  not  ashamed  to  change  what  is  badly 

begun.) 

PHiLiPofSuabia,  brother 
of  Henry  VL,  attempted 

to  preserve  the  crown  for 

his  nephew  Frederic  until 

he  should  be  of  age ;  but 

the  adherents  of  his  house 

caused  him  to  be  elected 

and  crowned  at  Mayence, 

and   afterwards  at  Aix-la- 

Chapelle.     Shortly   after, 

he  was  engaged  in  a  war 

with    his    rival,    Otho    of 

Brunswick,  elected  by  the 

Guelph   party.     Philip  at 

first    was    not    successful ; 

but  after  many  devastating 

campaigns,     sieges,     and 

battles,  he  was  victorious 

in  a  combat  near  Cologne, 

in  1206. 

The  sovereignty  of  the 
Church,  for  which  Gregory 

VII.    labored    and    died, 
was  at  last  attained  by  In- 
nocent   HI.     This  young 
and  ambitious  Pope,  elect- 
ed in  1198,  renewed  all  the  arrogant  pretensions  of  the  Roman  See  to 
the  donations  of  Constantine,  Pepin,  and  Charlemagne.     The  circum- 
stances of  the  times  were  favorable  during  the  minority  of  Frederic  II. 
The  duchy  of  Spoleto,  the  march  of  Ancona,  and  the  greater  part  of 
Romagna,  as  allodial  possessions  of  the  Countess  Matilda,  were  occu- 
pied by  the  Pope,  who,  not  being  strong  enough  to  keep  such  exten- 
sive territories  under  the  keys  of  St.  Peter,  granted  them  as  fiefs  to  the 
Marquis  of  Est.     Thus  the  temporal  sovereignty  of  the  Bishop  of  Rome 


PHILIPPE  DE  SOITABE. 


jQg  SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 

at  last  extended  over  the  greater  part  of  Central  Italy,  entirely  inde- 
pendent of  the  German  Empire. 

It  was  this  march  of  Ancona,  a  stronghold  of  the  Guelphs,  and  the  city 
of  Ancona,  a  dangerous  rival  of  Venice,  which  were  blockaded  in  1174 
by  the  Venetian  fleet,  and  at  the  same  time  closely  besieged  by  the 
imperial  army  of  Frederic  Barbarossa,  commanded  by  the  jolly  Arch- 
bishop Christian  of  Mayence ;  but  the  citizens  defended  themselves 
with  heroic  fortitude,  and,  on  the  approach  of  the  army  of  the  Lombard 
League,  the  bragging  prelate  raised  the  siege  and  made  a  speedy  re- 
treat. 

This  Archbishop  of  Mayence  is  an  interesting  specimen  of  a  prelate 
of  the  twelfth  century.     His  holiness  read  the  mass  with  great  dignity  ; 
he  spoke  eloquently  the  German,  French,  Dutch,  Greek,  Lombard,  and 
Chaldaic  languages.   He  mounted  his  war-steed  like  the  boUest  knight ; 
wore  a  purple  garment  over  his  mail-armor,  a  golden  helmet  on  his 
head,  and  brandished  in  his  hand  a  heavy  battle- mace  with  iron  spikes. 
He  had  slain  nine  enemies  in  battle,  and,  as  a  severe  judge,  had  him- 
self knocked  out  the  teeth  of  numerous  malefactors  in  the  tribunal. 
The  ecclesiastics  and  women  of  his  camp  were  so  well  drilled  in  sieges 
that  they  had  stormed  and  taken  almost  impregnable  castles ;  nay,  it 
was  even  said  that  fair  ladies  and  fleet  horses  were  more  expensive  to 
the  jolly  archbishop  than  the  whole  imperial  court  was  to  Frederic 

Barbarossa. 

Innocent  III.,  who  was  made  Pope  at  the  age  of  thirty-seven,  in  the 
vigor  of  manhood,  endowed  by  nature  with  all  the  talents  of  a  ruler, 
possessed  of  an  erudition  uncommon  at  that  time,  and  favored  by  cir- 
cumstances, was  better  qualified  than  any  of  his  predecessors  to  elevate 
the  papal  power,  which  he  considered  the  source  of  all  secular  power, 
and  was  therefore  anxious  to  govern  all  Christendom.     No  sooner  was 
the  Emperor  Henry  VI.  dead  than  he  favored  the  election  of  Otho 
against  Philip  ;  and  when  he  found  that  Philip  was  likely  to  keep  the 
crown,  he  excommunicated  him.     A  great  confusion  in  the  affairs  of 
Germany  was  the  consequence.     At  length  the  anathema  was  removed, 
and  Philip  was  enabled  to  turn  his  attention  t3  affairs  of  state.     He 
was  a  capable  ruler,  and  carried  out  the  plans  of  his  father,  confirming 
Bohemia  in  its  rights  as  a  kingdom,  and  Aus.ria  as  an    archduchy. 
Frederic  Barbarossa  separated  the  archduchy  of  Austria  from  Bavana 
in  1 154,  and  strengthened  and  endowed  it  with  privileges,  in  order 
to  enable  the  dukes  to  make  efficient  defense  against  the  Hungarians 
on  the  frontier.     In  the  act  of  donation,  he  wrote,  in  the  original 
statute,  that  the  new  Duke  of  Austria  should  rank  with  the  ancient 


OTHO  IV.  OF  BRUNSWICK. 


107 


Archiducibus,  and  from  this  expression  originated  the  subsequent  title 
of  Archduke  of  Austria.  Somewhat  later,  Austria  comprised  the  duchies 
of  Styria,  Carniola,  and  Carinthia,  with  the  county  of  Tyrol.  It  was 
all  these  fertile  provinces  which  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg  was  so  fortunate 
as  to  make  hereditary  in  his  family. 

Philip's  plans  were  cut  short  by  Count  Palatine  Otho  of  Wittelsbach* 
(the  younger),  who  slew  him  at  Bamberg,  from  motives  of  private 
revenge.  ^Philip  had  promised  to  give  Otho  one  of  his  daughters  in 
marriage,  and  then  married  her  to  another  prince. 

Philip  was  buried  in  Bamberg,  but  afterwards  his  remains  were  re- 
moved to  the  royal  choir  in  the  cathedral  of  Speyer. 

His  wife  was  Irene,  an  imperial  Greek  princess,  called  also  Maria, 
who  died  a  few  months  after  her  husband.  The  Minnesinger  Walther 
von  der  Vogelweide  called  her,  ''Rosaiie  dorn,  ain  tube  su7ider gallar 
(Old  German), ''  A  rose  without  thorns,  a  harmless  dove." 


OTHO  IV.  OF  BRUNSWICK.  OTTO  VON  BRAUNSCHWEIG. 

A.D.    II97-I215. 
"  Strepit  anser  inter  olores."     (Among  swans  the  goose  is  noisy.) 

Otho  IV.,  son  of  Henry  the  Lion  of  Saxony,  a  Guelph,  was  elected 
by  his  party,  supported  by  the  Pope,  at  the  same  time  that  Philip  of 
Suabia  was  crowned  at  Mayence.  Immediately  after  Philip's  assassina- 
tion, Pope  Innocent  III.  sent  Marshal  von  Kallentin,  the  ancestor  of 
the  noble  family  of  Pappenheim,  to  arrest  Otho  von  Wittelsbach.  He 
overtook  him  not  far  from  Regensburg,  cut  off  his  head,  and  left  his 
body  to  the  fowls  of  the  air. 

Frederic  II.,  son  of  Henry  VI.,  was  now  thirteen  years  old;  and 
Otho  IV.,  to  secure  the  empire  and  put  an  end  to  the  quarrels  between 
the  Guelphs  and  the  Hohenstaufens,  married  Beatrice,  daughter  of  the 
Emperor  Philip,  though  she  was  only  twelve  years  old.     She  died  soon 

after  the  wedding. 

Pope  Innocent  crowned  Otho,  in  1208,  under  the  express  stipulation 
that  he  would  be  subservient  to  the  Church  ;  yet  he  soon  found  this 


♦  Otho  von  Wittelsbach,  who  was  invested  with  the  duchy  of  Bavaria  by  Frederic  Bar- 
barossa, was  a  hncal  descendant  of  the  brave  Luitpold,  who  lost  his  life  fighting  for  Louis 
the  Child,  son  of  the  Emperor  Arnulph.  The  Bavarians  were  rejoiced  to  have  a  prince 
of  the  old  race  to  rule  them  again.  This  family  was  called  Scheyrer  at  first;  but  since  the 
year  11 16  they  have  been  called  Wittelsbach. 


cj  SUAE  IAN  EMPERORS. 

lOO 

Guelph  as  difficult  to  manage  as  the  Hohenstaufens,  and  excommuni- 

cated  him  in  1 210.  ,     1  r        1 

Innocent  had  conferred 

Naples     on     the    widowed 
Empress     Constance,    and 
had  taken  her   minor  son, 
afterwards  Frederic  II.,  un- 
der his  guardianship.     All 
eyes  were   now  turned  to- 
wards Frederic,  and  he  was 
invited    back   to   Germany 
with    the    consent    of    tie 
Pope.     Otho   had  lost   the 
support  of  the  Suabian  and 
Bavarian    princes    through 
the  death  of  his  young  wife 
Beatrice;    and    Philip  Au- 
gustus of  France  promist^d 
to  support  the  interests  of 
Frederic,  and   a   fa  voralle 
opportunity  soon  presented 

itself. 

Philip  had   long  set  his 
heart      upon      Normandy. 
King  John  of  England,  as 
Duke    of    Normandy,    \^as 
Philip's   vassal;    and    now 
he  was  summoned  to  appear 
at  Paris  to  answer  for  the  murder  of  his  nephew,  Arthur.     John  did 
not  obey  the  summons,  and  was  in  consequence  pronounced  guilty  of 
murder,  and   all  the  lands  he  held   in  fief  were  declared   forfeited. 
Philip  lost  no  time  in  carrying  the  sentence   into  execution.     Nor- 
mandy proved  an  easy  conquest,  for  John  had  abandoned  himself  to 
pleasure,  and  made  no  effort  to  retain  it.     Philip  soon  after  made  him- 
self master  of  Maine,  Touraine,  and  Anjou,  and  was  only  prevented 
from  invading    England    itself  by  the   peremptory  command  of  the 
Pope,  John  having  made  his  humble  submission  to  the  See  of  Rome 

and  become  its  vassal.  ^,  .,.    ,       1     r- 

A  powerful  confederacy  was  now  formed  against  Philip  by  the  King 
of  England,  the  Duke  of  Flanders,  and  the  Emperor  Otho.  Philip, 
with  an  army  of  fifty  thousand  men,  met  his  enemies  at  Bouvines,  near 


OTHON  IV. 


EREDERIC  II. 


109 


Tournay,  August  27,  1214.  The  army  of  the  confederates  under  tlie 
lourna),  ^  -p'  .^or  was  even  more  numerous,  but  the  superior 
command  of  the  t.mperor,  was  cvc  ,•-,•,•  ^^^,,      othn 

skill  and  vigilance  of   Philip  gained  h,m  a  decided  victory.     Otho 
having  encountered  a  French  knight,  was  disn.ounted    and  rescued 
w  th  difficulty;    alarmed  at  the  danger,  he  seized  another  horse  and 
fled,  while  Philip,  with  an  exulting  smile,  said  to  his  nobles,     My 
friends,  we  shall  see  nothing  to-day  but  his  back. 

Otho  fled  to  Brunswick,  where  he  died  in   1218,  and  was  buried 

"' h's  first  wife  was   Beatrice,  daughter  of  the  Emperor   Philip  of 
Suabia  ;  his  second  was  Mary  of  Brabant.  ,     •     .-  .,,•„„  „f 

The  fourth  crusade  took  place  in  Otho's  t™/' ^' ;.l;^•"^'■g^^^°"  "/^ 
Pope  Innocent  III.,  althotigh  the  condition  of  the  Chris  , ans  did  not 
require  it.  It  assembled  at  Venice.  But  how  entirely  secular  crusading 
had  become  will  be  seen  from  the  fact  that  the  army  never  went  to 
Palestine  at  all,  but  preferred  to  take  possession  of  the  Byzantine  Em- 
pire The  leader  of  this  host  of  pseudo-crusaders,  Baldwin  Count  of 
Flanders,  was  seated  on  the  throne  of  the  East  in  1204,  where  he  and 
his  successors  maintained  themselves  for  fifty-six  years. 


FREDERIC   II.,  FRIEDRICH   DER  ZWEITE.    A.D.  1215-1250- 

■•  Minarum  s.repitus.  asinorum  crepitus."     (Noise  of  threatenings  is  like  .he  braying  of  an 

ass.)-=- 

Frfderic  II.  was  born  in  1194-  His  mother,  Constance,  had  se- 
cured the  favor  of  Pope  Innocent  III.  for  her  infant  son  by  con- 
ceding many  important  privileges  to  the  papal  chair  ;  and  a  ter  the 
civil  war,  which  had  reigned  in  Germany  for  eight  years,  was  brought 
to  an  end  by  the"  death  of  Philip,  Frederic,  assisted  by  the  Pope  s 
influence,  obtained  the  support  of  the  electors,  in  1212. 

After  the  battle  of  Bouvines,  Frederic  took  the  Palatinate  of  the 
Rhine  from  Henry  the  Long,  brother  of  Otho  IV.,  and  bestowed  it 
upon  Louis  of  Bavaria,  nephew  of  Otho  von  Wittelsbach,  who  slew 
Philip  of  Suabia.  Louis  marched  with  an  army  to  Heidelberg,  where, 
after  a  conference  with  the  Countess  Agnes,  wife  of  Henry  the  Long, 
he  affianced  his  son    Otho,   afterwards  surnamed  the  Illustrious,  to 


•  An  allusion  to  the  attempt  made  against  him  to  compel  him  to  resign. 


no 


SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 


Agnes,  the  daughter  and  heiress  of  Count  Henry  the  Long.  After  their 
marriage,  in  1225,  the  Palatinate  was  united  to  Bavaria— '' Bayern 
und  Pfalz —Gott  erhallt's  !"  (Bavaria  and  the  Palatinate,— God  pre- 
serve them  !) 

Otho  the  Illustrious  lived  in  the  castle  of  Heidelberg  until  the  death 

of   his  father,  when   he  went  10 
reside  in  Landshut,   in  Bavaria. 
On  his  way  to  Regensburg  (Rat- 
isbon),  to  receive  the  homage  of 
his  subjects,  he  was  met   by  the 
Emperor's  son   Henry,  who  had 
entered    Bavaria   with    an    army 
in    rebellion   against    his    fiither. 
Henry  was  put  under  the  ban  of 
the   empire,    in    1235,   defeated, 
and,  being   taken    prisoner,  was 
intrusted    to    the   care   of   Otho, 
who  confined  him   in   the   castle 
of   Heidelberg,    after    which    he 
was    sent    to    Apulia,    where    he 
died  in  1242. 

Frederic  then,  in  order  to  se- 
cure Otho  as  an  ally,  betrothed 
his  second  son,  Conrad,  who  was 
seven  years  old,  to  Otho's  daugh- 
ter Elizabeth,  who  was  only  five. 
Otho,  however,  did  not  take  the 
Emperor's  part  in  his  quarrel  with 
Pope  Gregory  IX.    But  when  the 
bishoi)s  and  Albert  Boemus  began 
their  arbitrary  conduct  in  Bava- 
ria, Otho  took  sides  again  with 
Frederic  ;  and  the  new  alliance  was  sealed  with  the  marriage  of  the 
Emperor's  son  Conrad  and  Otho's  daughter  Elizabeth,  at  the  castle  of 

Vohburg,  in  1244. 

Frederic  was  crowned  at  Aix-ln-Chapelle  in  1215,  on  his  promising 
the  Pope  that  he  would  undertake  a  crusade.  After  the  death  of  Ir  no- 
cent,  the  next  year,  he  breathed  freer,  and  sent  for  his  wife  and  son  to 
come  to  Germany.  Like  his  grandfather,  Frederic  Barbarossa,  he 
was  actuated  by  an  ardent  desire  for  the  consolidation  of  the  imperial 
power  in  Italy  at  the  expense  of  the  pontificate,  which  he  wished  to 


FREDERIC   11. 


FREDERIC  II. 


Ill 


reduce  to  the  rank  of  a  mere  archiepiscopal  dignity.     After  securing 
the  nomination  of  his  son  Conrad  to  the  imperial  dignity,  he  appointed 
Archbishop  Engelbert  of  Cologne  as  his  vicegerent,  and  went  to  Italy, 
where  he  was  crowned  by  Pope  Honorius  HI.  in  1220,  and  then  de- 
voted himself  to  the  task  of  organizing  his  Italian  territories.     He 
founded  the  University  of  Naples,  gave  encouragement  to  the  medical 
school  in  Palermo,  invited  to  his  court  and  patronized  men  of  learning, 
poets  and  artists,  and  commissioned  his  chancellor,  Petrus  de  Ymeis, 
to  draw  up  a  code  of  laws  to  suit  all  classes  of  his  German  and  Italian 
subjects      His  schemes  for  the  union  and  improvement  of  his  dominions 
were  frustrated  by  the  refractory  conduct  of  the  Lombard  cities,  and 
still  more  by  Pope  Gregory  IX.,  who  threatened  him  with  excommuni- 
cation unless  he  fulfilled  his  pledge  of  leading  a  crusade.     Being  com- 
pelled to  depart,  he  made  the  necessary  preparations  for  its  execution  ; 
but,  the  plague  breaking  out  among  his  troops  in  the  Morea,  he  returned 
in  haste  to  Italy,  only  to  be  forced  away  again  by  papal  threats. 

Andrew  IL,  King  of  Hungary,  who  was  joined  by  John  de  Brienne, 
King  of  Jerusalem,  and  Hugh  of  Lusignan,  King  of  Cyprus,  had  started 
on  a  crusade ;  but  hardly  had  they  reached  St.  John  of  Acre  when  An- 
drew returned  home  and  Hugh  died  suddenly.     John,  without  being 
discouraged,  carried  the  war  into  Egypt,  defeated  the  Mussulmans,  and, 
but  for  the  obstinacy  of  the  papal  legate,  Pelagio,  who  would  not  con- 
sent to  any  treaty  with  the  infidels,  would  have  recovered  Jerusalem, 
which  the  Sultan  offered  to  restore.    The  inundation  of  the  Nile  forced 
the  crusaders  to  a  disastrous  reteat ;  and  John,  returning  to  Europe, 
gave  Frederic  the  hand  of  his  daughter  Yoland,  with  all  his  claims  to 
the  kingdom  of  Jerusalem,  in   1225.     Thus  it  was  through  this  mar- 
riage of  Frederic  that  the  kings  of  Naples  and  Sicily  inherited  the 
title  of  King  of  Jerusalem. 

With  this  new  motive,  and  at  the  same  time  solicited  by  the  Sultan 
of  Egypt,   Malek-al-Kasnel,  who  was  menaced  with  a  serious  revolt, 
Frederic  appeared  in  Palestine,  1228,  although  under  the  ban  of  ex- 
communication.    The  Sultan,  partly  through  the  great  fame  which  the 
imperial  sovereignty  enjoyed   in   the  East,  and   partly  from   personal 
esteem  for  Frederic,  concluded  with  him  a  truce  for  ten  years,  and  gave 
up  Jerusalem,  Bethlehem,  and  Nazareth.     The  Emperor  then  entered 
the  Holy  City,  and  visited  the  grave  where  the  Saviour  had  lain  ;  but  the 
patriarchs  of  Jerusalem  and  the  priests,  obedient  to  the  commands  of 
the  Pope,  would  celebrate  no  religious  service  in  his  presence.     Fred- 
eric, however,  performed   his  devotions,   and  in   the  presence  of  his 
nobles  crowned  himself  with  the  crown  of  Jerusalem,  after  which  he 


112 


SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 


returned  directly  to  Italy.     His  presence  speedily  repaired  all  that  was 
lost,  and  the  Pope  saw  himself  obliged,  in  1230,  to  conclude  a  peace 

and  remove  the  ban.  . 

In   1235,  Frederic  held  a  great  diet  at  Mayence,  where  sixty-four 
princes  and  about  twelve  hundred  nobles  and  knights  were  present 
Here  written  laws  were  made  relative  to  the  peace  of  the  country,  and 
other  regulations  adopted,  which  showed  the  empire  the  wisdom  and 
prudence  of  its  Emperor. 

Frederic's  marriage  with  the  Princess  Isabella  of  England  at  Worms  . 
that  same  year  was  celebrated  with  great  splendor.     There  were  present 
four  kings,  eleven  dukes,  and  thirty  counts  and  margraves.     He  wis 
called  from  these  peaceful  occupations  to  Italy,  where  a  second  Lom- 
bard League  was  formed  against  him.     Frederic  with  his  army,  amorg 
whom  were  thousands  of  Saracens,  assisted  by  the  terrible  Eccehno  of 
Romano,  the   ferocious  and   most  devoted  feudatory  of  the  Suabicn 
dynasty,  defeated  the  cities;  but  the  fierce  republicans  of  Bologna,  at  the 
battle  of  Fossalta,  in  1246,  won  a  victory  and  took  prisoner  the  hand- 
some and  brave  Enzio,  a  natural  son  of  the  Emperor,  and  whom  he  had 
made  king  of  Sardinia.     The  citizens  of  Bologna  were  so  irritated  that 
they  refused  all  ransom  for  him,  though  they  confined  him  in  the  palace 
of  the  Podesta,  and  entertained  him  in  a  sp  .'ndid  manner  the  rest 
of  his  life,  which  lasted  twenty-two  years. 

The  Emperor  did  not  long  survive  this  painful  event;  he  died  in 
1250,  in  the  arms  of  his  natural  son,  Manfred,  at  the  castle  of  Firen- 
zuola,  and  was  buried  with  great  pomp  in  the  cathedral  of  Palermo. 

Since  Charlemagne  and  Alfred  of  England,  no  potentate  had  existed 
who  loved  and  promoted  civilization  in  its  broadest  sense  so  much  as 
Frederic  II.  His  personal  merit  was  so  distinguished  and  universally 
recognized  that  he  was  enabled  to  collect  around  him  the  most  cele- 
brated men  of  his  age  without  feeling  any  jealousy  towards  them,— a 
true  proof  of  greatness.  He  understood  Greek,  Latin,  Italian,  French, 
German,  and  Arabic.  Among  the  sciences  he  loved  natural  hisiory 
the  most ;  and  his  desire  for  fundamental  knowledge  in  natural  science 
had  the  happiest  influence,  especially  upon  medicine,  obliging  :)hy- 
sicians  to  study  anatomy  before  anything  else.  At  his  court  there  were 
often  contests  in  science  and  art,  and  victorious  wreaths  bestowed,  in 
which  scenes  Frederic  himself  shone  as  a  poet,  and  invented  and  prac- 
ticed many  difficult  measures  of  verse. 

He  made  warm  friends  among  the  Eastern  princes,  and  they  vied 
with  one  another  in  sending  him  artistic  works  in  token  of  their  friend- 
ship.    Even  his  enemies  could  not  withhold  their  admiration  of  his 


FREDERIC  IL 


113 


creat  qualities.  He  was  fair,  like  his  grandfather,  but  not  so  tall 
although  well  and  strongly  formed,  and  very  skillful  in  all  warlike  and 
corporeal  exercises.  His  forehead,  nose,  and  mouth  bore  the  impress  of 
thit  delicate  yet  firm  character  which  we  admire  in  Grecian  statues. 
His  eye  was  generallv  serene  and  cheerful,  yet  it  could  flash  with  indig- 
nation and  severity.  Mildness  with  seriousness  was,  throughout  his 
life,  the  distinguishing  feature  of  this  Emperor. 

His  first  wife  was  Constance  of  Aragon,  the  mother  of  Henry;  the 
second  was  Yoland  of  Jerusalem,  the  mother  of  Conrad  IV.  ;  and  the 
third  was  Isabella  of  England.      His  daughter  Margaret  married  Albert 

of  Thuringia.  .     .      -r    1       • 

Frederic's  valiant  son,  Conrad  IV.,  lost  his  life  in  Italy,  in  1254. 
Manfred  was  chosen  regent  of  Naples  and  Sicily  during  the  minority 
of  Conradino,  son  of  Conrad  IV.  ;  but  Pope  Clement  IV.  refused  to 
grant  him  the  investiture,  and  gave  it  to  Charles  of  Anjou,  brother  of 
St.  Louis  of  France.  Charles  promised  to  hold  the  kingdom  as  a  fiet 
of  the  Holy  See,  pay  a  tribute  of  eight  thousand  ounces  of  gold,  and 
send  the  pontiff  every  year  a  white  palfrey  in  sign  of  vassalage. 

Charles  of  Anjou,  with  the  banner  of  the  Church  at  the  head  of  his 
brilliant  armv,  met  Manfred  near  Beneventum.  Manfred  was  sur- 
rounded by  a  guard  of  Saracens.  In  the  heat  of  the  conflict  the  silver 
eagle  of  his  cross  fell  or  was  struck  off".  ''It  is  the  sign  of  God."'  he 
exclaimed  ;    and,  rushing  upon  the  enemy,  fell,  covered  with  wounds, 

A.D.    1266. 

Everything  gave  way  to  the  conqueror  ;  but  the  Italians  soon  grew 
tired  of  the  cold  and  imperious  Charles,  and  called  Conradino  from 

Germany. 

Conradino,  after  his  father's  death,  left  Suabia,  and  went  with  his 
mother  to  live  in  Bavaria.     As  he  grew  older,  the  bold  and  enterpris- 
ing spirit  of  his  ancestors  awoke  within  him,  and  he  resolved  to  drive 
the  robbers  from  his  inheritance.     When  the  summons  came  to  him 
from  Naples,  his  mother,  Elizabeth,  begged  him  not  to  go  ;  but  in  his 
youthful  ardor,  he  set  out,  in  1268,  accompanied  by  his  faithful  friend 
and  relative,  Prince  Frederic  of  Baden,  and  many  faithful  knights  of 
Germany.     The  Ghibellines  of  Tuscany,  and  the  numerous  adherents 
of  his  fiimily  in  Italy,  flocked  to  his  standard,  and  he  advanced  with  a 
large  army  to  the  walls  of  Viterbo,  to  frighten  Clement  IV.,  the  ally 
of  Charles  of  Anjou.      ''  They  are  victims  going  to  the  sacrifice,''  said 
the  Pope  ;  and  shortly  after  his  words  were  verified  at  the  battle  ot 
Tagliacozzo.     Fortune  at  first  favored  Conradino,  but  by  a  stratagem 
of  the  old  French  crusader,  Alard  de  St.  Valery,  and  the  bravery  of 

S 


SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 
114 

William  of  ViUehardouin,  he  was  defeated.     Conradino,  separated  from 
his  friends    fled  in  disguise  across  the  moimtains  to  Astura,  on  the  sea- 
si  orr^^re  he  was  'betrayed  by  the  Roman  noble,  Frang.pan.  and 
delivered  into  the  hands  of  Charles.     And  such  were  the  insolence 
$    fid     and  cruelty  of  the  tyrant,  that  he  treated  Conradino  as  a  rebel 
against  h.mself,  the  legitimate  and  true  king,  and  caused  h.m     nd 
Prince  Frederic  to  be  beheaded  publicly  in  the  market-place  of  Naples, 
on  the  a8th  of  October,  1268.     The  unfortunate  Conradmo  was  only 
sttee^i  y  ars  old  when  he  was  beheaded.     Before  his  e.xecut.on,  he 
ransf  rred  all  h.s  rights  to  Constance,  the  daughter  of  Manfred,  and 
this  princess  became  afterwards  the  avenger  of  the  Hohenstaufens.    For, 
a     he  wfe  of  Peter  III.  of  Aragon,  she  favored  the  horrible  consp  racy 
Un^wit  under  the  name  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  in  the  year  r.8.    by 
which  Charles  of  Anjou  lost  his  ust.rped  kingdom  of  S.c.ly.     At  &lz 
in  the  Tyrol,  is  the  extensive  Cistercian  monastery  of  S  ams,  founded 
Z    271,  by  Elizabeth,  the  mother  of  Conradino,  with  the  money  she 
had   collected  for  his  ransom.     She  is  also  said   to  have  caused  h.s 
remains  to  be  brought  from  Naples  and  interred  there. 

Henry  Raspe  of  Thuringia  was  elected  Emperor  by  the  ecclesiastic 

•     ,,.fi   while  Frederic  II.  was  under  the  ban  of  the  Pope, 
prmces,  in  1240,  wniie  r  react ic  ■    .  >  ,  ;„„      Up  ,.,n<; 

He  was  called  in  derision  the  7ya/.«-A.«/^-priest,   king.     He  was 

defeatedatUlm,  and  died  shortly  after,  1247- 

Some  historians  say  that  Manfred  was  the  son  of  the  Emperor  and 
his  beautiful  Italian  consort,  Bianca. 

Conrad,  Duke  of  Masovia,  in  Poland,  proffering  libera    rewards  in 

the  year     230,  invited  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  order    who,  on 

hlir  exclusion  from  Palestine,  had  taken  up  their  residence  in  Venice, 

to  come  and  subdue  the  ferocious  Prussians  and  convert  their,  to  the 

Christian  faith.     They  came  into  the  -"""y  ""'^^  """^^""  °   "^^ 
their  leader,  and,  after  an  uninterrupted  and  cruel  war  of   fifty-three 
ears   subdued  them  and  forced  them  to  allow  the  Christian  religion 
to  take  the  place  of  that  of  their  fathers. 

In  the  fourth  council  of  the  Lateran,  12.5,  Pope  Innocent  I..I.,  on 
account  of  the  different  opinions  respecting  the  manner  in  which 
Christ's  body  and  blood  are  present  in  the  Eucharist,  pronounced  that 
opin  on  to  be  the  true  one  which  is  now  universal  in  the  Romish 
Church,  and  he  consecrated  to  it  the  hitherto  unknown  term  transub- 

'"Sfetuliana,  a  nun,  who  lived  at  Liege,  gave  out  that  she  had  been 
divinely  instructed  that  it  was  the   pleasure  of  God  that  an  annual 


FREDERIC  //. 


115 


festival  should  be  kept  in  honor  of  the  body  of  Christ  as  present  m  the 
Holy  Supper;  and  Urban  IV.,  in  1264,  imposed  this  festival  upon  the 
Church  Clement  V.  confirmed  the  edict  of  Urban,  in  131 1,  and  this 
festival 'contributed  to  establish  the  people  in  the  doctrine  of  transub- 
stantiation  more  than  the  decree  of  the  Lateran  Council  under  Inno- 

""^"^  ^^^*     CONTEMPORARIES  OF  THE  HOHENSTAJFENS. 

Stephen,  nephew  of  Henry  I.,  began  to  reign  in  England  a.d.  1135. 
Most  of  his  reign  was  spent  in  wars  with  the  Empress  Maud,  the  right- 
ful  heir  to  the  crown.     After  much  fighting  on  both  sides,  it  was  agreed 
that  Stephen  should  reign  during  his  life,  and  that  the  Empress's  son, 
Henry  Plantagenet,  should  succeed  him.     Stephen's  queen,   Matilda 
of  Boulo-ne,  the  last  of  the  Anglo-Norman  queens,  was  the  daughter 
of  Matilda  of  Scotland  and  Eustace,  Count  of  Boulogne.     Godfrey 
of  Boulogne,  the  hero  of  Tasso's  -Jerusalem  Delivered,"  and  Ba.d- 
win   his  brother,  who  successively  wore  the  crown  of  Jerusalem,  were 
her  uncles      She  was  perfect  in  the  most  important  of  all  royal  accom- 
plishments,-the  art  of  pleasing,-that  art  in  which  her  royal  cousin, 
the  Empress  Maud,  was  so  little  skilled.     Her  brother-in-law,  Henry 
de  Blois,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  that  diplomatic  statesman-priest,  said 
that  she'was  of  more  effectual  service  in  her  husband's  cause  than  all 
the  foreign  swords  Stephen  had  rashly  called  to  the  support   of   his 

tottering  throne. 

Henry  IL,  Plantagenet,  came  to  the  throne  m    1154.     He  ranks 
among  the  greatest  kings  of  England,  not  only  in  the  extent  of  his 
dominions,  but  in  all  the  qualities  which  give  lustre  to  authority,  being 
equally  fitted  for  public  life  or  cultivated  leisure.      His  wisdom  and 
love  of  justice  were  acknowledged  by  foreign  potentates,  who  made 
him  arbiter  of  their  differences,  and  regarded  him  as  the  first  prince 
of  the  age.     He  married  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  six  weeks  after  her  di- 
vorce from  Louis  VII.  of  France.     At  that  time  she  was  thirty-two 
years  of  age,  and  Henry  twenty.     Had  it  not  been  for  Eleanor's  fleet, 
which  aided  Henry,  England  might  never  have  reckoned  the  name  of 
Plantagenet  among  those  of  her  royal  dynasties.     The  coronation  of  the 
King  of  England  and  the  luxurious  lady  of  the  south,  at  Westminster 
Abbev,  in  1 154,  was  without  parallel  for  magnificence.    The  connection 
of  the  merchants  of  England  with  Aquitaine  was  highly  advantageous 
to  commerce.     Henry  annexed  Ireland  to  England  in  11 72.     He  had 
much  trouble  with  Thomas  a  Becket,  and  with  his  rebellious  sons.* 


-  The  condition  of  the  monks  in  his  time  may  be  gathered  from  an  anecdote  related  by 
Giraldus  Cambrensis.     The  prior  and  monks  of  St.  Swithin  threw  themselves  prostrate 


,  SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 

no 

Richard  Ca-ur  dc  L,on  succeeded  his  father  in   .1%.     "«  ^^^  'J;^ 
bravest  of  the  brave,  franU,  liberal    and  ^'--^>^^^ 
ti,ne  haughty,  violent,  rapaciot.s,  and  sangtnnary.      "^ '^f'^™;, 
the  -ovJi-nment  of  the  kingdom  during  h.s  absence  on  the  crusad 
H  s  n^^her,  Eleanor,  is  among  the  very  few  ^;o--vho^ave  a  o.  d 

for  an  ill-spent  youth  by  a  wise  and  >^---'-^' "'^\,^f...  f  „^ N  w 
ried  Beren^aria,  the  beautiful  daughter  of  hancho  the  W  .sc  of  Navar  e 
Sha^;  n^st  saiv  her  when  Count  of  Poitot.  at  a  t'---- J^-^    ^ 
her  gallant  brother,  Sancho  the  Strong,  at  Pampeluna,  her  native  oty. 
Rob"in  Hood  lived  in  the  time  of  Knig  Richard.  _ 

Jokn,   Richard's  brother,   succeeded  to  the   ''--^ /".    ,'  f^,^^f;^ 
p/mce  in  English  history  has  been  handed  dow.  to  ^o^^^"^ 
colors  than  John.     The  best  part  of  h,s  conduct  as  a  ru  Ir  wale 
attention  he  paid  to  commerce  and  mantmie  affairs.         he  popular 
o  X  on  o    London  was  his  gift.     The  barons  compelle     h  m  to 
i.n  d^Ma^na  Charta,-the  basis  of  English  const.tut.onal  freed   m. 
Th     pipe  excommunicated  him,  because  he  refused  to  --'Pt  ^tep  en 
1    ,  .ton  as  .archbishop  of  Canterbury.     John  was  forced  to  yieUl,      d 
Ite  to  the  Pope  of  Rome,  Innocent  III.,  the  kingdom  of  England 
^d  an  the  prer'ogatives  of  his  crown.     Stephen  Langton  '  >v,ded  ou 
Bible  into  chapters  and  verses.     John  marned  Isabella,  »"'^  child  .nd 
beiress  of  Avmer,  Count  of  .-Kugouleme.     She   was  first  affianced    to 
h"  .h  de  Lu^ignan  :  but  da.zled  by  the  triple  .rowns  of  England    Nor- 
m  n    V    and  .^uit.aine,  she  broke,  or  rather  would  not  acknowledg  , 

er     nUgement,  and  was  married  to  John  at  Bordeaux,  in  .^ugu.t. 

,00    "After  Jol  n's  death  she  returned  to  her  native  country  and  mar- 

i'ed  her  old  lover,  Hugh.  She  was  then  thirty-four  years  old  and  s  U 
retained  her  marvelous  beauty.  She  has  been  called  the  Helen  of  the 
Middle  Ages. 


had  cut  off  tluee  dis/ns  uoni  ^^self "  exclaimed  the  Kincr,  "  never 

"r.vz  onlv"  replied  the  disconsolate  monks.        I  mvselt.    exciainieu  .^ 

H      'more  thin  Mm.  •  and  I  enjoin  vour  bishop  to  reduce  you  to  the  same  number. 
""^^ZT^^^o^  to  enter  on  his  crusade,  carried  so  little  the  appearance  of  sanc- 
...  Richard.  Nvnen  a  preacher  of  the  crusade,  uho. 

he  called  the  King  s  three  f-'-^-J^-S'";^-  ^^  ^°Z.o.A  to  .he  Benedictines,  and  of  the 
I  hereby  dispose  o  the  fi.t  .0  "^-P'-'^^f  :::,,,,„  „„.,,  .he  notoriety  of  clerical 
:;::  :Z  r:r;rti^r  dleXn  .  tooU  m  ,Ue  prindpa,  .asses  of  clerical  persons. 


FREDERIC  IL 


117 


Henry  III  succeeded  John,  his  father,  when  he  was  only  nine  years 
old      During  his  minority  England  was  governed  by  the  Earl  of  Pem- 
broke, a  nobleman  of  great  worth  and  valor.     As  Henry  grew  up  he  was 
without  activity  or  vigor,  therefore  unfit  to  govern  m  war ;  without  dis- 
trust or  suspicion,  he  was  imposed  on  in  times  of  peace.     He  married 
Eleanor  of  Provence,  the  second  daughter  of  Beranger,  the  last  and 
most  illustrious  of  the  royal  counts  of  Provence.    Great  offense  was  taken 
by  the  nation  at  the  number  of  foreigners  who  followed  her  to  England. 
Eleanor's  uncle,  Count  Peter  of  Savoy,  who  inherited  the  shores  of 
the  lake  of  Annecy,  in  Savoy,  resided  long  at  the  court  of  Henry  III., 
who   admiring  his  excellent  qualities,  made  him  Earl  of  Richmond, 
and 'gave  him  for  his  residence  the  palace  called  Saiwy  House,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Thames.     It  was  to  the  friendship  of  Henry's  brother, 
Richard    of   Cornwall,  who  was  elected  Emperor  of  Germany,   that 
Count  Peter  owed  those  extensive  grants  in  Burgundy  (Switzerland). 
Peter  died  at  his  favorite  residence,  the  romantic  castle  of  ChiUon,  m 
1268,  and  was  buried  in  the  splendid  abbey  of  Hautcombe,  on  the  lake 
of  Annecy,  founded  by  Count  Amadeus,  the  crusader. 

Louis  VH,  surnamed  the  Young,  came  to  the  throne  of  France   in 
1 137.     He  was  naturally  amiable,  but  without  much  talent;  but  so  long 
as  the  wise  Suger  lived  his  deficiencies  were  unnoticed.     Louis  mar- 
ried Eleanor  of  Aquitaine,  and  united  that  extensive  territory  to  the 
crown.      Influenced   by  St.   Bernard,   in   opposition   to  the  advice  of 
Suger,  he  engaged  in  the  crusade  which  ended  so  disastrously  for  him. 
On  his  return,  the  reproaches  of  his  subjects,  and  his  own  self-accu- 
sation, changed  his  temper:    he  became  morose,  quarreled  with  his 
queen,  divorced  her,  and  she  married  Henry  II.  of  England  about  six 
weeks  afterwards.     Louis  had  a  right  to  retain  a  part,  at  least,  of  her 
vast  dower  as  a  portion  for  her  two  daughters  ;  but   he   resigned  the 
whole,  and  her  important  territory  became  annexed  to  England.     Louis 
married,  for  his  second  wife,  Constance  of  Castile,  who  died  four  years 
after  her  marriage.     In  hopes  of  having  an  heir  to  the  throne,  he  mar- 
ried Alice  of  Champagne,— a  choice  dictated  from  motives  of  policy, 
Champagne    being    one   of   the  most   powerful  provinces   in   France. 
Moreover,  Louis's  two  daughters  by  Eleanor,  Mary  and  Alice,  were 
married  to  the  two  brothers  of  Alice  of  Champagne.     Alice  possessed 
superior  talents,  an  amiable  disposition,  elegant  manners,  and  her  taste 
for  the  fine  arts  and  poetry,  which  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine  had  introduced 
into  France,  rendered  her  the  ornament  of  a  court  renowned  for  polite- 
ness.    Four  years  elapsed  before  the  birth  of  her  son  Philip  Augustus, 
surnamed  Dieu-donne,  God's  gift.     The  queen  paid  the  most  devoted 


o  SU  AB  IAN  EMPERORS. 

IIb 

attention  to  the  education  of  her  son,  who  »^-f- °"%°;,;'"  Jf.tf 
an.ong  the  Uings  «r  France      Louis   wen  on  yo^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
was  as  decrepit  as  a  man  of  eighty,  an     th.nk.n»  to 

made  a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  »^   ^'--^..^  ^'-■\'^;;;"i  d Ll 
his  return,  he  had  his  son  Philip  crowned  Kmg  of  France, 

five  months  after.  .      r^nllf-H  n  mli- 

PMUP  Au,..us,  the  first  Uing  of  France  who  may  be      Hed^a  ,».. 

tician,  succeeded  his  father  in  i  i8o.     Until  this  tunc  r 
onlv  a  confederation  of  l.rinces,  governed  by  a  f'^"^'^^^  *- \"=   '  ^^  ,,; 
soon  made  himself  absolute  king.     By  his  first  marriag    w  itl^h^obella 
a  descendant  of  Charlemagne,  daughter  ot    Baldwin  IV      Count  ot 
H  iniu  t    he  received  Artois  as  her  dower.     Their  son,  Louis  VIII., 

was  born  in  1187.     Isabella  died  about  '^'-/'r"/ 'V'  !  ""'^,fLioir 
for  the  crusade  with  Frederic  Barbarossa  an<l  Ruhard  ^-"^     ^ ;.   " 
Philip  married,  for  his  second  wife,  Ingborge,  d-«'^  er  of      a^a  -a 
Kin  J  of  Denmark.     She  was  first  affianced  to  a  son  of  Frederic    .arba 
^ol^bü  Uie  marriage  not  having  taken  place,  ^^  ^ 
.        ,  ^  ^r   r-ontnrt  no-  a   formiaabie    alliance    ai^aiubL 

Tin-»     for   the    purpose  oi    coniraciiui,   u.    i^y 

S'xnd      Soon  after  her  coronation  Philip  divorced  her  upon  some 
Knglancl.     soon  a  Meranie,  a  descendant  also  of 

h^ri^;    talented,  gra^ful,  and  virtuous,  and  ^^^^^^^ 
among  the  Troubadours  and  poets.     'I  he  barons  called  her     La  J'lur 
7slaL:"     Meantime  Ingborge  maintained  her  dignified  cha  ace 
andTKin--  of  Denmark,  taking  advantage  of  the  general  fee  ing  in 
;;'     vor  sent  ambassadors  to  Rome.     Pope  Celestin  III.  repealed  her 
seit^'ce'of  divorce,  and  declared  the  marriage  of  Philip  with  Agnes 
o  be  1  Uli      Pope  Innocent  III.  followed  up  this  sentence,  and  placed 
tL  ki^  dom  under  an  interdict,  in  1199,  -hich  lasted  eight  months, 
d  forced  Philip  to  reinstate  Ingborge  as  his  wife  a-jd J-n  nj  J  .0  • 
Innocent,  to  repair  the  wrong  done  Agnes,  P[°"°""-f '^'^^^  "^J  '  3;" 
.^„itinvue  -Marv,  who  afterwards  married  Henry  IV.,  Duke  of  Jra 
SdTr  Stan,  Count  of  Clermont.     Philip  enlarged  Paris  to   our 
S  ;   ts  original  size,  and  caused  its  two  principal  streets  to  be  paved 
riar..e,  flat  stones.     He  added  Artois,  Normandy,  Maine,  I  oura  ne, 
irAnto.  to  his  dominions.     Philip  was  fond  of  reading  romances, 
a".d  f  I  to  his  taste  that  we  owe  the  marvelous  histories  of  "King 
Arthur   and   the   Knights  of  the  Round  Table,"   "  Charlemagne  and 
Cis  Peers"     "Alexander  the  Great,"  and  the  "  Melodies  of  Mother 

^  zi'  17//.  succeeded  his  father  in  1223,  and,  although  called  the 


FREDERIC  11. 


119 


Lie,  was  weak  both  in  mind  and  in  body.     The  greatest  comphmet^t 
flattering  historians  could  pay  him  was,   "  He  was  the  son  of  an  excel- 
len    father,  and  the  fatherof  an  excellent  son."     He  marned  Blanche, 
dTuMner  of  Alphonso  IX.  of  Castile  and  of  Eleanor,  daughter  of  Henry 
II   ^f  England.     The  marriage  of  this  queen,  so  justly  celebrated  for 
her  talents  in  the  administration  of  government,  as  well  as  for  her  lofty 
character  and  the  excellent  education  her  son  received  under  her  direc- 
tion, was  brought  about  by  her  grandmother,  Eleanor  of  Aquitaine. 
The  short  reign  of  Louis  was  spent  in  war  with  Henry  III.  of  England, 
and  in  a  relentless  persecution  of  the  poor  Albigenses.     He  laid  siege 
to  one  of  their  cities,  but  the  intense  heat  caused  a  fever,  which  carried 
off  twentv  thousand  of  his  troops,  and  he  himself  fell  a  victim.     As- 
sembling his  nobles  around  his  bed,  he  made  them  swear  to  crown  his 
eldest  son,  and  obey  Queen  Blanche  as  regent  of  the  kingdom  during 
his  minority.     In  ,226,  Blanche  became  regent.     Her  character  wdl  be 
better  understood  from  an  anecdote.     Some  serfs  of  Notre  Dame  being 
unable  to  pay  their  contributions,  the  priests  in  anger  thrust  them  mto 
prison,  wher;  thev  could  hardly  move  or  breathe  for  want  of  a,r       1  he 
queen  sent  word  \o  the  priests  to  set  the  men  free,  offering  to  become 
their  security  for  the  money  demanded  of  them.     The  priests,  taking 
offense  at  this,  seized  the  wives  and  families  of  the  POor  men,  and 
crowded  them  into  the  same  small  space,  where  many  died  of  suffo- 
cation.    On  this  the  queen  proceeded  to  the  prison  and  ordered  her 
attendants  to  force  open  the  doors.    So  great  was  their  fear  of  offending 
the  Church,  that  not  one  dared  to  obey  her.     The  queen  then  took  an 
axe,  and  with  her  own  hands  began  to  break  the  door.      Thus  en- 
couraged, her  attendants  set  to  work,  and  the  doors  were  soon  opened. 
Many  of  the  prisoners  fainted  as  soon  as  they  felt  the  fresh  air.     Those 
who  were  able  to  speak  loaded  her  with  blessings.     But  her  kindness 
did  not  rest  here,  for  she  made  them  all  free  forever. 

Louis  /X.,  commonly  called  St.  Louis,  attained  his  majority  in  1235. 
He  had  a  trulv  upright  and  benevolent  disposition,  was  mild  and  for- 
giving, and  at' the  same  time  firm  and  brave.  His  integrity  was  inflex- 
Tble  ;  and,  unlike  his  predecessors,  who  regarded  the  founding  of  a 
church  or  a  monastery  as  an  expiation  for  their  sins,  he  used  to  say, 
"  Living  men  are  the  stones  of  God's  temple,  and  the  Church  is  more 
beautiful  with  good  morals  than  by  rich  walls."  He  married  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Raymond  Berenger  III.,  Count  of  Provence,  and  of 
Beatrice  of  Savoy,  and  received  a  promise  of  twenty  thousand  francs,  as 
well  as  the  rich  province  of  Provence,  as  her  dower.  Margaret  was 
amiable  and  sensible,  had  received  a  careful  education,  and  had  been 


SUA B IAN  EMPERORS. 
1 20 

surrounded  by  the  most  intelligent  and  brilliant  characters  at  the  court 
of  her  father,  who  was  a  generous  patron  of  poets  and  artists.     Loi.is, 
from  motives  of  piety,  went  on  a  crusade  :  he  landed  in  Egypt  was  un- 
successful, was  taken  prisoner,  and  ransomed  for  four  hundred  thousnnd 
pounds  of  silver.     After  this  he  went  to  Palestine,  obtamed  ";;>">' very 
precious  relics,  and  on  his  return  founded  the  SauUe  Chapelle  (Ho^y 
Chapel),  in  Paris,  where,  with  great  ceremony,  he  <lepos,ted  them.     He 
then  devoted  his  time  to  repairing  the  damage  France  had  sustamec.  ,n 
his  absence.      He  framed  a  code  of  laws,  and  admnnstered  justice  w.th 
strict  impartiality,  as  his  brother,  Charles  of  Anjou,  found  to  h,s  cost. 
When  the  Pope  offered  the  crown  of  Sicily  to  him  for  one  of  his  sons 
he  decUned,  saying,  "It  is  not  just  for  me  to  take  the  prop.,  y  of 
another"      However,   his  unscrupulous   brother,   Charles  ol    -Anjou, 
'accepted  it.     Louis,  by  a  wise  administration  of  sixteen  years,  brouglu 
his  kingdon,  into  a  flourishing  condition,  and  then  made  preparations 
for  another  crusade.     Animated  by  a  wild  hope  of  converting  the  King 
of  Tunis,  he  set  sail  for  that  kingdom,  an<l  was  to   be  followed   by 
Charles  of  Anjou  and  Prince  Edward  of  England.     Instead  of  fuvling 
a  willing  convert,  he  found  a  formidable  enemy,  and  in  consequence 
laid  siege  to  Tunis.     The  plague  soon   broke  out  in  his  camp,  and 
Louis  w!as  seized  with  it.     He  sent  for  his  oldest  son,  gave  him  a  paper 
containing  instructions  for  his  future  life,  and  exhorted  him  to  govern 
with  justice.     Then,  to  show  his  humility  and  l-"''--'--'   ^  ""^^J 
himself  to  be  lifted  from  his  bed  and  hud  upon  ashes  on  the  floo    of 
his  tent,  where  he  died,  August  25,  .270.     Just  as  he  breatlied  his  last 
the  fleet  of  Charles  of  Anjou  arrived,  and  he  returned  to  E-ope  with 
the  remains  of  St.  Louis  and  his  son  Tristan,  who  also  d-d  °f     - 
Dlaeue      The  Sire  de  Joinville,  who  accompanied  Louis  on  hs  first 
cruide,  had  too  much  wisdom  to  go  a  second  time.      He  bve.l  hoiv 
oed  and  respected  to  a  very  great  age,  being  more  than  a  hund    d 
;  ars  old  when  he  died.     The  queen,  knowing  his  affection    or  the 
kin.,   and  how  faithfully  he  had  served  him,  earnestly  entreated  him  to 
write  a  small  book  recording  the  holy  actions  and  sayings  of  hc-r  de- 
ceased   husband.      It    is   from   Joinville's    "Memoirs"    that    we    get 
much  knowledge  of  those  times. 

DOMINICANS. 

Dominic  de  Guzman,  born  in  Old  Castile,  in  11 70,  founded  the 
order  of  preaching  friars  called  Dominicans,  at  Toulouse,  in  1215,  and 
be«n  to  travel  in  the  South  of  France  for  the  purpose  of  converting 
the   "  heretical   Albigenses,"   convinced    that    the    ignorance    ol    the 


FREDERIC  If. 


121 


people  and   the  worldliness  of  the  clergy  had   caused   this   heresy. 
After  vainly  attempting  to  convert  them,  he  prevailed  upon  the  Pope 
to  start  a  crusade  against  these  heretics.     A  numerous  army  was  levied, 
called  rost  de  notrc  Seigneur, -^^\^^  host  of  our  Lord,-and  was  led  by 
Simon  de  Montfort.*     The  war  was  carried  on  with  the  most  ferocious 
cruelty  :  and  at  the  storming  of  Beziers,  in  1218,  when  it  was  proposed 
to  spare  the  Catholics,  a  monk  exclaimed,  -  Kill  all ;  God  will  recog- 
nize his  own!"  and  the  atrocious  precept  was  but  too  well  obeyed. 
The  dress  of  the  Dominicans  was  a  white  garment  with  a  black  cloak, 
and  pointed  cap  of  the  same  color.     In  many  pictures,  the  Dominicans 
{Dominc  canes,  the  Lord's  dogs)  are  represented  as  spotted  dogs  chasing 
7^^/eY'.,-heretics.      The  Inquisition  was  confided  to  their  care.      The 
immediate  cause  of   this  tribunal  of  faith-the  Inquisition-was  the 
sect  of  the  Albigenses.     Pope  Innocent  III.  conceived  this  method  of 
extirpating  rebellious  members  of  the  Church,  and  his  immediate  suc- 
cessors completed  it. 

FRANCISCANS. 

Francis  of  Assisi  (a  town  near  Perugia)  was  born  in  1182,  of  the 
family  of  Bernardini  of  Assisi.  His  name  was  John,  but  from  his 
knowledge  of  the  Romance,  or  language  of  the  Troubadours,  he  ac- 
quired the  name  of  ^^  11  Francis cor—i\\t  little  Frenchman.  He  founded 
the  Franciscan  order  at  Assisi,  in  1212.  Their  dress  is  a  brown  tunic 
of  coarse  woolen  cloth  girt  with  a  hempen  cord.  In  1223,  St.  Francis 
went  as  a  missionary  to  the  East,  and  preached  to  the  Sultan  himself; 
but  the  onlv  fruit  of  his  mission  was  a  promise  of  the  Sultan  for  more 
indulgent  treatment  for  the  Christian  captives,  and  for  the  Franciscan 
order  the  privilege  which  they  since  have  enjoyed  as  guardians  of  the 
Church  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre. 

Pierre  Cardinal,  of  an  illustrious  family  at  Puy  in  Yelay,  who  died 
when  almost  a  century  old,  occupied,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  a  distinguished  place  among  the  Troubadours, 
less  on  account  of  the  harmony  of  his  style  than  of  the  vigor  and 
asperity  of  his  satirical  powers.  He  is  the  Juvenal  of  the  Provencals. 
His  boldness  astonishes  us,  at  a  period  when  the  Inquisition  might 
have    called    him    to    account    for    his    offenses   against    the    Church. 


«  Simon  was  Lord  of  Montfort,  not  fax  from  Paris,  and  Earl  of  Leicester,  in  England ; 
and  the  unrighteous  liberality  of  Pope  Innocent  IIL,  in  the  Council  of  the  Lateran,  in 
1215.  made  him  Duke  of  Narbonne,  Earl  of  Toulouse,  and  Viscount  of  Beziers  and  Carcas- 
sonne, territories  which  were  in  part  fiefs  of  the  German  Empire,  and  in  part  fiefs  of  the 
kings  of  France,  and  which  the  Pope  had  no  right  to  dispose  of  widiout  the  consent  of  their 
liege  lords. 


1- » 

4 


SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 

122 

Speaking  of  the   priests,   he  says,    "Indulgences  and  pardons    God 
anTtie'Devil,  are'  all  put  in  requisition.     Upon   these  they  bestow 
Paradise  by  th  ir  pardons  ;  others  they  condemn  to  perdu.on  by  the, 
LlmunLtions.     They  inflict  blows  which  cannot  be  parned,  and 
no  one  is  so  skillful  in  imposition  that  they  cannot  ""1--  "  '^  '^«»; 
There  are  no  crimes  for  which  the  monks  cannot  give  absolut  on     For 
moly  they  grant  to  renegades  and  usurers  that  -pulu,re  wh.cl,  the> 
deny  to   the  poor  because   they  are  unable  to  pay  for   it.      lo  live 
nkas^ntly  -to  buy  good  fish,  the  whitest  bread,  and  the  finest  w.ne,_- 
thisi;  their  obiect'the  whole  year  round.     God  willing,  _I  would  be  o. 

this  order  if  I  coulcl  V^^^J^f^^  Sl'^' F^om  the  east  to 

On  the  general  depravity  of  the  times,  ne  sa>h, 
the  west,  I  will  make  a  new  covenant  with  all  the  world,      lo  every 
loyal  man  I  will  give  a  bezanl*  if  the  disloyal  will  give  me  a  na.l       lo 
2  the  courteous  I  will  give  a  mark  of  gold,  if  the  discourteous  will  giv 
me  a  penny.     To  all  that  speak  the  truth  I  will  give  a  heap  of  gold    .f 
every  liar  wili  give  me  an  egg.     As  to  all  the  laws  that  are  obeyed 
could  write  the'm  upon  a  piece  of  parchment  no  larger  >  -     ^  ^J; 
thumb  of  nn-  glove.     A  young  turtle-dove  would  nourish  all  the  brav, 
for  I  should  be  ashamed  to  offer  them  a  scanty  entertainment      but    1 
1  h,,a  to  invite  the  wicked,  I  would  cry,  without  regard  to  the  place. 
Come  and  feast,  :.l!  lionest  people." 

Kaynioiui   .i.  Castelnau  exclaims,    "If  God  has  willed    the  black 

„onkl  ro  be  u:n, .aled  in  their  good  eating  and  in  their  amours,  and 

,.„  ,i„ie  monk,  :n  their  lying  bulls,  and  the  Templars  and  Hospitallers 

;:;V,idc,  and  ,h,  .anons  in  usury,  I  hold  St.  Peter  and  St   Andrew  to 

iKue  been  egregious  fools  for  suffering  so  many  torments  for  the  sake 

,-  ,■   ,j     ;,H  r  -11  'Ikm    p  .-,>1.   also  are  to  be  saved." 

IViV.'.rbv  ,H.r~..  .:tu.;,,  various  sects  from  other  parts  of  Europe  had 

,,„„,.  ,,,  ,1,;.  -..■;,l>  nl   r-r,u.ce,ana,  from  the  nu,ni.:r  who  had  settled  in 

the  diocese  o,    MU.  .-..-vcd   the   n;unc  of  Albigenses.     They  were  a 

,  1       >:,,!    .U-nienl  '  lu-  .nvneuiu  v  r,f  thr   Vov<.'.  the  po«ei>,  of 
invH.i     iKo^le,   I'Ul   (leiueu.iit        ^ .  i  .   -,  . 

,,'.ao.y.  TiK-y  cn.w^l  '■  wise  toleration  in  the  te.ntor.es  o  the 
,-.,;„„\,f  Toulouse.  Ai  tiu.  period,  the  Provengals,  who  had  been 
enn.h.a  l.N  'b.-ir  rnnimorrial  intercou.-se  with  the  Moors  and  Jews, 
.,;„,,:„,  h.l.  of  neeess.ty,  been  .hpnvn  into  contact  with  those  people, 

respected  'W-  .  Ir.  of  conscience,  wh.lst  the  inhabitants  of  the  country 
,.,....   Ol    ihe  Loire  were    completely  subjected  to  the  power  of  the 


FREDERIC   JI. 


123 


*  Bezant,  a  coin  current  in  Constantinople,  of  about  tlie  value  of  ten  shillings. 


1 


priests  and   the  dominion  of  fanaticism.     The  Spaniards,  more  en- 
lightened  still   than   the    Provencals,  and  not  far  removed  from  the 
period  when  they  had  themselves  been  compelled  to  claim  the  free- 
dom of  opinion  under  the  Moorish  yoke,  were  still  more  tolerant.     A 
century  before   the  Sicilian  Vespers,  the  kings  of  Aragon  were  the 
declared  protectors  of  all  who  were  persecuted  by  the  papal  power,  and 
in  emulation  of  the  kings  of  Castile,  they  were  at  one  time  the  media- 
tors  for  the  Albigenses,  and  at  another  their  defenders  m  the  field. 
The  immediate  pretense  for  the  crusade  of  Pope  Innocent  III.,  in  1209, 
was  the  murder  of  the  papal  legate  and  inquisitor,  Peter  of  Castelnau 
who  had  been  commissioned  to  extirpate  heresy  in  the  dominions  of 
Count  Raymond  VI.  of  Toulouse ;  but  its  real  object  was  to  deprive 
the  count  of  his  lands,  as  he  had  become  an  object  of  hatred  from  his 
toleration  of  the  heretics.     After  hundreds  of  thousands  had  perished 
on  both  sides,  a  peace  was  concluded,  in  1229,  at  which  Raymond  VII. 
purchased  relief  from  the  ban   of  the   Church   by  immense  sums  of 
money,  gave  up  Narbonne  and  several  lordships  to  Louis  IX.,  and  had 
to  make  his  son-in-law,  the  brother  of  Louis,  heir  of  his  other  posses- 
sions. 

DIE    HEILIGE   VEHME. 

While  the  Inquisition  was  gaining  a  foothold  in  the  south,  the  secret 
tribunal  called  Die  Heilige  Vehme  was  growing  stronger  in  the  north. 
When  Henry  the  Lion  was  put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire  and  de- 
prived of  his  possessions,  in  11 79,  Westphalia  was  granted  lu  the  Arch- 
bishop of  Cologne,  and  in  the  general  confusion  which  then  luevailcd 
in  Germany,  when  all  laws,  both  civil  and  ecclesiastical,  had  iu.t  in.tir 
authority,  and  the  fabric  of  society  seemed  toi)pling   into  ruins,  the 
Heilige  Fe/me—Ho])'  Com  i— was  organized  for  tlv.  j.iirpose  of  arresting 
and  controlling  the  incipient  nnandiv  that  ihreatciK-d  u.   1-ring  chaos 
back  again,  and   of  in^i.rin^   wiili   irdinirs  of  ^ahitary  terror,  through 
the  agency  of  their  mysterioiN  juiwors  :ind  >.o]cinn  jiid-mont<.  all  rapa- 
cious  ancl    lawir..    ])ersons,  particularly  the    tcudal    baro!i>.  wlio   com- 
mitted criinc>  wiih  imiaiMiiv.       In  aiiv  Gorman  >tatc.  tho  man  who  had 
a  complaint  against  hi.,  neighbor,  winch  could  not  bo  sustained  l)efore 
the    ordinary  judges,  betook   ibm-^clf  to    the    Heilige  Vehme.      These 
secret  tribunals  were  most  terrible  in  tlu'  lornlccntli  and  fifteenth   cen- 
turies.    The   members   recognized   each   other    b\    ( eriam    M-n^    .aid 
watch-words,  and    hent  e   were  called   Wissen. fni   (knowing,    ones),  or 
Illumiuati.      They  bound  ihem^^elve-,  by  a  tremendous  oath  to  support 
the  holy  tribunal,  and    "to  conceal  it  fr.)m  wiie  anal   child,  father  and 
mother^  sister  and  brother,  hre  and  wind,  to  an  all  tiiat  the  sun  shines 


'^k 


124 


SUABIAX  EMPERORS. 


on,  the  rain  moistens,  and  from  all  that  is  between  heaven  and  earth." 
They  acknowledged  the  Emperor  as  their  superior,  and  made  him  one 
of  their  number  at  his  coronation.  Their  open  tribunals  were  held 
by  day,  in  the  open  air;  their  secret  ones  by  night,  in  the  dungeons 
of  castles  or  subterraneous  places. 

Dortmund,  that  ancient  walled  town  and  free  imperial  city  and 
Hanse  town,  was  the  chief  seat  of  the  Vehme.  The  site  of  the  present 
Bd/uihof  {n\\\\\3.y  station)  was  the  place  of  meeting  of  the  most  cele- 
brated of  all  the  tribunals  held  in  the  district  of  the  *'Red  Earth"  (so 
called  from  the  color  of  the  soil ).  Under  the  venerable  lime-tree 
which  still  grows  on  the  west  side  of  the  station,  the  naked  sword  of 
justice  and  the  willow  wythe  were  laid  upon  a  stone  table  before  the 
assembled  judges.  In  1429,  the  Emperor  Sigismund  was  initiated  i:i 
the  Königshof, — King's  Court, — under  the  lime-tree  at  Dortmund, 
kneeling  on  his  right  knee  bared,  with  head  uncovered,  before  the 
Frcigraf, — Free  Count, — the  two  forefingers  of  his  right  hand  on  the 
wythe,  and  two  swords  laid  crosswise  before  him ;  he  took  the  oath  to 
keep  the  secrets  of  the  Vehme,  and  received  the  watch-words, — Strick, 
Stein,  Grass,  Grein  (rope,  stone,  horrible,  weep),— the  meaning  of 
which,  as  well  as  of  the  password, — "Reinir  dor  Fewerei," — has  been 
so  well  kept  that  they  are  no  longer  understood. 

The  summons  was  secretly  affixed  to  the  door  of  the  accused,  who 
was  to  meet  the  IVissende  at  a  certain  hour  and  place  and  be  con- 
ducted before  the  tribunal.  The  persons  convicted,  as  well  as  those 
who  refused  to  obey  the  summons,  were  given  over  to  the  execution- 
ers. The  first  Frcischoffe  who  met  him  was  bound  to  hang  him  on  a 
tree,  or,  if  he  made  any  resistance,  to  i)ut  him  otherwise  to  death.  A 
knife  was  left  by  the  cor])se  to  show  that  it  was  not  a  murder,  but  a 
punishment  inflicted  by  one  of  the  Freischoffcn.  The  last  real  Vehme, 
or  Femgericht,  was  held  at  Celle,  in  Hanover,  in  the  year  1568.  A 
remnant  of  the  institution  existed  in  Westphalia  until  the  year  i8ii,at 
which  time  it  was  performing  the  functions  of  a  society  for  the  sup- 
pression of  vice,  when  it  was  abolished  by  an  order  of  Jerome  Bona- 
parte. 

HANSEATIC    LEAGUE. 

Hansa,  in  the  old  Teutonic  dialect,  means  league  for  mutual  defense. 
In  those  times  the  sea  and  land  swarmed  with  pirates  and  robbers;  and 
the  navigation  of  the  Elbe  became  so  insecure  that  it  gave  rise  to  a 
confederacy  in  1 241,  between  Hamburg,  Hadeln,and  Lubec,  to  defend 
one  another  against  all  violence,  and  particularly  against  all  attacks  of 
the  nobles.     In  1247,  Brunswick  joined  the  league,  and  then  city  after 


FREDERIC  IL 


125 


city  followed,  until,  in  1260,  it  became  necessary  to  hold  a  diet  at  Lubec. 
The  largest  number  of  cities  or  towns  that  ever  belonged  to  it  was 
eighty-five.  Four  great  factories,  as  they  were  called,  were  established 
in  foreign  countries,— in  London,  in  1250  ;  in  Bruges,  in  1252  ;  in  Nov- 
gorod, in  1272;  and  in  Bergen,  in  1278.  Charters  from  kings  and 
princes  gave  firmness  to  the  whole;  and  in  1364  an  act  of  confederacy 
was  drawn  up  and  signed  at  Cologne.  But  when  the  routes  by  land 
and  sea  were  no  longer  insecure,  and  the  discovery  of  x^merica  pro- 
duced a  total  revolution  in  trade,  this  league  was  no  longer  necessary. 
The  Emperor  Charles  V.  was  opposed  to  this  alliance,  and  their  last  diet 
was  held  at  Lubec,  in  1630.  Hamburg,  Bremen,  and  Lubec  were  in- 
corporated with  the  French  empire  in  1810.  As  these  cities  co-operated 
vigorously  in  the  recovery  of  German  independence,  they  were  acknowl- 
edged, together  with  Frankfort,  as  free  cities  of  Germany,  by  the  Con- 
gress of  Vienna. 

IMPERIAL    FREE    CITIES. 

Cologne,  Bonn,  Coblentz,  Worms,  and  Speyer,  on  the  Rhine,  and 
Ratisbon  (Regensburg),  Passau,  and  Vienna,  had,  in  their  origin,  been 
Roman  camps  of  the  sixteen  legions  that  for  centuries  had  been  stationed 
on  the  borders  of  Germany.  The  neighboring  Gallic  and  German 
inhabitants  had  successively  settled  around  these  bulwarks  for  their 
protection  and  commerce.  Foreign  merchants  from  distant  countries 
had  there  opened  their  markets  and  fairs,  and  thus  those  wealthy  and 
powerful  cities  arose  which,  later  during  the  Middle  Ages  as  free  im.- 
perial  towns,— Tv-r/V  Reichsstädte,— \\txQ  to  form  their  armed  con- 
federacies and  bear  down  on  the  spear-point  the  despotism  of  the 
proud  nobility  of  the  Germanic  empire. 

The  German  cities  developed  rapidly  after  the  tenth  century.  The 
Italian  republics,  whose  first  formation  we  discover  in  the  times  of  the 
Saxon  Emperors,— Milan,  Pavia,  Genoa,  Pisa,  Lodi,  Como,— and  the 
free  communes  in  France  (that  is,  republican  cities),— Le  Mans,  Cam- 
brai,  Soissons,  and  Amiens,— extended  their  influence  into  Germany. 

Though  the  political  system  of  the  Hohenstaufen  Emperors  was 
adverse  "to  the  emancipation  of  the  cities,  yet  they  were  often  obliged, 
in  their  contests  with  princes  and  prelates,  to  demand  the  aid  of  the 
faithful  and  wealthy  burgesses,  and  to  grant  them  privileges  and  im- 
munities. The  German  cities,  during  that  bustling  period,  daily 
increased  in  population  and  riches ;  and  the  crusades  to  the  East  and 
on  the  Baltic  developed  new  resources  for  more  extensive  commerce. 
Venice,  Genoa,  and  Pisa  brought  the  merchandise  of  the  Levant  to 
their  ports,  whence  it  was  conveyed  through  the  passes  of  the  Alps 


r  SUABIAN  EMPERORS. 

120 

into  Germany,  and  thence  to  the  North  Sea  and  the  Baltic.  Augsburg, 
Strasburg,  Ratisbon,  Nuren^berg,  Bamberg,  W-orms,  Speyer  and  May- 
ence,  in  the  south  an.l  centre  of  Germany,  Cologne,  Erfurt,  ]5runs- 
wick,  Lüneberg,  Hamburg,  Bremen,  Lubec,  and  many  others,  .n  the 
nortli,  built  and  extended  their  walls  and  towers,  and  a  contmually 
active  and  increasing  population  animated  their  streets.  Their  nches 
soon  gave  them  the  means  to  purchase  their  freedom  from  the  prmces 
secular  or  ecclesiastic,  who  had  been  impoverished  by  the.r  continual 
feuds,  and  sought  every  means  to  restore  their  exhausted  resources. 

The  great  i^oint  with  the  citizens  was  to  get  r.d  of  the  mM-enal 
or  seigneurial  bailiff,  and  to  form  their  own  municipal  government  wuh 
civic 'magistrates  [Bürgermeister)  and  councillors  {^Rathsherren)  .U 
the  head  of  the  executive  power ;  then  to  establish  the.r  oty  law 
(Stadirecht),  their  courts  of  justice,  and  arm  the  citizens  under  the 
banner  of  the  town.  The  nobility,  when  too  late,  began  to  perceive 
the  danger  arising  from  such  numerous  corporations  of  organized  an.l 
armed  citizens;  while  the  towns,  foreseeing  the  opposition  of  tie 
nobles,  began  to  strengthen  their  cause  by  confederacies  for  the  pro- 
tection of  their  freedom,  their  independence,  and  their  co.nmerce. 

The  Confederacv  of  the  Rhenish  Cities,  der  Rheinische  Stadtehurt, 
for  offense  and  defense  against  the  petty  princes  on  the  Rhine,  who 
from  their  castles  plundered  the  commerce  on  that  superb  river,  was 
formed  in  1247-55.  It  was  a  citizen  of  Mayence,  Arnold  Walpoc.e, 
who  first  suggested  the  plan  of  freeing  commerce  from  the  oppression 
of  the  knightly  highwaymen  whose  strongholds  studded  the  banks  ot 
the  Rhine  All  the  cities  from  Basle  down  to  Wesel  joined  the  Con- 
federacy, and  even  the  haughty  ecclesiastic  sovereigns,  Gerhard  of 
Mayence,  Conrad  of  Cologne,  Arnold  of  Treves,  the  Abbot  of  Fulda, 
and  the  counts  and  barons,  were  forced  by  the  arms  of  the  merchants 
to  enter  the  association. 

CELEBRATED   SCHOL.\RS. 

Albert,  Count  of  Bollstlidt,  was  born  in  Suabia,  about  the  year  1193- 
He  is  usually  called  Albertus  Magnus  or  Albertus  Teutonicus.  He 
studied  at  Padua,  and  taught  at  Hildesheim,  Ratisbon,  and  Cologne 

Saxo  Grammaticus,  a  Dane,   who  wrote  the  history  of  Denmark, 

flourished  in  1170.  ,  •  .  r 

William  of  Tyre,  Archbishop  of  Tyre  in   1174,  wrote  a  history  ot 

flip  criis3.QCS. 

Peter  Lombard,  so  called  because  he  was  born  in  Lombardy,  was 
Bishop  of  Paris  in    1150.     He  wrote  a  commentary  on  the  Psalms, 


FREDERIC  IT. 


127 


i 


made  a  collection  from  the  Fathers  on  the  Epistles  of  St.  Paul,  and  a 
system  of  divinity,  extracted  from  the  writings  of  Hilary,  Ambrose, 
Jerome,  and  Augustine,  entitled  The  Sentences. 

Conrad  of  Lichtcnaic  was  for  some  time  in  the  court  of  the  Emperor 
Henry  VI.,  and  in  1205  became  abbot  of  a  monastery  in  Suabia. 

Rodcric  Ximencs,  Archbishop  of  Toledo,  in  1208  wrote  a  history  of 

Sj  a  n. 

Gervase  of  Tilbury,  nephew  to  Henry  H.  of  England,  was  made 
Marshal  of  Aries,  in  France.  He  was  a  favorite  with  the  Emperor 
Otho  IV.,  and  wrote  works  to  amuse  him. 

Roger  Bacon,  an  English  monk,  born  in  1214,  through  the  force  of 
his  intellect  raised  himself  far  above  his  age.  He  paid  great  attention 
to  science,  invented  the      agnifying-glass,  and  made  several  chemical 

discoveries. 

Thomas  Aquinas,  of  the  family  of  the  counts  of  Aquino,  was  born 
in  the  castle  of  Rocca  Secca,  in  1224.  He  received  the  rudiments  of 
his  education  from  the  Benedictine  monks  of  Monte  Casino,  and  com- 
pleted his  studies  at  the  University  of  Naples.  Afterwards  he  went  to 
the  Dominican  college  at  Cologne,  to  be  further  instructed  by  the 
famous  Albertus  T^Iagnus.  There  he  studied  in  such  silence  that  his 
companions  gave  him  the  name  of  the  -  Dumb  Ox."  Albertus  replied, 
''  This  ox  wiU  one  day  fill  the  world  with  his  bellowing."  St.  Thomas, 
called  also  the  "Angelic  Doctor,"  became  one  of  the  most  influential 
of  the  scholastic  theologians. 

Matthew  Paris,  an  English  Benedictine  monk,  initiated  at  St.  Albans, 
in  1 21 7,  is  accounted  the  best  historian  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

Robert  de  Sorbonne,  a  favorite  of  St.  Louis,  founded  and  endowed 
the  College  of  Theology  in  Paris,  in   1250.     The  college  afterwards 

took  his  name. 

Marco  Paolo,  son  of  a  Venetian  merchant,  the  greatest  traveler  ni 
the  thirteenth  century,  visited  the  Great  Khan  of  the  Tartars,  China, 
Japan,  the  East  Indies,  Madagascar,  and  the  coast  of  Africa.  He  made 
the  acquaintance  of  Prester  John,  and  is  said  to  have  brought  home 
the  mariner's  compass  from  China.* 


<^-  In  Asiatic  Tartary,  Kenchan,  a  very  powerful  king,  having  died  in  the  beginning  of 
the  twelfth  centurv.  a  certain  priest  of  the  Xestorians.  whose  name  was  John,  made  so  suc- 
cessful an  attack  upon  the  kingdom  while  it  was  destitute  of  a  head  that  he  gained  possession 
of  it,  and  from  a  presbyter  became  the  sovereign  of  a  great  empire.  This  was  the  ^imous 
Prester  John,  whose  countrv  was  for  a  long  time  deemed  by  the  Europeans  the  seat  of  all 
felicity  and  opulence.  Because  he  had  been  a  presbyter  before  he  gained  the  kingdom, 
most  persons  continued  to  call  him  Prester  John  after  he  had  acquired  regal  dignity. 


128 


SU  AB  IAN  EMPERORS. 


INTERREGNUxM. 

William  of  Holland  was  the  first  to  be  elected  Emperor.  In  the 
winter  of  1256,  he  marched  against  the  Frisians  with  his  army  of  cheva- 
liers, and,  crossing  the  frozen  lake  near  Medenblic,  the  ice  broke  under 
him,  and  being  in  full  armor,  on  his  heavy  war-horse,  the  light-footed 
Frisians  rushed  upon  him,  and,  refusing  money  and  promises,  kdled 
him  and  all  his  helpless  men-at-arms.  After  his  death  the  electors, 
in  1257,  sold  the  title  of  Emperor  to  Richard  of  Connvall,  brother  of 
Henry  III.  of  England,  but  were  unable  to  confer  on  him  the  power 
connected  with  that  dignity.  Then  Alphonso  X*  was  elected,  but  he 
never  went  to  Germany. 

The  duchy  of  Franconia  became  extinct  when  the  succession  of  the 
Salic  House  terminated,  in  1137.  Suabia  was  dismembered  on  the 
fall  of  the  Hohenstaufens,  and  divided  between  the  nobility  and  the 
Church.  Only  the  counts  of  Würtemberg  succeeded  in  placing  them- 
selves at  the  head  of  the  Suabian  nobility.  They  had  already  chosen 
Stuttgart  as  their  place  of  residence.  After  them  the  counts  of  Baden, 
scions  of  the  Hohenstaufen  race,  acquired  from  the  House  of  Zahringen 
the  territory  of  the  Breisgau,  on  the  Upper  Rhine.  This  was  the 
beginning  of  the  House  of  Baden. 

The  great  flimilies  of  Austria,  Bavaria,  and  Luxemburg,  though  not 
electoral,  were  the  real  heads  of  the  German  Empire.  The  throne 
had  now  been  vacant  twenty-three  years,  and  Pope  Gregory  X.,  seeing 
the  unsettled  state  of  things,  ordered  an  Emperor  to  be  chosen,  or  he 
would  choose  one  himself.  This  choice  was  left  to  the  seven  electors, 
the  Archbishops  of  Mayence,  Treves,  and  Cologne,  and  the  Electors 
of  Saxony,  Brandenburg,  the  Palatinate,  and  Bohemia.  Their  choice 
fell  upon  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg. 


'>^  Alphonso  X..surnamed  "  the  Astronomer."  "  the  Philosopher,"  or  "  the  Wise,"  King 
of  Leon  and  Castile,  was  the  most  learned  prince  of  his  time,  and  has  acquired  lasting  fame 
through  the  completion  of  the  code  of  laws  commenced  by  his  fother  which  in  1501.  be- 
came'the  universal  law  of  the  land.  He  lavished  the  resources  of  his  kingdom  in  fruitless 
efforts  to  secure  his  election  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Germany.  There  are  still  extant 
several  long  poems  of  his,  besides  a  work  on  chemistry,  and  another  on  philosopliy.  He 
is  also  credited  with  a  history  of  the  Church  and  the  crusades,  and  is  said  to  have  ordered  a 
translation  of  the  Bible  into  Spanish.  He  sought  to  improve  the  Ptolemaic  planetary  tables, 
and  in  1240  he  assembled  at  Toledo  upwards  of  fifty  of  the  most  celebrated  astronomers 
of  that  age.  His  improved  tables,  still  known  under  the  name  of  the  Alphonsine  Tables 
were  completed  in  1252,  at  the  cost  of  forty  thousand  ducats,— an  unprecedented  sum  to 
be  expended  on  such  a  work  in  those  days. 


HAPSBURG,  AND  OTHER  HOUSES. 


A.D 


Rudolph  of  Hapsburg  claimed  maternal  descent  from  Charle- 
magne      .....•••••• 

Adolph  of  Nassau,  descended  from  a  brother  of  Conrad  I. 
Albert  I.,  son  of  Rudolph  of  Hapsburg  .... 

Henry  VII.  of  Luxemburg 

Frederic  the  Handsome,  son  of  Albert  I.  .  .  . 
Louis  the  Bavarian,  cousin  of  Frederic  the  Handsome 
Charles  IV.,  grandson  of  Henry  VH.  of  Luxemburg      . 

Günther  of  Schwarzburg 

Wenceslaus,  son  of  Charles  IV 

Rupert  of  the  Palatinate,  of  the  House  of  Wittelsbach 
Sigismund,  brother  of  Wenceslaus       ... 


1273-1291 
1 292-1 298 
1 298- 1 308 
1 308-1 31 3 
1314-1330 

1314-1347 

1347-137S 

1349 
1378-1410 

14.00-1410 
1410-1437 


129 


HAPSBURG,  AND  OTHER  HOUSES. 


RUDOLPH    OF  HAPSBURG.  RUDOLPH  VOx\    HABSBURG. 

A.D.    1273. 

"  Melius  bene  imperare,  quam  imperium  ampliare."     (Better  to  govern  the  empire  well 

than  to  enlarge  it.) 

The  castle  of  Hapsburg,  Hawk's  Castle,  the  cradle  of  the  House 
of  Austria,  was  built  by  Count  Radbod  of  Altenberg,  in  1020.  It  is 
situated  about  twenty  miles  from  Zurich,  on  the  road  to  Basle.  The 
view  from  its  summit  ranges  along  the  course  of  three  rivers,  and  the 
eye  takes  in  at  a  glance  the  whole  Swiss  patrimony  of  the  Hapsburgs. 
Tradition  relates  that  once  when  Rudolph  was  returning  to  this  castle, 
mounted  on  a  magnificent  steed,  he  saw  a  priest,  carrying  the  viaticum, 
standing  on  the  bank  of  the  stream,  which  the  rains  had  swollen  into  a 
torrent.  He  rode  up  to  him,  leaped  from  the  saddle,  knelt  to  receive  the 
benediction  of  the  man  of  God,  then  offered  him  his  horse  to  ford  the 
river.  The  priest  accepted  it  ;  Rudolph  ff)]lnwed  on  foot  to  the  couch 
of  the  dying  man,  and  after  the  administration  of  the  eucharist  the 
priest  returned  the  horse  to  ilie  Count,  who  refused  it.  The  priest 
insisted.  Kudolph  replied,  ''God  forbid,  my  fithcr.  tlui  I  should  be 
proud  enough  to  use  a  hur.-^c  winch  \\\^  (  arricci  ni\  Creator  !  Keep  it, 
then,  as  a  ]»ledge  r^fniv  devotion  to  vonr  lioly  order:  it  belongs  hence- 
forth to  your  Church."  li  ii  years  later  tins  poor  priest  became  chap- 
lain to  the  Archbishoj)  Wrniir  of  Mayence,  and  ilnrc  w.h  .i  rumor 
of  Kiüii'ipli  of  Ha])-1)in-L;'^  nonViiialion  for  hiinperor.  Now  the  priest 
renKMiil.icnal  Ihav  \\\>  .sciL;ncur  had  !nnnl)lcd  Imnscit  i)ciuic  irmi,  .nni  m 
his  graiiiiidc  iio  v.i-^licd  to  rctmai  tlu'  iionor  lie  had  received  from  him. 
His  })lace  gave  liim  -rcat  credit  wiili  li.e  .  rclibi-iiop.  wi^)  Inui  great 
influence  witli  iIk'  flc(aor>.  Rudolph  ol)taine(l  tlie  inaj^a-it_\-.  an«!  was 
elected  Innpcror  of  tlie  Hol\-  Roman  (icrman  1-innpii'e.  Tue  House  of 
Angina  was  deprived  ol"  il^  Swi>s  territories  i'\'  i).np:il  Xrxw  one  innidred 
:md  fiftv  ve;u-N  after  Rudolpli's  elevatifni  :  l)iit  it  h  l)elieve  1  tinu  t,ie 
lain  of  tile  castle  lias  again  l)e(a)me  tlie  property  (jt  tac  Au>triaa 
I'impire  by  }jurchase. 


M- 


11.  i  I  'SB  L  'K  u,   .l.\  '/^    c  J  /  'iir.  A"    HO  USES. 


( )ii  tiu;  h.iiik^  o!  I  he 


')-,>,  al)üul  loru-luu  ini'ir-^  ironi  Zurich,  uii  lh<,' 

roiid     lo    S(  hafflKiu^en,    rise-^ 
the   ca^tl'-'   of    lv\l)iTu,  inhtT 


i:''g» 


iicii  l>\  Kii(ic)li-;i  t.l  i  i.ip 
in  1  JO  |,  on  t  lie  tailui'.  ol  t  vw 
linr  ot'  ihc  powcilul  cnnis 
of  IwUciu,  who  floiirir>h.nl 
hciwaen  ihr  ninth  and  thir- 
Urnni  <  rniuries.  Here  Ru- 
doli)h  ami  oiiu  i  Emperors 
uUeii  lesidccl,  ai.d  here  they 
kept  the  regalia  of  the  em- 
pire. Tlie  castle  passed  from 
them  ill  i;^-;.  }et  the  Em- 
peror of  Austria  still  retains 
the  title  ut  Count  oi  K\herg. 
During  the  turbulent  time  of 
the  Interregnum,  Rudolph 
lived  on  his  family  estates, 
and  defended  to  the  utmost 
of  his  power  all  who  recpiired 
assistance  against  the  oppres- 
sion and  injustice  of  the  rapa- 
cious knights.  He  was  for  a 
long  time  tlie  protector  and 
governor  of  Zurich  and  Stras- 
burg, and  (Ä  the  towns  situ- 
ated at  the  foot  of  \hv  Alps 
kS  <{.  (iothard.  i  h-  was  re- 
spected i'\  iiK-  Archbisho})  of 
CoK)l:ik-.  I):il  tiiore  e>i>cciadv  held  m  in^li  esteem  i'V  Werner,  of  the 
princeiv  House  of  Nassau,  Archla^iiop  of  Mayence.  Du  one  occasio  i 
when  thi>  prehile  look  a  joinau'\'  to  Rome  to  rer-fdve  the  i)a]1inin  froM 
tiie  Pope.  deeiniuL:"  tiu'  passage  liirou^^h  trie  niounlain^  mI  S\\  ii/eiland 
unsafe,  he  rcMjue^led  Count  Rnah)lph  to  c-eort  'nni  iVoin  Si  ra-l  »urg  to 
the  Alp-,  wiiieh  wa>  (h)ne  with  ad  the  chivalne  laitii  ot"  a.  tnir  kni_:lv:. 
During  the  journe\-  the  aia  hladiop  betaiine  w  ^al  ar.juainted  with  iiiin, 
and  when  he-  took  leave,  >aid  that  lie  (m\\  wished  to  Ww  lonu  riioii-h 
to  be  able  in  >()ine  degree  to  reward  huu  for  iii>  -rrvice^.  W 'hen  the 
eleel()r>  a-,>enibled  to  ele(  I  the  hhnperor,  Werner  (M>i1\  ]aa'\auied  upon 
the  Arehbi^^hops  of  Treves  and  Cologne  to  vote  for  Rudolidi  ;    ami    the 


KOUOLPIIE   UH    11  \1.    HOUKG. 


RUDOLPH   OF   IIAPSBURG. 


■f  "^  "^ 


Burm-ave     of    Nuremberg,    Frederic    von     Hohcnzollern,     Rudolph's 


„(itiua-in^hiw,  won    the  secular  vote^  by  telling   the   princ  es   that    Ru- 


1 


duli-^li  had  six  daughier>.  and  each  prince  could  have  a  witV.  Tnus 
Ru(h»l|)h  became  Em])eror,  and  Werner  remained  alway>  hi>  aitldul 
friend.  Although  Rudolph  wa>  neither  so  wealthy  nor  so  ])Owertul  as 
5,i.,,i\-  of  the  (jtlier  priiK  es  of  (lennany.  yet  he  (  onld  trace  his  decent 
from  Charlemagne  through  his  maternal  ancestors.  He  liad  ab(.)  been 
the  coni])anuj!i  and  friend  of  the  kanperor  Frederic  ll..wia>  m  tiie 
year  i  2  i  S  had  stood  goddather  to  liim,  and  m  one  oi  ;ii>  cani[)aignb 
in  ltad\    liad  (  onferred  upiUi  hirn  the  order  of  knigluhood. 

Rudolpii,  wlio  little  expecte.l  to  be  ma-le  Emperor.  wa>  engaged  in  a 
war  witii  the  city  of  Basle  wiien  l-re<]eric  of  Nurein])erg  arrived  at  mid- 
night to  nd\uiu  him  of  his  election.  At  first  lie  did  not  believe  it,  but 
when  Henry  of  Pappenheiup,  Marshal  of  the  k'mpire,  arrivr.L  Rudolph 
sent  Frederic  into  the  cit\  witli  an  offer  of  peace,  which  they  accepted 
with  gladness,  and  were  the  first  to  congratulate  him.  Rudolph  went 
first  to  Frankfort,  and  then  to  Aix-la-Chapelle,  where  lie  was  publicly 
crowned.  When  the  princes  came  to  render  him  their  homage  for 
their  estates,  it  happened  that  the  sieptre  could  nowhere  be  found. 
Rudolph  removed  the  difficulty  by  taking  a  crucifix  to  perform  the 
ceremony  of  enfeofi'ment,  saying  that  "  instead  of  the  sceptre,  a  symbol 
by  which  the  world  was  redeemed  may  well  supply  its  place." 

'  After  his  coronation  he  sent  a  proclamation  throughout  the  empire, 
saying,  ''I  now  intend,  by  the  blessing  of  God,  to  re-establish  peace 
throughout  this  distracted  country,  and  to  take  under  my  protection, 
against  further  tyranny,  those  who  have  been  long  oppressed."  He 
then  traveled  through  Franconia,  Suabia,  and  along  the  Rhine.  In, 
Thuringia  he  de.Viroyed  more  than  sixty  castles  of  robber-barons,  and 
hanged  mon^  than  thirty  of  their  owners.  He  also  destroyed  many 
castas  along  the  Rhine,  and  favored  the  growth  of  free  cities,  to  which 
he  gave  charters. 

Not  oni\-  the  ])etiv  priiu  e-.  but  the  magnates  also,  were  called  upon 
to  perform  liieir  d.utie^.  Ottocar,  King  of  Boluania.  would  not  hear 
of  sul)iection  to  the  kanpercu-.  He  i)ossessed.  in  addition  to  Bo- 
hemia, the  Au>trian  e>taies,  whici^.  after  the  extinction  of  tlie  ducal 
house  ^^  r.abeiiberg.  he  iia<l  obtained  partly  I'V  inheritance  and  i>anlv 
b\  monev  a.nd  force  of  arms.  Cttocar  declared  that  he  would  never 
submit  to  be  nialer  one  who  had  >erved  under  him.  and  whom  he 
had.  rcu-arded  ar,  his  interior.  Rudolph  summoned  him  to  a])pear 
at  tlie  diet  of  Nuremberg  in  1274.  there  to  take  the  u>ual  oath  of 
But  Ottocar  came  neither  to  that   nor  to  a  second  diet 


alle 


ance, 


'  ^, 


134 


i/.u\^/uA'(;,  AM)  oriiJ:K  //ccV.sa.v. 


RIDOLPH   or   IIA  PS  r,  UK  G. 


^35 


at  Wiir/I)in\u  ;  and  to  a  third,  licld  at  Aui^shiir^i^-  in  i--'75.  la-  <'i;i\'  -^^'H  ; 
jk'rnard,  iJi^hoj)  of  Srckan,  a^  his  la-prc-^rntatiw,  Nvh(j  \\a>  -< »  daiin-  a. 
to  l>CL;in  a  speech  in  Latin  in  the  ]tre>en(e  ol  tlie  a:--einl)K't  1  p!  iia  e^,  in 
which  lu.'  attempted  to  prow  th.it  Kudi  »lph'>  eU'(  t  ion  \va-^  not 
mate.       'IT;e    Mniperor   niterrupted    liinu  taxing, 


M 


ifd 


le: 


1--1 101, 


1- 

if 


\()U  ha\e  atn\  alVai!>-  to  settle  wuii  1 
riu  ans  m  1  ,atin  :  hut  if  \ o'l  liave  a'l.uli 
(il"  m\  empire.  >pt.'ak.  a--  i>  tiic  cu-t.an. 
'}  iir  piiiHC-.  uei'c  :-o  indi'jaciiil  I'ha!  ll 
but  the  la-^hop  r^iu  ed  them  the  tr(.)ui»k 
OttcM.iF  \\■a~^  1m>w  put  nuiier  the  ha 
inscdent  ihjt  he  ortUacc 
ot'lhc  bcUi  1  '  he  lied  up  at  tiie  gates 

m 


\'    (  U  rux 


>(\\  K 


to 


n^a  n    i  I  \ 


1] 


1 1 )  •.  i\  to  me.  or  o!  t  ue  pri\  :  le^cs 
n  tiie  ianguas^c  <  u'  tlic  (  oeni  r\-." 
\  were  going  to  luan  hum  out; 
)\  departing  of  his  own  accord. 
«-I   the  empire;   but  be  was  so 


the   lierald>  \n]io  brought   him  the  clcclaration 

I'rague.  lvu(h)lpli  immediate!)' 
prepared:  U)  marc  h  against  him;  he  had  given  liis  (huighter  Katharin«.^ 
in  marriage  to  Otho,  son  of  the  Duke  of  l^avaria,  and  his  son  All)ert  had 
married  ldi/al)et!i,  (kiughter  of  the  powerful  Count  Meinhard  of  the 
1  yrob  Ottocar  expected  that  Rudolph  would  march  directly  towards 
Pniizue  ;  but  instead  of  that  he  subdued  the  country  as  far  as  Vienna, 
where  he  was  joined  by  Count  Meinhard,  who  had  forced  his  way 
through  Carinthia  and  the  Steiermark  (Styria).  Rudolph  laid  siege  to 
Vienna,  while  Ottocar  encami)ed  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Danube  ; 
but  the  Emperor  threw  a  bridge  across  the  river,  and  'Ottocar, 
alarmed,  immediately  offered  peace.  He  was  obliged  to  resign  Austria, 
Styria,  Carinthia,  and  Carniola.  For  the  ratification  of  peace,  a  mar- 
riage was  contracted  between  the  l)ohemian  crown  prince,  Wenceslaus, 
and  a  daughter  of  the  Emperor,  and  another  between  one  of  Rudolph's 
sons  >  nd  a  Bohemian  princess.  Ottocar  then  came  to  Rudolph's  camp 
to  ol)tain  the  enfeoffment  of  his  estates.  ''  The  King  of  Bohemia  has 
often  laughed  at  my  gray  doublet,"  said  Rudolph,  'Mnit  to-day  ny 
gray  doublet  shall  laugh  at  him."  Accordingly,  arrayed  in  i)lain  attire, 
and  seat.d  upon  the  imperial  throne,  he  received  the  King,  who, 
glittering  in  gold  and  purple,  was  now  obliged,  in  presence  of  all  tlie 
bishops  and  princes,  to  supplicate  for  pardon  on  his  knees,  and  to  do 
homage  for  his  kingdom  of  Bohemia  and  Moravia.  Ottocar  rode  off 
in  ill  humor,  and  for  very  shame  delayed  his  return  to  Prague.  Ru- 
dolph by  no  means  trusted  the  proud  king,  and  therefore  remained  in 
Austria  wdth  his  faithful  Alsatian  and  Suabian  knights.  As  soon  as 
possible,  Ottocar  collected  an  army,  and  returned  to  give  battle  to 
Rudolph,  who  met  him  at  Marchfeld,  on  the  Danube,  not  far  from 
Vienna,  where  a  fierce  battle  took  place,  in  August,  1278,  in  which 
Ottocar  was  defeated  and  lost  his  life.      Ten  years  previous,  Ottocar 


hadi  ^^^eiil  \vor<l  tc»  Ciiarles  (d"  Anjou  not  to  >pare  tlie  \\vc>  of  Conradino 
and  ]ii-(()UMn  lM-e<]eri(  a  l)ecause  he  wanted  Austria  and  Styria  h^r  Inm- 
selt".  Wh.eii  pe:ice  was  coiK  hided,  the  marriage  l)etwecn  tlie  two  royal 
lunivc^  w;i.^  (ekd)rat.-d.  and  Bohemia  was  -(jverned  in  tru<t  for  the 
chikh-tui  wl    ()ito<  ar  ]>\   tlie  Margrave  ot^  Bran<len])arg. 

Kudolj/u  traii-^lerred  AuMria   to   lii-  own    h»juse,  as  an    imiierial  lief, 
witli  liie  (ajuseiiL  of  tiie  (deruun   j>rince:.,  because,  iiiey  said,  "  it  wa^ 
only  just  that  Rndn1p]i  -lionld  (  ouvey  to  hi>  own  <  iiildren.  it  lie  tliougiit 
fit.  that  principality  which  he  had  rcconqueredi   h;r  tlie  emi are  uith  so 
much  sacrifice  of  his  own   blood."      Accordingly,  in  August.  j2Sj,  at 
an  imperial  diet  held  at  Augsburg,  he  took  solemn  possession  i;.ereof, 
and,  in  the  presence  of  all  the  princes  and  nobles  of  the  empire,  he  gave 
to  his  son  Albert  the  countries  of  Aur^tna,  Si\  ria,  and  Carniola ;   but 
Carinthia  he  gave  to  Meinhard,  Count  of  Tvrol.  whose  daughter  his  son 
Albert  had  married.      He  had  intended  to  give  Id-  favorite  son,  Hart- 
mann, wdio  was  drowned  in  the  Rhine,  the  re-established  kingdom  of 
Burgundy.     To  his  second  son,  Rudolph,  he  gave  his  estates  in  Haps- 
burg,  Switzerland,  and  Suabia.   Although  the  Emperor  retained  the  title 
Roman,  he  never  went  to  Italy,   calling   it   ''the   lion's  den,— many 
footsteps  leading  in,  but  none  out."     He  chose  Vienna  for  his  residence. 
He  did  everything  in  his  power  to  make  the  imperial  title  hereditary  in 
his  family,  but  the  nobles  thought  Germany  would  cease  to  be  an  elect- 
ive kingdom  if  the  son  succeeded  his  father,  and  refused  their  consent 
He  then  left  Frankfort,  and  w^ent  to  Basle.     He  was  growing  infirm, 
and  disease  had  fastened  on  him.     His  physicians  constantly  attended 
him   the   last   year  of  his  life.      One  day  while  he  was   sitting  at  the 
chess-board,  they  announced  to  him  the  near  approach  of  his  death. 
*'Well,  then,"  he  said,  'Met  us  away,  my  friends,  to  Speyer,  to  the 
tomb  of  the  kings."      He  did  not,  however,  reach  Speyer,  but  died  at 
Germersheim,  September  30,  1291,  aged  seventy-four.     He  was  buried 
in  the  cathedral  of  Speyer. 

His  first  wife  was  Anna  of  Hochberg,  mother  of  Albert  I. ;  his  second 
was  Agnes  of  Burgundy. 


136 


I/APSBURG,  AND    OTHER  HOUSES. 


ADOLPH    OF    NASSAU.     A.D.   1292. 

'•  Pr^estat  vir  sine  pecunia.  qua.n  pecunia  sine  viro."     (Better  a  man  without  money  than 

money  without  a  man.) 

The     founder     of    the 
house  of  Nassau  was  Otho 
of  Laurenburg,  brother  of 
the   Emperor    Conrad   I., 
whose    castle    of    Lauren- 
burg overlooked  Diez.     A 
count  of  this   name  built 
a  castle,   in   11 01,   on   the 
summit  of  a  conical  rock 
overlooking      the       river 
Lahn.      The     hamlet     at 
its    base   was    called    the 
Nassen    Au    (moist    mea- 
dow),    from     which     the 
castle   took   the  name   of 
Nassau.     In  the  thirteenth 
century  the  fLimily  divided 
into    two   branches,    from 
the    elder   of    which    the 
present    Duke   of    Nassau 
is    descended,    while    i\\<i 
younger    was    represented 
by  the  famous  William  the 
Silent,  Prince  of  Orange, 
from    whom    the    present 
king    of    Holland    is    de- 
scended. 

Counts  of  Nassau  wen? 

with  Frederic  Barbarossa  when  he  conquered  Milan.     Two  counts  of 

Nassau  nmi.    <  hosen  ambassadors  by  him  to  Constantinople,  with  the 

lii^iiop  01"  Minister  anil  the  Count  of  Diez,  all  of  whom  were  thrown 
iiUo  priM)!!  bv  til-  ii-cnfherous  Greek  Innpc!. -r.  unLii  irederir  liberated 
them,  in  11S9.  TIr-v.  b^).  witc  anion-  tlic  kni-ht<  who.  un(hT  l-'rcd- 
eric  of  Siiabia.  funn(k-l  tiu-  '1\  iitoni.  (^r^h-r  of  Knights,  iov  the  benefit 
of  their  c<juiUrvnien  chiring  liic  (  ]n<ui<-. 


AUOLVHE    »E   NASSAU. 


ADOLPH  OF  NASSAU. 


137 


The  counts  of  Nassau  held  their  lands  as  fiefs  of  the  Elector  of 
Treves  and  the  Palatine  of  the  Rhine,  and  numbered  among  their 
vassals  two  hundred  and  eighty-nine  rich  and  noble  families.  Eight 
archbishops  of  this  family  filled  the  cathedral  chair  of  Mayence  between 
the  thirteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries ;  and  among  the  archbishops  of 
Treves  there  were  four,  viz.  :  Diether  of  Nassau,  brother  of  the  Em- 
peror Adolph ;  the  bold  Kuno  von  Falkenstein,  more  of  a  knight  than 
a  priest ;  his  nephew  Werner  von  F'alkenstein-Königstein,  who  brought 
the  domains  of  Limburg  into  the  jurisdiction  of  Treves,— Limburg,  in 
whose  territories  stand  the  ruins  of  Hohen-Sybiirg,  the  old  castle  of 
Wittekind,  the  Saxon  chief,  conquered  by  Charlemagne  ;  and  Richard 
von  Greiffenclau,  whose  adversaries  were  Franz  von  Sickingen  and 
Hartmann  von  Cronberg. 

Count  Adolph  of  Nassau  was  born  in  the  year  1250.  He  received 
a  careful  education,  could  read,  write,  and  speak  German,  French,  and 
Latin,  which,  in  the  thirteenth  century,  were  considered  as  great  attain- 
ments. He  was  skilled  in  knightly  exercises,  and  was  taken  by  his 
father  to  the  court  of  the  Emperor  Rudolph  to  complete  his  education. 
He  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Emperor,  who  appointed  him 
to  the  honorable  office  of  president  of  the  Imperial  Court,  which  was 
held  at  that  time  in  Nuremberg,  and  the  writers  of  that  city  were  loud 
in  his  praise  in  regard  to  his  knowledge  of  art  and  architecture  as  dis- 
played in  the  building  of  various  churches  in  that  city.  His  intelli- 
gence, knowledge,  and  experience,  in  all  probability,  caused  him  to 

be  elected  Emperor. 

After  the  death  of  his  father,  Walram  IL,  he  returned  to  take  posses- 
sion of  his  inheritance  in  Nassau.  The  most  celebrated  of  his  battles, 
or  rather  that  in  which  he  took  part,  was  led  by  the  Archbishop  of 
Cologne,  Siegfried  of  Westerburg,  Count  Reinald  of  Gueldres,  Henry 
of  Luxemburg,  and  Adolph  of  Mons,  against  John  of  Brabant.  Adolph 
of  Nassau  was  drawn  into  this  feud  as  countryman  and  kinsman  of 
Archbishop  Siegfried.  The  strife,  which  lasted  some  time,  was  at 
last  ended  by  a  bloody  battle  at  Woringen  in  12S9,  in  which  John  ot 
Brabant  gained  the  victory.  The  Count  of  Luxemburg  was  killed  ;  the 
archbishop,  bnc  Count  of  Gueldres,  and  Adolph  of  Nassau  were  taken 
prisoners.  The  latter  had  killed  five  ufncei^  in  the  battle  with  his 
brought  before  the  duke  and  asked  by  the  conqucrr-r  who 
1  -,in  tlie  Connt  of  Nassau,  a  lord  ^-^^  no  very  great 


own  hand. 


\\\i 


lie  lel 'i  ie(  \ . 

bnl  wiKi.  tlien.  art  tiiou  ^' 


The  duke  an.-w 


.b 


I  am  the 


[erntor\-  ,    -     - 

Duke   of  brabant.  witii  wlunn   thou   ha-^t   so   b)n^   tought.   and   wl^o^e 

live  br.ve  knmlu.  tla.u  ha<t  killed."      Undismayed,  Adulpii  an.werea, 


13^ 


JLirs/lURG,   .l\/>    c'/V//  /:    HOUSES. 


AI.i^]:R'r    I. 


^39 


1  :  I  (lirw  it  ex- 
prc^^lv  a-amst  tluw  nnd  to  kili  tlu-c  wnii  it  w.w  !ii\  uroatest  desire.'" 
Mdnonn-  his  fraiikiu"-^.  John  of  r.rnl-.iiit  iVml  l:iin  uitlio'il  laii.-.uin. 
loaded  liiinuith  [a\'>eiit>.  and  niiauaad  liiin  iiw  !  ra  lid-^ln  i  >, 

After  the  dealli  of  tlie  l'an]'e!-or  K'nlolplK  llir  M-xan  oI'a(  to]--  of  tlie 
enii)ire,  the  eaclc^iast  ic>  of  Maxa-nco.  TiTves.  adid  (  'olo-aua  aaal  ihr  ton!' 
seeiiKir  piaiKas  of  Hoheiiiia,  Sa\on\a  I'.raiuf.ai  hiira.  M\y\  ihr  P/ilalaiate. 
elected  .\.h)li)h.  of  Nassau.  l'e<  au-e  h,e  was  lU'ithaa"  |H)\veriLll  lan"  wealllix 


''TIkmi    I  wonder   luueli    thoii   didst   escape  my  sn\ 


enoimh  to  e\( ate  tluar  i<\iloiis\  .     1'he  Ideetoi"  of  Ma\a-nee.  Gerhard  \or 


aa!  oi 


e 


l^})[»tein  of  Na->iu  niephrwo;  Ar(  idiwiiup  W-aii-.  r.  üa 
Kniperor  Rudolph  a  exerted.  ..d  his  niihu'ia  a  !■.  cii^  \  A-h-lj.)!,  iliiaking 
tliat  heeaii-e  ha  wa^  Ins  rrla:i\e  hr  (  emld  na-fr  a-^  .-f  nan  tor  his  n\\  n 
pnrj^oses:  hat  wlian  lie  io'ind  tlait  lie  could  not,  he  did  all  \\\  ids 
power  to  aiirae  hini.  Ad.claii  was  (aanvtu-d  l>y  Siegfried,  Archbishop 
of  rologne,  aa  \i\  1  ■.  (  "h jpelle,  June  m  '-''-■  He  made  many  mistakes 
m  living  to  follow  in  the  footstei)s  of  Rudolph,  besides  endeavoring  to 
a'  randize  his  owii  Iio'im-.  1:  was  at  this  time  that  Albert  the  Base 
ruled  in  Ihanangia,  amd  abandoned  his  excellent  wife,  Margaret, 
dauuhter  cS  tlaa  haiijuaa^r  Frederi(>  11.,  in  order  to  marry  Cunigunde 
of  Isenburg.  The  imhappv  nh)dKaa  \\\  tl.e  anguish  of  separation  from 
her  children,  bit  the  cia-ek  of  her  son  Frederic,  who  from  this  circum- 
stance is  called  \\\  ]Mst,,ra.  ••  IVederic  with  the  bitten  cheek."  The 
maiaiural  father  ^oid  the  hereditary  estates  of  his  two  sons  to  the  Em- 
perai-  Adol])h.  P>nt  when  Frederic  and  Dietzmann  grew  up  they  fought 
bravely  for  their  inheritance,  and  Adolph  was  forced  to  restore  a  por- 
tion ^^{  their  lands.  Gerhard  <!'  Mayence  instigated  the  Germans,  who 
wc  re  angry  at  Adolph's  treatment  of  the  sons  of  Margaret  of  Thuringia, 
to  depose  Adolph,  and  Albert  of  Austria  was  elected  in  his  stead.  This 
was  the  first  time  that  the  electors  dethroned  an  Emperor  of  their  own 
accord.  llu  two  rival  sovt  reigns  appealed  to  arms,  and  met  at  Göll- 
lieini.  neir  \\o:nss.  vJua  a  n  1 29S,  the  decisive  battle  wa.s  fought. 
Adoh.ii  was  completeiv  oxerihrown,  and  fell  in  the  contest  mortally 
woundrd,   :^v  liu-  laiial"-as   some   s  ^v-— of  Albert  himself. 

Adolph  was  buried  at  S])-ver.      liis  wüe  wa^   iniagina  of  Limburg. 
111-.  sor,s.   Robert,  (lerhn  li,  aaal  WaJram.  snfa-eaded  him  in  Nassau 


Arch]):^hop   Gerhard 


o\    Ma\erua-    aanaol    nothinu    hv  opposing   his 

[■an;  ero.' 
Aial 


a. 


(-otisin  Adolph,  h)r  he  met  with  severe  treatment  Ironi  li 
Albert,  wha)  was  not  disposed  to  ( onsult  liini  in  e\er\  t  In'n-- 
althou^di  Gerhard  menaein-l\  said  *MiKit  he  had  \el  more  lanpeior- 
in  his  pocket,"  Albert  verv  soon  brought  hn'ni  to  terms,  and  (;l)l!ae( 
him  to  stie  for  mere  v. 


I 


ALi;iaRr    1..    ALl'.Ri:LiiT    DER    hRSll::.    A.D.    12(^8-1308. 
"  Fugam  victoria  nescit."     (Victory  knows  not  flight.) 

Ali  i:kT,  son  of  th.e  Fni- 

))eror  Radol  j/a..  war>  <  row ai- 

etl    ai   A;\da-("iiape]le    m 

120.S.      After    lii>    fuller's 

deatii,  .Aa.^tria  and    >tyria 

revolted;       but       Albert. 

having  vigorously  (  rudied 

the   insurrection,    haal    the 

audacity  to  assume  the  ni- 

si<nda  of  the  empire  with.- 

out    waiting    for    the    de- 
cision of  the  diet.       This 

violent    measure    decided 

the     electors     to     choose 

Adolph   of  Nassau.      Dis- 
turbances in  Switzerland, 
and  a  disease  which  cost 
him    the    loss   of  an  eye, 
now      made      him      more 
humble.     Albert,  after  the 
defeat      and       death      of 
Adoli)h,    feeling    that     he 
might  freely  display  mag- 
nanimity,   voluntarily    re- 
signed   the    crown   which 
had    been    recently   con- 
ferred tipon  him,  and,  as 
he  had  anticipated,  was  inaiiumouslv  re-elected.     But   Pope  Boiiifare 
\ill..   whose  inauguration   in    i:()|   laul   been   di>iinguished  by  great 
pomp,— the  Ring:,  of  Hungarv  and  Si(  ii  v  liolding  tiie  rein>  oi  iiis  ]iorr,e 
as  he   proceeded   to  the  Fateran.  and,  with    tiieir   crowns  Uj.on   their 
heads.  >ervina  hiin  at  table.— denied  the  right  of  the  jaances  to  elect 
Albert,  declaring  himself  the  only  true  emperor  and   legitimate  king. 
He  theretore  summoned   Albert   to  appear  before   iiim  to  a>k  j.ardon 
and  ^\o  penance,  at  the  same   time  forbidding  the  princes  to  aeknowd- 
ed<-e  lum,  and  releasing  them  from  their  oath    of  allegiance.     Albert, 


ALBERT    f. 


140 


i/.irs/:['KG,  .ixn  0771/: R  //Of  7-:s. 


ALBERT  /. 


141 


^It 


witli  liis  usiial  imrcjmlity,  dclK'd  liis  Holiness,  foi  lud  an  alliancf  witli 
Philip  the  I'air  of  JMancc,  ^c(  iircd  tlic  iieiitraliu  of  Sixonv  and  llran- 
denburLT,  in\-adcd  the  electorate  ot'  Met/,  and  toreed  the  archbishop  to 
break  oil  the  alliance  with  Honitace  and  to  form  one  with  iiiin  lor  the 
next  fi\e  }ears.  'I'he  Tope,  alarmed  at  his  mk  ,  e^s,  caiteied  into  neo-o- 
tiations  with  him,  and  Albert,  whose  dnpli(  it)  and  inb>(  r!ii.ulou>ness 
equaled  his  coin-aL;e,  siiddeidy  dissolved  his  alliance  with  I'hibp,  ad- 
mitted the  Western  I'hnpire  to  be  a  papal  -ra.nt,  and  jjromi^ed  upon 
oath  to  defend  the  ri-hts  of  the  Romish  court  whenever  he  sliould  Ix- 
called  upon.  As  a  reward,  P.oniface  gave  him  tlie  kin-dom  ot"  J^-ance., 
and  exconnnimicated  Thilip,  whom  he  dec  lare'd  to  !ia\e  lorleited  tlit.' 
crown  ;  but  the  latter  severrlv  cha^ti>ed  the  Pope  lor  \\\~>  in>olen(  e  in 
daring  to  give  awa\-  wliat  was  not  his  own.  In  the  IoHowiul:  \ear, 
Albert  made  war  un.succe>^tull\-  against  Holland,  Zealand,  J''rie>la.nd, 
Himgarx  .  I'ohenda,  and  'rhurin<jia. 

Risi:  oi'   swrrzi'Ki. WD. 

Under  the  weak  reign  of  Charles  the  ]-'at,  Switzerland  wa>  lost  to 
the  l-'ianks.  The  northern  part  came  into  the  ]M)>session  ol"  tlie  Duk: 
of  Allema.nia,  which  begui  then  to  l)e  (  ailed  Suabia.  and  tlui-  bei  amj 
part  of  the  Ocrman  lunpirr,  while  the  >outhern  part  beloiigrd  h.  P,ni- 
gund)-.  Dm-ing  the  inv.i^ion  of  (lermaip\-  1)_\-  tlie  Hungarian^,  many- 
towns,  as  St.  (rail,  I'a^le.  /an-icli.  and  bu<erni\  wrre  fortilkd,  and  lose 
iiUo  importaiice.  I  )ur!ng  the  rrign  ^A  the  Saxon  l"anperor>.  the  country^ 
was  mostl\-  held  as  fiefs  b}'  the  vas>aK  of  the  empire,  in  j».!rii(  ular  by' 
the  l)!s]u)[)>  and  abbots,  the  C(Hmt>  of  Ilxburg  ^ /uric  ii  >.  Mapd)ur"- 
(Aargaub  I-en/btn-g  ( Aargaii  i,  Rapperswyl  'St.  (bdb,  and  Tog^en- 
burg  (St.  (iall  I  :  later,  abo,  by  the  ("ouut  of  S,i\-u\  and  the  Duke 
ot  Zähringen.  Abiny  of  the^e  noble  tannlics  became  exinut  duriiv 
the  cru>ades,  and  the  prosperity  of  the  towns  rose  sdl]  hi^h-r.  Pcrne 
and  Freiburg  even  beooming  free  (  itie>  of  the  em])ire.  The  three 
ancient  cantons  of  Schweiz,  Iri.  and  I'ntc-rwaldeii,  whose  inhabitants 
are  believed  to  have  descended  from  emigrants  b-om  Sweden,  and 
which  liad  never  been  concpiered,  were  oidv  und<  ■  the  ])rote(  tion  of 
the  Emperor,  whose  rights  he  guarded  b}'  a  ro^/  first  at  count  of  ben/- 
burg,  and  afterwards  a  count  of  Hap^burg.  'I^he  elevation  of  ivudolph 
of  Ha-j)sbtirg  to  the  imperial  throne  of  Oermanx,  aiul  his  coiKpie^t 
of  Austria  and  other  possessions  of  ()ttocar  of  Ilohemia.  wreath'  in- 
crea.sed  the  influence  of  the  Hou^e  of  Hapsburg  in  Switzerland. 

Albert  sought   to   incorporate   the   Swi>>  with  Austria,  and   proposed 
that  they  should  renounce  their  connection  with  the  eniiure  and  place 


themselves  under  the  protection  of  his  powerful  house.      They  refused 
th.e  I'huperor's  proposal,  and  he,  in  turn,  i)ermitted  and  encouraged  the 
intendants  to  ()[)press  the  i)eo])le  and  lay  ujjon  them  severe  and  cruelly 
unjust   exactions.      Albert  ap}Jüinted  two  vogts, — Hermann  (lessler  ot 
bnnicck,  a    haught}',  overbearing  noble,  who  dwelt  in   a  strong   fort- 
ress, or  (  astle,  near  Altorf,  in  Uri,  and   Beringer  of  Landenberg,  who 
dwelt    at    the   castle   of   Sarnen,    in   Unterwaiden.       These   governors 
treated   the  little-known  and  obscure  mountaineers  with  such  derision, 
contempt,  and  cruelty  that  three   })atriotic  and  noble-minded    Swiss — 
Werner  StaailTacher  of  Schweiz,  Walter  Fürst  of  Uri,  and  Arnold  of 
Meh  hthal,  in  UiUerwalden — met  every  night  at  Riitli,  a  small  uK-adow 
in  a  lonely  place   between   high   rocks  on  the   banks  of  Lake   Luc:erne, 
and   proposed   to  unite  with  their  friends  in  throwing  off  the  yc^ke  of 
their  governors.      On   the  night   of  Wednesday  before  ^Lirtinmas,  in 
1307,  each  brought  with  him  ten  fellow-patriots,  and,  after  recounting 
their  grievances  and  forming  plans  for  their  freedon-i,  the  three  leaders 
swore  to  God,  "before  whom  kings  and  people  are  ecpial,  to  live  and 
die  for  their  countr}-;    no  longer  to  suffer,  but  commit  no  injustice;   to 
respect   the   rights  and   i)roperty  of  the  Coimt  of  Hapsburg  :   to  do  no 
harm   to   the   imperial   bailiffs,  btit   to   i)ut   an   end   to  their  tyranny." 
The  others  also  took  the  oath  to  free  themselves  like  honorable  men. 

Meantime,  Gessler  was  shot  by  William  Tell  of  Uri,  son-in-law  of 
Walter  Fürst;  Landenberg  was  to  be  driven  from  the  country.  On 
New  \'ear's  morning,  1308,  as  the  coimt  was  going  from  his  castle  to 
attend  mass  at  Sarnen,  he  was  met  by  twenty  of  his  retainers,  with 
c  alves,  goats,  sheej),  fowls,  ai-id  hares,  whic  h  they  were  bringing  as  their 
customary  New  ^\^lr's  gift  lor  his  acceptance.  The  count  spoke  pleas- 
antly as  he  })assed,  and  recpiested  the  men  to  take  the  animals  into  the 
court  of  the  c^astle.  No  sooner  had  they  entered,  than,  l)lowing  their 
horns,  each  man  drew  from  his  doublet  a  steel  blade,  and  fastened  it 
on  the  end  of  his  Alpine-stick,  while  thirty  more  of  their  countrymen 
of  UiUerwalden  rushed  dowui  the  hill  through  the  forest  of  Erlen,  took 
])os^ession  of  tP.e  castle,  and  made  the  whole  garrison  |)risoners.  Lan- 
denberg, on  hearing  the  tumult,  and  learning  the  cause,  fled  towards 
Ali)nach,  but  was  i)ursued  and  taken  ;  but  as  the  conlederates  had 
a'need  to  shed  no  blood,  thev  made  him  swear  to  leave  Switzerland 
and  never  return  to  it.  ^Llny  other  castles  Avcre  captured  and  demol- 
ished ;  and  on  Sunday  the  7th  of  January,  the  Swiss  met,  and  again 
pled-ed  themselves  to  the  ancient  oath  of  confederacy,  the  anniversary 
of  which  still  continues  to  be  the  great  national  holiday  of  the  Swuss. 

The  expulsion  of  the  imperial  bailiffs  required  Albert's  pre.sence  in 


142 


HAPSBURG,  AND    OTJIKR   liOiSES. 


ALBERT  I. 


143 


» 


SwitzerlaiKl.  Hie  day  before  liis  dci-artiire,  liis  nei)he\v,  John  of 
Siiabia,  Rudolph's  son,  asked  to  be  i)Ut  in  })üssession  of  his  (.'.states  ii 
Suabia,  which  had  loni;  been  witldield  fron^  liini.  The  banperor  sj)oke 
to  an  attendant,  wlio  let~t  the  moni  and  returned  with  a  erown  of 
tlowers,  wliieh  lie  jdaeed  on  John's  head,  sayinu'  tliat  was  inou'  be - 
fittini^^  liini  than  the  ^L;()\ernnK'nt  of  hi.s  estates.  John  snal<  lied  it  oif 
his  head,  trampled  it  under  his  fi'et,  and  went  away  in  a  rage. 

The  next  morning  the  I'anjieror  seeing  a  man  in  full  arnuu-  ride  un 
bv  liis  side,  asked  his  name.  "  1  am  John  of  Suabia,"  lie  leplw d.  ''  1 
wish  to  arc  iistom  mv  head  to  the  helmet  before  it  wears  the  (  rown.  ' 
John,  with  four  others,  had  (onspirrd  to  take  the  life  of  tlir  I'.uij -eroi , 
and  assassinated  him  on  the  wa_\-  t(»  Rheinfelden.  A\dien  the  army 
readied  the  river  Reuss,  Albert  crossed  in  a  boat  witli  the  conspirators, 
and  seated  himself  imder  a  tree,  to  wad  h  his  "oop^  as  the\  (  ro->ed. 
As  he  took  off  his  helmet,  and  threw  his  (  uirass  *  his  feet,  John  .^ei/ed 
the  opportimit\-  to  run  him  through  the  throat  ilh  his  knur.  Robert 
de  l^alni  stabbed  him  in  the  heart,  and  D'b'schunbac  h  struc  k  him  on 
the  head  with  his  l)attle-axe.  Then  the  assassins  lied.  A  ]u)or  woman 
passing  bv  tried  in  vain  to  >tanch  the  woun(l>,  and  the  lanperor  died 
in  her  arms.  Zurich  and  three  of  the  neighboring  cantoiis  relumed  a 
refuge  to  John,  the  parricide,  and  he  made  his  way  along  the  Reu>s  tc^ 
its  source,  whence  he  (aa)ssed  over  the  Alps  into  Italw  lie  wa>  after- 
wards seen  in  Pavia,  disguised  as  a  monk.  He  then  went  to  ^  en  ice.  and 
was  never  heard  of  afterwards.  1  )T-^(  hemba<  h  li\-ed  thirly-fi\e  }eai> 
in  a  secduded  spot  in  Wiirtendjcrg.  Robert  de  balm  was  taken,  broken 
on  the  wheel,  and,  while  still  living,  exposed  to  birds  of  pre\-.  Hi. 
wife  remained  with  him,  kneeling  near  the  wheel,  while  he  sp(»ke  to  hei. 
exhortini:  and  (-onsoling  her,  until  he  drew  his  last  breath.  Com  ad  do 
Tegelfeld  disappeared,  and  died  none  knew  where  or  how. 

Leopold  of  Austria  and  Agnes  of  Himgary  too  it  upon  themselves  to 
aventre  their  lather's  death.  Sixtv-three  knights  relatives  of  the  assas- 
sins,  were  1)eheaded.  Agnes,  who  was  present  at  thi'ir  exec  ntion.  stood 
so  near  that  when  their  heads  fell  an  attendant  told  lu  r  that  the  bh^xi 
might  soil  her  dress.  She  rei)lied,  "That  matters  not  :  1  would  bathe 
mvself  in  their  blood  with  more  pleasiue  than  in  the  dews  ol  May." 
After  the  execution,  Agnes  took  the  forfeited  estates  of  th.esc  knight- 
and  built  the  rich  convent  of  Kcniigsfelden  on  the  very  spot  where  he  • 
father  was  killed.  She  had  the  tree  rooted  up  and  made  into  a  (  he.st 
for  her  own  use.  I'he  high  altar  was  built  over  the  pla«  e  where  tie 
tree  had  stood,  and  her  fither's  tomb  was  built  beneath  it.  Here  we-e 
also  buried  hi.s  wife,  I'dizabeth  of  T\  rol,  Leopold,  who  fell  at  Sempaca, 


N 


# 


the  sixty  knights  who  were  beheaded,  many  of  the  relatives  of  the  family, 
and  Agnes.  The  Em})eror  All)ert's  remains  were  afterwards  removed  to 
Spever,  and,  in  1770,  those  of  the  Hapsburgs  were  carried  to  Austria. 

Oueen  Agnes  spent  the  greater  ])art  of  her  life  in  this  convent, — 
entering  it  when  she  was  twenty-seven,  and  dying  at  the  age  of  eighty- 
four.  Penance,  ])rayer,  and  almsgiving  could  avail  but  little  to  stifle  the 
qualms  of  a  guilty  conscience;  and  it  is  recorded  that  a  pious  hermit, 
to  whom  she  had  applied  for  absolution,  replied  to  her,  ''Woman,  God 
is  not  to  be  served  with  bloody  hands,  nor  l)y  the  slaughter  of  inno- 
cent persons,  nor  1)\-  convents  built  by  plunder  of  orphans  and  widows, 
but  bv  mercy  and  forgiveness  of  injuries."  Albert's  wife  was  Elizabeth 
of  T\rol.       He  left  five  sons  and  five  daughters. 

CON  1  I--M1'()K.\R1KS    OF    RUDOLPH    OF    IIAPSRURG,   ADOLPH    OF    NASSAU,   AND 

ALI5ER'r    I. 

During  the  reign  of  these  last  three  bhnperors,  England  was  making 
progress  under  lOdward  I.,  surnamed  Loni^shanks ;  and  the  laws  ot  the 
realm  obtained  so  much  order  and  ])recision  during  his  time  that  he 
has  been  called  the  yw/<,'-//V//  Jiistiuicui.  He  conquered  and  annexed 
Wales  to  England.  His  wife,  Eleonora  of  Castile,  surnamed  the 
Eaithhil,  was  the  only  child  of  Eerdinand  of  Castile  and  Joanna  of 
Ponthieii,  who  had  once  l)een  betrothed  to  his  lather.  Alphonso,  her 
half  brother,  invaded  Cuienne,  and  was  defeated  by  Henry  HL  Henry, 
who  was  alwa\s  more  willing  to  promote  a  festival  than  to  (xnitinue  a 
fray,  lu(  kily  remembered  that  Alphonso  had  a  fair  young  sister  to  dis- 
pose of,  whose  age  would  just  suit  his  heir.  Prince  Ivhvard  was  fifteen, 
and  I'deonora  some  years  young:er,  when  they  were  married  at  Burgos, 
in  1254.  They  then  traveled  through  Erance  to  England,  after  which 
j^leonora  returned  to  Bordeaux  to  finish  her  education;  while  Edward 
led  the  life  of  a  knight-errant,  haunting  tournaments  wherever  they 
were  gdven,  until  the  violent  dissensions  between  the  barons  and  his 
father  began,  l^^leonora  returned  to  England  and  lived  in  the  Savoy. 
She  accompanied  Edward  on  his  crusade  to  the  Holy  Land,  then  to 
Wales;  and  after  that  country  was  conquered,  on  her  way  to  join  her 
husband,  who  had  marched  against  Scotland,*  she  fell  ill  and  died,  at 
the  age  of  forty-seven.  All  the  affairs  of  Scotland  were  obliterated 
from  the  mind  of  the  great  I^dward  bv  the  acute  sorrow  he  felt  at  the 
death  of  Eleonora.  For  thirteen  days  he  journeyed  with  her  corpse, 
and  at  every  stage  where  the  royal  bier  rested  he  vowed   to  erect  a 


William  W.ili.ice  .uul  RohiTt  p.nice  were  then  the  ijreat  heroes  of  Scotland. 


144 


JlAPS/U'Ku,  AXD    01  HER    IIOfSES. 


(TOSS   to   the   mcMiiory  of  his  chcre  rniic.  as   lie   passionately  called   her 
{Charino:  Ctoss,  a  corruption  ot"  cJicrc  rcinc,  has  latel}"  been  restored  in 


London^.  Walsingham  says  of  her,  "To  our  nation  she  was  a  loving 
mother,— the  column  and  pillar  of  the  whole  realm.  She  was  a  -odlv, 
modest,  and  mercdul  prin(  ess.  The  English  nation  in  her  time  wa> 
not  harassed  by  foreigners,  nor  the  country-people  by  i.urvcyors  ..t   tlu' 


crown, 


Wax  tapers  burned  around  her  tomb  in  Westminster  Abl^ey 
for   three   hundred    years,    when    the    Reformation   extinguished    them. 
Of  the  thirteen  children  of  th.is  family,  only  two  readied   middle  .ige. 
—Edward    Caernarvon   and    Nhiry  the   Nun.        Edward's  sec  on. 1    wile, 
Marguerite    of    Erance,    daughter    ^A     I'hilip    the    liold,    was    c  aremll) 
edur^ited  bv  her  mother.     She  lived  happily  with  her  husband,  and  was 
the  first  <pieen-consort  who  ever   ventured  to  >land  between  a  miglit;- 
l>lantaL;enet   an<l    the   objects  of  hi.  wrath.      Alter   l-dwnrd's  denth.  11 
,307,  Vhe    lived    in   retirement   at    Marlborough   Cr.stle.   spending    lur 
ma-niflcent  (U)wer  in  acts  of  charity.     She  die<l  at  the  age  of  thirt  v-sp:. 
While  she   lived,  her   niece  Eabella,  wife  of  l-dward  II.,  led  a  virtuoi.s 
and    respectable    life.      Her   children  were    Thomas.   Earl   ot    Nortoll;. 
from  whom  the  Howards  are  descended,  Edmund,  llarl  ot    Kent,  and 

Eleonora. 

In   France,  Philip  III-,  surnamed  ///.-  HoIJ.  because  when  liis  mother 
was  in  E-vpt  and  frightened  by  the  Saracens,  he  tiied  to  reassure  her, 
savin-  that  he  was  not  afraid  of  them.      Philip  was  in  some  respec  Is  bke 
his  fadier.     He  was  pious,  liberal,  and  just,  but  was  muc  h  inferior  to  him 
in  intellec-t.     His  subjects  were  prosperous  and  happy  during  lus  rei^n, 
and  the  French  esteem  him  as  one  of  their  best   kings.      His  first  wife 
was  Isabella,  daughter  of  James  I.,  King  of  Aragon,  and  ot  \  olande  ot 
Hun<-arv       Thev  were   married  at  Clermont,  in  1262.      St.  Eouis  tcok 
his  sons  with   him   on   his  last  crtisade,  and    Isabella  acxcmi]Knned  'ner 
husband.      Her    father-indaw,    when    dving,    recommended    Fhibp   to 
return   to   Erance    immediatelv.      Philip    was    detained    in    Sicilv^    bv 
weakness,  from  the  effects  of  the  plague  which  he  had  caught  m    Im  is, 
as  well  as  bv  the  illness  and  death  of  members  of  his  tamilv.      1  hus    he 
new  king  returned  to  Franc-e,  in  1271,  with   the  remains  ot   his  lather  ; 
the  cpieen,  Isabella,  his  wife;    the  King  of  Navarre,  his  brother-mdax  • ; 
•Mphonso,  his  uncle  ;   and   |ane,  (^.untess  of  Toulouse,  his  aunt.      Isa- 
bella was  the  mother  of  four  princes:    Ehdip  tl   :  Fair,  who  succeeded 


*  The  Sicilian  Wspers  took  place  dnrin-  the  rei-n  .^f  1  lip  th-  1-M.  -n  l':,M,M--iav, 
los.  The  tolling  of  the  h-ll  for  vespers  u,.-^  the  .i.nal  tn  r^.n.  Tlu-  S.cihans  ru^h-U 
,.p,,n  tlu-  Fn-nch;an.l  ,a  th-  .hort  spaee  of  t^v,,  h-air^  but  v  l.rnrJun.u  was  Uli  upuU 
the  Inland.     His  \\^^^  was  spare<l  on  aecoimt  ..f  hi.  exlraonli  .try  virtue. 


ALBERT  /. 


145 


to  the  throne  ;  two  others,  who  died  young;   and  Charles  de  Valois, 
who  was  the  royal  branch  from  which  thirteen  F^rench  monarchs  sprang. 
These  were  the  times  when  what  were  called   ''Trials  by  the  judg- 
ment of  Cod,  ordeals,   and   judicial  combats"   were  prac:ticed.      ddie 
ordeal  existed  throughout  iMirope  in  the  Middle  Ages,  under  the  sanc- 
tion of  law  and   of   the  clergy.      The  most  prevalent  kinds  of  ordeal 
were  those  oifirc,  lualcr,  and  the  tuagn'  of  battle,     ddie  accused  had  to 
earrv  a  ])iece  of  reddiot  iron  for  some  distance  in  his  hand,  or  to  walk 
nine  feet  barefoot  and  l)lindfolded  over  red-hot  plowshares.      The  hand 
or  foot  was  bound  up,  and  inspected  three  days  afterwards;   if  the  ac- 
cused had  escaped  unhurt,  he  was  pronounced  innocent  ;   if  otherwise, 
cuiilty.   'Fhe  Tuager  of  battle  was  the  natural  accompaniment  of  a  state  of 
societ}  which  allowed  men  to  take  the  law  into  their  own  hands.      The 
challenger  faced  the  west,  the  challenged  person  the  east;  the  defeated 
party,  if  he  craved  his  life,  was  allowed  to  live  as  a  ''  recreant T  that 
is.  on   retracting  the  perjury  which  he  had  sworn  to.      In  England,  it 
seems  to  have  been  continued  till  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century. 
On  the  Continent,  it  was,  generally  speaking,  abolished  rather  earlier  ; 
although  as  late  as  1498  we  fmd  the  truth  of  Savonarola's  doctrine  put 
to  the  test  bv  a  challenge  between  one  of  his  disciples  and  a  Francis- 
can friar,  to  walk  through  a  btirning  pile. 

The  second  wife  of  Philip  the  P>old  was  Mary,  daughter  of  Henry 
HI.,  Duke  of  Prabant,  and  Alice  of  Burgundy.  iVLary  is  represented 
as  being  ecpially  beautiful  and  intelligent.  Philip  was  much  attached 
to  Marv.  and  her  combined  advantages  of  personal  beauty  and  intel- 
lectual talent  rendered  her  so  attractive  that  he  invariably  gave  her 
admisMon  in  the  cotmcils  of  state.  She  had  three  children  by  Philip: 
Eoms,  C:ount  cPEvreux,  and  two  daughters,  both  of  whom  were  queens; 
one  married  Edward  I.  of  England,  and  the  other,  Rodolph,  Duke  of 
Austria  and  King  of  Hungary. 

Philip  IV.,  the  Fair,  sticceeded  his  father  in  1285.  He  made 
war  against  Engla-nd,  oppressed  the  Flemings,  quarreled  with  Pope 
P)oniface  VIII.,  and  united  with  Pope  Clement  V.  to  destroy  the 
Knights 'Femiilar,  whose  immense  possessions  had  excited  his  cupidity. 
Philip  managed  to  procure  the  election  of  Bertrand  de  Got  (Clement 
v.),  a  native  of  Gascony,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  FTance  and  to 
the    papal  chair.      He  removed   the   papal  see  to  Avignon. "^^     Philip 


^  Bv  order  of  Philip  the  Fair.  Pope  Clement  V.  went  to  res'de  in  Avignon  in  1309. 
The  Popes  gained  possession  of  Avignon  on  the  strength  of  a  grant  made  by  Joanna  of 
X.x,,](..,  wh.rwas  also  Counters  of  Provenee,  in  134S,  when  she  was  yet  a  minor,  for  which 

10 


146 


nAJ\siu;K(;,  axd  oi'iier  iiocses. 


ALBERT  L 


147 


married  Jane,  wlio  became  heiress  of  Navarre  tbrou-h  the  death  of  her 
brother  ThibaiiU,  whose  governor,  while  amusin-  him  by  tos^in-  him 
backwards  and  forwards  to  tlie  nurse,  let  tlie  cldUl  fall  fn.ni  a  hi-h  ba  - 
cony,  and  he  was  killed  on  the  spot.      Tiu'  -overnor  in  despair  stabbe  1 
himself,  and  fell  dead  upon  the  body  of  his  youn--  master.     Jane  Wc.s 
married   to   Phdip  in  1284,  at  the  a-e  of  fifteen,  and   Pldlii)  the   Hold 
bestowed  -reat  attention  on  the  education  of  his  daughter-indaw.  who 
profited  much  bv  the  careful  instruction  she  had  received.    Shebe(-ame 
an    enthusiastic 'p^^t!"<>i^^'^^  "f"  ^^^^'   hue  arts,  which   she  cultivated   with 
success.      Endowed  with  superior  genius  and  rare  talents,  she  f  »undul 
the    celebrated    C'oUege  of  Navarre,  at    Paris,  and   munificentlv   rem  1- 
nerated    the    protessors  whom    she    eslablisiied   in    it.      She  also  bu  It 
the  town  of  Puente  la   Reyna,  in    Navarre,  an  almshouse  at   Chateau 
Thierrv,    and   several    (nher    places    of    public    utilitv.      In    i2<)(,.    slie 
accompanied   her  husband    in    his   expedition  against    blander^.      The 
king   had  i)reviously  sent  fiftv  thousand   men   under  a  skillful   gc  iH-ral. 
who,  despising  them  a.  ^hop-kceper^,  did  not  take  Mifticient  j.recautio  1, 
and  was  defeated  with   such    terrible   lo^s  that  the    Flemings,  after   the 
battle,  collected  on  the  fiehl  four  thousand   gohien   sj.urs,  of  the   kind 
worn  onlv  l)v  knights.      When  IMiilip  went  against  them  in  person,  thev 
in  their  turn  were  defeated.      The  Flemings,  by  no  mea.n.  daunted,  si  ut 
up    their  shops  and,  assend.ling   in   a  vast   multitude,  marched   boldly 
up  to  the  French  army.      The  kin.g,  ama/ed  at  the  sight  of  so  numerous 
an  army  collected  in  so  short  a  time,  exclaimed,    '*  Shall  we  never  h;  ve 
done?'  I   verily  believe    it   rains    Flemings!"      His  astonishment     in- 
creased when  their  herahls  appeared,  offering  instant  l)attle  or  an  hon- 
orable peace.      Philip  was  wise  enough   to  (  hoose   the   latter.      In   the 
entertainments  that  were  given  at  Pruges  to  the  king  and   (lueen,  Jane 
saw,  with  astonishment  and  mortificatii)n,  that    the  ladies  were  mag- 
nificently attired    in  valuable  stuffs,  and   covered  with   diamonds.      "  I 
thought,"   said  she,    "that   1   should   have  appeared    here  as   the  only 
queen  ; 'but  I  find  six  hundred  women  who,  by  the  richness  of  their 
apparel,  can   disinite    that   title  with   me."      Jane   was   the  moth.er  of 


^he  was  to  receive  ei-htv  thousmcl  cnnvn.  m  i^oM  ;  but  it  w..^  nev.r  j.a.'.  W  hm  Jo;,nn  i 
was  dnvrn  tioin  Naph-s  a.  an  accompH.-  in  th.  a^sasMnation  of  I.t  hvA.MvX.  thr  voanj; 
Andreas  of  Ih.n-arv,  sl.r  took  refuc^e  in  I'r<.venee,  an.l  NNrnt  10  Av^mi-ui  to  ihrow  laa.e.f 
It  the  feet  of  Pope  Clement  VI.  When  ^lie  Irft  th  a  eitv  to  ivtarn  to  !irr  [tahan  kin-.lan. 
".he  wa.  (leeiared  ninocrnt  of  the  erinie  of  u)iieh  she  l,a<l  hern  accusal,  and  furnished -Mih 
a  (Hspensation  to  niarrv  her  eousin  and  lovrr,  )  oui.  of  'lanMitnm,  the  prineipal  in.ti.^at.  r  .,f 
the  assassination,  and  Avi..n,.n  hrlon.^ed.  t..  thr  Pope.  S,k  Popes  aher  CleuP.nt  \  .  ^.e^e 
obhged  to  reside  at  Avignon.  This  was  ealled  tlieir  n,byL»nsh  Captivity,  as  u  Li.ted  n-ar 
seventy  years. 


•I 


three  kings  of  France, — Louis  X.,  Philip  V.,  and  Charles  IV.  She 
had  also  one  daughter,  Isal)ella,  who  married  the  weak  and  unfortunate 
Edward  IL  of  F"^ngland. 

TOURNAMENTS    AND    JOUS'lS. 

"  Im])artial  taste,"  says  Gibbon,  "must  prefer  a  Gothic  tournament 
to  the  ()lym})ic  games  of  classic  antiquity.  Instead  of  the  naked  spec- 
tacles which  corrupted  the  manners  of  the  Greeks,  the  })om])ous  decora- 
tion of  the  lists  was  crowned  with  the  i)resence  of  (haste  and  high-born 
beaut \',  from  whose  hands  the  conqueror  received  the  prize  of  his 
dexteritv  and  courage.  The  skill  and  strength  that  were  exerted  in 
wrestlinu  and  boxing  bear  a  distant  and  doubtful  relation  to  the  merit 
of  a  soldier;  but  the  tournaments,  as  they  were  invented  in  France, 
and  eagerly  ado])ted  both  in  the  F.ast  and  West,  })resented  a  lively  image 
of  tlie  l)usiness  of  the  field.  The  single  combat,  the  general  skirmishi, 
the  defense  of  a  })ass  or  castle,  were  rehearsed  as  in  actual  service  ;  and 
the  contest,  both  in  real  and  mimic  war,  was  decided  l)y  the  superior 
management  of  the  liorse  and  lance."  The  origin  of  tournaments  is 
uncertain.  Von  Hammer,  with  others,  derives  them  from  the  Aral)ians, 
but  all  historical  monuments  tend  to  show  their  Ten.tonic  origin.  The\' 
reached  their  full  pertection  in  the  ninth  and  tenth  centuries,  and  fir^t 
received  the  form  in  which  they  are  known  to  us  from  the  Frencli. 
Geoffrev  de  Preuilly,  a  French  noble:;ian,  first  collected  the  rules  of 
tourneving,  in  1066,  which  we  find  to  have  been  received  in  other 
countries  in  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries.  It  is  said  that  the 
first  great  tournament  in  German v  was  held  ar  Magdeburg,  in  1066. 
Tournaments  were  introduced  into  England  soon  after  the  Norman 
concpiest. 

lousts  differed  lYoin  tournaments  in  being  single  combats  between 
two  knights,  while  tournaments  were  ])ertbrmed  l)etween  two  parties  of 
(\ivaliers.  heists  were  of  two  sorts, — \\\q  joufe  ä  roiitrancc,  a  mortal 
combat,  and  \.\\i^  joutc  a  plaisaucc,  or  joust  of  peace.  The  weapons  usetl 
f  )r  both  tournaments  and  jousts  were  lances  with  the  points  removed, 
and  swords  blunted  or  rebated.  The  tilting  armor  was  of  a  ligin 
fd)ric,  and  L:enerallv  adorned  with  some  device  of  a  lady's  favor. — a 
scarf,  a  veil,  a  sleeve,  or  a  bracelet,— with  which  the  knight  ornamented 
the  point  of  his  lance,  the  to[)  of  his  helmet,  or  some  part  of  his  arms. 
The  chief  object  of  the  knight  in  these  contests  was  to  maintain  the 
superior  excellence  of  has  lady  and  to  prove  his  own  prowess.  As  he 
could  not  be  known  by  his  face,  for  this,  as  well  as  his  body,  was  covered 
with  steel,  he  selected  some  particular  object,  which  he  had  painted  on 


HENRY   VII. 


14S 


iLirsn i  Ä't;,  .i\/>  c/ ///. ä'  //(  ' ■s7-:.s; 


149 


liis  sliicld,  wlu'n  it  was  railed  a  (/rr/rr,  or  bore  it  upon  his  hclinct.  in 
winch  case  it  was  railed  a  rz-rs/.  Sometime^  the  knii^ht  wore  oNer  hi- 
armor  a  coat  made  of  cloth  o\  gold,  the  de\  ice  canbroidercd  or»  it  ir 
brilliant  colors:  hence  the  term  (oat  ot"  amis.  Lions,  tigers,  eagles, 
and  other  animals  ot' superior  rotu-age  and  feroc  it\  were  great  lavoriies. 
After  the  deatli  of  llenr\-  II.  of  h'lance,  who  was  a(  (  idcaUall\-  killed 
ai  a  toiirna.ment,  they  began  to  fall  into  disfiiNor,  and  were  but  littk 
practiced  iit'ter  the  sixteenth  centur\ . 

-\rn^s    mav    l)eloniJ    to     indixidiiads.    to    families,    or    to    countries. 
badgo   and    emblems   on    ^hields   and    helms   o(  (  luaed    in    the   earliest 
times.      In  Numbers,  fir.st   chapter  and   lit'tv-seiond  verse,  the  (  hildren 
of   Israel   are   enjoined    to    pit(h    their   tents.    "  vwrv  man    by  h.is   own 
camp,  and  every  man  by  his  own  standard."      The  pi)ets  ot  the  (ireeks 
and    Romans  speak   of  ])aintings   and   de\  i(  es  on  shields  and   helmets. 
Xenophon  says  that  the  king>  of  the  Medes  bore  a  gohUai  eagle  on  th  jh" 
shields  ;   Suetonitis  asserts  that   Domitian   had   a  golden   beard   tor   nis 
coat    of  arms;    and    Tacitus   says    of  the   an«  ient    (u-rmaus   that    they 
marked   their  shields  with   brilliant  (dors  and   bore  standards  belore 
tlum    in    battle.        Notwithstanding   all    this,  heraldry  is  no  older   tl  an 
the   totu-naments  :    this  is  corroborated   by  the   following   reasons.       In 
the  first    place,  we  find    no   tomb  or  monument  with   es(  ut(  heons  older 
than    the   eleventh  century.      The   most    an(  lent    is   that   of  A'armond, 
Count    of  Vasserburg,    in    the   ( htua  h   o\   St.    lanmeran,    at    Raaisbon. 
The   shield    is   r^v///'  of  argent   and   sable;    o\er   it    is  a   lion,  with     he 
words  ''Anno  Domini  MX.''       On   most   of  the   other   tombs,  even  of 
the  ele\erith  centur\-,  no  arms   are   found;    and    llu-  use  of    fluan   sec  ms 
first  to  have   become  common  in  the  twelilh  <  cntur\.      'i'he   first    Pope 
who  can  be  i)rove(l   to   ha\e  had  a  (  oat  of  arms  is  r.onifu  e  VIII..  who 
filled  the  pajxil  see  from  1294  to  1303.      All   the  earlier  papal   arms  are 
the  fnuiful   inventions  of  later  flatterers.       On  coins  also,  no  armo:-ial 
ensigns  are  found  till  the  thirteenth  centtn-y.      The  second  proof  of  the 
assumed  origin  of  exeats  of  arms  is  the  word  i>/iison.  whic  h  (Kaiotes  the 
science  of  heraldry  in   French,  I^nglish,   Italian,   and   Spanish.      This 
word  has  most  probably  its  origin  in  the  Oerman  word  l^/asru  1  to  bl  )w 
the   horn  )  ;    for,  when   a   new   knight   a])peared    at   a   tournament,    the 
herald   had  to  sound  the  trumpet,  and,  because  all  ajjpeared  with  (lose 
visors,  to  ])rocdaini  and  explain  the  bearing  o{  the  shield  or  (  oat  o{ 
arms  belonging  to  eacdi.        because  this  was  ])erformed   by  the   herald, 
this  knowledge  was  called  licralilry  ;  and  because,  in  doing  so,  he  bb  w 


the  trumpet,  it  was  called  l)lazoning  the  arms.  From  the  Germans  this 
custom  was  transmitted  to  the  French ;  for  there  is  no  doubt  that 
t(nirnaments  were  usual  in  Germany  much  earlier  than  in  France. 
Tint  the  French  carried  to  far  greater  perfection  the  tournament,  and 
the  blazon,  or  heraldry,  connected  with  it,  just  as  they  did  the  whole 
svstem  of  chivalry.  The  French  language  prevailed  at  the  court  of  the 
Norman  kings  in  England,  and  hence  we  hnd  pure  French  expressions 
in  British  heraldry. 

'Hie  dcricc  is  a  motto  expressed  by  means  of  a  pictorial   emblem. 
Tlie    motto    proper  originated    in    the  emblem,  a  written   inscription 
coming  to  be  added  to  the  pictorial  design,  with  the  view  of  rendering 
the  meaning  more  explicit.      Devices  thus  consist  of  two  parts, — a  pic- 
torial  picture,  called  the   ''/Wr,"   and  a  motto   in  words,  called   the 
''soul.''     In  the  Middle  Ages,  devices  in  coat-armor  came  into  regular 
and  formal  use,  and  chivalry  employed  them  in  its  courtly  expressions 
of  devotion  to  the  tair  sex.      They  were  used  both  as  charges  on   the 
shield  and  as  (rests.      The  only  respect  in  which  the  device  differs  from 
other  heraldic  eiublems  is,  that  it  always  has  some  specific  reference  to 
the  history  or  circtmistances  or  position  of  the  bearer.     As  an  exam- 
ple :  Lcjuis  XIII.  of  France  had  a  falcon  as  a  device,  with  these  w-rds. 
"Aijuila  ^^oioj-osior  ales'"    (A  more  generous  bird  than  the  eagle»,  by 
wlii(  h  he  meant  to  denote  his  own  superiority  to  the  Em})e  or.  who>e 
device  was  an   eagle.      Devi(-es,  moreover,  were  generally  borne  only 
bv  the  individual  who  assumed  them,  and  not  by  the  other  members 
of  his  family,  or  his  descendants,  like  the  crest  or  cognizance.      On  all 
lestal    occasions  they  figured   on   triumphal   arches,   on  banners,   and 
hanLrinjjs.      At  a  later  period  it  became  customarv  to  work  devices  into 
buildiuLrs;   friezes  and  stained  windows  were  often  covered  with  them. 


HENRY  VII.,   HEINRICH    DER    SIEBENTE.     A.D.   130S. 

"  Calicem  vita;  drdisti  niilii  in  mortem."      (Thou  liast  given  me  tlie  cup  of  life  in  deitli.») 

Ix  the  time  of  Otho  the  Great,  Luxemburg  was  a  strong  fortress  on 
the  Alzette,  and  was  ceded  by  the  Archbishop  of  Treves  to  C\)unt  Sig- 
fried,  who  was  the  first  of  the  powerfiil  counts  of  Luxemburg,  whose 
descendant,  Henry  VIL,  was  now  to  mount  the  imperial  throne  ot  Ger- 
manv.  Henrv  was  a  knight  in  the  best  sense  of  the  term,  renowned 
for  his  distinguished  prowess  in  the  lists,  and  generally  respected  tor 


*  An  allusion  to  the  manner  of  his  death. 


i=;o 


JIAPSBUKG,  AXD    OTHER    IIOVSES. 


his  talents  and  gcnero.ity.  After  Albert's  death,  the  German  prince, 
remained  true  to  their  principle  not  to  choose  several  Kmi)eror>  trom 
the  same  house  in  su(xcssion,  and  as  chivalric  virtues,  in  tlieir  estima- 
tion, surpassed  all  others,  they  pi-opo>ed  C\)unt  Henry  of  Luxeinl.in;^, 
who  was  known  to  be  a  valiant  kni-ht  ;  be^i.les  he  was  the  brotler 
of  the  Elector  of  'rreve>,  and  the  Kle<  tor  of  Mayence  haled  the  Haos- 
bur-s,    and    through    their    mtluence     Henry    was    elec  te.l     l-mperor. 

Adolpli    and    Albert    buried    in    the    (a  h- 
edral  of    Spe\er.  and   jtut    tlie 


Henry    had    the    bodies  o' 


reuicides    under    the    ban    of 
the  empire. 

Among     the     nian_\-     small 
baron>  whobeiame  ind.epeiai- 
ent     on     the    dismeml  k  inieiU 
nf    the    I  lohen^taufen    dii<  by 
of  Suabia.  after   the  death    af 
the  }oiing  Conradiiio.  ai    >  a- 
ple-,    in    12C)S,    wa.>   tlie    laa\-e 
Suabian     knight,     riric     with 
the    'rhumb,      who,   l'\-   ]'er-e- 
wraia  e   and    >kiih  united   the 
iiKot   \aihiabio    e>tate-,    in    >ua- 
buu    adid    loianed    liie    uiK  Icus 
o\    (lie    present     kinj_,dom    (.t 
Wiirtemberg.     h't^rtune  smiled 
on  lr,>  descendants,  v.  Iio  soon 
.  .  )i    the  better  <n"  the  smallcT 
proprietors,  and  by  purchases, 
m  images,  and  feuds   against 
nobles   and    cities,    enlarged 
their  property.     They  were  a 
haughty  and    ferocious    race. 
Count  Eberhard   had  for  his 
motto,     ''GocVs  friend,    ami 
evetybody  s  enemy .''     At   the 
diet  of  Sj.ever.  held  bv  Henry 
VII    on  in.  aecessieai,  m   i  pah,  I'beiluinl  of  Würtemluig   appeared    'n 
full  armor,  with  a  .uite  of  two  lumdred  hor.e.      Wnlxait  dismomUing, 
he  proudlv  de<  hired    that    lie  was   nobody'^,  vd:..al,  aial    rode  oii   again 


HE.NKl   \  n. 


<i>  T!,r  thuni!)  of  h>  right  liand  uas  remarkably  large. 


JIEXRY    VI L 


151 


without  saluting  the  Emperor.  The  insupportable  arrogance  of  these 
counts,  and  the  public  robberies  they  often  permitted  on  the  high- 
roads of  traveling  merchants,  forced  the  citizens,  with  the  assistance 
of  the  Swiss,  to  lorm  the  Suabian  ailiance  of  thirty-four  citi  s. 

Henry  conhrmed  the  Swiss  in  their  rights,  and  freed  them  from  de- 
pendence on  Frederic  the  Handsome,  the  Emperor  Albert's  son.  The 
Bohemians  hated  their  King  Henry.  Ottocar's  grand-daughter,  Eliza- 
l)eth,  was  lel\  as  the  last  survivor  of  the  ancient  royal  race.  In  a  spirit 
of  hatred  to  the  House  of  Hapsburg,  which,  after  this  princess,  possessed 
the  next  claim  upon  Bohemia,  the  nobility  gave  this  heiress  in  mar- 
riage to  John,  the  son  of  the  Emperor,  and  with  her  the  House  of 
Luxemburg  obtained  the  crown  of  Bohemia. 

Pienry  was  now  called  into  Italy  to  settle  some  difficulties,  although 
the  Italians  had  not  recognized  German  authority  for  sixty-four  years. 
He  was  (  rowned  with  the  iron  crown  of  Lombardy  in  Milan,  and 
atlerwards  in  the  Lateran,  at  Rome,-  in  1312.  Henry's  prudent  con- 
du(  I  111  Italv  met  with  so  much  success  that  Dante  hoped  great  things 
iVum  him.  Dante,  the  great  statesman  and  greater  poet,  had,  in  his 
youth,  been  a  (bielph;  but  when  his  native  city— Florence— was 
divid.ed  into  two  hostile  factions,  the  White  and  the  Black,-— /i?/^7;/r/// 
^^/ /  Av;-/,__he  joined  the  Whites,  who  formed  the  moderate  party  and 
desired  a  compromise  with  the  (dbibellines,  and  soon  after  he  became  a 
stout  Ghib-lbne.  But,  unfortunately,  Henry,  who  had  placed  Robert 
of  Naples  under  the  ban  of  the  empire,  marched  against  that  king,  and 
on  his  roa.l  to  Sienna  sioj.ped  at  Buonconvento,  where  the  chivalrous 
and  honest  Emperor  was  poisoned  in  the  sacrament  by  a  monk,  and 
died  m  i;,!;,.  Henry  was  buried  in  his  taithful  city  of  Pisa.  His 
first  wite  was  lather,  daughter  of  a  duke  of  Silesia;  his  second  was 
^Largaret  of  Jkabant. 


*  He  was  crowned  by  the  cardinals,  Pope  Clemtrii  V.  being  at  Avignon. 


Is2 


in /'S/WKi'.  .l.V/'    OTIIFR    IIOrSFS. 


frl-:i)i:r!C  'xwv.  mandsomi;,  i-kii.DKKii  di-.r  sliiilm:. 

A.I).   1314   i;>v>. 
••  Ikata  inurtc  luiiil  beatius."     (A  happ}  lUMth  ;>  the  greatest  happiness.) 


I-KKDKRK^    TK   BEL. 


Fret  ^ric    the     TTwd- 
soME,      on    of    Albert     I., 

ar,(i  L^i  p.dsoii  cf  Rndol])!"! 
of  Ha  ^Iaitl;,  wah  c  hu^cn 
h\  thrc  rlrrtnr^.  witli  the 
Arc  nbi.Mioj)  o!  (  oiogne  at 
their  head,  and  Frederic 
was  crowned  ;it  Honn,  with 
tlie  insignia  of  the  empire. 


LOUIS    THE    B  AVAR  I  AX. 


153 


LuUiS    THE    RAXARIAN,    LUDWIG    DER    RAIKR.     a.d.    1314-1347 
"  Sola  bona,  quce  honesta."     (Only  what  is  honest  is  good.) 

Louis  was  tlie  son  of 
R()Ui->  the  Scwrc,  Duke 
of  Ikuana,  and  of  W\.\- 
tild:i,  (iaii^Lihtcr  of  Ru- 
(luljili  of  Ha})>])Urg. 
Loai-  \\\H  elected  tlie 
(la\-  after  I'rederic's  cor- 
unaiiuii,  li\'  the  Arc  h- 
bisho]!  of  ^hl\■en(  e  and 
his  party,  and  c  rowiied  at 
Aixda-Chapelle.  Hence 
a  new  wai-  hi-oke  oui  \\\ 
German)-.  The  greatest 
nimiber  of  towns,  es- 
pecially in  ^'lala.i.  and 
the  Swiss,  were  for  Louis; 
but  the  no])ility  were 
mostly  for  Frederic  of 
Austria.  Moreover, 

Frederic  had  a  powerful 
ally  in  his  brother,  the 
Archduke  Leopold, called 
the  "Flower  of  Knight- 
hood," who  was  burn- 
ing to  avenge  the  honor 
of  the  House  of  Austria 
upon  the  Swiss.  Accom- 
panied  with   a   Muiaerous 

retinue  of  knm:n>.  he  a<ivanee(i  lowarois  lae  rnouniamN  o 
threatening  to  trample  the  ]M)ors  l)eneath  his  feet,  and  earryinix  ^m 
a])nnd:ini  suppli'  of  roj>e^  for  tlie  execn.tion  of  their  rebellious  chiefs. 
The  Weil-known  lieroisni  of  tlie  nrehduke  had  attracted  the  wliole  of 
the  ancient  !a)l)]iitv  of  Hajtsbur^.  Lenzburg,  and  Kylmrg.  together  with 


LOUIS  V. 


he  aiiS'anieed   towards  t'lC  mountains 


Sehweirz, 


the  \  c. 


)lll    ol 


1  .andenber^-  and   the 


male   brandies  ( 


.f  c; 


es--le] 


familv, 


'11 
'«I 


eager   to   a\"enge   his  cjeath.      d'h.e  Swiss   from   L>i,  rnterwalden.  and 


154 


jLU\s/U7o.;,  Axn  oriiF.R  //(H'ses. 


51' 


Schwcitz,  to    the    miml)cr  of  thirteen    liundre.l,  were   led   by  Riuh>lph 
Redin.  a'veiu'ral.le   iKitru.t.      He  ..howcd    thcin    how  tlu'V  inii>t  o.  (  iipv 
the  heights  of  Moi-arleii   and  Satirl  Mountain  in  (Jider  to  ].iv\vnt  llie 
enemvfroni  gainin-  advantage  by  Mipenor  fonv.     A  b:in<l  ot  fiftv  cxib  .1 
Swis^'jonie.r  them,  and   on  the  i6th  of  NovendKT,   1315.  the  knights, 
(hid  in  complete  iron  armor,  ( ommenced  the  a>rcnt   of  the  muunian,s 
under  the  bright  ravs  of  the  morning  ^un,  and  mtcivd  the  pa->^,  whi<  h 
soon   beeame^  filled   with    the   elo^e    ranks   of   tlie    <  avabv  :    the   exiles, 
shouting  aloud,  rolled  down  from  the  heights  of  NU)rgarten  huge  frag- 
ments of  rock  in  (luick  suec  e^sion  upon  the  enem\ .      Seeing  eonhiMon 
in   the   ranks  of  the  horsemen,  the   thirteen   humb-ed   Swi.^  defended 
the  Sattel  Mountain  and    tell  upon   the   enemy '^  tlank,  carrying  swift 
execution  with   their  iron-pointed  (  lubs   and  lialberds.      The  llower  ot 
the  Austrian  nobility  fell,  two  of  the  (Kesslers  were  slain,  Lan.lenbeg 
was  killed,  and  Leopold   narrowly  escaped   Irom   tlu'   vengeance  ot   has 
]nirsuers.      This  victory,  the   Marathon  of  Swi>s  hi.tory,  wa..  gained    n 
one  hour  and  a  half,  over  a  force  of  twenty  thousand  well-aruKMl  me  1, 
by  a   party  of  thirteen  hundred  Swiss  mountaiiu-ers.  who  now  lor  tie 
first   time' met  an   army  in   the   field.      Louis    rewarded   the   Swi^..  by 

confirming  their  lil)erties. 

A  long  war  between  the  rival  Emperors  ensued,  whi(  h  was  at  length 
terminat'^ed  by  the  great  victory  of  the  bavarian,  over  the  Au^trian.  at 
IMiihldorf,  or  Amfingen,  on  the  river  Inn,— the  nu)^t  glorious  and  in- 
teresting event  in  the  Ikivarian  annals.  It  wa.  on  tlie  2Sth  ot  Septem- 
ber, 13^2,  that  one  of  the  mo^t  sanguinary  battles  o{  the  Middle  Ag -s 
was'  fought  between  the  entire  <  hivalry  of  Austria  anil  bavaria.  The 
shock  of  some  fifty  thousand  steel-c  lad  hor.enun  was  feartul  ;  the  ba- 
tle-field  was  covered  with  heap's  of  slam,  men  and  horse>,  but  the  tury 
of  the  combatants  did  not  relax,  when,  towards  sunset,  the  I'.avarim 
rear-guard,  commanded  by  the  Rurgrave  of  Nuremberg,  with  bann.-rs 
spread,  wheeled  full  in  the  Hank  of  the  a>toni^hed  Frederic  uf  Austria, 
and  comi)leted  the  rout.  Frederic,  tailing  with  his  steed,  was  yarned 
a  prisoner  to  Louis,  the  friend  and  companion  of  hi^  voutli.  The  A  is- 
trians  lost  twenty  thousand  warriors,  and  the  imperial  crown  reman  ed 

with  Ikivaria.  ,    1  ■    -     i  • 

Here  again  the  Austrlans  were  too  slow.  Leopohl  with  his  Suabian 
chivalry  was  detained  at  the  convent  of  Liu->tentelde,  enjoying  the 
strong  wines  of  the  monks,  while  the  battle  wa^  at  its  height.  His 
timely  arrival  would,  no  doubt,  have  turned  the  s(  ale  of  tV)rtune.  The 
old  Bavarian  general,  Siegfried  Sc  hwepi)erman,  who  commanded  in 
chief,   took  advantage  of  this  negligence  to  carry  out   the  tollowing 


1.0 CIS    THE    BAVARIAN. 


DJ 


Stratagem 


It  is  related  that  the  victorious  Bavarian  army  after  the 
battle  were  without  any  })rovisions,  having  merely  a  sui)ply  of  eggs, 
which,  on  being  distributed  among  them,  left  but  one  for  each  man. 
Tlie  I'hnperor  Louis,  on  hearing  this,  exclaimed,  ''Well,  give  to  every 
warrior  his  (i\i^''^.  but  to  the  brave  Schwepperman  give  two!"  as  a  |jroof 
liiat  to  Inm  alone  was  due  the  honor  of  the  victory. 

Frederic  was  imprisoned   in   the  castle  of  Trausnitz,  but  was  treated 
haunanely.       \\\>  brother  Leopold  and  many  other  princes  still  carried 
on   the  war  in   his  tavor;   and   Pope  John  XXH.  having  excommuni- 
cated Louis  for  having  taken  part  with  the  Duke  of  ^Llan  against  him, 
the   l-anperor  went   to  the  castle  of  Trausnitz  and  concluded  a  treaty 
with  Frederic,  in  1325,  releasing  him  from  captivity,  on  condition  that 
he  should   return  if  he  should  prove  unable  to  persuade  his  adherents 
to  acknowledge  the  imperial  title  of  the  victor.     Not  succeeding  in  this 
objec  t,  Frederic^  kei)t  his  promise,  notwithstanding  the  remonstrances 
of  his  brother  and  the  Pope,  and  returned  to  Munich.     Louis,  appre- 
ciating this  magnanimity  in  Frederic,  and  remembering  their  mtitual 
friend^hi|)   in   early   life,— they   having   grown  up  together,— resolved 
tormally  to  share  the  empire  of  Germany  with  him.      An  alliance  was 
t'ormed   ])ul)licly,  in  wliich  it  was  agreed  that  they  would  ''both  con- 
i,)ir,tly  bear  the  title  of   Roman-German  Emperor,   call    and    regard 
themselves  as  brothers,  and  in  their  dispatches  and  other  documents 
their  si<matures  and  seals  should  be  afiixed  alternately."     Pope  John, 
who  knew  nothing  of  the  German  character,  and  who  considered  such 
L^rood  fiith  iini)recedented,  wrote  to  King  Charles  of  France,  to  whom 
It  might  ai)pear  equally  novel,  '''Ulis  incredible  example  of  friendship 
and  c  onfidence  was  confided  to  me  on  the  best  authority  in  a  commu- 
nication tVom  Germany." 

Frederic,  however,  did  not  long  continue  to  take  part  in  the  govern- 
ment ;  for,  greatly  de])ressed  by  his  mistortunes,  he  retired  to  Gutten- 
stein,  a  beautifiil  castle  in  the  Wiener  Wald,  southwest  of  Vienna, 
to  which  he  was  accompanied  by  his  amiable  wife,  Elizabeth  of 
Aragon,  who  had,  during  his  imprisonment  at  Trausnitz,  so  wept 
on  liis  account  that  she  became  totally  blind.     Here  Frederic  himself 

died,  in  1330. 

Louis,  with  all  his  faults,  was  an  able  and  active  monarch,  a  true 
Ikivarian.  He  raised  ALmich  to  an  imperial  residence,  revised  the 
laws,  encouraged  agricadture  and  industry  by  abolishing  the  serfdom 
of  the  i)easantry,  and  enlarged  the  ])rivileges  and  municipal  institu- 
tions of  the  towns.  \\\  his  time  was  the  era  of  chivalry,  i)oetry,  and 
art,  which  has  been  revived  in  the  masterpieces  of  painting,  sculpture, 


iq6 


i/AJ\sr>i'RC,  Axn  ori!r.K  houses. 


i 


and    architecture    now    adoniing    Muni(  h,    tlic    modern'  Alliens    of 

Germany. 

In  1327,  Louis  went  to  Italy,  and  was  (a-owned  at  Milan  and  at  konie, 
thou-li  not  by  the  Pope.  He  eK:vaied  Nk  liola>  \'.  t..  ilu-  papal  chair; 
hut  this  arbitrary  step  arou>ed  the  people,  and  compelled  him  -pcodd) 
to  retire  from  Rome.  John  XXll.,  as  well  a.  \\\>  ^U(  (  r>>ors,  con- 
tinuallv  endangered  Louis's  portion  hv  ral^!n.u  up  cncmic-  and  iival-. 
in  Ciermany.  Kin-'  John  of  Bohemia  showed  lum>ell  ho>tik-  to  ihj 
house  oi  I'.avaria,  whose  growni-  -reatne^r.  he  soueht  to  opp^.M-  hv  everv 
mean^  in  his  i)o\ver.  This  darin-  and  adventarc  .ii>  prmce  traversed 
Lurop»e  incessantly  on  horsel)a(  k  like  a  courier,  until  lie  sue*  redrd  11 
rrettiiv  his  son  (/iiarles  elected  Lmperor,  m  llie  year  13  }0;  h'l!  he 
cnjoved  no  iiopularity  wliile  Louis  li\ed. 

Louis  continued  to  streii-tiien  his  power,  marrvni-  his  son  Loui,-.  to 
Margaret  Maultasch  uitii  the  l:«rge  moutii  ,  the  hene-^s  .U  '1  vro].  and 
making  him  Margrave  of  Lrandenhurg  :  ]>esto\viiig  pairona-e  uiure  it 
would  make  him  allies;  and.  liavmg  inhente.!  iloiland,  /.-akihd, 
Friesland,  and  oilier  posses.-. ion.-,  ihiough  his  wife,  Margaret  of  Holland, 
was  enal»h-d,  in  1  pi;,  to  iircj^are  for  another  expedition,  when  he  .^ud- 
denlv  died  while  huetmu,  oi  apoph-vy.  or.  as  some  thought,  of  poison. 
A.  lu;  die.l  uiKler  sentence  of  exeoiimuinication .  it  was  some  tune  be- 
L;re  Xw-.  rem  uns  were  buried  in  St.  Mary's  Church,  at  Maim  h,  1  ie  was 
the  last  iMiii.emr  excommunicated  i.)  the  i'opes.  His  first  wife  was 
Le.itrice,  daughter  of  a  duke  of  Silesia  :  his  second  ua:.  Margaret  of 
Holland. 


-,~c 


CiiARLLS    IV.,   KARL    L1:R   Xildm:.     A.D.    i34;^-io/o. 
"  Optiinutn  est  alieua  insania  frui."     (To  make  use  of  the  follies  of  others  is  glorious.) 

CHARia<  IV.,  grandson  of  the  Emperor  Henrv  MIL.  was  born  at 
Prague  in  1316.  He  was  elected  Lmper..r  in  the  time  of  bonis  tie 
Bavarian;  btit  Loui>,  partly  bv  the  great  >uperioritv  ot  hi^  talents,  ami 
partly  bv  the  support  given  him  bv  the  priiu  es  of  the  empire,  who 
were' especially  jealous  of  the  papal  power,  and  who  had  withm  ton 
years  adopted,' at  the  diet  of  Ren^e,  the  mo>t  energetic  measures  agaii  .t 
the  claims  of  the  Holy  See,  easily  ballled  the  plans  of  the  blind  Hohe- 
mian,  who  threw  himself  into  tlie  hands  of  the  hope  and  tin-  King  of 
France,  and  caused  his  son,  who  was  a  man  of  (  onsiderable  abihtv,  to 
be  educated  in  that  kingdom. 


CHARLES    IV 


157 


Charles  as  well  a>  his  fitlier 
was   in    the  lei t tie  ot    Cree\'  ; 
hut    J-   soon   as   he   saw  th;U 
the   Fhiglish   areher\-  had    in 
tac  t    ^^■on    the    da\  .    he    has- 
tened »Vol  11  tlie  field,  leaving 
hi:>     g.iHaut      lather     and     a 
handful    of    brave    countr\-- 
nien    to  die  ;   the   lb)rmer  be- 
cause  he   would    not    oudive 
his    lionor.    and     the    kuter 
because  they  would   not  Mir- 
vive  their  king.    ( 'iiarle.s  then 
succeeded   to   the   throne  of 
Bohemia,  and    in    13-p')   was 
chosen  Empercu  i)\  li\e  elec- 
tors.     Louis    dying   a    little 
more  than  a  year  afterv^  aids, 
he  hoped  to  succeed  w  ithout 
any     opposition,     uhen     he 
learned  that  the  Archbishop 
of   Mayence,    the    Electors 
of     Brandenburg    and     tiie 
Palatinate,  and  the  Duke  of 
Saxe-Lauenburg  had  assem- 
bled at  Lahnstein,  declared  -  charles  iv. 
his  election   void,  and   had 

elected  lalward  111.  d  fuigkind,  the  conqu.eror  of  Crecy,  and  brotlier- 
in-law  of  the  late  Emperor.  The  English  parliament,  however,  obliged 
him  to  decline  it.  Thev  then  eUa-ted  Frederic  the  Severe,  Landgrave 
of  Mri^-^en,  aiul  he  refused  the  crown.  Not  discouraged,  their  next 
choice  was  Giintlier  of  S(  hwarzburg,  a  knight  <listinguished  by  his  teats 
of  arms,  and  m  wllo^e  tavor  they  gained  over  the  Poles,  the  ancient 
eiuimes  of  the  blouse  of  Luxemburg. 


i 


i*t'5 


I5S 


JIAPSJU'/yi:,  AXI>    OI'JUlK    IiUi^ES. 


GLXrill-R    Ol'    SCII\VARZr.rR(-. 

(His  mottd  is  not  kp.nwii.) 


'■    1349- 


GrxTTiFR,  (^)mU  of  S(  luvarz- 
l)iii\U'.  \va,->  'Ic«  tc'd  ill  i.vi*»'  ^'.^' 
tiu;  ;!(iluTt  it>  ot  1 ,( )iiis  llic  l^a- 
wii'ian.  llr  la'xilwd,  liowcN'cr. 
iu)i  to  accrj)t  the  (  row  n  inilc>s 
the  clc(toi->  as^uicd  liiin  tliat 
he  üiiLi'tit  to  do  so  for  '"(lod  s 
sake,  aaidi  not  l"r  iniiia.'\-  oi- 
t>t.ites."  llo  w 
l-'r  auk  tort,    .11  id 


is        K.-\K.K    K'( 


it 


>ct     out     wila 


his  ariiix"  again.sL  CIkü-U/s,  v.  hu 
was  nil  ,imrK'(^  at  AhixaMire. 
ria'iig  siKldeiih-  tak<n  hi.  he 
was  obliged  to  be  carried  back 
to  Iranki*  it.  where  he  died  in 
the  monastery  of  St.  John.  It: 
was  said  lie  was  poisoned.  He 
died  before  he  was  crowned. 
1  le  was  buried  in  the  cathedral 
of  Frankfort.  Twenty  coinits 
ut  the  empire  were  his  pall- 
bearers, and  the  Emperor 
Charles  and  the  electors  at- 
tended his  funeral.  His  wife 
w.i  Elizabeth,  Countess  of 
1  loliensti^'in. 


orNiHv  K  Di-;  sx  iiv.AKzuoeiv  -. 


riiree    miles    !r«'!n.     Kiuioi- 
stadt  are  thie  x\\\\\-  of  ilie  castle  o\   C n  iienstein,  the  birtii})lace  ^ä  the 

unf  )rtiiiiate  l-hni)eror  (iMiitih  r  o!'  Seiiwar/hur-.  Ihve  miles  farther  on 
in  the  windini;  wiilex  is  the  <  a-ile  (•!'  >«  iiwjr/burg.  Sondershaiisen  is 
a  priiuhjiality  of  (lerman\-  \\\  Thuriimia.  S(  l:\\ar/hui  e- Kmh  »l^tadi 
borders  (>n  Saxe-^Veim.lr.  Seluvar/hiir--Son(her>iia!i-.e!i  is  ahiiost  s'lr 
rounded  bv  tlie  Prii-sian  proxhnee  of  Saxonx.  wh.K  li  is  ]  aaha  i]iali\ 
composed  of  the  ees-ions  made  by  the  kingdom  <•!  Saxoiu'  to  bnis^ia, 
at  the  Congress  of  \h(aina,  in  iSr5.  It  i-  divided  into  th.ree  goveiai- 
ments,  Magdeburg,  Mer<ebtirg,  and  hLn'url. 


CHARLES  IV. 


159 


Charles  was  unanimously  acknowledged  after  Giinther's  death,  and 
set  liimself  to  accom])lish  by  intrigue  what  the  Hohenstaufens,  his 
<rrandiat]ier  Henrv,  and  Louis  tlie  liavarian  had  clearly  proved  to  him 
could  not  be  effected  bv  oj)en  violence.  He  was  the  first  to  introduce 
primogeniture  into  his  family,  and  the  Hapsburgs  followed  his  exam- 
l)le.  He  drew  the  Hapsburg  army  to  his  side  by  giving  his  daughter 
Catharine  in  marriage  to  Rudolph,  son  of  Albert  the  Lame;  and 
dissolved  tlic  Wittebbarh  confederacy  by  wedding  Agnes,  daughter 
of  the  Count  Palatine  Rupert. 

Cliarles  <'-ave  hi^  hereditary  dominions  wise  laws  and  excellent  insti- 
tutions.  and  granted  many  privileges  to  the  city  of  Frankfort.  He  did 
all  he  could  to  check  the  atrocious  i)ersecution  of  the  Jews,  and  to 
miti-ate  the  sufferings  caused  l.)y  a  great  earthquake,  and  by  the  pesti- 
lence (  ailed  the  ''black  death ^  He  went  to  Italy,  and  was  crowned  at 
Mi!;in  in  i  :;54.  and  I'hni'eror,  in  Rome,  by  Pope  Innocent  \  I.,  in  1355. 
In  13:^6  he  isMie<l  tlie  -'(hdden  Pull,"'  so  called  from  Vc^^  :c:oLIru  seal 
afixcd  le  it.  whi<h  sanctioned  all  the  rights  an<l  privileges  tliat  liad 
been  usur[.ed  b\  the  great  vassals.  The  electors  were  seven,  ranking 
in  tlie  following  oiaier  : 

I.  The  Arciiliislio])  of  Mayence,  as  Arch-Chancellor  of  Germany. 
He  possessed  as  sovereign  i-riiue  tlie  territories  of  Mayence  on  tlie 
Rhine  and  tlie  Maine;  Aschaffenbiir^.  witli  a  large  tract  on  the  Upper 
Maine,  in  Franconia ;  besides  Marburg,  Erfurt,  Eichsfeld,  Frizlar, 
and  some  fiefs  on  tiie  Rliine  and  in  Lorraine. 

II.  The  Archbishop  of  Treves,  as  Arch-Chanc  eilur  of  burgundy, 
with  an  extensive  territory  on  the  Moselle. 

in.     I'iie  .\rchl)ishop  of  Cv.logne,  as  Arch-Chaiuellor  of  Italy,  with 

the  duchy  of  Westphalia. 

i\  .    rile  Kiiiu  (»f  Bohemia,  as  Arch-Seneschal. 

V.   The  Count   PaJatine  of  the  Rhine,  as  Art  li-Sewer. 

\'l.  The  Duke  of  SaxeAVittenberg,  as  Arch-Mar-lial  >  with  tlie  ex- 
clusion of  the  ducal  line  of  Saxe-Lauenburg). 

\\\.    d  lie  Margraxe  of  Pramleiiburg. 

The  voie.s  of  tlie  seven  electors  were  forever  united  t-.)  their  terri- 
tories. wlii(di  were  considered   as   inalienable  feudal  possessions  of  the 


v;  n  i  1 1  i  I  L' . 


The    Golden   Bull  also    contained    some   provisions   restraining   the 
so-called    l-\ui>tr,eiit  <  fist-law )   or  right    of  private   redress:    hrankfort 


was  atknowledged  to  be  the  (ity  where  the  Empere-r 


sllouh 


be  elected, 


Aix-la  Ciiapelle    that    where    lie   should   be   crowned,    and   Nuremberg 
tlKit  where   his    lirst  court -dav  sliould   be   held.       Vet  Charle.-,  was  the 


■^  --•»: 


COXTEMPORARIES. 


i6r 


1 60 


//.//'.N/.TAV;.   AM)    O  I'll  ER    HOUSES. 


fir>t  to  vi(^l:Uc   SDiiic  of   its  |)r(i\iNi<)ii^,  1>\   uisniu    l.u-c   l)ri1)rs   to  \\x\k: 
liis  son  \\\-nct>laus  cU'ck'd  t.»  Mhccr«!  Inin  \\\  the  nnpirr.       It  wns  said  ' 
tlui'   Charles   iHinself  \va>   elc-ctrd   I'hnpcrnr    .it    thr    ni-t  !u>n  w  mi  m!    l'..pc 
CKaiRaU  \'I.,  towlioin  he  had  taken  an  oath  ol  lunniiiatm^L;  nuI  mii^Moii 

at  Avignon. 

Charles  i^ot  possession  ot~  r.ran»lenl  )nr-   tor  niMne\-,  awA  a.ldui  Sih-^ia 
to  the  empire.        lli)nand    liad    re\erted    to    Hur-nndy,  and    Arloi-   and 
Idanders  were  -i\en   to    Plnlip  thi-  i'.ohl.  son  of  Km-  J>.h!i  ot'  hVaaiee. 
as   a    \w\    iÄ   the   empire.       He   did    all    in    his    power   mr    tiie   a--ran- 
di/.ement   k)\    his    lamily  and    the   prosperit)-    of  his   liereditarx    e>tate-. 
His   domestic    and    inti-rnal    poln  v   was    wi-e,    liberal,   a,i]d    1)ene!H  lal. 
He    toiuerted    I'ohemia    into    a    Minlin-   -ardeii.        Pra-iie    becann'    the 
capital   KÄ  (U-rmanv.  and    he   emludlished   this,   his  ta\orite  (  ity.  with 
ma«'iiitieent    ehiirehes    ami    palaces,    and    founded,    m    i,:;;!.    u>    <  ele- 
bratetl   universitv.       He   bnilt   tlie  iiKyunituent  stone  brid-e  ai  ri)-s  the 
Moldau,  supported   by  sixteen   arches  and   adorned   with   twent\'CM^hr 
(X)lo>sad  statues  ot'  saints.       This   bridi^^e  unites  the  Hrads<  ban  with  the 
old    town,  and    the  access  to   it    is   fortified  with  liiuh    and    i.icture--.iue 
towers.       On    the   commanding    heii;hts    of    tlie    Hradsdiin    Mand    the 
superb   Gothic   cithedral    and    the    immense  (astle   and    ].ala(e   c,t    the 
P,ohemian   kings,  and    on  the  market-pbu  e,  in  tlie  old   (  !t\.  tiie   Caro- 
biden   universitv,  with  its  rii  h   librar\-  of  IJohemian   mamiM  ript;^.  and 
the  Gothic  towivhall  of  that  period. 

Charles's  erudition  and  knowledge  of  bingiiages  liave  often  bee  i 
]-)raised.  and  lie  gave  a  {»roof  of  this  last  accomplishment  by  writing 
his  own  lite  in  Latin. 

His  first  wife  was  lUaiK  he  de  \'alois  ;  his  second,  Agnes,  Countc.-.s 
I'akitire;  tlie  tliird.  Anna  of  Silesii.  the  mother  of  W'ence^lair^  :  the 
fourth,  hdi/.abeth  of  Tomeraida,  motlier  of  Sigi^mmal  and  job^t.  H's 
son  Wenceslaiis  su((  ceded  him  in  the  em|Mre.  and  he  aU«.  willed  him 
the  kingdoms  of  iJohemia  and  Silesia.  'I'o  >iuiMii!ind  lie  gave  tl  e 
electorate  of  lh-anden])urg.  Sigismund  married  tlie  lieiie--  n!  ihmgaiy 
and  Pobmd.  Hi-  third  son,  job-t.  had  l.u-atia.  In  i;,-S  tliere  we-e 
two  Popc-.—'Crban  \\..  \\\  Rome,  and  Clement  \' H . .  m  A\ign<ci. 
Two  months  at'ter  this  division  in  the  Cdmrc:h,  Charles  died,  and  wis 
buried  at  I'ragiie. 


CUNri.MroK.\RlE:.  OF    HKNKV  VII.,   FREDERIC   THE    HANDSOME,    LOI'I^   THE 

iJ.WARlAN,    AM)    CHARLES    IV. 

ENGLAND. 

EJi.'arJ  IT.  came  to  the  throne  of  England  just  one  year  V)efore  the 
Count  of  Luxemburg  took  the  title  of  Emperor  as  Henry  VIL      During 
his  remn  l^ngland  was  distracted  with  civil  wars,  arising  from  the  weak- 
ness of  the  king,  the  violence  of  the  nobles,  and  the  character  of  the 
cpieen.      Edward  was  completely  defeated  by  the  Scots  in  the  battle  of 
P.anno(  kburn,  and   afterwards  taken   prisoner   by  the   (jueen   and   her 
favorite  .\b)rtimer,  and  cruelly  murdered  at  Berkeley  Castle.     His  wite 
was  Isabella  of  Erance,  and  was  a  princess  of  higher  rank,  with  the  ex- 
ceptnm  of  Tudith,  than  had  ever  espoused  a  king  of  England.      She  was 
little  more'  than  thirteen  years  old  at  the  time  of  her  marriage.      \  he 
dowrv  given  her  bv  her  father,  Philip  the  Eair,  was  provided  from  the 
spoil.'   of   the    hapless    Knights   Templar.      The    bridegroom  was   the 
handsomest  prin<-e  in  Europe,  and  the  charms  of  the  bride  had  obtained 
fc3r  her  the  name  of  Isabella  the  Fair.      Who  of  all  that  royal  company 
that  attended  their  wedding  could  have  believed  this  marriage  would 
have  been  so  unhapi.v,  or  that  the  bride  would  ever  be  called  the  -  She- 
Woifof  Francr  I     She  died  at  the  age  of  sixty-three,  and  was  buried 
in  the"  c  hurch  where  Roger   Mortimer  had  been   buried  twenty-eight 
years  previously,  and,  with  characteristic  hypocrisy,  with  the  heart  of 
her  murdered  husband  on  her  breast. 

J\iKuud  IIL  succeeded  his  lather  in  1327,  and,  though  but   tifteen 

years  of  a^v,  soon  d.splaved  a  brave  and  kingly  character.      He  quelleu 

Ihe   S<  ots^  at   HalKlon  Hill,  threw  off  the  yoke  of  Mortimer  and  tne 

queen-n.other,  though  he  always  treated  her  with  the  greatest  resix^ct  : 

and    after  the  death  of  the  last  descendant  of  the  direct  line  of  Hugh 

Cai^t    c  laimed  France  for  himself  in  right  of  his  mother.    He  defeated 

the  French  by  sea  and  land,-at  Sluys  and  Crecy,-and  reduced  Calais 

bv  a  c  ruel  siege.    His  son,  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  distingmshed  him- 

sJlf  at  the  baitle  of  Crecy,  where  the  old  blind  king,  John  ot  Bohemia, 

rode  between  two  knights,  the  bridles  of  whose  steeds  were  chained  to 

his.  and    perished    fighting   valiantly  for   France.     The_  Black   1  nnce 

gained  his  spurs,  and  the  crest  of  the  slain  Bohemian  bng,  cominased 

of  three  ostrich  feathers,  with  the  motto,  ^^Ich  dicu,    -I  serve,-Ys 

adopted  bv  him  in   memory  of  the  victory,  and  still  continties    o  be 

borne  bv  the  Prince  of  Wales.      It  is  said  the  English  "-^^^^^^^^^^^^J 

gunpowder  at  this  battle.      The  Black  Prince  also  captured  King  John 

II 


1'- 


102 


J/AJ\SßrKü\  AXD    OTHER    IIOCSES. 


CONTEMl  'O RA  RIES. 


1^3 


of  I'rancc,  at  the  l)attlc  of  Poitiers.      Thi^  a((a)!rii)li-lic(l  I'rinr.e  dir.»  in 
1—6.  and    -rid"  tor  his  death   broke   hi^  father's   heart.      IMw.ird  III. 
became  a(<i'iaiiUed  with  lii>  ^vlü^   I'hdippa  of  Halnaailt,  when    he.  witli 
lii>  niollier  I^abeUa,  took  rehi-e  at  th,e  (oinl  of  Haananh.      'IMu'V  were 
married  at  \'ork,  Jannar)  .  132.S.      ••  \\V:»kA  be  the  memorv  K^\   Ivbvard 
III.,,  and  liis  (jueen   I'hibppa,  wlio  first  invented  ch.tlies,"  sjx^  a  mon- 
astic^ ehroni(  ler,  meaning  to  im])l\   tiiaa    bv  lier  aiK  iee  the  ba^ub.s'n  lir:>t 
manufac  tured  cloth.      Slie  c-stabbslud  a  mannfacturini^  coh>ny,  !rom  hei 
native  conntry,  at  \orwi(  h.  in  t'he  vear   i,:;35.       Nor  (bid  she  distbnn  to 
blend  all  the   mai<nificence  of  (  hivalry  with,    tlie  patrona-e  of  tlie  j.ro- 
dnctive   arts.      At  a  j.eriod  of  her    life  whi(  h  in  common    ellarac  ters  i>. 
considered  uirlhood,  she  had  enriclied  one  of  the  cities  of  her  realm  b\ 
her  statistical  wisdom.      There  was  wisdom   also    in    the  -rand   tonrna 
ments  she  held  at  Norwich,  which    mi-ht  be  considered  as  exhibitions 
showinu-  the  citizens  how  well,  in  time  of  need,  they  ( onld  be  j.rotectec 
bv  a  eallant  nobilitv.      These  festivals  also  displayed  the  detensive  class 
and  the  productive  (lass  in  admirable  nnion  and  beneficial  intercourse, 
while  the  example  of  the  ([tieen  promoted  mutual  respe(  t  between  them. 
Fhilipl)a's  mother,  too,  was  a  wise  and    i^ood  woman,  who  lo\ed  peace 
and  promoted  the  usehil  arts.      In   the  first  years  of  lu  r  marriaiie,  bhi- 
lil)pa  had  been  the  constant  attcuidant  of  her  husband  in  his  (  ampai^ns. 
The   annals  of   the   >  ear    1346    display  her  character   m    a   more    bril- 
liant light,  as   the   sagacious   ruler   o\    his   kingihan   and    tlie  \ii  torious 
leader  of  his  armv.      WInle    halward  was   battlniL    m    brance.  and    her 
heroicb()\.  the  black  brince,  tluai  in  his  sixteent'n  }  ear.  won  fame  at  tlie 
l)attle  of  Crecv.   I'hilii^pa  led  a.n  armv  against    1  )a\  id  of  Scolhind.  and 
at   the   battle  of  Neville's  Cross  took   him    prisoner.      It    was   (.wing  to 
her  intercession  that  the  lives  of  the  six  ]>a,triotic  citizens  (jI  C^alais  were 
sp)are(l.      After  this  she  turned  her  attention  to  working  the  coabmmes 
in  T\  iiedale.       It  was  an  infallible  result,  tliat,  wl,ere\er  this  great  cpieen 
directed    her  attention,   wealth   and    national    pro-perit\-  speedilx    tob 
lowed.      Well  did  her  actions  illustrate  lier   Idemish    motto.   Idi  :.'niJi' 
;^^^^^-/;^.^__I  xvork  much.      bhiüpjKi  had  not  the  mi-.  r\  of  living  to  see  the 
(han^e    in    the    prosjierit}'  of   her    fimilw      She  died  betöre   the   black 
Prince.      The  close  observer  of  history  will  not  fid  to  notu  e  that  with 
the  life  of  Queen    bhilippa   the   hai)piness,  the  g*    )d  hirtune.  and  e\en 
the  respectability  of  balward  lib  and   his    family  departed.  ;ind  scenes 
of  strife,    sorrow,  and    foil}'  distracted    the   comt    where   slie   had    (jiice 
promoted  virtue,    justice,  and   well-regulated    munificence.       Her   soU:, 
were   Edward    the   black    Prince,   Lionel,  I  )t]ke  of  Clarence,  John   of 
Gaunt,  Edmund,  Duke  of  York,  and  'bhomas  of  Wooilsto«  k,  I  >iike  ot 


Gloucester.  Her  daughter  Elizabeth  (Isabella),  princess  royal,  married 
the  voung  Lord  de  Coucy,  one  of  the  hostages  of  King  John  of  France. 
?vlarv  married  the  Duke  of  Bretagne;  ISLirgaret  married  the  Earl  of 
Pembroke.  Besides  these,  there  were  Joanna,  who  died  of  the  plague, 
betrothed  to  Pedro  the  Cruel  of  Si)ain  ;  Prince  Williain,  who  died  in 
his  twelfth  vear  ;  and  Planche  of  the  Tower.  Wickliffe,  the  morning 
star  of  the  Reformation,  as  he  has  l)cen  called,  came  into  notice  in  the 
disputes  between  P^lward  IIL  and  the  court  of  Ronie  relative  to  the 
homage  and  tribute  exacted  from  King  John.  A  monk  came  tbrward 
as  the  advocate  of  the  Church,  and  Wickliffe  wrote  a  rep)ly.  which  made 
him  favorably  known  at  court,  and  procured  him  the  patronage  of  John 
of  Gaunt,  Duke  of  Lancaster.  Wickliffe  also  translated  the  Scriptures, 
wrote  against  the  atithority  of  the  Pope,  and  the  intrigues  and  encroach- 
ments of   the    mendicant   friars, — that    ''unbridled   throng,''   as  Pope 

Gregory  X.  called  them. 

FRANCE. 

\\\  P^rance,  Louis  X.,  surnamed  Ilnfin  (Peevish),  succeeded  his  tather, 
Philii»  the  Fair,  in  1314.  Louis  found  the  treasury  emi)ty,  and.  in 
order  to  fill  it,  issued  a  proclamation  offering  freedom  to  all  his  serfs 
upon  the  payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money  by  each.  P5ut  the  greater 
part  ])referred  their  money  to  their  freedom.  However,  money  must 
l)e  had,  and  so  the  king  forced  them  to  be  free  whether  they  would 
or  not.  His  father  had  taken  a  very  effectual  mode  of  raising  the 
citizens,  bv  admitting  dei)uties  from  that  class  to  the  States-Cieneral, 
which  until  his  time  consisted  only  of  nol)les  and  prelates;  and  now 
the  serfs  were  to  be  free.  Louis's  first  wife,  ^Largaret  of  Burgundy, 
led  a  shameless  life,  and  was  shait  up  in  the  abbey  of  ^Laubisson,  where 
she  died,  in  1326.  His  second  was  Clemence  of  Hungary.  Louis 
died  shorth-  after  this  marriage,  leaving  one  child,  Jane. 

The  Salic  Law  was  confirmed,  and  Philip  V.  succeeded  his  brother 
in  1:16.  Plis  rei2:n  is  remarkable  oidv  for  an  attempt  to  poison  all  the 
wells  and  si)rings  in  P'rance,  which  was  charged  upon  the  Jews,  who 
were  sul)jectecl  to  the  most  cruel  ])ersecutions.  Philip  had  married 
lane  of  l^urgundy  while  Count  of  Poitiers,  and  she,  being  intimate  with 
Queen  ^Lirgaret,  soon  fell  into  vice.  Still,  she  lived  on  good  terms 
with  th.e  king  until  his  death,  which  occurred  in  1322  ;  but  her  widow- 
hood is  stained  bv  crimes  of  the  most  revolting  nature,  which  were 
enacted  at  her  residence,  the  Hotel  de  Xesle,  from  whose  towers  she 
precipitated  into  the  Seine  those  who  had  had  the  misfortune  to  attract 
her  attention,  to  ]jrevent  their  recital  of  her  infamy.  As  Philip  left 
onlv  daughters,  he  was  succeeded  l)y  his  brother,  Charles  IV..  surnamed 


T  6  4 


ILirSBURGy  AND    OTHER   HOUSES. 


the  Fair.     His  reign  affords  nothing  worth  mentioning,  if  we  except 
the  iloral  games  established  at  Toulouse.     Seven  lovers  of  poetry  issued 
a  general  invitation  to  all  the  poets  of  Provence,  the  successors  of  the 
old  Troubadours,   to  meet  at  Toulouse  on  May-day,  there  to  recite 
their  poems.     A  violet  of  gold  was  given  for  the  best  poem,  an  eglan- 
tine for  the  best  eclogue,  and  a  pansy  for  the  best  ode.      If  any  one 
took  all  three  prizes  he  was  dubbed  a  doctor  of  the  gay  science,  as  poetry 
was  called.      This  institution   remained  until  the  Revolution  of  1789- 
Charles  married  Mary  of  Luxemburg,  daughter  of  Henry  VH.,  Em- 
peror of  Germany,  who  was  crowned  with  great  splendor  at  Paris,  in 
1323,   in  presence  of  her  brother,  King  John  of  Bohemia,  and  her 
uncle,  the  Archbishop  of  Treves.     Mary  died  when  only  eighteen,  and 
Charles  married  for  his  second  wife  Jane  d'Evreux,— an  advantageous 
union  in  regard  to  the  kingdom  of  Navarre.     Charles  died  three  years 
after  this  marriage,  leaving  no  male  heirs,  and  the  crown  passed  from 
the  direct  line  of  Hugh  Capet  to  Philip,  son  of  Charles  of  Valois.     Ed- 
ward HI.  disputed  the  claim  of  Philip  VI.  of  Valois,  invaded  France, 
won  the  battle  of  Crecy,  and  besieged  and  captured  Calais.     Philip 
loaded  the  people  with  taxes,  and  forfeited  their  affection  by  his  per- 
fidious and  cruel  conduct.     Philip  married  Jane  of  Burgundy,  daughtei 
of  Robert  H.,  Duke  of  Burgundy,  and  of  Agnes,  daughter  of  Saint  Louis. 
The  marriage  took  place  at  Sens,  in  1313.     Philip  had  a  high  opinion 
of  her  wisdom  and  talents,  associated  her  in  his  administration,  and 
joined  her  signature  with  his  own  in  all  his  most  important  acts.      She 
died  of  the  plague,  in  1348,  aged  fifty-five.     She  was  sincerely  loved 
and  deeply  regretted  by  her  husband  and  the  nation.     She  had  five 
sons,— John,  King  of  France,  Philip,  Duke  of  Or^  ans,  and  three  others 
who  died  young,— besides  a  daughter,  Mary,  Due  ess  of  Limburg.  Jane 
was  buried  at  St.  Denis.     Philip  died  in   1350;  but  before  his  death 
Dauphiny  had  been  added  to  the  crown  of  Fran  :e.     The  last  prince, 
having  lost  his  only  child,  gave  the  province  to  France,  on  condition 
that  the  eldest  son  of  the  king  should  always  beai  the  UXX^oi Dauphin. 
John,  surnamed  the  Good,  from  his  courage  in  war,  succeeded  his  father 
at  the  age  of  forty.     Having  broken  the  truce  with  England,  he  was 
attacked  by  the  Black  Prince,  defeated,  and  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle 
of  Poitiers.     The  war  of  the  peasantry,  called  La  Jacquerie,  occurred 
in  his  time,  and  Paris  was  blockaded  by  the  King  of  Navarre.     John, 
having  been  ransomed,  surrendered  himself  afterwards  for  the  miscon- 
duct of  his  sons,  and  died  in  London,  in  1364.     John's  first  wife  was 
Bonne  of   Luxemburg,   daughter  of   King  John   of   Bohemia.      The 
amiable  disposition  of  this   princess  corresponded   with   her   name, 


CONTEMPORA  R  IKS. 


16; 


and  made  her  universally  beloved.  ?lic  died  in  1349.  before  the 
accession  of  her  husband  to  the  throne.  She  left  eight  children.-- 
Charles  V.,  King  of  France;  Louis,  from  \vhom  some  of  the  kings  of 
Sicily  sprang ;  John,  Duke  of  Berri,  father  of  Pope  Felix  \  .  ;  Philip 
the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy ;  Jane,  who  married  Charles  the  Bad, 
King  of  Navarre ;  Mary,  Duchess  of  Bar ;  Margaret  the  Nun  ;  and 
Isabella,  who  espoused  Galeazzo  Visconti,  Duke  of  Milan. 

Charles  V.,  surnamed  the  Wise,  controlled  his  armies  without  leading 
them  in  person.  Edward  IIL  of  England  used  to  say  of  him,  that 
among  all  with  whom  he  ever  contended,  Charles  was  the  one  who 
gave  him  the  most  trouble,  though  he  never  appeared  against  him.  But 
Charles  knew  how  to  .select  good  generals.  Du  Guesclin  was  his  com- 
mander-in-chief. This  valiant  Breton  was  captured  and  taken  to  London 
with  King  John.  One  day  at  the  court  of  Queen  Philippa,  the  Black 
Prince  proposed  that  Du  Guesclin  should  name  his  own  ransom,  accord- 
ing to  the  etiquette  of  the  times,  adding  that  whatever  sum  he  men- 
tioned, be  it  small  or  great,  he  should  be  free.  Du  Guesclin  said,  "A 
hundred  thousand  crowns."  The  prince  started  at  this  immense  sum, 
and  asked  Sir  Bertrand  'Miow  he  could  ever  expect  to  raise  such  an 
enormous  sum?"  **  I  know,"  replied  the  hero,  "a  hundred  knights 
in  my  native  Bretagne  who  would  mortgage  their  last  acre  rather  than 
Du  Guesclin  should  either  languish  in  captivity  or  be  rated  below 
his  value.  Yea,  and  there  is  not  a  woman  in  France  now  toiling  at  her 
distaff  who  would  not  devote  a  year's  earnings  to  set  me  free;  for  well 
have  I  deserved  of  their  sex.  And  if  all  the  fair  spinners  in  France 
employ  their  hands  to  redeem  me,  think  you,  prince,  whether  I  shall 
bide  much  longer  with  you?" 

Queen  Philippa,  who  had  listened  with  great  attention  to  the  dis- 
cussion between  her  son  and  his  prisoner,  now  spoke.  *'  I  name,"  she 
said,  '*  fifty  thousand  crowns,  my  son,  as  my  contribution  towards  your 
gallant  prisoner's  ransom;  for  though  an  enemy  to  my  husband,  a 
knight  who  is  famed  for  the  courteous  protection  he  has  afforded  to  my 
sex  deserves  the  assistance  of  every  woman." 

Du  Guesclin  immediately  threw  himself  at  the  feet  of  the  generous 
queen,  saying,  ''  Ah,  lady  !  being  the  ugliest  knight  in  France,  I  never 
reckoned  on  any  goodness  from  your  sex,  excepting  from  those  whom 
I  had  aided  or  protected  by  my  sword  ;  but  your  bounty  will  make  me 
think  less  despicably  of  myself." 

During  the  reign  of  Charles  the  Wise  the  English  lost  all  their  pos- 
sessions in  France  except  Calais,  Cherbourg,  Bordeaux,  and  Bayonne. 

Petrarch,  who  visited  France  soon  after  the  surrender  of  Calais,  in  the 


1 66 


HAPSBURG,  AND    OTHER  HOUSES. 


time  of  Philip  of  Valois,  said  ''  that  the  country  appeared  everywhere 
desolated  with  fire  and  sword  ;  Paris  looked  forlorn  and  desolate,  the 
streets  being  overgrown  with  weeds."      Petrarch,  on  his  second  visit, 
saw  the  dauphin,  now  become  king,  and  tells  us  tint  he  wjjs  astonished 
at  the  cultivation  of  the  dauphin's  mind,  the  polished  elegance  of  his 
manners,  and  the  wisdom  with  which  he  conversed  upon  all  subjects. 
Charles  spared  no  expense  to  procure  the  best  collection  of  books  that 
could  be  had.     The  royal  library  of  his  fiither  consisted  of  twenty 
volumes,  and  Charles    increased  it  to  the  number  of  nine  hundred. 
Charles   sent  Du  Guesclin    into   Guienne  to  take  possession  of  that 
country,  where  he  made  rapid  progress.      He  had  laid  siege  to  a  castle 
in  Languedoc,  and  the  governor  agreed  to  surrender  upon  a  certain  day 
if  he  did  not  receive  assistance  in  the  interval.      Du  Guesclin  died  be- 
töre the  appointed  time,  and  the  governor  was  advised  not  to  keep  his 
agreement ;  but  he  declared  that  he  would  be  as  true  to  that  honorable 
kniglu    ill   death  as  that  kniglu  would  have  been  to  him  in  life.     On 
the%  puiiited  day  he  marched,  followed  by  the  whole  garrison,  to  the 
liiiM  li   cnmn,  aiul    {.laced  Liic  kc)^  un  the  bier  of  the  departed  hero. 
His  boriv  \\,.-^   binuMi  in  the  chnn-h  of  St.  Denis,  where  none  but  the 
kings  oi    l-iMiHc  had   hiiiu-iio  luvü   l)iiried.     Charles  V.  wn-^  poisoned 
byCii.irie-^  \\\c  \\m\,  K nig  of  Na\ .11 !  i  ,  and  died  from  its  etfects  in  1380, 
bequi.ulnn-  \^^  !ii-  .^'»u  .1  pra.  rliil  succession,  a  rich  treasure,  and,  above 
all,  Mih|c*  [^  liirivm-   .111. 1   (  onuiilcd.      ili^  \^  üc  was  Jane,  daughter  of 
}\,icr  I..  Puke  of  I'.uiiil.nn,  and  of  Isabella  of  Valois.      They  were  mar- 
ried m  i^>5o.and  (  rou-nrd  ,i!  kiu mi:^  in  i,;(.4-      Tlie  kin- was  devotedly 
attadieil  h.  jane,  w  la.se  beauu  lüade  .i  ^la  .u  iinpir-aai  on  the  volatile 
Parisian-.      Siie  brr^h  )\vcd  a  (  at  ciul    nlia  aa,  it  ai    njMai    kcr   children,  and 
(■(»iidiieted    the   aUair-  uf    -o\a a  una  al  u  ilii   >o   niu(  h    |aaulence  during 
the  küiL^'s   loni:   aaid    panUal    niakalies   that  be  pronouneed  her  regent, 
with  tlie  Duke-,  of  Ihir-iindv  and  HouriHai.  wiuai  hisdeatli  shonld  ncaa^r. 
In  .^!ekne>s  and  nu^toriuiie   \avx  wa-    \\\>   eonsolata^n,  a^   -lie   had   hcaai 
the  ehatan  oi'  In^  happuT  i\A\~.  ;  and  hca-  deatii,  win.  ii  luok  j.ku  r  detcre 
his  own.  (  au>ed  him  a  deep  and  >ellied  re-rel   iVmmi  wiiu  ii  la.-  nc-xcr  ^'C- 
covered.      jane  died  in   i^:;;;.      >he  was   tlie   niuthrr  ol'  nine   <  iiddia  n, 
only  three  of  whom  survived  Pua-,-— Cinirle-.  whu  su^eeeded  hi^  tathuaa 
Louis.   Duke  of  Orleans,  and  ("allnuane. 

[ran  I-n>issart,  who  wrote  the  ••  Chronii  le>"  ot'  tlu;sc  t  nue.-,  w  i> 
born  at  N'alenc  iennes,  in  the  \ear  i;,;^;.  He  wa-.  deemed  lur  tiie 
Cdnnah,  and  received  a  Hberal  edu(  af.on,  but  >o(.n  di>playeii  a  i)a>.Moa 
for  i.oetry  and  the  charms  of  kni-lulv  so( aety.  At  the  a<:e  of  tuent) , 
he  benan   to  write  a   hi.^tory  of  the  war^  of   his   tniie,  and    traveled    tD 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


167 


examine  the  theatre  of  the  events  he  was  about  to  relate.  This  first  part 
of  his  ''  Chronicles"  it  took  him  three  years  to  complete.  He  then 
went  to  England,  where  Queen  Philippa  received  him  with  great  favor, 
and  in  1362  appointed  him  clerk  of  her  chapel  and  secretary.  Two 
years  afterwards  he  visited  Scotland,  where  he  became  the  guest  of 
King  David  Bruce.  Everywhere  the  gay,  poetical,  quick-witted,  and 
shrewdly-observant  Frenchman  was  welcomed  and  honored.  In  1336 
he  accompanied  the  Black  Prince  to  Aquitaine  and  Bordeaux.  He 
afterwards  went  with  the  Duke  of  Clarence  to  Italy,  and  was  present 
with  Petrarch  and  Chaucer  at  the  marriage  of  this  prince,  at  Milan, 
with  the  daughter  of  Galeazzo  Visconti,  and  directed  the  festivities 
given  by  Amadeus  VI.  of  Savoy  in  honor  of  X\^  duke.  Froissart's 
*' Chronicles"  embrace  the  events  occurring  between  the  years  1326 
and  1400. 

Froissart  mentions  the  institution  of  the  order  *)f  the  Garter  by 
Edward  III.,  in  1344,  which  Seiden  says  ''exceeds  in  majesty,  honor, 
and  flime  all  chivalrous  orders  in  the  world." 

Among  those  worthy  of  honorable  mention  in  these  times  are 
Eustace  dc  Si.  J'lLrrc,  who  innnurtalized  his  name  by  being  tiie  fir-t  to 
offer  himself  as  a  victim  to  rescue  his  fellow-citizens  of  Calais  :  Jiin^, 
Countess  of  Montfort,  who,  after  her  iai>hand  was  taken  prisoner,  de- 
fended herself  and  son  witii  the  greatest  courage  amd  al.iiiiy.  Jane 
could  manage  a  war-horse  a,-,  well  as  a  knii^ht;  (  ould  fight  by  sea  and 
land  ,  knew  how  lo  order  a  Itattle,  -uard  a  citv,  make  a  treaty,  and  pro- 
\ide  for  the  safet\'  of  an  armv  ;  and  tlie  K'idoiü  Clissoii,  who>e  hu^ltarid, 
Oliver  Ciisson,  had  t)een  invited  In'  IMnlip  of  A'alois  to  Paris,  together 
witii  some  other  nobles  of  JJrittany.  idnli])  arrested  them  as  soon  as 
they  arrived.,  under  tlie  pretext  that  they  had  held  correspondence  with 
the  English,  and  belieaded  tliein  witlniut  any  trial.  This  violation  of 
justice  made  F'dward  Hi.  renew  tlie  war.  and  the  widow  of  Glisson,  to 
avenge  the  mu.rder  of  her  husband,  sold  her  jewels,  fitted  out  three 
vessels,  crossed  the  sea,  landed  in  Normandy,  took  many  castles,  and 
set  \ aHauo  on.  lire.  She  wa.-^  always  found  amidst  the  greatest  dangers 
amd  horror^  of  the  war,  with  a  sword  in  one  hand  and  a  torch  in  the 
otiier,  er.( ouraging  her  peo])le.  She  had  a  son  twelve  years  of  age, 
whom  -he  had  the  sati>faction  of  seeing  prove,  when  he  was  grown 
up,  a  warrior  worthy  of  herself.  The  battle  of  Aurai,  fought  in  1364, 
in  wliit  h  he  lost  an  eye,  was  gained,  in  a  great  measure,  by  his  valor; 
and  this  battle  decided  the  fate  of  the  duchy  of  Brittany  in  favor  of 
his  fritaul.  the  >onng  Count  de  IMontfort. 

Jt  wa^  in  the  rei^n  of  Edward  HI.  that  the  business  of  the  courts  of 


i68 


//J/\s/y  L  'A'  ü\  JA  /'    Ol  III:  K    HOL  SilS. 


law  beiraii  t»»  W  condncUHl  in  the  l'Jii4li~^h  tongue.        I'nt!!  tliai   period 
the  Freiuh  hingiK^a'  had  been  u^ed  m  all  le-al  proe jcdings. 


'r>-^\-:>' 


«     t-' 


pni.ANl). 

I'oland  liwed  to  Kasimir,  the  I'easant  Kin-,  lier  (onstitiit  iun,  con- 
soliduition,  and  L;reatne^s:  he  united  tie  (hu  hv  ot'  Malit*  ii  with  tlie 
kmudiom  in  1340.  li<4htened  the  burdens  (»f  the  peasants,  and  brou^^iit 
an  adnnrable  order  into  the  administration  of'  tiie  kin-dom,  11 1> 
nei)he\v,  Louis  <ä  Anjou,  Kmg  of  Huui^ar)-,  tohnwrd  I  urn  on  thie 
throne,  and  rei-ned  untd  i  ^y^  1  .  TIk'  beautitui  lledu!-.  \  oungest 
daughter  of  Koms,  \va-  then  elected  (|ueen,  and  thai  \inuun-  pr.iue--^, 
silenaaim  the  voi^  e  ot^  her  heart,  generous!}'  gaN'e  her  hand  lu  the 
elderh-  lieatheii  De.kc-  Jagellon,  in  i^SO.  thu.s  si(  urnig  tiic  unilxof 
thirt\-  millioUiS  of   }»ee)ple,  tiie  wule    exterU    m\k\    pro-pent)-  (U    -hun.us 

Toland. 

SI -A  IN. 

The  Sararens  still  held  the  soverel-nt\-  of  Clranada,  AndaliiM"a.  and 
Mureia;  and  against  tiiem  the  (diristian  kings  of  C'astde.  Aragon,  and 
Navarre  waged  })erpetual  war. 

IIA  I.V. 

In  X'eniee,  the  Doge  (iradenigo  had  introduc  ed  here(b*!ar\  ari^oc  racy 
and  inscribed  their  names  in  the  -  i^o/Jni  />o,>k,''  ami  c-stal  .ji-immI  the 
fearfid  Council  of  Ten,  which  (ontribuied.  to  the  ruin  of  that  ma.enih- 
cent  city.  Powerful  families  had  the  government  of  (  ities  aial  prin- 
cipalities,—the  /7-vve////  in  Milan,  the  CcnzJi^a  in  Mantua,  tin-  /'.s/f 
in  Ferrara,  the  J)r//d  Srd/d  in  X'erona,  the  Oz/vv/v/  in  Padui.  and 
others.  In  Rome,  Nicholas  Rien/i  be<  anu-  (  elebratc-(l  b\  Iik  aiticunpts 
to  restore  the  Roman  reptiblic.  We  \\\\^  him  hrst.  in  i,p|f).  i-uumg  in 
a  deputation  to  Pope  Clement  \d..  at  Avignon,  to  exhort  him  tn  brnig 
back  the  papal  (ourt  to  Rome.  d"he  tollowing  vear.  in  tia'  al)M-nce 
of  Stephen  Colonna,  the  governor  of  Rome,  the  peoi^le  couU  rred  on 
Rien/i  the  title  of  Trilnoir,  with  the  power  of  bfe  and  deaili.  and  all 
the  other  attribute^  of  sovereignty  Colonna  returned  to  K-u:e.  but 
was  obliged  to  leave,  and  n^any  noble  fannlies  were  bani-lu'd  \\\\\\  In'm. 
Rienzi's  friendshij)  was  solic  ited  e\en  b\-  tlie  King  of  Hungarx'  a,nd  the 
Fjni)eror  Louis,  and  Petrardi  be(  ame  highly  inten/Med  in  him.  The 
intoxication  of  supnane  ])ower  betrayed  him  at  length  into  r\tra\-a- 
gances,  and  lie  cited  the  Fmperor.  Louis  and  Charles  to  a]>i)ca!-  before 
him  and  justify  their  pretensions.  In  1348,  lie  withdrew  from  Rome, 
on  fmdin^'  that  he  wa^  losing  the  affection^  of  the  people,  and  went  to 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


169 


Naples,  where  he  remained  until  1350,  when  he  took  advantage  ^i  the 
jubilee  to  return  secretly  to  Rome;  but,  being  discovered,  he  withdrew 
to  Prague.  Soon  afterwards  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  Pope  Clement  at 
Avignon,  who  ( onfmed  him  three  years  in  his  castle.  Innocent  VL 
reiea-ed  him,  and  sent  him  to  Rome,  to  oppose  another  ]jopuUir  dema- 
gogue, PoroiK  elli.  The  Romans  received  Rienzi  with  great  demon- 
stration- of  io\.  and  he  recovered  his  former  authority  ;  but,  alter  a 
tur])uient  aalministration  of  a  lew  months,  the  nobles  excited  another 
sedition  again-t  him,  in  which  he  was  massacred,  October.  1354. 

Poi)e  Irban  \'.  went  to  Rome,  and,  fmding  that  the  Visconti  had 
en(  lo.a  hed  upon  his  domains,  })roceeded  to  bring  them  to  terms.  But 
his  excommuuK  ation  of  the  Visconti  was  unavailing,  and  his  legates 
were  a(  tuallv  f  )rced  to  eat  the  bull  of  which  they  were  the  bearers,— 
lead.  par<hmeni.  and  silk  together.  This  daring  insult  so  terrified 
Urban  that  he  returned  to  Avignon.  Bands  of  soldiers,  chiefly  Ger- 
m.in-  ;.nd  l^iglish,  had  been  introduced  into  Italy,  and  employed  by 
tlio.c  priiK  es  who  would  ])ay  them  most  for  their  services;  but  now 
tlie  \hsconti  and  Delia  Scala  began  to  employ  uaiivc  coudottieri. 

Tiie  residen(  e  of  the  pontiffs  at  Avignon  was  (piite  injurious  to  the 
Holv  See.  'Lhe  Cihibelline  cities  took  advantage  of  their  absence  to 
invade  ai^d  lav  waste  the  |)atrimony  of  St.  Peter.  The  revenues  the 
Pope-  derived  from  Italy  were  very  small;  they  resolved,  therefore,  to 
sell  indulgences  to  the  i>eople  more  frequently  than  formerly,  and  re- 
ijuired  enormou.-  prices  to  be  paid  for  their  bulls  and  letters  of  every 
kind.  lohn  XXIL  rc:-iiIatcJ  tlic  fees  of  the  apostolic  chancery  with  much 
abibiN-  At  length  (ire^orv  XL  was  encouraged  to  remove  his  residence 
to  Rome,  in  1376.  After  his  death,  fearing  lest  a  Frenchman  would 
be  elected,  who  ndght  return  to  Avignon,  as  soon  as  the  cardinals  were 
assembled  to  provide  a  successor  the  Roman  people  assembled,  and 
with  furious  (  lamor  demanded  that  an  Italian  be  chosen.  The  terrified 
car<lina]s  ch.ose  a  Neapolitan,  who  took  the  name  of  Oban  VL  This 
new  pontiff,  by  his  cajarse  manners,  injudicious  severity,  and  intoler- 
able haughtiness,  ])rovoked  the  cardinals  to  withdraw  to  a  town  in  the 
kiuLMlom  of  Naples,  where  they  elected  Robert,  Count  of  Geneva, 
under  the  title  of  Clement  VII.,  alleging  that  Urban  VL  was  elected 
onlv  in  pretense,  in  order  to  quiet  the  rage  of  the  citizens  of  Rome. 
Urban  continued  at  Rome,  and  Clement  went  to  Avignon.  The  cause 
of  (dement  was  espoused  by  France,  Spain,  Scotlantl.  Sicily,  and  Cy- 
])rus;  tlie  other  countries  of  h:uroi)e  acknowledged  Url)an  as  the  true 
vice'-erent  of  Christ.  This  division  in  the  Church  is  called  the  great 
scJu'sni  if  the  1 1  est. 


lyo 


I/.irsi^UKG,  AND    OTHER   HOUSES. 


TaiUlco  (ladtli,  tiu'  iVixorilr  ;Aipil  <'i  (ii'itl'»,  >iiiionc  MLiiihii,  aiui 
Andrea  Arcii^iia,  oiif  «»f  the  artists  eiiiploxrd  in  tba'  (U'coration  of  tlie 
cclchraU'd  ('ain[»o  Santo  at  Ti-vi,  were  tlu"  ail  i-^l^^  \N!a>  i!>ian^iu'd  lntwccn 
1300  and   1  3S(). 

We  ]ia\-o  spoken  of  r>an.tr  ;ir.d.  IV'lrar«  li  ;  it  ramains  tu  nu/ntain  (lio- 
\-anni  Hoc^  actio,  the  (tlelaatad  antluToi  t'iu/  1  h  <  anaT' «na.  lie  v\  as 
born  in  Taris,  ni  i^i^.and  wik  not  onl\- i  an;  oi  tiu'na.  .-a  U\uiu>i  nuTi  o! 
!ii>  time,  luit  one  of  the  na  >-t  Lalll^lUened  in  In  - -.eliular.slü  j ».  1  le -.t  i;da/(i 
Dante  taM>e!\a  and^  lonned  an  nitnnate  frieral-inp  wit'n  retr.iitln  In 
1^42  lie  \\\H  m  Naples,  where  he  (  oinp^.^edi  ni,m\  \\i)ik-.  1 1":  '137,^  ne 
wMs  a}i[)on![ed  Dante, m  proleb.sor  .it  Idorence  ;  that  is  to  say,  he  was  to 
dcli\er  e!u(idkitor\-  leeiures  on  tlic  /Va//.'./  Conuiiniia  oi  the  great  poet; 
Inn,  h:>  iK'ahii  fidniL:,  lie  resigned  the  i.ffiee,  and  retin^d  to  his  little 
pr.)[iert\-  at  ("ert.hd.a  wiu/re  he  died,  in  1375.  sixteen  months  after  his 
friend  I'elrareh. 


\\d:NLd':sLArs,  \\i:N/id..    .\j>.  iv-.-  1400. 

"  Mon^-^nphi  !ii(iri<u-ics  pessmii."     (Learned  fools  are  the  worst  fools.) 

W'KNeF-i.Ai;:^  was  erowm-d  kini:  of  Hoiuania  wiien  he  was  twi)  va/ars 
ohl  ;  at  six  years  he  enfeoffed  a  dnke.  who  knrelrd  before  hum  at  the 
cajininand  t)f  his  fither.  At  tlie  age  often  \ear>  he  wn-^  married,  dhvo 
year>  later,  he  was  invented  with  the  nnn-k  of  r.r,iiidrni)nr-a  an<l  made 
to  take  pan  in  state  alfair>  ;  and  he  wa-  not  (jaite  e^ulucaai  when  la.'>iie- 
ceeded  Ins  lather  on  the  imperial  throne.  Of  tia-  admonituais  wli;<  li 
the  I'hnperor  gave  him  shorllN'  1)eh)re  ids  deatln  lie  d!>>rei;.irded  the 
most  important,  — "  Kec4)  tlie  Pope,  the  prie>t]]OMd,  and  the  (iernnins 
v'our  t>ieial>. " 

Tile  laovless  state  of  (iermar.y  at  that  ])erioil  mi,uht  liave  bidden  ^V-'w- 
anee  to  tlie  talents  and  spirit  of  the  -reate-t  rnler:  how  nna  h  more, 
then,  to  a  Wenee-^lan^  \  Pride  and  (aaielt\  were  \\\v  predomdnana  traits 
of  his  (  haraeter,  and  his  inclinations  led  Inan  to  low  sen-ualilN.  Per- 
haps his  (ondnct  may  be  in  ])art  attributed  to  the  < on-eqaenta-s  ot  .ni 
attempt  t(,)  {)oison  him,  whiili  was  followed  l)y  a  di-ea-e  ot  tlie  li\er, 
attended  bv  a  burnim:  thirst.  Two  cir(  umstaiK  es  rendered  his  sitna- 
tion  })arti(idarly  diffuailt.  In  the  beL^innin^  of  his  rei^n.  tlie  s(  lii^m  in 
the  Cduin  h,  in  conse<iuenee  of  the  election  of  two  Popes,  had  a  \er\- 
injtiriou^  influence  on  political  affairs.      Prom  Rome  and  from  Aviunoii 


WENCESIAUS. 


171 


bans  of  excommnrd(  ation  were  lim-led  against  each  other,  and  in  tlieir 
wrath  eacli  ruiathematized  whole  communities  ara]  coiainries  tiuit 
haj)[)ened  to  .idiiere  to  his  opi^aient.  Long  aial  \adnl\-  dal  tlie  mo.-^l 
upriglu  and  judicious  men  raise 
their  voices  against  the  destruc- 
tive vices  of  their  time,  and  all 
urged  the  assemlding  ol  a  (den- 
eral  Coimcil  ;  but  Wenceslaus, 
whose  business  it  was,  as  I'dnpe- 
ror.  to  convoke  such  a  ( on  mal, 
had  neither  the  wall  nor  the 
energy  to  eiil'ort  e  it. 

Fist-law  was  becoming  imi  Ver- 
sal, to  which  the  I  leilige  X'elnne, 
leagues,  and  confederacies  op- 
posed tliem-elves.  Wencc-laus, 
in  the  midst  of  his  revelries  and 
debauchery,  looked  supmel)-  on 
these  disorders,  and  seems  to 
have  secretly  encouraged  the 
great  leagues  of  tlie  cdties,  in 
order  to  weaki'U  the  power  ol 
the  princes. 

His  wite,  the  l^rincess  Jo- 
aniai  of  Bawiria,  a  beautiful  and 
vii'tuous  woman .  was  condenmed 
to  endu]"e  alternatel}'  liis  fits  of 
drunkenness,  of  ferocity,  and  of 
londness.  and  lier  life  was  pre- 
matureh   brouuht    to   a  close  l.)V 

his  (  ru.eltv  and  excesses.  Her  confessor,  John  of  Xepomra  k.  was  a  good 
man.  and  eiideaxored  bv  his  religious  instructions  to  strengthen  her  to 
endure  her  fite  witli  patience  and  submission.  Wenceslatis.  in  one  ol 
his  his  of  maal  iealou-y,  sent  for  Jcjhn  and  conimanded  him  to  reveal  tlie 
(  <)nfes>ion  of  the  F.mpress.  ddie  ])riest  remonstrated,  and  represented 
that  such  a  violation  of  his  s|)iritual  duties  was  not  only  treachery,  but 
sacrilege.  'Plie  l-hn|)eror  threatened,  entreated,  liribed,  in  \-ain.  The 
(  ()ni\'>sor  was  throwm  into  a  dungeon  and  kept  a  few  da)s  in  darkness 
and  without  food,  and  then  again  l)rought  before  the  Emperor,  but  re- 
pelled his  offers  with  mild  Init  resolute  firmness.  Wenceslaus  ordered 
him  to  be  jait  to  the  torture.    The  unhappy  Empress  tlirew  herself  at  her 


172 


IIAPSIU'RC,  AXD    OT/l/:/'    HOUSES. 


WENCESLAUS. 


I  J 


husband's  feet,  and  at  leii-tli  ])\-  licr  i)rayers  and  tears  ol);. lined  the 
release  of  the  priest.  A  few  da\>  afterwards,  the  lanperor,  per«  eivmg 
him  from  the  window  of  his  palue.  was  seized  with  one  ol  tho.sc  insane 
fits  of  fury  to  whieli  he  was  Mil)je(  t,  an<l  ordered  Ins  -narch,  to  drag  Inni 
to  his  jiresence,  and  again  repeated  his  demand,  but  re(  eived  no  reply. 
At  a  si-n  from  their  master  the  gnards  seized  him.  hound  hiin  liand 
and  foot,  and  threw  him  over  tlie  parapet  of  the  hrid.ge  into  tiie  waters 
of  the  Mohhm,  May  i6.   13S3. 

From  tlds  time  St.  b)hn  of  Xepomnek  was  lionured  in  his  own 
country  as  a  martyr,  and  became  the  i^atron  saint  of  bridges  tlirough. 
out  Bohemia.  In  the  year  1620.  when  Prague  was  ])esiegc-d  1>\  llie  im- 
periabsts,  (hiring  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  it  was  (ommonlv  hebeved 
that  St.  [olm  of  Nepomuek  fouglit  on  their  si(U' ;  and  on  the-  (\ipitula- 
tion  of  Prague,  and  the  subseipient  eon(]uest  of  Poliemia.  the  I'jnperor 
Ferdinand  and  the  Jesuits  sob(  ited  lbs  <  anonization  ;  but  the  i)apal 
decree  was  not  published  tiH  the  year  1729. 

Meantime,  several  towns  and  village^,  subject  to  Duke  Leopold  of 
Austria,  had  joined  an  alliance  with  the  Swiss  cities  on  aicount  ol  the 
avarice  and  oppression  of  the  agents  of  the  duke,  and  also  because  he 
had  imposed  ta.xes,  contrary  to  stipulations  made,  on  the  Swiss  irontiers, 
which  checked  their  commercial  intercourse.  Duke  Leopold,  surnamed 
the  Brave,  nephew  of  Leopold  who  was  defeated  at  ^b)rgarU>n.  and 
equal  to  him  in  heroism  and  arrogance,  vowed  he  would  chastise  the 
whole  of  the  inhabitants  and  destrov  their  offensive  alliance.  Accord- 
ingly, with  a  large  force,  he  marched  from  Baden  through  Aargau  ])y 
Sursee  for  Sempach.  situated  about  ten  miles  from  the  c  ily  of  Lucerne. 
On  his  arrival  he  found  the  confederates  already  occupving  the  lieiglits, 
and  ready  to  receive  him.  Unwilling  to  await  the  arrival  of  liis  foot- 
soldiers,  and  atVaid  that  the  cavalrv  would  be  thrown  into  c  ..nfusion  in 
a  mountain  engagement,  he  commanded  all  the  nobles  and  knights  to 
dismount,  and,  joining  their  ranks  as  closely  as  ]H)ssible.  he  ordered 
them  to  rush  forward  and  c-harge  the  confederates  spear  in  hand. 
Baron  Hasenberg,  a  veteran  warrior,  cautioned  him  bv  saving  that 
''pride  never  served  any  good  i)urpose.  and  thev  had  ])etter  wait  hu 
their  infmtry."  But  he  was  only  derided  wirli  the  sliout.  '"Der  Hasen- 
berg  hat  ein  Plasenherz  1"— bbiseid)ei-g  has  a  hare's  lieart  '.  Some  of 
the  nobles  tried  to  persuade  Leopold  to  keep  in  tlu-  rear.  l)ut  he  ex- 
claimed, impatiently,  ''What!  shall  beopold  be  a  mere  looker-on.  and 
calmly  behold  his  knights  die  around  him  in  his  own  c  au.se  ^  Never! 
here  on  my  native  soil  with  you  I  will  concpier  or  ].erish  lor  my 
people!"   Saying  which,  he   placed   himself  at  the   head,  of  hw   troops. 


The  mountaineers  numbered  al)0ut  fourteen  hundred  men.  trom  Lu- 
cerne and  Waldstädten  and  other  forest  towns.  This  small  force  of 
brave  men.  seeing  the  duke  and  his  knights  dismount,  W\\  on  their 
knees  to  prav,  as  was  their  c  ustom  betöre  an  encounter,  and  then  rushed 
upcn  the  im})regnal)le  phalanx  of  shields  ;  but  not  a  man  yielded  to 
the  s]iu(  k.  It  was  then  that  a  knight  of  Unterwaiden— Arnold  von 
\V,,;ken  led— exclaimed,  "1  will  open  a  i)ath  to  freedom;  protect, 
dear  «  omrades.  mv  wile  and  children."  He  then  rushed  forward,  and. 
"atlK  rine  m   his  arms  as  inanv  lances  as   he  could  grasp,  buried   them 


m 


1, 


i>  bosom.  Taking  advantage  of  the  gap  thus  made,  the  Swiss 
followed,  and  the  enemy's  ranks  were  broken.  Duke  Leopold  and 
six  hundred  nobles  wei-e' slain,  and  more  than  two  thousand  common 
soldiers.  Tlie  coiKpierors  founded  masses  for  the  souls  of  those  who 
fell,  foes  as  well  as  friends,  and  they  are  celebrated  even  now  on  the 
anniversaa-v  of  the  battle,  which  is  a  ])opular  festival.  A  small  chapel 
was  erected  on  the  spot  where  Leopold  fell,  and  the  names  of  the 
killed,  both  Atistrians  and  Swiss,  were  inscribed  on  the  walls,  which 
also  bear  a  rude  fresco  representation  of  the  noble  devotion  of  Anwld 

of  \Vi)ikcIrit'd. 

'■  He,  of  Ixiule-mariyrs  cliief ! 

Who,  to  recall  his  daunted  peers, 

For  victorv  shaped  an  c^pon  space 

Bv  gatlicring,  with  a  wide  embrace, 

Into  his  single  lieart,  a  sheaf 

Of  fatal  .\u^-tri:in  spears."— WOKDSWORTH. 

This  battle  was  fought  in  13S6.  Another  victory  was  won  at  Xäfels, 
by  Matthias  am  Bidd,  the  lands-captain,  who  hastily  collected  thir- 
teen hundred  men  of  Glarus,  checked  the  career  of  six  thousand  Aus- 
tri.ms.  an<l,  after  eleven  distinct  charges,  aided  by  volleys  of  stones 
•^x^xX  rocks  rolled  from  precipices,  repulsed  the  invaders  with  a  loss  of 
twentv-five  hundred  of  their  number.  Eleven  simple  stones,  inscribed 
13S8,  set  up  in  a  meadow  of  Reutli,  hard  by,  mark  the  spot.  The 
anniversary  of  this  fight  is  still  celebrated  in  the  canton  of  Glarus  on 
the  first  ddnirsday  in  April. 

Weiueslaus  remained  at  Prague  all  this  time,  and  when  deputies  were 
sent  to  him  to  request  him  to  come  to  Germany  and  restore  peace,  he 
replied  ^'  I  do  not  know  that  I  am  bound  to  reconcile  the  estates,  as  I 
did  nc/t  cause  their  ciuarrels  ;  and  I  fear  the  fate  of  the  wolf  in  the 
fible,  who  attempted  to  reconcile  two  quarreling  rams." 

The  nobles  of  the  empire,  who  were  becoming  impoverished,  re- 
quested the  Emperor  to  cancel  by  force  all  debts  due  to  Jews,  and 
he  did  so,  on  condition  that  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  debt  should  be  paid 


«• 


^74 


///AV/>'r.A"r7,  AAV    OTHER    HOUSES. 


t«i  liim  ;is  leirnl  proti^c^tcM- of  tlu'  Jews.  In  BohcinM.  W'cnceslaiis  was 
disliked  oil  ;u(0!int  ot"  lii-.  prclrrv'iK  r  ortiic  (K-niur,^^  ;nul  his  arbit r.ir\' 
s|tirit.  lii^  brother  Sii^isniiiiK!,  Kip;-  nt'  llnnuJiv-.  ainl  lii- (^oiisin  ]o1)St, 
Mai'L:r:i\'c  of  Mor.ivia,  were  huhlile  to  liiiii;  .ii'i  thn--  i  )n'c"in;r(i  i ! .  in 
i\^9.4,  n  e()nspir,ir\-  of  the  Bohemian  imhlr^,  w  Im  -.iirpri^s/d  iiiüi.  and  kept 
him  prisoner:    JMit,  k«ril)in^  lii^  laders.  he  escaped  .iTte!-  a  lew   nmntlis. 

fie  ^vent  to  IdMnee,  to  mthiee  Kni;^  (  "iairle^  \  1 .  t'M-\crl  h''-  niliuence 
to  get   the   l*o])es   in    Rome  aaid  Ava'gnon  to  re-iun.  and  tn  re-estahh^h 
])eaee  1)\-  a  new  eleetion.      ( )n  arnxanu  at   Rheinw.  m   p:;n7,  :iy\^\  haxani;- 
tasted   some  champagne,  he   protracted    Iiis   diph)matic   errand  as  hon 'j,' 
as  possil)le,  and  then  L;a\'e  np  all  that  was  retpn'red  (A    liim,  \\\  order  to 
proloni;"   his  stay,  getting   intoxicated    on   cliampagne  e\a  r\   (Ki\   ])etnre 
dinner.      His  U)\'e  for  wine  was  so  great  tiiat  the  (  iti/en^  of  Nureml)erg 
obtained  the  freedom  of  tlieircit\-  in  return  !or  tonr  (  a^ks  of  Rinne  wine 
tVom  the  vine\;irds  of  R>a(  liaracli,  whicli  tlie\'  presented  to  \\\\\\  animal! \. 
He  was   now  aca^nsed  of  liaving   made    b)hn  ('.alea//o  \'i^( onti  (hike 
ot    Mikni  for  mone\',  and  thns  (bmini^lnng  th.e  tt"rrit(M'\'  ot  the  canpire. 
Thcai    he   nndei'took    to   inahice    lN)]ie    lk»niface  IX.  to  la^'-^igp,  :    bm  this 
Pope  had  been  recogin/.eil  b\-  mo^t  of  the  eha  tors,  and    tiie\   \\k-\v  (b^- 
sati:>ned  witii    the    measure  of  W'enceslaais,   j)art  k  ihar!\-  the  Aia  hbi^hop 
of  Mavem  e.  wlio  owed  liis  ekn'ation  to  Ronifice.      At   la^t  die  e](^(^tnrs 
resoK'ed    to   depiaxe   him   ot"  \\\>  (rowan  \m\    \.\\v\  disagreed    respecting 
wlio  should  sucaeed  him  :  antl  in  i  400.  tlie  I'de*  tor^  of"  Nha\  aaa  la  Treves, 
Cologne,  and    the    Palatinate    pronoum  ed   lii-  depo-.it  j,  )ii.       \\\\\  tlioügh 
W'era  olaus   wais   despised    and    deposed    in    (ieianain\,   ia-   retained   his 
liereditarv  kiipgdom  of  R.oluania.  refornicd  its  laws.  ;iv,,i  substituted  the 
nati(mal    language    t'or  baün  in  t  iu'  comti-,  of  justice.       Rupe!^  liis  suc- 
(cssor   in    the  empire;,  he   Iffi   umnohs't'd;    biip  quarrebng  again  witli 
his  |)i-otlier  Sigisp^umd.  he  was  i  ikeu  prisoner,  aral  kept  bv  him  a  year 
and  a  had"  in  \demia.      d'he   l'hnper(U-  Rupert  died  m    \  |io,  and  Sigis- 
mimd.  to  whom  \\'en<  cslaais  rcsigncl  liis  c]  nans,  w  1^  elected  Fanperor. 
^Venf■eslaus   again    retunaied    to    Prague  a\m\    fi\aua-(l    tlie   anti-papal 
sjurit  of  man\-  among  the  i^eople  from  pobdiral  grc^unds.  and    from  an 
inclitiati(ni  fa\a)ra.ble  to  Hus>,  win»  was  geruu-alb'  estetuued.       lie  gave 
to  Ibiss  ('onnt  (ddurn  an^i  two  other  r.oiuam.ms  ot'  rank  idj-  Ids  escort 
to  the  Co)nn(  il  ot'  ('onstan< c  as   lie  wished   to  laaati.'!  f   leinn       .\ft(U"  tlio 
death    of   Huss.    his    tViends,    infuriated,    stormed    the    R  ithhaus,    and 
threw  dowm   from  the  win<loWs  sixteen  of'  tlie  hostile  sfualoi-^.  wie)  waua.' 
cauglit    on    the    lance-i>oints    of    tiie    multitude    bejowa      W  enceslaais. 


beholding  this   horrible  scene  bom   Ids  Isah  on\n  te 
anguish  and  despair,  .\.i».  1419. 


lead 


\\\    a    lit    Ol 


RUPERT,   OR    ROBERT. 


^75 


The  nninaiaaePith'  endowed  tiniversity  of  Rrague  l)roiig!U  toreigners 
to  it  froiu  .id  leii'ts  (4'  ilie  waarld.  unid  the  decision  of  Wencesbm^s  to 
fivor  Rohemian  students  more  than  otliers  (b-ove  tliousands  of  scliokirs 
and  }Ma)fessors  to  other  pbaces,  and  led  to  the  fouiKbition  of  uiniversities 
at  Leipsic,  IngoRtadt.  Rostock,  and  Cracow. 

Wenceslaus  wais  lairied  in  the  faUhe(b-al  of  Prague.  His,  ßr^t  wife 
was  loaiHia  ;  Ins  second,  Soplda  :  both  princesses  of  Ikwana'a..  He  R-ft 
no  children. 


RUPERT,   OR   ROP>KRT,   RUPRIXHT  VON  DER  PFALZ. 

A.O.     I4OO-I4IO. 

"  Misericoniia  won  caus.iiii  sed  fortuiinu  -jiectat."     (Compassitjn  does  not  look  upon  the 

cause,  l>ut  on  the  ini-iV)rtune.) 


Ri'i'KRr,  Cotmt  Palatine 
of  tile  Rhine,  was  a  descend- 
ant ot"  the  I  bjn>e  of  ^Ndtteb- 
baa'h.  1  le  was  (  rowmed  at 
Coh)gne,  be(anise  Ai\-la- 
Ciiapebe  rebised  to  rcaei\-e 
Idm.  He  wais  pis  powerless 
to  remedx"  the  deep-rooted 
evils  ot"  tlie  ein|)ire  as  \\  en- 
cesUius  liad  l^een.  Rnjjert, 
hiuweser,  wais  a  laaave.  act- 
ive, and  iust  man,  advnuied 
wath  man\^  \artnes  and  ac- 
coni]>]i-iime!its,  and  deeply 
interested  m  the  honor  and 
webVcre  of  tiie  enUjena,;.  both 
in  Ila.l\-  :\m\  Cermaai\a  Xot- 
wuthstanding  all  tins,  he 
was  unable  to  make  his  waiy 
to  Ronie.  on  a(a:ount  oi  t];e 
Ads(  onti  ;  and  his  defeat  at 
Rake  Garda  iiroxed  tlnit 
Itaih-  was  lost  to  the  empire. 
Ilps  residencx-  was  ad  Heid- 
elber^^  (Ai>tle.  At'ter  his 
eleeliun    as    Pdnperor,    the 


ROBERT. 


176 


ii.ipsp [ 7x a.  A . \ / J  ( ' / ///■, A'  //n ^ 's/^s. 


old   building  was  too  small  for  him.  and    hv  vrvcicA  ulia.t  is  now   railed 
the  Rupert    Building.      He  died    in    1410,  and 


^  as  I  )iiru-(i  at  1  lea  Iri- 
berg.  His  wife  wa,-,  hdizabelh,  dauglitcr  of  the  bm-ravc  ui  Nainn- 
beru. 


aa?. 


"  M.iKi  nitro  adhiuit."      iMi.-auriunc  cuniub  uiuuvited.) 


Si'  ,l.->.\n'Nl>  w,is  (.  k'(  ted  .i!U  1"  tla; 
death  of  tlie  l-anperor  ]\n[>crt,  in 
1410.  d'en  da\>  aüer  his  elec- 
tion, Some  elc<  toi's  <  ho^c  btbst, 
Mar'juis  ^^\  Moni\i;i,  a  \«'tii!L;ca" 
bi'otlua'  of  SiL:i-m!nn  !. — >(  ane  Ins- 
tonans  (  all  iiMh  iii^ioiisin,  —  and 
\\\ai(  t'slaais  ir-iii-iiiLr  to  arrrde  to 
liis  (U'j  osii  i(  ai.  [\\<j  tliree  bioihcrs 


wiM\'    all    lanj'rrors 
tmu'.       |ol)St 
afti-Tuards.    a 

qnu-scang 


,1?    t 


le   same 


(ikd   a   few    nujnths 
an.d    \\\.n( cslans    ac- 
n   the  election   of  his 
brothf^a   tliiN    schism    was    ttaani- 
naud.  and  Sigismundwas crowned 
at  Aix-la  ( 'hapelle,  in  1  a  I  \.   Sigis- 
nnmd    wa^    in   iiian\-  respects  the 
most  <!ist  inguished  of  the  H(^use 
of  T  n\  inbiirg.      He  was  tall  and 
W(  !l  toiaih  d.  and  his  manly  coun- 
tenance,  shaded   by  light -brown 
ringlets,    rendered    him    one    of 
the  handsomest  men  of  his  day. 
lie   was  of  a  livel}'  disj)osition, 
possessed    an    acute   mind,   and, 
being    master  of   six    languages, 
uia)  he  (  oiisidered  altogether  asa 
monaaeh   of  ^ni^erior  intellectual 
attainments.      He   liad   the  art  of  ron-aliatin-  the  prin.  <-  of  the  diet, 
introduced   many  amelioration-    into   tla-   ao\  eriimeait ,  anal    re-ioiaal  a 
calm  to  (rermanv  which  it  had  not  enjoyed  t'or  thirt  \   xrars. 

On    the   death   i)\    h\>   fatlier   he    becanie    Idc  tor   of    Ih-anihafhurg  ; 
marrying  the  heiress  of  Hungar\-,  lie   ije(  ame   küi-   of  Hnngarxa  and 


SIGISMOND. 


S/G/SMC'XP. 


I  I 


after  Wenceslaus's  death  king  also  of  Bohemia  ;  and  now,  as  Emperor, 
if  lie  IkhI  })0ssessed  more  de(  ision  and  perseverance,  he  would  have  been 
able  lo  tarry  out  the  va>t  designs  he  {a.)r.templated.  burtiiermore,  he 
was  a  ])H)r  ef:on()mi>t,  lavish  in  his  ex})enditures,  and,  consc<|iiently, 
per])ctujil\   troubled  tor  want  oi  money. 

Sigi-nuiiid  now  directed  his  attention  to  the  great  schism  existing  in 
the  Cinir(  h  ;  tlierc  l)eang  one  Pope  in  Italy,  another  in  France,  and  a 
third  m  Spain,  each  ])ronouncing  the  ban  of  excommunication  against 
Ids  opponents  and  those  who  sided  with  them.  The  Emperor,  the 
King  of  France,  and  other  kings  and  princes  of  Europe,  spared  no 
pain>  or  ex})ense  to  restore  harmony  and  bring  the  Church  again 
uniler  one  head.  The  pontiffs  could  not  be  persuaded  to  prefer  the 
peace  uf  the  Church  to  their  owm  glory  ;  so  that  no  course  remained 
l)Ut  to  assemble  a  general  count  il  of  the  Chinxh  to  take  cognizance 
of  this  crreat  ( ontrover^v.  Such  a  council  Po])e  John  XXIII. ,  being 
prevailed  upon  bv  the  entreaties  of  Sigismund,  and  hoping  that  it 
we)uld  fivor  in>  cause,  apipcdnted  to  be  held  at  Constance  in  141 4. 
The  piin(  ipjl  objec  t  of  this  council  was  to  extinguish  the  discord 
bet\Neen  the  pontiffs,  and  this  they  successfully  ac(~om})lished.  For 
lia\ing  establislied  by  two  solemn  decrees,  in  the  fourth  and  tlfth 
sessions,  tliat  a  pontiff  is  subject  to  a  (a)un(al  of  the  whole  Churc  h. 
and  havino:  most  (  arefullv  vindicaited  tlie  authoritv  of  councds,  tliev. 
on  the  2(;ili  of  Mav.  1415,  removed  John  XXIII.  t>om  the  pontifi(\ate. 
on  account  of  vanuus  offenses  aaid  (-rimes,  for  he  had  pledged  liimsclf 
to  the  coimcad  to  resign  the  piontificate.  and  yet  hadi  withdrawm  himself 
by  llight.  Gregorv  Xll.  voluntardy  resigned  on  tlie  4th  of  July  in  tlie 
same  year,  and  Benedict  XIII..  in  Julw  1417,  was  deprived  of  in^  rank 
by  a  solemn  decree  of  the  council. 

After  these  transactions.  Otto  de  Colonna  was  elected  pontiff  l)y  tlie 
unanimous  suffrages  of  the  cardinals,  anal  assumed  the  name  of  Martin 
V.  Benedict  XIIT..  wiio  re-^ided  at  Perpignan.  resisted,  induced,  atid 
claimed  "the  rights  and  the  dignity  of  a  pontiff  until  Ins  death,  in  1423  : 
and  after  the  death  of  I'nis  obstinate  man,  under  the  auspices  oi  W- 
phonso.  King  of  Sicily,  ^>gidius  Mm^ioz.  a  Spaniard,  was  appointed  by 
two  cardinals  to  succeed  him.  He  ar^^umcd  tlie  name  ot  (^lenient  \  HI., 
and  wishedi  to  be  regarded  as  the  legitimate  pontiff;  l)iit  in  tlie  year 
142g  he  was  persuaded  to  resign  the  government  of  the  Church  entirely 

tu  Martin  \'. 

Tlie  acts  passed  in  tins  council  for  the  suppression  and  extirpation 
of  heretics  are  not  ecpaally  commendable.  Before  the  meeting  of  the 
couiK  d,,  great   religious   commotions  had  arisen   in    several  countries, 


12 


lyS 


llAPSBURG,  AM)    OTHER   HOUSES. 


A I    riM<;ue,  John  iiii^s,  an  eloquent  and 


Kmi-!i  d  iiKin.  jHTi.THu-il  ti.-  (i'ii!c^('f  H  ] Tofessof  of  tlicologyln  tlie 
]iiii\i'r-it\ .  ,t!ul  tlo-c  Mi  J  \\\\\\\-Ak'\  oi  the  gospel  in  ihc  Church,  lie 
p!\'n(  hni  \  clu'iiu'iit  i\  again>i    ilu'  vices  of  ilic  *  i^Tgy  of  all   ranks,  and 

niiiiui-ou-  uiiici--  iImI  -m  ill  !i.  i!  .i-c,  n*)!-  (ixl  .i:i^  i^ood  man  disaf)prove 
iÄ  It.  AtUT  tlu-  \y\\x  140.S,  lu'  (MH  h'.uurcd  lo  (1«."l.u  h  the  unixrr^itx 
\\o\\\   ilu-  inu'rc->t->  cT  (".rci^nrN    \11,.  wliom   I'oluMni;!  nrkiK  »wledged   a.-^ 


-oni  -\\. 


hi-:    l:.i\(..'    ('UcnM'    I 


tlu-    Ai 


(    1  !  I  »l--  1  M  M  I     I  >! 


Prague   and    rn;in\" 


ot"  tiu'  cV'X'^x.  'I'lirii  l:r  s;.K(i  with  the  Kralistr  in  philosophy,  aiul, 
a( coriliiiL;  to  tiu.' üsü-cn  of  tiu'.iL,c.  u^'.si'U'*!  .m-l  pii'^-cd  \he  JVofnina/ists  io 
tiu'  utrno-t  ot'  liis  ]h)\\\t.  wi  liu'ir  nnuil'rr  m  tlir  iiii  iwr-i  t  \  \\  J  >  m'Vv 
((Mi>!(K'raliU\  ami  llu'ir  iniliu-iu  f  \\\i^  not  Nin.iM.  I  \\c  'ini\rr>il\-  at  inaL 
rinu;  was  duadcd  nito  lour  na!  ions,  xhwc  ol'  w  !ii(  li.  \\\v  Iko  arian.  l^di-ll. 
and  Sa\on.  were  (  oniprciitaiaU'd  under  the  general  name  ol  iae  (,rr/!!.iu 
nafirJi.  It  Inul  hieen  th.e  ( n^toin  th/it  the  <  lermaais,  who  !ar  c-x.  eeded 
the  lu'lienn  ills  \\\  nnmheis.  shouhi  lia\e  three  \ote-.  ami  tiu-  h-uu-unans 
hau  t'lKu  Iluss,  eith.er  tVom  pan-tiaht\  to  Ins  (ountrvo!"  troiu  In.-,  hatrehl 
ot"  tiic  .-A('////V/(^7.wA,  wli()ni  the  greatest  part  oi"  tlie  (  ".ernuui-  preti-rred  to 
the  Rrausts.  ohtaine<i,  1>_\-  means  ot' the  \ast  intluenee  at  (  oun't  win*  h  hi- 
clcuiuenee  gax'e    him,   and    tlic   I'axor  ot'   the    hanperor  W  enee-iaus.  th.e 


*  cat  all  tlic  lit.  !.i!\  controv, Msies,  tlie  most  naMii.  rable,  on  account  of  their  extent,  their 
violcnc<a  ami  tla-  duration  (  f  their  contests,  an-  tlio-.-  of  tlu-  Xmimr/ists  and  tlie  Rea/isfs. 
li  u,i>  n  nioM  MilaU-  ciiu  ton  assuredly,  and  the  world  thought  for  a  long  while  that  their 
happiness  depended  on  deciding  whether  universals.  tliat  is,  ^^i-w^-ra,  have  a  real  essence, 
.,ntl  exi-t  mdei-)endent  of  particulars,  that  {?,,  species  :  whether,  for  instance,  we  could  form 
an  i.Ua  oi  a-e^  ])rk)r  to  iPalivuin,;!  asses !  Roscellin,  in  the  eleventh  century,  adopted  the 
opinion  that  nniversals  have  t;o  real  existence,  either  before  or  in  individuals,  but  are  mere 
names  aiel  w  :<!.  hy  v. la.  a  the  kind  of  individuals  is  expressed.— a  tenet  propagated  by 
Abelard,  ^^  Inch  produced  the  sect  of  the  Notninalists.  But  the  Reaiisfs  asserted  that  univer- 
sals  exist.Ml  ntdependent  of  in!  viduals,  though  they  were  somewhat  divided  between  the 
various  opinions  of  Plato  and  .Xn^toth  .  Df  tlu-  R.-alists,  the  most  famous  were  Thomas 
Aquinas  and  I  )iins  Scotus.  The  cause  of  tla-  Noin  nalists  was  almost  desperate,  till  Occam, 
in  the  fourteenth,  icntnrv.  rrviv,-«!  tlie  (h  luu  «  inbers.  Louis  XT.  fivorcd  the  Nominalists, 
an.!  tla'v  flourishe.l  at  lar^.'  \\\  h'ratu-.-  and  Connanv;  Imt,  indorlunately.  Tope  John 
XXin.  pntronl/fd  the  koali^i-,  and  ihroni^hont  Itah  it  w  a  ^  danL;erous  for  a  Nominalist 
to  open  hi-^  lii.s.  'IIa-  Ihanrh  kira;  w.vrcd.  aaal  tla-  1'.  [>-■  inumphed;  his  majesty  pub- 
lished, ail  ediKt  in  1474,  \n  uhah  laa  shrncod  toa-o\(r  iho  N.  aninalists,  and  ordered  their 
books  to  he  fa~una,'d  iij)  nx  thoip  lihrancs  with  iron  chains,  that  they  might  not  be  read  by 
young  '^tud.cta.-l  'liio  lea(lc-r>  of  that  -ect  fl.nl  into  England  and  Germany,  where  they 
uniteii  th.-ir  f.  .rcr.  with  Luther  and  tlic  hr.,t  Ketornicrs.  Notliing  could  exceed  the  vio- 
lence \Mtli  whidi  tla-r  (liu>nt.-  ^err  conducted.  Vives  himself,  who  witnessed  the  con- 
tests, ^ays,  that  '  wh.n  tia:  (,  oiit.-nd  luu^  I'.irties  had  exhausted  their  stock  of  verbal  abuse, 
thev  oft.-n  cana-  to  h-lou-;  and,  u  was  iK.a  nncoininon  in  tia.  ■<•  (patrrels  about  iiniversals 
to  se<-  t!;o  c  ornliatants  engaging  not  onlv  wit'n  tla-ir  liv.-,  hut  with  clubs  and  swords,  su  that 
many  have  i^cen  \vouiided,  and  some  killcfh" 


SIGISMUND. 


179 


passa"-e  of  a  de(  ree  tiail  die  C^ermans  should  l)C  deprived  (jf  the  privi- 
lege of  ihrcc  votes,  and  slionhl  (onteni  themselves  wuth  one.  The 
re<nlt  of  tliis  long  contest  so  oftlmuled  the  Germaivs  dual  a  great  multi- 
tude of  tiiem,  with  the  rector  ol^  the  mdversily,  John  Hoffman,  at  llieir 
head,  left  the  university  of  Tragne.  and  retired  to  l.eip^ir.  where  a 
nruver^itv  wa,>  fouduled  under  the  patronage  of  Frederic  the  Warlike, 
Marizra.v(-  of  Mei--en  and  Landgrave  of  d'huringia. 

Atna-   tlie  (lermans  left    Prague,  Huss  inveighed  more  freely  agam-t 
the  vices  of  tlie  <  K;rgy,  and  also  i)ul)licly  ])reaciied  and  recommended 
the  opinions  and   tiie   books  of  Jolin  Wickliffj,  the  Knglisliman.      He 
was  a' good   man,  and    a   lover  of   real  ])iety,  though  sometimes  over- 
ardent  and  not   sufh(  iently  ].iaident.      Pop^e  John   XXIII.  exeommuni- 
cated  Inm  in  1410  :   but  he  did  not  heed  this,  continuing  to  teac  h  and 
preach  as  usu.ih      Peing  smnmoned  to  the  council  of  Con-tance,  and 
Peiip-  protreted   hva  safe-condu(  t  from   the  Etiip>eror  Sigismnnd.  he 
wauit    thiither   f  »r  tlie  ])ur|)Ose  of  demonstrating  his  innocence,  and  ot 
])roving   tlie  filscliood  of  the  charge  that   lie   had  apostatized  from  tlie 
Roman  Clmreln      An<l  certainly  he  had  not  departed  m  things  of  any 
moment  from  the  religion  of  his  times  Imt  had  only  inveighe<l  severely 
against   the  ].ontiffs,  the  com't  of  Rome,  the   bishops  and   clergy,  and 
the  monks,  whi(  h  was  a  common  ])ractice  at  that  day,  and  even  m  the 
conned  of  Constanee  itself.     Yet  his  enemies  managed  so  artfully  that, 
in  violation  of  the  public  faith,  he  was  cast  into  prison;   and  when  he 
would  not  at  the  command  of  the  council  confess  guilt,  he  was  a.ljudged 
a  hereti(-,  and  burned  alive  on  the  6th  of  July,  1415-      1^^"^^  ^f  tdith  and 
tlie  love  of  God,  he  endtired  his  punishment  with  admirable  constancy. 
'I'he  same  mdiappy  fate  was  borne  with  the  same  i)ious  f  )rtitude  by 
Jerome  of  Prague,  who  had  come  to  Constance  to  support  and  aid  his 
friend.      He  was  ccniimitted   to   the  flames  on  the  30th  of  Mav.  1416, 
and  his  ashes,  like  tha)se  of  Huss,  were  thrown  into  the  Rhine.      Both 
Huss  and    fer-me  were  commanded  to  confess  their  faults  and  alijure 
their  errors.      They  refused  to  do  so  unless  they  should  be  convinced 
of  error,  and   this 'obstinacy  was  most  grievous  heresy.     The  Rcanish 
C^hnnlt,  indeenl,  had   for  many  ages  followed  Pliny's  princii)le,  where 
he  says,  "  d'hose  who  [lersevcrcd  I  ordered  to  execution  :   for  I  had  no 
doubt,  whatever  it  might  be  they  professed,  such  perverse  and  inllexible 
obstin>acv  ouuht  certainly  to  be  jiunished." 

At  thi's  coamcil  was  passed  the  famous  decree,  that  the  Holy  Supper 
should  l)e  administered  A^  the  laity  in  the  element  rf  breaJ  ouh.  lorbid- 
din-  eommuuioii  in  hoth  the  elements.  The  council  also  ordered  all  the 
wor'ks  of  Wic:klifTe  to  be  destroyed  and  his  bones  to  be  burned.     In  the 


I  So 


j/.u'siu'Kü,  Axij  oriiLi^  HOUSES. 


STGISMUND. 


l8l 


s.mu'  war,  John,  Duke  of  15ur>;un(!\-,  lia\!ii-  cMiii)K)}cd  abba^M^l^  to 
nuirdiT  L()!ii>,  Duke  of  Orleans,  in  1407,  Joliii  I'eiii.  a  ?ari->inn  llico- 
logian,  maintained  the  lawhihiess,  ex'en  in  an\-  {»rix.Ue  })er>e)n,  of  kiU- 
ing  a  t\rant.  The  Univer>ity  of  Paris  passed  a  se\ere  sentence  upon 
tlK'  autlior  of  so  (hinL;erous  an  opinion,  and  the  e«)un(  il  raided  to  die 
list  ^^i  execrable  heresies  tliis  opinion  of  John  I'etit  :  but  the  new 
pontüf.  >bn-tin  \'.,  throngli  fear  of  tlie  Hou-e  of  burgundi}-,  would  not 
i:ud\-  tiic  sentence  of  the  counc  il. 

d'he  (ouncil  now  ])roceeded  to  the  important  oi-ject  for  whii  li  t]ij\- 
had  ])een  calletl  together, — tJir  reJor/natiiUi  i)f  tlw  Ciiit^-cii  in  ils  h(\jJ  iihi 
mcmbt-rs,  as  the  language  ofthat  age  was.  Hut  the  <  ardinals  and  jain- 
cipal  men  of  the  Romish  Cduii-ch,  as  well  :is  the  new  pontiff,  c  raftih' 
urged  a  {postponement  ;  and  thus,  in  i4i(S,  after  deliberating  three  vears 
and  ^i\  months,  the  cckuk  il  broke  up,  assigning  the  reformatH)n  of  the 
Church,  which  all  men  devoutl}'  prayed  ld>r,  to  a  (  ouik  d  to  be  (\tlkd 
at  the  end  of  five  )ears. 

This  councib'-  was  held  in  the  hall  of  tiie  KanfJiaus,  built,  in  13S.'-, 
as  a  warehouse,  close  to  the  lake.  That  famous  assend)l\-  was  com- 
posed not  of  bisho|)s  alone,  like  the  ancient  (ouik  ils,  but  of  deputies. 
civil  and  ecclesiasti(xd,  from  the  whole  of  Christendom,  in(  ludinu 
priiK  es,  thirty  cardinals,  four  patriarchs,  twent}  ar<  libushops,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  bishops,  and  twenty-five  liundred  professors  of  universi- 
ties and  doctors  of  theology,  besides  a  host  of  ambassadors,  inferior 
{»relates,  abbots,  priors,  etc. 

The  safe-conduct  which  Sigismund  gave  IIuss,  at  the  re(|Uest  of  his 
brother  Wenceslaiis,  ran  thus  : 

''We,  Sigismund,  by  the  grace  of  God  Roman  Kmperor,  always 
august,  King  of  Hungary,  of  Dalmatia  and  Crt).!tia,  make  known  to 
all  princes,  secular  and  ecclesiastical,  dukes,  margra\es.  comus,  baron>, 
nobles,    chevaliers,    chiefs,    governors,    magistrates,    prelects,    baillies, 

*  The  concour-^c  at  th.it  synod  of  (listinmii^lif'l  nuMi  fi.  «m  v.vw  couiitiv  of  Im)I'i>jh'  was 
immense;  while  four  thou'-and  prelates  and  t\\  ciitN-fu'-  liundud  professors  and  doetor.- 
of  law  were  preac-hin>;  or  disjiiitin^  in  ihr  (iothir  c.itlK'drals,  im  ilioU'-and  prnu-e>,  nohies, 
and  knights  were  lance-breakniL,^  and  s\s-or(i->-LL^hini;;  on  the  nif,tdow>  cm  the  Rhine. 
There,  too,  HI  the  niid.-^t  of  a  eontnuial  w  hirl  of  t'nj.  i\  intau-.,  ( ,f  ho;->t<'rou-^  lianijuet--,  {joUip- 
oiis  |)roee>si()ns  and  tonrnainiMit'-,  solemn  or.itorie-^,  penitent;. d  tlai^ehation^,,  or  wanton 
comedies  and  pantomimes,  exhihitim;  the  iriy>tene^  cd'  he;i\en  ;ind  heil,  the  au^tt're  ;)nd 
virtuous  reformers  John  IIu^^  and  Icrome  of  l'ra^jue  \sei-e  eiaidemned  and  burned  at  the 
Stake,  tlie  schism;aic  roj)(  s  deposi'd,  and  uni\er^.il  reform^  in  tlie  government  and  di^ei- 
phne  of  the  (Jhurch  (iiscussed,  adopted,  hut  ultimatf!}  e.!ttra\ened  hv  tln'  intrigues  of 
Po])e  Martin  V.  and  his  Italian  eardinal^.  d"!iu>  all  (.'hriMendoni  \vm\  it>  attention  directed 
towards  Constance,  as  two  centuries  earlier  it  h;id  })een  chreeted  to  leru>alem  and  the 
Holy  Land. 


custom-house  officers,  tax-gatherers,  and  all  functionaries  of  cities, 
towns,  villages,  and  frontiers  ;  to  all  communities  and  their  belongings, 
as  well  as  to  all  our  faithful  subjects  who  shall  see  these  presents: 

''Venerable,  most  serene,  nol)le,  and  dear  f:iithful  subjects, 

"Tlie  honorable  master  John  Hus  of  Bohemia,  bachelor  of  Holy 
Scrij.ture.  and  master  of  arts,  the  bearer  of  these  presents,  departing 
in  a  few  davs  f  )r  t1ie  General  Council  which  is  to  take  place  in  the 
city  of  Constance,  we  have  received  and  admitted  him  into  our  ])rotec- 
tion  and  that  of  tlie  Holy  banpire;  we  recommend  him  to  you,  one  and 
all,  ;ind  to  each  severally,  with  pleasure,  and  we  enjoin  you  to  receive 
willingly  and  treat  favorably  the  aforesaid  master  Hus,  if  he  presents 
himself  to  }-ou,  and  to  give  him  aid  and  protection  in  good  will  in 
ever)  thing  which  can  be  useful  to  him  to  favor  his  journey,  whether  by 
hmd  or  water. 

'•  I-'urtlu  rmore,  it  is  our  will  that  you  should  let  him  ])ass,  remain, 
and  return  free-ly  and  without  obstacle,  him,  his  servants,  horses, 
wagon->,  baggage,  and  all  other  effects  belonging  to  him,  in  all  i)assages, 
gates,  bridges,  territories,  seignories,  bailiwicks,  jurisdictions,  cities, 
towns,  castles,  villages,  and  all  other  ])la(  cs,  wdthout  making  him  pay 
imno-ts.  riirhts  of  wa\-,  tolls,  tribute,  or  aiu'  other  charges,  whatever  th.ev 
niav  be.  In  fine,  to  es(()rt  him  wdth  safety,  him  and  all  his  com})any, 
if  lie  needs  it. 

••All  in  honor  of  our  Imperial  Majesty. 

"Given  at  Speyer.  October  9.  1414.  in  the  thirty-third  year  of  our 
Hunuarian  reign,  and  the  llfth  vear  of  our  Roman  reign." 

b>hn  Huss,  with  this  safe-conduct,  arrived  at  Constance  the  3d 
of  Novem1)er,  ap])eared  before  the  council  the  2Sth  of  the  same 
month,  was  put  in  prison  in  the  Dominican  convent  Saturday.  January 
26,  T415,  and  did  not  leave  it  until  led  out  to  execution.  The  t'uneral- 
l)ile  was  erected  outside  the  town,  in  the  suburb  of  Briilil  :  Huss 
ascended  it  (-alinl\-.  and  knelt  down.  Summoned  once  more  to  abjure 
his  do(  trines,  he  replied  tliat  he  would  rather  die  than  be  perfidious 
towards  God,  as  the  Fauj.eror  Sigismund  had  proved  towards  him  :  tlien, 
seein-  tliat  the  exec  utioner  was  approaching  to  set  fire  to  the  pile,  he 
ex(  laimed,  three  times.  "Jesus  Christ,  son  of  the  living  God,  who  hatn 
suffered  for  us,  have  mercy  upon  me  1"  When  wrapt  in  the  flames, 
the  last  words  of  the  martvr  were  heard,  "  I  commit  my  soul  into  the 
hands  of  my  God  and  Saviour." 

'Ulis  exec  ution  was  followed  by  that  of  Jerome  of  Prague.  Con- 
dut  ted  to  the  pile  May  30,  1416,  he  walked  as  though  he  were  going 
to  a  tete.      The  executioner,  approaching  as  usual  to  set  fire  to  the  i>ile 


lS2 


/.v//'.V/.7'A'r7,   .LV/>    i 


77//.  A'    HOUSES. 


bcliind  him,  Jerome  said  to  him,  ^' Come  hore.  master.  aiM  light  the 
pile  m  tVont  uf  iru' ;  lor  il"  I  ha.l  i^evii  .ihMul  ..!  lire,  1  u-wM  i.^i  h.ive 
been  here."  Two  nioiiih.  alter  tin,  ir  dealh.  joiiii  XXHl.  dud,  and 
the  indue  on  earth  heramr  ihe  accused  before  (b>d.. 

Afler  the  coim.  d  broke  up.  neiiiier  I'oi-e  Martin  Ah  nor  thr  Ihn- 
peror  Sigismund  (culd  pav  the  bdbwhah  the  <  ltIZU^^  oi  Con.iaia.,e 
presented;  Nceiii-  which,  tlun  ^ei/ed.  (:etei  ent  i.iii  x  .  the  >dver  ves^el^ 
ot"  the  Fmperor,  the  ^ac  lehl  vases  of  the  hope,  tin    .irm>  r  of  the  counts, 

Fhe 


le  hanuss  o 


le  crii/\'alier> 


the  urand  rcbe^  of  the  baron>,  ;uid  t 

trouble  was  great;   but   MgiMuund   touk    it   uj  on   hiiu^eif  to  settle  the 

difti(  iiltx . 

He  a>Nc  nibled  the  magistrates  and  bmgliers  of  (Vinstam  e  m  tlie  ware- 
hou>e  in  which  the  council  had  been  held,  m.amtcd  the  tribune,  and 
told  tliem  that  he  would  become  re-pon>d)le  for  th.e  debts  (,f  all.  Tlie 
bur-h.ers  replied  that  they  would  he  (oiiteiit,  i^roMdc'd  he  gave  them 
good  secainty.  'Idie  I^miu-ror  tlun  suit  tor  the  bale^  of  good.^,  tlie 
cloth  of  silk,  of  damask,  and  (^^  velvet,  tiie  housings,  the  cairtains,  and 
the  cushions  embroidered  with  gold,  caused  them  to  be  appraised  l.y 
experts,  dc-posited  them  in  the  wareliouse,  ;ind  ph-dued  Inm^elt  to 
redeem  thcan  within  the  year;  and,  as  a  greater  s.-c  uritv  n.rtiiedvbt, 
and  a  proof  that  he  ac  knowledgcd  it,  he  had  his  scab  i^ut  on  tlie  boxes 
which  contained   them,  afler  wlii.  h  the  ro)  ;il  visitors  det-artcd. 

A  \ear  rolled  by,  and  nothing  was  luard  from  the  l-auj.eror  Sigis- 
mund ;  \vliereUl)on  il  was  resobed  to  .^ell  tlie  effe*  Is  nn  Imh  had  beei^ 
left  in  [.ledge.  l^ut  then  it  was  torbiddeii,  on  the  p^art  of  his  m.ijcsly, 
to  proceed  with  the  sale,  because  the  seals  afhxc/d  to  tliem  made  them 
the  jiropertv  of  the  empire,  and  not  that  of  the  j-anperor.  It  is  la.v 
four  hundred  and  fiftydlve  years  since  this  notiiic-ation  wa.-  given. 

The  insurrections  in  Ib)hem!a  iha.l  o.  c  iirred  alter  the  margxrdom  of 
Hiiss  and  Jerome,  continued  nearlv  tlie  remainder  of  the  reign  ot  Sigis- 
mund. The  Hussites  attacked  Meissen.  Fram onia,  Ikoaiia,  Austria. 
and  P>randenl)urg.  One  of  tlie  dogma.s  held  by  the  insin-ent-^  was, 
'-Tliatwhen  all  t  he  cities  of  the  world  >hould  be  burned  down  anr 
reduced  to  the  number  of  five,  then  would  come  the  new  kingdom  ot^ 
the    Lord;    theretore   it   was  now   the    time    of    veiigeam  e,   and    (loO 

was  a  Ood  C)f  wratln" 

At  length  affairs,  after  great  endeavors,  were  chnn-ed  {o\  Oie  better. 
and  this  was  effected  at  the  Council  of  llisle.  '\W  Hiissius  were 
allowed  to  i)artake  of  the  sacrament  in  botli  kind<,  yet  on  condition 
that  the  priests  sluiuld  teac  h  that  Clirist  was  perfect  in  eac  h. 

Notwithstanding  the  numerous  and  wealthy  possessions  of  Sigismund, 


SIGISMUXD. 


^S3 


he  was  often  in  the  greatest  pecuniary  embarrassment.  On  tnis  account 
he  mortgaged,  ni  14^7-  t^^o  territory  of  Hrandenburg,  whu  h,  under  nis 
f^ither,  thc^  Innperor  Charles  IV.,  had  lallen  to  the  House  ot  Luxem- 
burg, together  with  the  elective  franchise,  and  the  ortice  ot  Arch- 
Chamberlain  connected  therewith,  to  the  Lurgrave  ot  Nuremberg, 
Frederic  of  HohenzoUern,^^^  for  four  hundred  thousand  goto  tlorins, 
which  sum  the  latter  had  lent  him  at  various  times.  Bv  similar  means, 
Frederic  liie  Warlike  obtained  from  him  the  Saxon  electoral  dignity 
for  oiK^  hundrc-d  ihous.md  marks. 

Wiieu  H-nrv  the  Lion  ibrfcuted  his  dukedom  of  Old  SaxcwxA^^  had 
the  mistortune  of  seeing  his  land  divided,  and  the  name  .^f  his  cou,üry 
given  to  a  strip  of  land  on  both  sides  of  the  Elbe,  extending  trom  Lei- 
tern to  WitterdKM-,.      Frederic   Larbarossa  gave  this  land  to  Lernhard 
of    Xnhalt,  of  ihe\\scanian   dvnastv,  one  of  the  oldest    m  Germany. 
claiming  their  desc  ent  from  Wittikind.      L.  the  reign  of  the   Emperor 
Charles  IV.,  it    was   settled   that   seven    German   princes  should    elect 
ikürar)  the  lanv-eror.      'Fhns    the    Luke   of   Saxony,  who  had   chosen 
WittenlKU-^'-  for  his  residence,  was  called,  from  the  year  1355.  >>^^^«^ 
of  SaxeAVittenberg,  and   his   dukedom  an   electorate.       Ihis  pnnceU 
f.ndv  di.d  out  in  1433.  and  Sigismund  sold  the  electorate  to  Frederic 
the  Warlike-  in   1  42  v    Thus  we  see  all  at  once  the  Margrave  oi  Meissc^n 
,pa  Land<nave  of  Thuringia  become  Duke  of  Saxony  and  elector.      As 
\w^  hi,4u.i-  nth-  of  ele<tor  went  with  the  dukedom  of  Saxony,  the  names 
of    l/^>.;;.v-/.;/,/and  Thurin.ia  were  dropped;   and  we  see,  also,  that 
the'()^V  .V.  ve;/.  were  not  the  torefuhers  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  pre^nt 
kiiv.lom  of  Saxonv.  though  the  latter  have  inherited  their  namc^.        he 
elert<M-.  ^>i  S.xonv  resi.led   in  Wittenberg  down  to  1542,  though   thev 
,v.i.  buried  at  Meissen,  not  hir  from  Dresden.    Albert  the  Bold,  grand- 
son of  Frederic  the  Warlike,  hrst  took  up  his  residence  m   Dresden, 
•ilua-  (bvid.iivr  the  estate  with  his  brother  Ernest. 

'  Si^^ismund  died  in  MAT-  ^^d  was  buried  in  St.  Laslakirche.  m  Gros- 
W  n- Mill  or  War.lein.  in  Hnngarv,  by  the  side  of  his  hrst  wile,  accord- 
in.  to  his  will.  He  was  the  last  of  the  male  line  of  the  House  of 
I  ux.u.bur^.  His  hrst  wite  was  Mary  of  Hungarv,  of  the  House  ot 
.\,„,,  .  bi>  se<-ond  was  Barbara  of  CiUv,  whom  he  caused  to  be  im- 
pn^oned  because  she  betraved  him.  Cilly  was  a  town  near  the  river 
S,ve  with  a  strong  castle  of  Roman  origin.  It  was  the  residence  of 
;;,  ^.oud  c-ounts  of  Cillv,  who,  as  border-wardens,  were  int^aisted  with 
tli,   h.fense  of  the  frontiers  against  the  incursions  of  the  Hungarians, 


■:::•  The  ancestor  of  the  present  royal  family  of  Prussia. 


iS4 


//.  /  / ', nv;  r A'  ( /',  ,  / ,  \  7  J  0  7 'ifF.  R  no  uses. 


\m  often  drew  ihcir  swords  a-alnst  \.\w  Austrian  dakc.  tlirn.M'Ka.>. 
Sigismund  k-ft  all  his  hercditarv  possession.^  tu  hi,-.  (Luuh.ter  ]-:ii/al)cL  i, 
who  married  Albert  \'.  of  Au>tria. 

The  l]r>t  of  the  Neapolitan  branch  of  the  {fnii>c  of  Anjna.  ,n  Ilua- 
gary,  was  Charirs  Martri.  tiir  Pretender,  who  >n.  eeede/i  tln'  Arpad 
dynasty,  in  Ilnn-arv,  when  that  fninly  l.eeanie  exlih.i.  m  ,  ^c  i . 
Charles  married  dementia  of  llapshur-.  Mary,  tiie  wile  of  ihe  Vau- 
pere.r  Si-ismimd,  was  their  great-randdaa-iiter. 


cx)xrr,Mi'OkARir:.s  or  thk   kau'I-ror-^  wi  .\ei:-i.Ai>     la 


1,    A.\0    >iois- 


I'.XC.LANI). 
^  RicharJII.,  only  >on  of  the  lUa,  k  Pnn.  e,  sueeeeded  h  i.  ^grandfather, 
Edward  III.,  in   1377.       He  wa>  heautdul  in  person,  hut  uvak  m  <  har- 
:ieter.        In    his   youth    he  (ontpaered    the    rebellion   (.f  \\\x\  '[-yler   by  a 
sudden   exer(i^e   of  valor   and    presence   of  mind;     but    hi>    r'ei-n    was 
afterwards  spent  in   mottle  inelfe.tual    resi>tan(  e  to   liis  ihree  ui,(  les.-^ 
the   Dakes   of  Lancaster,  X'ork.  aial   (don*  ester.        IlaMii-   exiled   aial 
0Uierwi.se   wron-ed    his   cousin.    Henrv    ilolm-broke,    .son\.f    joim    of 
Gaunt,   Duke   of  l.mcaster,   Rk  hard    was   taken    ])ri,soner   bv   Imn.  an.l 
c:ompelled    to   resign    IiIn   crown.       Tins   reign    is  distniguished    by   the 
commencement  of  the  Reformation,  thnaigh  \Vi(  klilTe.  '   and  his  I'tan.- 
lation  of  the   llible  into  the    Fmglish  tongue.       Ri<  hard'.,  first  wire  wa> 
Anne   of   Rohemia,    surnamed    the    Oood,    daughter   uf   the    lanpen.r 
Charles  IV.      Her  am  estors  originated    from    the   s;ime   «ountrv   .is   the 
Flennsh    Thdippa,  and   by  means  of  her  uncle,  the    Huke  (,f  jhabant. 
she   brought   the  same   ].opiilar  an<l   i^rolltable   commercial   albVime   t(") 
P:ng]and.       Huss  said    that  Anne  ca.nld    read    the  gospel    m    three   lan- 
guages,—J^ohemian,  (German,  and   Latin.       She  \\as  a  eonsiar, 


])eace- 


*  \\1(    In.  1  II  1  l.s    Ali>l.<M,V     l-ol;     r  1;  WST.  X'l'IX 


C    'I 


nia:. 


"  O  T.ord  Co.I  1  Mthm  at  tl.r  l..-:nnin-  uf  f.ith  so  in.niv  nim  translated  into  Latin.  an<l 
to  nivat  [.lutuo!  I.,, tin  inrn,  1. a  one  simple  creature  ol  (  n  ,<!  tr.iaa.uc  into  English  for  profit 
of  I'-.n-li-hinr,,.      I  nr,  if  vvorMly  clerks  look  wr!l  tla-ir  chronicles  and  books.diey  shoulden 

f'"^''    '''•"    '''■<^''   tr,.ns!,ar,i    ihc    n.iMc   and   cxpoinulci   much    ui   ^M^on,   tha    u  as   Eni^ljsh 
either  [or]  c-o„n,u.n   lan^M:.-,-   ot   th,.   laiul.  in   his   tni,,..       And   not  only  Bede    hut    Kin- 

Alfrc<l.  that  found,  d  C  .xoa^Md,  tr.n,-Ae..h  n,  In.  !,.M  d.  v.,  die  beginning  of  the  Psalter  into 
Sa.von,  and  xvca.id  more  ,i  ha'  had  hvcd  longer.  ALo  Frenchmen.  Remers  [Bohemians] 
and  Bntons  han  [h.ivc]  the  h.hle  and  odaT  books  of  <!cvof:.,n  a-al  exposition  translated 
into  Uu'ir  mother  lant^u.i^e.  WhN  sh.„!den  n-a  Idi.didancn  have  the  same  in  their  mother 
langua-c:^  I  cannot  wa  Jknou  .„-  teli:.  No;  but  tor  falseness  and  negligence  of  clerks 
eitlier  f^.r  our  people  is  not  Nvuithy  to  have  m.  s^e-.a  -rac-  and  gift  of  (iod,  in  pain  of 
their  old  sins." 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


1S5 


maker  between  Ri<  hard  and  his  subjects.  She  died  m  1394.  and 
Richard-s  ^rief  was  as  encUiring  as  it  was  acute.  One  year  elapsed 
before  he  had  devi^edl  a  monument  he  thought  worthy  ol  his  beloved 
Anne.  lbs  second  wile  was  Isabella  of  Valois,  surnamed  the  Little 
Quee 


n 


•  \w  w.is  liic 


(lau-btcr  of  Charles  \\.  and  Isaljella  of  ISavaria, 


.„„1  wi,  ui.lv  rune  vears  old  when  she  marned  Ruhanl,.  wlu,  was 
'l,,„u  -l-hc  ic»-cl>  ,hc  brought  to  England  were  valued  at  hve  hundred 
t,,,„:„,„.l  .  niwn,^.  an<l  were  afterward,  a  matter  of  political  rotitroversy 
iK.tuvcu  !-:nuland  a,vl  Fran<  e.  After  Richard's  death,  Isabel  a  re- 
,„,-,„d   to   rra,.<e,  an.l  married  the  celebrated  poet-duke  ol  Orleans. 

Ri.h.u.l  left  no  (  hiUlren. 

// „   //-     ,!h.   fir>t   of  the   House   of  Lancaster,  showed   himselt 

capalle'  o,    reiuniug.    possessing    courage.    vigilat.<-e     prudence,    a,td 
,nvat  conntKi.id  of  temper.     The  necessity  under  which  he  lay  ol  rourt- 
nv-'popubtniv  rendered  his  retgn  beneficial  to  the  nation,  and  parttcu- 
P.H  '  f'voraMe  to  the  r,glus  of  tlte  .-otmirons.    When  Dttke  of  Hereford 
Heiirv  n.nried   Marv  de  IJohun,  great-granddaughter  to  Ldwar.l  Land 
1"K  indr,.   of  Castile.      She   at.d   her  si>ter,  who   marrte.l   the   Dnke  ol 
Giouce.tcr.  w.re  the  richest   heiresses  in   l-ngland.      She  .he.l   m   the 
Wooni  of  l,le,  le.ivntg  si.  children.-thc  renowned  Hen.^y  \ .  ;.   1  hotnas, 
]  „Kc  of  (  L=reu.  e  :    lohn.  Duke  of  Ledlord,  Regent  of  trance  :    Hutir- 
,,h,.ev     Duke  „f  (^domester.  Prote.tor  of  Kngland  ;   and  two  .laughters 
;.,„;,  ite   an.l    Pinbppa.       His   se.ond   wtfe  was  Joanna     daughter  o 
Charles  ti.e   Ift.l  of   Navarre,  an.l  of  Jane,  .laughterof  K,ng  John  of 
Fran.-e       loatnia's  fira  hushan.l  was  John  de  Montlort,  Duke  ol   l>re- 
,,,„.-    s.u-nauK-.l  the  Valiant.      'I'his  duke  received  the  bant.he.l  Lan- 
,  .;'.,r    an.l    a-iae.l    hi.n    with   vessels,  men-at-arms,   an.l    cr..ss-büws 
.,,.  „n^i  R,.  ha.r.l.      Henrv,  at  the  perio.i  of  his  exile,  gave  to  tne.A'/xvA 
n,r.nol  \x-  etnbleniat).'  an.l   poeti-'  meaning,  by  uniting  n  on   h.,  collai- 
,,;,,,  ,;,,,  i„H,,,l  1,,UTS  ..flits  watch-wor.l,--'Souveigne-vot,s.le  moy. 
,,,  „„  ,  w,.s  about  thirtv-three  years  ol.l  when  Henry  married  her.    Her 
',x.,uplarv,-..t,.lu.t  as  the  wife  of  the  mo,t  irascible  prince  m  Cnristen- 
.p„„.    l.,l,n    th.e    \-aliant,  an.l    the   excellence   of  her  governmetU   as 
,c^.eut"tor  her  cl.kst  x.n,  ha.l  affor.ied  unquestionable  eviden.e  of  ner 
prudence  atul  wi..l.,tn  ;   \et  her  marriage  was  never  popular  ,n  Lnglatul, 
,,n  a.-.-ount  of  the  foreigners  she  brought  over  with  her.      She  had  no 

cliii.lroi  bv  Heurv. 

J{,nrx  \-  Mtc.eedc.1  his  father  in  1413-  -'^^  t'^'^  S^^"^'"'  •''"''  youthful 
,o„.|u.;-.,r  ,,f  krati.e.  he  is  a  favorite  in  English  history;  but  he  Nvas 
inferior  in  wi..l,..n  an.l  soun.l  policy  to  many  of  his  .ancestors.  He 
raitie.i  the  -real  battle  of  Agmcourt,  married  the  daughter  of  the  king 


«^T^; 

.*-.' 


1 86 


//,  /  / \\/>  [  7c  (7,  .-/  .vp  ( ^  7  ■///■;  A"  //o  I  yf:s. 


of  I-'ranrc.  and  was  appointed  successor  to  tlu-  (  icwn  in  exclusion  of 
the  riglits  ot'  the  daupliin.  Ilmrx-  and  li!>  miant  s^n  wn-e  crowiu'il  at 
I'aris,  in  1422.  His  wiic  \v.i>  Katha,rine  ot' X'aloi^,  -^urnanH  d  lla-  lair, 
youiige^t  dauLilUer  of  ('hai'Us  \'l.  ol  I-'ranc  e.  ]{(.air\-,  after  (oiiquij!  inLC 
France,  maiiaed  Katiiarnie,  iwnl  ihr'w  honeNincon  wa-  jKisscd  --i  tlie 
siege  ot  Sens.  Kalliarinc's  (ori  sn.it  icjii  {(mk  ]i!ai(;ait  W^---*  inirisuaa  in 
1421.      Shorth-  after  thicar  laanrn    to    InaiK  l-,   IIrnr\(lu;d    a,t    t!ie  castle 


o 


f    X'intaamcs,    near    Pans.       '\]\c\    I 


la'  1    on i\'   oiic   (  ni a 


IKnrv   \  I., 


who  \\.\>  onI\'  nine  n^untlis  ii'al  when  his  latlier  diocL  1)lc\>  «)!)>(  urit\ 
liangs  over  tlie  l)irtli  and  origin  of  Katiiarine's  ■second  lin^ltand, 
Owen    Tudor.        Tliex'    !iad     tlnce    <  hiahon.^ — l-',dnini!d    0!'    Ihid.djm. 


Jas})er  ot"   Hatfield,  a.nd  ()\\an,a  monk.      K:ith,ari 


no  ( I  k't 


at  the  aG;e  of 


thirt\^li\c.  Henr}-  \l.  took  good  care  of  Ins  h.a'i  t' I  aot  hca's.  ll\  his 
intliieiu  e,  halnnnid  married  Ma.rgaret  Üeant'ort.  lu are^.-^  uf  tiie  liou^e  of 
Somerset,  and  then  he  bestowed  npon  Irim  the  title  of  Ka  hrnond. 
andga\e  him  ])reec(lcn<e  of  all  l'ai_lish  pc'ca--.  i'Mnmral  died  at  tiie 
age  of  twenty,  leaving  an  intant  son,  aiterwa!(K  IKin\   \  11. 

]-R.\\CE. 

C/iiU'/<s  I'l.,  stirnamed  ///a  U '(■//- Ju'lovc J,  cmiw  to  tlie  throne  in 
13S0.  His  reign  was  one  ot"  the  most  di>araro'is  in  hraaa  e.  He 
reigiajd  iort\--two  xa-ars,  thirt\-  ot"  wliah.  waa'e  passed  in  a  state  of 
almost  (  on^tant  insanity.  To  annise  inm.  in  In-  lia  id  niter\al-,  the 
game  of  <  ards  was  introduced  intt>  ]'ran<e.  l'ia\s  (alh.  d  .MNsUaies 
and  Moi-alities  were  coimnoii  \n  his  time.  Tiie\-  waae  lirst  hroimlu 
into  I'iarope  1)\'  pilgrims  tVom  tiie  Holy  I, anal,  and  the  ]Maa"orm(a-s  waa'o 
all  monks.  These  wca"e  t'ollowcd  li\'  some  Noung  ia)bles,  v/lio  i^aaned 
themselves  into  a  (a)mpan\'  to  represtau  tla/  t'oliics  and  al'^-nrdities  of 
the  tiirics.  Henr\-  A\  of  haigland  in\aded  I'Vant  e.  won  tlie  haOtth/  of 
AuiiKoma.  and  was  made  reeent  attc/r  marrxniL:  tiie  kind's  daiii'hter. 
Charles   dietl    in   i.|22.  exacth'  six  weeks    hciore  the   laalliant  careci-  of 


ns  son-Mi- 


law  was   Cut   short    1)\'  death.      The  wil'c  of  (/harles  \'l,   was 


) , 


Isabella  of  Iku'aria,  daughter  of  Steplien  II.,'  ('oant  IMlatiiie  ot  the 
Rliine,  anal  ot  Tadia  \hs(a)nti.  Her  immoiKa'ate  t f-tc  fur  hi\uj-\a  aral 
l()\-e  oif  (a)<[iietr\,  began  earlv  to  maidfest  itself,  ,\\n\  --he  insiiiuted  a 
Court  of  [aave  ujxan  tlie  model  of  that  established  b\  Ka/anor  of 
Ciiiienne.  She  neglec  ted  her  husband  and  (  Inldiaai.  aral  made  herself 
detested  b\-  the  l''rench  natioii.  After  CliarKs's  death.  Isabella  \\a.s 
engaged  in  constant  (piarrels  with  her  son.  She  died  poor  and  iba.n- 
doned.  at  the  Hotel  Saint  Paul,  in  the  year  1435.  She  had  six  son.s,  all 
of  whotn  died  before  her  e.\<ej)t  Charles  VII.,  for  whom  she  expressed 


COXTEMPOK.tRIES. 


1S7 


the  deepest  liatr 


aaiaro 


11.  oi 


She  had  also  five  daughters,— Isabella,  who  marriec 
ban'land,  and  aller  Ids  death,  Charles,  Duke  of  Orleans 


M 


leha!.  wile  o 


f  Philii»  the  Good,  Duke  of  burgundy;   Katharine,  w 


:\ 


10 


mar  neu 

a  nun  ; 


Henrv  \" 


an 


d  a  ft  er  war 


ds  (J 


wen 


Tu 


d.or 


M 


ary,  w 


ho  1 


)eeame 


and  Jane 
CJiarlcs  J  7/. . 
the   tiirone  whei 
possessed    ever\    e 
besi 


1) 


uchess  01 


Ihattanv 


an 


amed  //ir  Vicl(>?-ious 


or  flw  ]]\iI-Scrz'cd,  came  to 


\   tlie   Phielisli  were  m 


asters  of  the  whole  country  and 


J  M-  n  V  r 


)easani 


ir 


H 


o: 


S      1 


)rturies  were   re 


diuaed  tiie  ilaapinn    t 


obliued  to  banish  his  son. 


bell 


ion  aL^ams 


onsiderable   town   except   Orleans,   which   they  were 

trieved   l)y  Joan  d'Are,  the   inspired 
d   the  siege  of  Orleans,  and  con- 
as  crowned.      Charles  was 
XI.,  who  had  excited  a  re- 
tl  with  having  bribed   the 


1  )eainemi,  who   raise 


o 


Rh 


ennr 


where  lie  w 


afterwards  Louis 


t  him.      Louis  was   even    charge 


h 


servants  10  poison  tiis  o\\ 
fear,  refused  to  t, 


■u  father.      The  unhappy  monarch,  imder 


th: 


ke  anv  food,  and  actually  starved  himself  to  deatii  in 


461 .      During  his  rei; 


CX(  c 


Calai 


Charleshs  wi 


11.,  Duke  of  An.iou  a 


;n  the  Paiglish  lost  all  their  possessions  in  France, 

ie  was  Mary  of  Anjou,  daughter  of  Louis 

Xa])les  and  lerusalem,  and  of  Yolande 


nd  Kimi  of 


of  Aragon.      'I'his  princess  was  re 


4 
mar 


kal)le  for  her  nnldness,  piety,  aiu 


1 


resiunation  uia 


ler  Charles  s  numerous  reverses  ;   s 


he  cheerful! V  shared 


her  indolent  husbam 
ntirelv  im 


d's  late  durini,^  the  fourteen  years  that  his  kingdom 


was  almost  e 

-with  r»atience  his  1< 


iler  the  dominion  of  the  Fnglish,  and  suppoi 


rted 


)ve  oi  pleasiire,  an( 


1  the  disdain  of  some  of  his  many 


■avorites,  wiio  we 


re   not   alwavs  so  respectful  to  her  as  to  Agnes 


Sorel. 


H 


VT 


a.'c  anil 


1  rel 


ellious  son 


Louis  held  her  in  great  esteem,  although 


he  disobe\ed   iur 


Marv  was  the  mo 


ther  of  twelve  children.      PLt 


sons  w  e re- 


la. 1; 


XI.,  who  succeeded  his  father 


Charles,  Duke  of  Xor 


mandv.  who  was   ])oisone( 


1 


anc 


1   two  other   princes 


w 


ho   d 


ied  voting. 


Among 

Austria  ; 
IX.,  Du 


aer   (lau 


Lzliter 


s    were 


Cat 


:e  o: 


nenne 
Savo\- 


C\,)imtess  o 


Radegonde,  wite  of  Sigismund,  Duke  of 
f  Charolais  ;   Yolande,  wife  of  Amedee 


lane,  Duchess  o 


f  bJourbon  ;   and  ^Lideleine,  w 


ho 


married  Gaston  t.e  loix 


Prince  de  Viane 


After  the  death  of  Charles, 


dded    at    Pourges,    where    s 

h 


Mar\-   re 

established  twelve  priests,  who   ever) 


he    founded    twelve    chapels,   and 


hour  in   the  dav  recited   prayers 


for    tl: 
sac  n  he:  es, 


unlaith 


ful    husband    who   had   rendered   her   life   a  serie: 


o 


f 


and  herself  a  model  of  resignation 


SPAIN. 


Ara-on  and  Ckitalonia  had,  by  their  union  in  1150,  become  a  p.ower- 
ful  kimalom,  which,  though  of  narrow  limits  when  compared  with 
Castile'distinizuished  itself  by  its  well-balanced  constitution,  the  energy 


1 88 


II APSBURG,  AND    OTHER  HOUSES. 


ail. I   I  i!!(l(!it   inoderation  of  its  kings,  and  the  dauntless  bravery  and 
commercial  activity  of  its  citizens,  who  vied  with  the  maritime  repub- 
lics of  It;il\   111  ihe  traffic  and  navigation  of  the  Mediterranean.      The 
Balean.    i  ,|  n  ,1-;  wcr(>  conquered   in   1172,  and  the  kingdom  of  Sicily 
acquircii     n    i  js -.       I'lie  islands  of  Sardinia  and  Corsica,  after  many 
hard-fought  naval  battles,  were  wrested  from  the  republics  of  Genoa 
^'^i'*'    1'^^  •'  -'^    '^'H    course  of  the  fourteenth  century.      When  the  Count 
of  i  uix.  111  12.S5,  endeavored  to  persuade  \Vt  Catalan  admiral,  Roger 
dc  l.oria,  to  (oiiscnt  to    i   irnre.  and   attenqjied   to   intimidate  him  by 
savini^   'Mliai  I'V.ince  could  nrm  t hrce  hundnM   -alleys,"    ''Let  her  do 
it,"  cx(  laiüu  (1  Loria;    *'  i  will  sweep  the  sea  \\  iti-  niv  hiiüdred,  and  no 
ship  u'llhoiif.  Kmvi;  hniii   ti-r    Kin-  <,r  Am-oii  .hall   pass;   no,  nor  shall 
a  Si-m!  dare    to    rai^r    ii-.    lu-ad    abuxa,'    tlu*  water,  niile>N    I  can  stx^   tliat  it 
bear>   the  a>rins  of  Ara-.ai  on  it.  [an.''      1Tie  Catalonians  had  consuls 
m    A'exaiidria,  Tnins,   Coii^taia  ira  .|  .],•.  arai    PaiiiaM  ii>   so   early  as   li^e 
tliirieentii  ecaitnrw  and  t  hey  supi '1  ie<  i  tiu*  l.^w^  Conntries  and  the  north 
ot    l-air(»pe  witii    tlie    ra  li  proiha  t>  ot'  t  lie  I  ,e\  ant .       i:\eiitlicdiKlivuf 
Atluais   and   (Greece  wa^   an    apj-eiaia-e  of  ti;e    Hmum-   ofAra-nn  from 
131  I  until   1386.      Tlireelona.  in  its  pir  tnre-qtio  aia  1  -trona  po^nion  on 
the   >ea.  and  defended  h\   its   touerinLi   castle  ()!"  M(aij;ii«li.  Inoanie  tiie 
centre  ot'  the  ('atalonam    ti'ade   aial    nalust  r\ ,  and    the    hr-i  ain(a^-  the 
(a)innier(a'al  <ities  of  the  Med  lUa  ran.ean  uhah  ohtained  a  written,  (ode 
of  maritime  laws,  ih.it  tunned  th.e  basis  tor  the  nuaa  ant  Me  i'arisprndence 
of  I-airope   durin-    the    Middle    Al^cs.      'i'ortos:i.  on    tiie    f/Dro.  heranie 
celebrated    b\    the    heroieai    deieiise    of    its    w.aiien.    wian   arnnn"    and 
relieving  their  exliansted  laisbaials.  repelled  the  Ab.orisli  invaders. 


1  TV  MARK, 

J/(//;V(^;r/.  the  daughter  of  X'aldiniar  ill..  Kin-  ( a"  J  )enniark,  b\'  ju-r 
talent  and  sjiirit  obtained  the  name  of  the  Sennramis  of  the  jNonia 
Margaret  married  Hakon,  King  of  N\)rwa_\  ;  and  >howed  so  mn«  h  \,\\\- 
dence  and  energy  in  the  management  of  ]ail)lie  afiairs  that  lur  fith.^r 
freijuently  said,  ''  Nature  intended  her  Si'itl  U^\  the  bodx  of  a  ;//,/;/.  anal 
not  for  that  of  a  woman."  Upon  the  dcMth  of  lier  haisbaaid  an.  I  of  her 
son  OlotT,  slie  contrived  to  be  proclaimed  (Jueen  of  Norwaa.  Swei'an, 
and  Denmark. 

The  arrogant  and  heedless  Allirecht  of  Meeklenbur-.  tluii  Kin-  of 
Sweden,  had  alienated  tlie  good  will  and  respect  of  the  Swe<lish  laiiion 
by  promoting  worthless  (lerman  knights  to  the  most  important  ofti(  es  m 
the  court  and  army,  and  tluis  gave  Margaret  an  easv  vi(  tor\a  While 
Albrecht  and  his  Cerman  (  hivalr\-  were  (  r()s>ina-  a  tVozen  lake  neaa-  Fal- 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


189 


köping,  in  order  to  attack  the  Danish  army,  the  ice  gave  way,  and  the 
German  knights,  on  their  barbed  war-steeds,  ingulfed  in   the  morass, 
were   slaughtered  or  captured  by  the  nimble   yeomanry  of  Denmark. 
Albrecht  was  taken,  imprisoned,  and  not  restored  to   freedom  until, 
seven  years  later,  he  had  renounced  all   pretensions  to  the  northern 
crowns.    The  manners  of  Scandinavia  were  still  very  coarse  in  the  four- 
teenth century.    Albrecht  used  to  call  Margaret  the  Breechless  Queen  ; 
and  he  sent  hern  whetstone,  three  feel  in  len-ili,  witii  ilie  advice  to  lay 
aside  her  sword  and  attend  to  shari-ening  lier  needles.    Tiiis  ungracious 
compliment  the  Danish  queen  answered  by  sending  him   in   return  a 
chemise  of  hers  attached  to  a  flagstaff,  for  liis  colors  when  marc  hing  his 
army  against  her.      Nor  did   this  epiiirammatic  war  terminate  with  the 
defeat  of  Albre.  in   at   Falkr)ping,  for  Margaret  ordered  lier  indiscreet 
prisoner  into  lier  presence,  and  r]a|)])ed   a  fool's  ca}),  witli  a  tail  nine- 


teen yards  long,  on 


liis   ]ie;i(l    to 


r  a  nujek  crown,  and   sent  him,  tlius 


exposed  to  the  scoffings  of  the  populace,  to  the  dreary  i.rison-vaults 
of  Lindenhohu  Castle,  in  Skaane.  Among  the  many  curious  historical 
relics  still  deposited  in  the  saeristy  of  the  splendid  cathedral  of  Upsala, 
the  traveler  will  l)eiiold  tlie  enormous  wiietstone,  the  smock  banner, 
;■  lenirthv  foobs  (  ai»  of  Prince  Albrecht. 


111 


On. 


BURGUNDY. 

Tlie  du(  hv  of  Ihirgundy,  given  in  the  year  1363,  by  John  the  Good, 
to  Ins  lourth  son,  Philip  the  Bold,  had.  by  inheritance,  marriage,  pur- 
chase, and  conquest,  l)ecome  one  of  the  most  powerful,  civilized,  and 
wealtlu  states  of  mediaeval  Europe;  its  dukes  ranged  both  under  the 
].:,nperor  of  (Germany  and  the  King  of  France  as  great  feudatories, 
tlioimh  almost  entire! v  independent  of  either. 

John  tlic  Fearless,  son  of  Philip  the  Bold,  had  caused  the  assassina- 
tion, in  Paris,  of  his  cousin  and  rival,  Louis,  the  first  Duke  of  Orleans, 
in  1  407.  The  results  of  this  crime  were  the  conflicts  of  the  two  factions 
of  Puruamdians  and  Armagnacs,  and  the  easy  conquest  of  France  by 
Henrv  V.  of  F:ngland.  John  gave  the  Porte  Rouge  (Red  door)  of 
Notre  Dame,  so  called  because  given  in  expiation  of  his  crime;  but 
he  himself  was  murdered  on  the  bridge  of  Montereau,  in  the  presence 
and  bv  the  orders  of  the  dauphin,  afterwards  Charles  VII.  The  con- 
ferenc  e  was  designed  to  bring  about  a  reconciliation,  in  order  that  the 
two  ]>arties  might  combine  to  resist  the  invasion  of  France  by  Henry 
V.  The  son  of  John  the  Fearless,  the  prudent  and  active  Philip  the 
Good,  still  increased  his  extensive  estates  by  the  duchies  of  Brabant 
and  Limburg,  the  marquisate  of  Antwerp,  the  county  of  Hainault,  and 


190 


HAPSBURG,  AND    OTHER   HOUSES. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


19T 


the  Netherlands.      The  extravagant  heiress,  Jacqueline  of  Ilainault, 
married  John,    Duke  of  Brabant,   and  brought  him   all   her   rich   in- 
heritance.    But  the  married  couple  could  not  agree;  mutual  wrongs 
produced  first  a  separation,  and  then  a  divorce.     Jacqueline  fled  to 
England,  where  she  married  the  Duke  of  Gloucester,  and  returned  to 
the  Netherlands  with  an  army  of  five  thousand  English  trooi)s.      War 
now  broke  out  between  her  and  her  former  husband,— the  Duke  of 
Brabant,— who  was   powerfully  supported    by  his   cousin,  Philip   the 
Good  of  Burgundy.      Gloucester  was  defeated  in  1424,   and   Jacque- 
line, getting  into  trouble  with  her  English  husband,  fled  to  Holland, 
where  she  was  well  received  by  her  subjects.     Afterwards,  on  the  death 
of  her  husbands,  she  put  her  dominions  under  the  administration  of 
the  Duke  of  Burgundy,  to  whom,  upon   her  death,  in  1436,  the  whole 
descended  m  full possessiofi.     Philip  the  Good  thus  became  one  of  the 
most  powerful  princes  of  Western   Europe.     It  was  this  Philip  who 
instituted  the  order  of  the  Golden  Fleece  at  Bruges,  January  10,  1429, 
on  the  occasion  of  his  marriage  with  Isabella,  daughter  of  King  John 
I.  of  Portugal.      This  order  was  instituted  for  the  protection  of  the 
Church,  and  the  fleece  was  probably  assumed  for  its  emblem  as  much 
from  its  being  the  material  of  the  staple  manufocture  of  the  Low  Countries 
as  from  its  connection  with  heroic  times.       The  founder  made  himself 
grand  master  of  the  order,  a  dignity  appointed   to  descend  to  his  suc- 
cessors;  and  the  number  of  knights,  at  first  limited  to  twenty-four,  was 
subsequently  increased.      After  the  death  of  Charles  V.,  the  Burgundo- 
Spanish  line  of  the  House  of  Austria  remained  in  possession  "of  the 
ru<;.  r  ;    but  at  the  close  of  the  Spanish  war  of  succession,  the  Emperor 
Charles  \  1.  I.i.i  <  laim  to  it  in  viiiue  of  his  possession  of  the  Nether- 
laiKls,  and,  lakm^  uuh   hiui   the  archives  of  the  order,  celebrated  its 
inauguration  wiu«  great  magnificence  nt  Vienna,  in    171  ;,      ]';iilip  V. 
of  Spain   (untested    the   claim  of  Charles;    and   the  dispute,   several 


.  i'(  i 


l'\   the  introduction  of  the 


Ml 


les,  and   borne 


i'i];n!K-ic(l  uii\-erse  is  inscrilicd. 


tiüus  rciicNwd,  \\M^  at   ia-t   tjt  üJv  adiu; 

order   m    hoih  (aainiriis.       'In-   niM-nm  arc  a  golden   fleer^e  hanging 

Ironi  a  gohl-and  hhic  cnainckMi    llini^ione   omitrincr   H 

in   its  turn   by  a    ra\-  of  firo.       ( )n   trie 

rrctiimi  laboruni  noii  rur.       The  decoration  \va>   ori-inaliv  suspended 

Ironi  a  cliain   ot  alternate   llre-Ntcane-^  and    nus,  lor   whiui   Charles  \'. 

allowed  a  red  rihlion  to  be  substituted,  ami  the  ehain  is  now  worn  onlv 

by  the  grand  master.      The  Spani>h  decoration  dhVers  .^Ji-lnlN'  frnm  the 

Austrian.       The  costume  consists  of  a   long  robe  of  deep  red   \elvet 

lined  with  white  taffetas,  and  a  long  mantle  of  pm-ple  velvet  lined  with 

white    satin,    and    richly    trimmed    with    eudjroider\-   containuv    fire- 


stones  and  steels  emitting  flames  and  sparks.  On  the  hem,  which  is  of 
white  satin,  is  embroidered  in  gold,/^  V ai  empris.  There  is  also  a 
cap  of  purple  velvet  embroidered  in  gold,  with  a  hood,  and  the  shoes 

and  stockings  are  red. 

PORTUGAL. 

No  European  nation  possesses  a  more  brilliant  history  than  the  Portu- 
guese during  the  latter  part  of  the  Middle  Ages,  from  the  beginning 
of  the  thirteenth  century  to  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth.     From  their 
small,  devastated  territory,  between  the  rivers  Minho  and  Duero,  the 
Portuguese,  under  a  succession  of  active  and  warlike  kings,  intelligent 
statesmen,  and  daring  navigators,  drove  the  Moors  from  the  western 
shores  of  the  Peninsula  as  early  as  A.D.  1250,  and,  beating  back  the  . 
attacks  of  their  proud  Castilian  neighbors,  formed  their  independent 
and  powerful  monarchy;  and  they  soon  followed  up  their  victorious 
career  against   the  Arabs  by  the  successful   invasion  of  the  opposite 
shores  of  Africa.     After  gaining  possession  of  Ceuta,  Tangier,  and 
a  number  of  cities  and  fortresses  on  the  African  continent,  they  boldly 
steered  their  course  through  the  waves  of  the  unknown  Atlantic,  and 
discovering    and    colonizing    the    beautiful    islands    of  Madeira,    the 
Azores,  Porto  Santo,  and  Cape  Verd,  they  doubled  the  promontory  of 
Good  Hope,  and,  by  the  conquest  of  the  East  Indian  coasts  and  islands, 
laid  the  foundation  of  that  astonishing  colonial  empire  which  was  to 
raise  Portugal,  within  half  a  century,  to  the  highest  pitch  of  wealth, 
prosperity,  and  glory,— the  wonder  and  admiration  of  Europe. 

SAVOY. 
Count  Amadeus  IL,  in  right  of  his  mother  Adelaide,  heiress  to  the 
marquisate  of  Susa,  added  nearly  the  whole  of  Piedmont  to  his  posses- 
sions. Thomas  /..bis  great-grandson,  aided  the  Emperor  Frederic  II. 
in  his  contests  with  the  Popes,  receiving  as  reward  tlie  title  of  Im- 
perial Vicar  of  Piedmont,  and  in  i  ly.  made  Chambery  his  capital.  His 
son  Amadeus  compelled  the  city  of  Turin  to  a*  knowledge  liim  its  lord. 
Peter,  brother  oj  Amadeus.  before  coming  to  the  throne,  served  Henry 
III.  of  England  nine  years,  and  was  made  Earl  of  Richmon.l  aral  Essex  : 
]u'  won  tile  name  of  C'harlema-ne  the  Little,  and  inherited  the  county 
of  (leneva.  He  also  brought  Turin  into  subjection,  which  liad  again 
rebelled.  V:m\\  succeeding  count  strove  to  retain  what  he  had.  and  also 
t,)  a.hl  to  his  territories.  \n  1416.  the  Emperor  Sigismund  gave  Ama- 
Jcu<  I  7//.  the  title  of  duke.  In  143-L  Amadeus  resigned  in  favor  of  his 
son  I  oui^,  and  retired  into  a  convent.  Chosen  Pope  by  a  schismatical 
fu  tion  in  14^,9.  he  assumed  the  name  of  Felix  V.,  and  held  his  ground 


102 


IIAPSBURG,  AND    OTHER   HOUSES. 


again-^t  \\\<  iiv;>!.,  Eiigenius  IV.  and  Nicholas  V.,  until  1449,  when  he 
resigned  and  retired  to  a  convent  with  the  title  of  cardinal.  His  son 
Louis  took  the  title  of  duke,  and  married  Charlotte,  the  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Cyprus.  He  gave  his  own  daughter  in  marriage  to  the  daui)hin 
of  France,  afterwards  Louis  XL,  whom  he  supported  against  his  rebel- 
lious vassals.  ihe  neighbors  of  Savoy  were  a  great  hindrance  to  its 
prosperity.  The  Duke  of  Burgundy,  the  princes  of  the  House  of 
Anjou,  the  republic  of  Genoa,  the  Visconti,  Sforza,  and  Medici  of 
Florence,  the  Kings  of  France  and  Spain,  and  even  the  Popes,  saw  in 
the  descendants  of  Humbert  only  subalterns  to  sacrifice. 

RUSSIA. 

From  time  immemorial  the  more  temj)erate  portions  of  this  vast  terri- 
tory were  parceled  out  among  barbarous  tribes,  which  owned  no  com- 
mon bond  of  union,  nor  even  a  collective  national  appellation.     It  was 
in  the  ninth  century  that  the  first  step  was  taken  by  Ruric,  with  his  Va- 
rangians from  the  Baltic,  to  combine  these  loose  elements  and  impose 
his  name  on  the  vanquished.      Novgorod;  that  republican  mother  of  a 
most  despotic  empire,  was  then  so  powerful  that  it  was  a  common  say- 
ing among  its  neighbors,  ''Who  can  dare  to  oppose  God  and  Novgorod 
the  Great?"     Ruric,  after  the  death  of  his  two  brothers,  took  peace- 
able possession  of  this  city  in  864,  assumed  the  title  of  grand  prince, 
and  i)ortioned  out  all  the  other  cities  among  his  companions  in  arms. 
We  have  mentioned  Anna,  the  sister-in-law  of  the  Emperor  Otho  H. 
of  Germany,  the  daughter  of  the  Greek  Emperor  Romanus  H.,  who 
married    the    Grand    Duke    Wladimir    and    carried    civilization    into 
Russia.     The    Northmen,  who   came  in  with  Ruric,  and  the  Angles 
and  Saxons,  who  left   England   after    the    conquest  of  their    country 
by  William  of   Normandy,  pushed  on   to   Constantinople,  and    took 
military  service   among  the  Greeks.     The  Byzantine  Emperors,   sur- 
rounded by  intrigues  and  treachery,  were  glad  to  enlist  several  thou- 
sands of  brnvr-  and  sober  Northmen,  called  Vara?igians.     They  received 
high  pay,  and  wore  their  bear-skin  mantles  over  their  glittering  armor. 
AVifh    ti],  ii    lieavy  broadswords  at  their  side,  and   the    double-edged 
]»auli  -  ixe  on  their  shoulders,  they  attended  the  Emperor  to.the  Santa 
^^i^'i:  u  '■  *^  >i  naic,  the  Hippodrome,  or  the  battle-field.     He  slept  and 
fea>tc'l  up.drr  protortion  (  f  this  guard,  and  the  keys  of  the  palace  and  im- 
})tTial  trcasurw  of  the  towcrN;;!^]  gates  of  Constantinople,  were  held  by 
the  firm  and  faithful  liaial  of  thr  ><  nndinavian  prince  wiio  <-ommanded 
that  (  hoM'ii  bod}-.      ']1u'\- <  untnnird  to  speak  thrii  iami  language,  and 
on  (la\-^  of  great  tcstivals,  the}-  olk-rctl  tlicar  <  unuraiulations  to  the  V.xw- 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


193 


peror  in  the  Danish  tongue.  Moscow,  on  the  Moskwa,  was  a  small  sum- 
mer residence  of  the  princes  of  Susdal,  when  Yury  (George)  Dolgoruki 
of  Susdal,  in  1147,  laid  the  foundation  of  a  large  city,  which  soon  be- 
came the  capital  of  the  grand  duchy  of  one  of  the  Wladimirs.  Wladi- 
viir  Mojwmachus  married  Gyda,  daughter  of  Harold,  the  last  Saxon 
king  of  England.  It  was  not  until  1340  that  the  succession  to  the 
grand  principality  was  allowed  to  descend  from  father  to  son  in  the 
branch  of  Moscow.  This,  with  the  longevity  of  the  Muscovite  grand 
princes,  was  another  very  remarkable  cause  of  the  prodigious  growth 

of  their  power. 

OTTOMAN    EMPIRE. 

\w  1299,  Otliman,  the  renowned  leader  of  the  Turks,  commenced 
the  victorious  career  which  ended  by  his  laying  the  foundation  of  a 
new  empire.  The  Turks  had  been  until  then  a  wandering  race  ;  but 
they  were  established  in  the  lands  they  had  conquered;  and  this  new 
empire  was  called  after  its  conqueror  the  Ottoman  Empire,  Othman 
being  its  first  Sultan.  Amurath,  his  grandson,  instituted  those  haughty 
foot-soldiers  called  Janizaries.  In  his  wars  against  the  Sclavonian 
nations  he  made  a  great  many  prisoners.  The  handsomest  and  the 
stoutest  of  these  captives  were  trained  to  arms,  formed  into  a  militia, 
and  consecrated  by  a  dervish,  or  holy  man.  Standing  in  the  front  of 
their  ranks,  he  stretched  the  sleeve  of  his  gown  over  the  head  of  the 
foremost  soldier,  and  his  blessing  was  delivered  in  these  w^ords:  ''Let 
them  be  called  Janizaries!  (Z///^/ <r//m,  or  new  soldiers.)  May  their 
countenances  be  ever  bright  !  their  hands  victorious  !  their  swords 
keen  !  May  their  spears  always  hang  over  the  heads  of  their  enemies  ! 
and  wheresoever  they  go,  may  they  return  with  a  white  face  !"  Such 
was  the  origin  of  the  Janizaries. 

TAMERLANE. 

In  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Wenceslaus,  Timour  Beg,  better  known 
by  the  name  of  Tamerlane,  was  the  hero  of  the  day.  Tamerlane  was 
a  Tartar  prince,  who  claimed  descent  from  the  famous  Zenghis  Khan. 
In  1380  he  began  his  triumphant  military  career,  conquering  in  Tar- 
tary,  Persia,  and  India.  Beyond  the  victories  of  Alexander  he  pushed 
his  military  exploits,  passed  the  Ganges,  and  took  the  city  of  Delhi,  in 
Hindoostan.  Bajazet  I.  was  then  Emperor  of  the  Turks;  he  was  ilie 
son  of  Amurath  I.,  who  had  founded  the  Janizaries.  Bajazet  was 
also  ambitious  and  fond  of  war.  'ha<l  craincd  naan  vvictories,  and  caused 
the  Emperor  of  Constantinople  to  treml)]c  on  his  throne.  Tlie-^c  two 
haughty  warriors  met  on   tlic  ])]a'nis  o{  Arigoria,  in  Phrygia.      ibjazet 


j^4  HAPSnCRG,  AXD    OTHER   HOUSES. 

was  defeated,  taken  prisoner,  and  confined  in  an  iron  cage.  Bajazet 
was  the  first  Turkish  chief  who  took  the  title  of  Sultan,  his  predeces- 
sors having  been  called  Emirs.  The  Emperor  of  Constantinople  con- 
sented to  pay  a  considerable  sum  to  Tamerlane,  and  the  Sultans  of 
Egypt,  by  means  of  rich  presents,  prevented  his  invasion  of  their  ter- 
ritory. Solyman  L,  the  son  of  Br.jazet,  was  left  unmolested  by  the 
conqueror  /  and  Samarcand,  Tamerlane's  capital,  was  enriched  by 
the  treasures  of  distant  climes.  In  his  seventieth  year  he  commenced 
the  conquest  of  China  ;  but  his  progress  was  arrested  by  a  short  and 
severe  fever,  and  he  died  at  Ortar,  in  1405.  Most  of  the  nations  he 
had  subdued  recovered  their  freedom  at  his  death,  and  the  successors 
of  Bajazet  rendered  the  Turkish  Empire  more  powerful  than  it  hac 

ever  been. 

THE   BYZANTINE   EMPIRE. 

The  civil  wars  between  1341  and  1346,  the  internal  decay  and 
misery,  the  defeats  of  the  foreign  auxiliaries  at  Nicopolis,  in  1396,  and 
at  Varna,  in  1444,  and  the  virulence  of  the  theological  contest  of  the 
Latin  and  Greek  Churches,  brought  the  ancient  empire,  in  1450»  ^o 
the  brink  of  ruin.  Its  still  remaining  territories  consisted  of  the  citv 
of  Constantinople,  with  its  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  inhabitants, 
and  the  environs  as  for  as  the  ruinous  walls  of  Anastasius,  while  beyond, 
the  country  swarmed  with  Turkish  spahis  ;  the  Chalcedonian  peninsula, 
in  Macedonia,  witli  the  city  of  Salonica,  the  peninsula  of  Cassandra, 
and  the  promontory  of  Athos,  inhabited  by  monks  ;  and  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, divided  into  the  two  despotats  of  Sparta  and  Patras,  belonged  to 
the  two  hostile  brothers,  Demetrius  and  Thomas  Paliieologi. 


COSSACKS. 

The  Cossacks  appear  for  the  first  time  about  the  year  1320.  The> 
were  a  warlike  tribe  of  south  and  southeastern  European  Russia. 
Stephen  Batholi,  one  of  the  ablest  kings  of  Poland,  constituted  these 
Cossacks  of  the  Ukraine  the  guards  of  the  southeastern  frontier  of 
Poland,  giving  them  a  regular  military  organization  under  hetmans 
or  chiefs.  The  dignity  of  chief  hetman,  or  attaman,  is  now  vested  n 
the  Crown  Prince  of  Russia.  Their  present  number  is  estimated  iX. 
from  one  and  a  half  to  three  millions.  They  settled  about  the  middle 
of  the  fourteenth  century  on  the  banks  of  the  Dnieper. 


THE    GOLDEN    HORDE. 

Batu  Khan,  with  his  swarms  of  Mongols,  overran  Russia  as  far  as  the 
sources  of  the  Volga  and  Dnieper,  laid  many  flourishing  cities  in  ashes, 


CONTEMPORA  R I  ES. 


195 


enslaved  the  Russians,  and  founded  the  Golden  Horde  of  Kaptchak,  in 
1230.  He  then  wheeled  westward,  and,  crossing  the  Vistula  and  the 
Oder,  vanquished  the  Poles  and  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  order  in 
Silesia  in  1241.  Then,  after  desolating  Hungary  with  fire  and  swon^ 
and  defeating  the  Hungarians  on  the  plain  of  Mohi,  he  returned  vic- 
torious, and  gorged  with  spoils,  to  organize  his  conquests  in  Russia. 
But  neither  the  Mongols  nor  their  faithful  companions,  the  steeds 
of  the  steppe,  could  live  in  the  cold,  dreary  regions  of  the  Upper 
Volga.  The  Khan,  therefore,  retired,  with  all  his  army,  to  the 
smiling  banks  of  the  Caspian  Sea  and  the  Yaik.  There  he  built  his 
immense  camp-town  of  Sarai;  and  his  golden  tent  gave  the  name  to 
the  ruling  horde  of  the  Kaptchak.  The  trade  on  the  Caspian  was 
restored,  and  the  Mongols  even  became  a  commercial  people.  Batu 
Khan  left  the  Russian  serfs  their  shadows  of  tributary  princes,  and 
the  cunning  Tartar  fomented  their  petty  jealousies  and  internal  feuds ; 
he  ordered  them  down  to  the  golden  tent  of  Sarai,  where  he  sat  to 
decide  their  suits  as  a  sovereign  judge,  and  to  punish  every  attempt  at 
insurrection  with  the  string  or  the  scimitar.  This  Golden  Horde  con- 
tinued for  more  than  a  century  to  dispose  of  the  lives  and  dignity  of 
the  great  princes  of  Russia. 

THE    MAMELUKES. 

The  Mamelukes  (Arabic,  mevialic,  a  slave)  were  introduced  into 
Egypt  by  the  Sultan  Es-Salih  about  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, and  were  composed  principally  of  Asiatic  youths,  purchased  of 
Genghis  Khan,  whose  subjects  they  were.  They  formed  the  body- 
guard of  the  Sultan.  In  1387  they  deposed  the  Sultan  of  Egypt,  and 
made  their  leader  Sultan.  Mehemet  Ali,  Pasha  of  Egypt,  destroyed 
them  in  181 1. 


HOUSE   OF   AU 


A 


LINEAGE   OF    HAPSBURG. 

Albert  II.  of  Austria,  son-in-law  of  Sigismund 
Frederic  III.,  cousin  of  Albert   II.    . 
Maximilian,  son  of  Frederic  III. 
Charles  V.,  grandson  of  Maximilian 
Ferdinand  L,  grandson  of  Maximilian 
Maximilian  II.,  son  of  Ferdinand  I. 
Rudolph  II.,  son  of  Maximilian  1!. 
Matthias,  son  of  Maximilian  II. 
Ferdinand  II.,  cousin  to  Matthias 
Ferdinand  III.,  son  of  Ferdinand  II. 
Leopold  I.,  son  of  Ferdinand  III. 
Joseph  I.,  son  of  Leopold  I. 
Charles  VI.,  son  of  Leopold  I.  . 


A.D. 


I437-U39 

1440-1493 

1493-1519 
1519-1556 

1 556-1 564 

1564-1576 
1576-1612 
■  1612-1619 
1619-1637 
1637-1657 
1657-1705 
1705-1711 
1711-1743 


197 


HOUSE   OF 


V 


ALBERT   II..  ALBRECHT    DER   ZWEITE.     A.D.   I437-I439 
'•  Amicus  optima  vitse  possessio."     (A  friend  is  the  greatest  treasure  in  life.) 

Albert     II.,     great -great- 
grandson  of  the  Emperor  Al- 
bert I.,  son-in-law  of  the  Em- 
peror Sigismund,  and  King  of 
Hungary    and    Bohemia,    was 
elected  and  crowned  at  Frank- 
fort.    He  was  a  brave  and  dis- 
tinguished i)rince,  and  would, 
without  doubt,  have  proved  of 
great    benefit   to   the   empire; 
but  he  died  in  the  secon<l  year 
of   his   reign,  after   his  return 
from  an  expedition  against  the 
Turks.       Perhaps     there    was 
never  a  sovereign  so  lamented 
by    high    and    low,    rich    and 
poor,  as  Albert.   He  was  buried 
in  Stuhhveissenburg,  southwest 
of  Buda,    where    the    Hunga- 
rian kings  were  crowned  and 
buried.    His  wife  was  Elizabeth 
of  Hungary,  daughter  of  the 
Emperor    Sigismund.        Their 
son,  Ladislas  Posthumus,  died 
in   1457,  leaving  no  children. 
The    Hungarians    then    chose 
Matthias,  son  of  John  Corvi- 
nus,    as    king,   being    resolved 

not  to  elect  one  from  among  the  Austrian  princes.     The  Bohemians 
likewise  selected  a  private  noblemnn  for  their  king,  George  Podiebrad, 

199 


ALBERT  II. 


200 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


u'lio  nilrd  InMu-ni!,!  niiiil  lii-  tUMili  with  prudence.  Elizabeth,  Albert's 
wuImw,  unji'lr  I.»  (Ki'rnu  the  thrones  ot  ll'!nj,a!\  .n,t-  Bohemia,  offered 
l)cr  h:ii!(l  to  Lcidi.-.ia^  iii.  oi  i  ulaiul,  ^un  t»!  Hedwig  and  Jagellon,  who, 
aUer  sninc  <trnp:gles,  also  bernme  Kinc^  of  Hungarv,  under  the  name  ot' 
lhi(li-!aii-  1.,  and,  after  sexcr.ü  \uh)iies  over  the  Tuiks,  under  his 
bra\e  -eiuiMh  h.hn  nni\j<i\,  icl!  :ii  the  bloody  battle  of  Varna,  in 
1441. 


IRl-:i)l.Kle 


KiLr»KlL.ii   IJKR   DRITTK.     A.i...    1440-14.^3. 


"  Austria?  est  imperare  orbi  univcrso."  (Austria  shall  govern  the  universe.)  Or,  in  Grr- 
ni.m,  "  Aller  Ehren  ist  Oesterreich  voll,"  (Austria  is  full  of  all  honor.)  The  Home 
c)t  Austria  has  perpetuated  this  favorite  device,  "  A    1',.  !.  O.  U." 

l'"KLi>i-.KiL.  ill.  \\a>  I'ae  -raiK'- 
son  (-f  Leopold  t!ie  I'rnx-e.  who 
w.is  shiii!  .It  Sriiij'arii,  in  pp''  . 
and  M'Cdiai  (  01  nan  t<  >  \\\v  j-iniprrcr 
Albert  II.  H  1-  thth.rr  was  Duke 
]'hne-t  (i!  ^t\rni,  and  hi>  uiotiKr 
w.i-  a  Toh-ii  jM"incess.  lie  wcs 
|)i  a-n  .it  liin-pi  w  k  in  t  ;t  -.  At 
the  age  of  twent\,  he  luuiertook 
an  r\pt  dition  tM  t  lu^  1  f^  !\  Land ; 
and  on  his  return,  m  conjimrtion 
witli  Ids  facticMis  l^rotlier,  Albert 
t!a  I'l.  iligal,  iic  assumed  the  gov- 
ernment of  his  hereditary  domin- 
ions of  the  duchy  of  Austria,  the 
revenues  of  which  scarcely  ex- 
ceeded sixteen  thousand  marks. 
()n  the  death  of  the  Emi)eror 
Albert  11,  he  was  unanimouslv 
elected  as  his  successor,  and 
after  hesitating  eleven  weeks  he- 
accepted .  Two  years  afterwards 
lie  was  solemnly  crowned  at  Aix- 
la-Chapelle,  and  ten  years  later 
he  received  the  imperial  crown 
al  the  hands  of  Pcjpe  Nicholas  V., 
at  Rnie,  and,  in  1453,  secured 
lu;  <'!H\  \\a.  ]M.n  he  wielded  with 


FKKUKKIC   III. 


th 


e  ar(  li  f 


tie  to   liw  hiiiuha      1 


FREDERIC   III. 


z  -^  i 


dexterity  was  diplomacy,  which   served   only   the  private  purposes  of 
the   House  of  Austria,   of  which  he  may   be   regarded  as  the  second 
founder,  notwithstanding  his  indolence.     The  Council  of  Basle,  wiiich 
was  summoned   by  Sigismuiid    lu    1 4^  i  •  was  stiH   in   m-moii,  and   they 
were   forming   good    resolutioiir,,    and   wuuul    doubtless    have    carried 
them    into    effect,    had    it    not    been    for  tlie   former  secretary  of    the 
Emperor  Fredrri(  .   /Kneas  Sv]viii>.   of    the   ]bai>eof   Pircolomini.  in 
Sienna,   one   of   the    mo^t    (h^tin-uished    nun    of   lii.   day.      lie    had 
lunneil)  been  secretary  of  the  Cnunc  il  of  kkisle,  and  the  mo^t  zealous 
vindicator  of  tlie   ri-lits  of  eouneil^,  but  when   ]iis  ambition  was  llat- 
tered  b\   the  pro-pec^  of  a  more  -pleiabd   career  in   attac  iiing  himself 
to   tlie   papal   .hair,  he  asserte.l    it^  (b-nity  against   the   danger  whi(  h 
thre.itened    it.  aial    ]aa)xed   himself   able    to    induce  hi^  Emperor  and 
^cvcr.il  (baanan   prnu a-  to  tavor  the   interests   of  the  Pope.      Ide  after- 
wards became  Pope  Pius  11.,  but  soon  after  his  elevation  to  the  Papacy 

lie  died,  m   1  462. 

The  reign  of  l-'rederic  was  a  prolon,cred  struggle  again>t  domestic 
intrigues  aud  t'oiaa^n  aggressions.  (  )ne  of  his  mo>t  troubloome  c^ipo- 
nent^  wj.  hi-,  bmtiier  Albert,  who  refused  to  give  up  the  provinces 
whi.  il  lu-  iichl  until  he-  had  received  a  large  sum  of  money. 

bum  lbinyadesCorvimi>,  at  the  head  of  a  Hungarian  army,  overran 
Austria,  and  Yiid  siege  even  to  Vienna  :  and  Pranee^co  Sibrza  possesssed 
himself' of  tile  imperial  het  ot  Milan.  The  fc^under  of  the  house  of 
Sforza  was  a  native  of  Romagna.— (liacomo  Atteiidolo.  whose  .skill 
and  courage  as  a  statesm m  an.d  a  warrior  made  him  one  of  the  most 
powerful  coudottieri  of  Italy.  As  he  wa.  one  day  laboring  in  th.e  field, 
he  was  attracted  bv  the  siixht  of  some  mercenaries  and.  thre)wing  Ins 
axe  against  a  tree,  determined  to  become  a  soldier  if  it  >tu(  k  m  the 
tree,  and  to  remain  a  peasant  if  it  fell.  Fate  doomed  him  to  become 
a  soldier,  and  he  served  Joanna  II.,  Queen  of  Naples,  whaa  regarded 
him  as  the  stay  of  her  throne.  The  name  of  Sforza  he  assumed  from 
the  vigor  with  which  he  had  hurled  the  axe.  \\\^  family  gave  -',\ 
sovereigns  to  Milan,  and   formed  alliances  with  ninst  of  the  prineelv 

film  ill  es  of  Euroi)e. 

To  his  equally  valiant  son,  Francesco,  he  left,  with  a.  bod  v  of  devoted 
followers,  a  power  which  made  him  tormidable  to  any  of  the  Italian 
states.  !■  rancesco  became  the  son-indaw  of  Philip  Visconti,  Duke  of 
Milan,  and  received  the  (ommand  of  the  Milanese  forces  in  the  war 
against  Venice.  But  after  the  death  of  ]ii>  ihtlierdndaw  he  seemed  to 
possess  the  power  and  will  to  seize  upon  the  throne,  to  wirieh  ins  wite, 
Binnca,  ha«!  a   hereditary  daim.       lie  accordingly  concluded  a  treaty 


20. 


HOUSE    OF  AU  ST  1:1.1. 


FREDERIC  III. 


witli  A\'iii(  I',  :i(l\ai-!(  i-il  ;iL;.iii]>[  Mi';in..!!iu  (  <  >in|  fiK-(l  t  l^c  (  it  i/rn>>  by 
faniiiu'  to  mutcimUt  the  (  !t\  .  Tiifx  <  ll^'^(■  \\\\\\  dn'r.c  \\\  1  \\<.  jih!  tlie 
dcht;cri(lant>  ot'  the  lot  lunate  aiici  c  eicl>ratc<l  l'raiar:-(ii  (M(i:|.u'<1  tiic 
dural  tlirom-  until  1^^:;;,  wla-n  tlu'  lMi"t])(_'r(ir  C'liai"!«/^  \.  «ontnual  llic 
duclu'  niM))!  hi^  >()n,   I'lnlip  II.  «>!    S|ia!:i. 

JVIeantmu'.  the  'I'urks  wert.  1mi-\  .  ( 'unstantira'  l\i]a/ol():;jns  luhl  tlic 
rcin^  ot"  the  JA/antine  hanjaie  w  htai  .Miih.'nirt  If.  j-hniiu'd  aial  r\<-(  utcd 
the  \vi>lie>  ()i"hi>  lathcaa  Amurath  II..  !>}  tlie  taking  nt' ( '( aisnn!;  ip.cple. 
It  is  (  ui"iuii'-  t  IkU  the  touiaha'  and  tlu;  losrr  o!"  lliat  (  it  y.  like  I  lie  t<  tiip.der 
and  tlu'  l()>er  ot"  Rome.  Itear  t  he  --anu'  name :  a  Romahi-^  toraaudi  Rome, 
and  a  Romnhi>  lost  it  ;  a  ( ■or,>tant  me  tuunded  ( 'on^iant  moi 'le,  and  a 
(\jn>tant  ina-  l(.)st  it.  'i'he  >ieue  1  i-ted  til'tv  da\s.  ;nal  the  shmuh.ter  wa.s 
immense.  The  nobles  touL;ht  around  tlie  ]-'m])iaa)r  with  drsp^raae  \;d()r, 
and  lie  secined  <)\\\\  t\'artnl  of  lallm^L!  adi\a;  into  the  liaiid.s  of  tlu'  d  urk-. 
''  Cannot  there  be  ibund  a  ( 'hrist  ian  to  (Ut  olV  \\\\  lie, id  ?' '  lu*  e\(  hiimed, 
as  he  contimK'd  to  fiuht  des|K;ratel  \a  'ITn-ou  in,-'  oii  the  (list  in  uui-iiinp- 
purple,  lie  met  death  bra\el\",  an<i  hi^  bod\  lay  beneath  iu\ip-  o!  tlu: 
slam,  unknown  and  mdionored.      The  (  it\   v.-a>  taken  .Ma\-  ^g,    i  15  :;. 

l)i>or(ler  and  rapine  reiuiud  in  tln'  (  ontpieii-d  <it\'  till  Mahomet  11. 
entered  it;  and  his  fust  (are\\a>  to  jtre^a-ve  the  ma.Laidu  eiit  edha  es 
that  met  hir>  e\e.  ^\'a\inL;  hi>  s(  imiiar,  lie  said  that  it'  la-  laal  yielded 
the  ]>eople  and  their  j)ropca-t\-  tor  >poil.  the  public  bmldiims  he  I'e- 
ser\'ed  tor  h!m>elb  The  <  hm'<  !u>  were  u>ed  ;;>  mosijue^;  the  (  ro>-cs 
were  demolished:  aiul  ever\-  vestii^e  ot"  the  (diri-ti.m  leliL^ion  was  i^e- 
mosed  or  (lestro\ed.  As  he  walked  through  the  jiahu  e.s  ot  so  nhiny 
illustrie)tis  su(a  e.ssors  of  ( 'oiistantme  the  (ireat  and  _i^a/e<l  upon  the 
naked  walls,  he  is  said  to  liaxe  repeated  the  lines  of  a  Rer-ian  poet. 
'' 'I'he  spider  has  wa)\en  his  wel>  in  the  imperial  p:da(e  ;  and  the  owl 
has  >iinL:  lua"  wateh-soni;-  on  the  to\\a  rs  ot    Alrasiab.'' 

Mahomet  then  took  his  wav  towards  the  Danu'u/.  and  \a  r\  nearlv' 
su(a-eeded  in  cotapierini;  Ilimijarv  abo.  l""re(kai(  .ind  the  Pope  tried 
to  raise  a  crusade;  ("ali.\tus  111.  luted  out  a  tleet  0!' sixteen  i^.diots  at  his 
own  expense,  ami  John  (\ipri>tan,  like  Reter  the  llermit,  piwu  iied  a 
cru>ade,  and  a>>eml)led  some  thousands  to  oppose  the  in,\\akr.  Ma- 
liomet  laid  sie,L,^e  to  J5el_;^q-ade,  (ailed  1)\-  the  Germans  Wcissriil'itr;^.  the 
capital  of  Servia,  situated  at  the  contbience  of"  the  ri\ers  .^ave  and 
Danube.  'Idie  'I^uks  nund)ered  two  hundred  tliousand  ;  but  tlie  Mag- 
yar liero,  b^kn  IIun}ades,  and  the  brave  I'^auu  is(  an  monk,  Capristan, 
defeated  them  in  three  ])itehed  battles  beneatk  it>  walk,  Jul\  14.  21. 
22,  A.D.  r4S^),  and  forced  the  furious  Sultaii  to  raise  the  siege^  with  a 
loss  of  sixtv  thousand  men. 


I 


In  Germain  there  were  numberless  contests  and  feuds;  tke  Emperor 
could  not  influence  ])ul)lic  measures,  and  scarcely  could  he  maintain 
ki.'^dignitv  amoiyu^  his  own  subjects.  Things  even  went  to  suck  extremi- 
ties tknt.  in  1462.  Fre<Ieric.  wutk  kis  wife  and  son,  Maxinblian,  tken  four 
years  kÄ  age,  was  besieged  by  kis  subjects  in  kis  own  castle  of  Vienna. 
The  Emperor  skowed  kimself  firm  and  resolute;  ke  encouraged  kis 
small  garrison  of  k)iir  kimdred  men  to  make  tke  bravest  resistance, 
au'l  (adled  out 'from  tlie  walls,  ''1  will  defend  tkis  spot  until  my  last 
bre;uk  :"  Tlie  insurgents  were  led  bv  a  burgker  of  Vienna:  and  Duke 
Albert,  h'rederic's  brotker,  and  (reorge  Podiebrad,  King  of  Bokemia, 
Were  tlie  hrst  to  come  to  tke  Emperor's  assistance.  Tke  siege  was 
raised,  and  a  recomdliation  took  jdace.  Erederic  resigned  Lower 
Austria  and  Vienna  to  Albert  for  eigkt  years.  Albert  died  tke  follow- 
ing \ear.  and  kd'ederic  recovered  kis  possessions. 

krederic  kad  issued  tke  ban  of  tke  empire  against  Frederic,  Count 
]\ikuine  of  tke  Kkine;  but  ke  went  on  adding  towers  to  kis  (\istle  of 
Heidelberg,  one  of  wdiick  ke  called  "  Tnifz  A^'^z/.iv;',"—'' Defiance  to 
the  Emper(U-."  Tkis  Erederic  was  tke  first  German  wdio  united  learn- 
in-  to  knighthood.  He  was  called  by  kis  enemies  Erederic  tke  Bad  ; 
l)i!t  kistorv  surnames  kim  Frederic  tke  Victorious.  He  married  Clara 
von  Detten.  tke  daugkter  of  a  wealtky  citizen  of  Augsburg.  The 
count  also  took  under  kis  ])rotection  Dietker,  Arckbiskop  of  Mayence, 
tlie  kead  of  tke  p)arty  in  Germany  wdio  sougkt  to  maintain  tke  suiieri- 
orii\  of  tke  (a)un( als  to  tke  pontiffs,  after  Pope  Pius  IL  kad  ex<  om- 
inunicated  kim.  Tke  Emperor,  wko  sided  witk  tke  Pope,  sent  tke 
:\birgrave  .Albert  of  P^randenburg  and  Ulric  of  Würtemberg  as  kis 
generals  of  tke  imi)erial  army  to  punisk  kim.  Tke  Count  Palatine 
tot.ilh  routed  tke  army  of  Würtemberg  near  tke  village  of  Seekenkeim, 
and  took  Idric.  wutk  tke  Margrave  of  Baden,  prisoners.  His  ally, 
Duke  Eouis  of  Bavaria,  attacked  Albert  of  Brandenburg  witk  equal 
success  not   kir  from   Giengen,  in   Suabia,  and   caj^tured   tke   im])erial 

banner. 

A  tend  broke  out  between  tke  nobles,  led  by  Albert  of  Brandenburg, 
wko.  iVom  kis  strengtk  and  prowess,  was  called  tke  German  Aekilies, 
and  tke  citv  of  Nuremberg,  in  Eranconia,  tken  one  of  tke  most  llour- 
iskmg  and  ])opulous  cities  in  all  (;ermany.  It  was  tke  old  animo.sity 
of  tke  knigkts  against  tke  free  citizens.  On  one  side  were  seventeen 
of  tke  greatest  princes  of  tke  empire,  on  tke  otker,  Nuremberg,  witk 
seventv-two  imperial  towms,  and  tke  Swiss  also  sent  eigkt  kundred 
men.  Eigkt  times  tke  nobility  were  victorious  ;  but  in  Marck.  1456, 
tke  armv  of  Albert  was  totally  defeated   near  Pillerent.     Tkis  battle 


204 


JIOL  si-^  01-  jr.^7'/\'/.i. 


\\ 


riltcii  hv 


is  celebrated  m  a  poem  called  '-'i'lu-  I'.attle  of  Xurcmberg 
Hans  Rosenpliit,  an  heraldic  pamler  of  Nureinber-. 

The  feudal  s>^lein.  under  l''rederi(  '^  rei-n.  ra-ed  to  >nc]i  an  extent; 
that  even  the  shoeblacks  in  l.eipM.-  >ent  a  (  hallen-e  to  the  unixerMty 
of  that  place,  and  the  baker,  m  th.e  bahuinate  and  P.aden  dehe.l  several 
inip.erial  catie.  in  Suad.ia.  Public  alfairs  were  in  a  bad  state,  th.e  ]n:x:.- 
antrv  were  in  great  di^tre>s,  and  the  // v/ ////.// c/"  U'^^Z/^/ia/M  ].rovoke  I 
nuniberle»  (a.niplaints.  The  y/e/./y.v  /  h///;.v  sunnnoncd  tive  I'ani.en  r 
and  ln>  chancebor  to  api)ear  and  answer  tor  their  li\e.  an.d  honor,  in 
not  attAaidmg  to  the  great  nec(b  of  the  whole  empire. 

I„  1476,  Hans  lUiduam,  called  -J.'hnny  tiie  bii.cr,"  ]a-(u-laimed 
him.elt-  a  pr.^phet,  and   rallied   llie   pea..ani.  of  bran.onia  against  the 

l)islu)p>  of  Wiir/burg. 

j'.ut  thc.e  and  nunor  troubles  were  h.M  in  the  atiemj-l^of  Charles 
the  bold,  ealle.l  aKo  Charles  tlie  Ka>ln  Duke  of  Ihn-undv,  to  revive 
Ihe  ancient  kingdom  of  burgundv.  and  a^Mime  tiie  title  ot  kmu.  the 
iK'i-ht  of  hi>  and)ition.  Charles  wa.  <lcliuhtcd  at  tlie  i.roposal  of 
p,J^p.ric  t.)  give  hi.  own  >on,  Mavimdian,  m  marriage  to  hi.  only 
dauuhter,  Marv.  who  afterward,  be*  ame  the  heire.>  of  tlie  beauti!;  1 
land,  of  burgundv,  and  thcv  agree.l  upon  a  conterence  at  Treve-;.  m 
i_^-,.  d^ie'rich  duke  appeared  with  more  than  impercd  .pUMidm, 
^vhile  bredenc,  through  the  .!iM)rdei-ed  .täte  i^\  h.i.  hii ances,  met  irim 
in  a  verv  poor  and  mean  erudition,  d'hi.  mortiUmg  (  uiit  ra^t .  and 
the  displeasure  of  brederic  at  iiu'  proud  and  :i..umii.^  bei-.ivua-  ,.!  iho 
duke,  ^vhn  wa.  m.  >ure  of  obtaining  the  ruxal  title  that  he  had  actually 
brouuin  with  him  the  i-wels  iV.r  hi^  (Mpaiation.  mid  h.d  ma.le  great 
|,repam!ion.  tor  tlu-  tc.!  ivab  <  au^cd  I'udcric  lo  leave  Treves  siuldenly, 
without  even  takiim  leave  of  the  duke.  Charles  was  so  indignant  thac 
he  le!t  d'revcs,  de<  hiring    that    tlie   jaopo.ed    marriage   shonhl  nut   I. ike 

plat  e. 

Neverthcle^.,  Charles  had  been  m)  much  prepossessed  m  tavor  of  the 
younu.  (hivalrou.  son  of  the  hanperor,  an.l  gave  lii.dcmmrr  .u*  h  a 
j^rjnwing  de.,  rii-tion  of  In.  merit.,  that  her  heart  wa.  so  captivated  ihn, 
without  c-ver  having  seen  Nbiximilian.  siie  .0011  al^erward.  .eiU  a  letter 
to  the  voiing  prince,  betrothing  her.elf  to  him. 

44ie(0()l  pretext  whi<  h  bre<leric  had  given  tlie  duke  a,,  hue  .  au.e    )l 

f  tlie    trouble  between  the 


.(.■  ( ) 


hi.  abrupt  departure  tVom  Treve.,  l>ecau 
Arehbi.hop  (,f  (a.logne  and  his  chapter,  had  now  be<  onie  .0  .era  us 
that  the  arehbi.hop  sent  to  Charle.  I'or  a..i.tam  e.  d'he  <  haq-ter  h.ad 
shut  themselves  up  m  Neit.s,  not  tar  from  Cologne.  Ch  irle.  mar<  lied 
with  an  armv  of  sixtv  thou.and   men,  and  encamped  betöre   the  toun. 


FREDERIC  III. 


20: 


Here  he  staved  eleven  months,  made  fifty-six  vain  assaults,  and  lost 
up^wiirds  of  nt\een  thousand  men.  Frederic  approached  with  an  im- 
IKM-ial  armv  to  succor  the  city;  and  Charles  was  obliged  to  conclude 
a   treatv.    whi(  h,   although   attended   with   no   advantage,  nevertheless 

brought  I'lirn  no  disgrace. 

The  restless  duke  soon  afterwards  attacked  Rene,  Duke  of  Torraine, 
whr)se  countrv  he  wished  to  annex  to  his  own.      He  conquered  Nancy, 
tlK'  capital,  and   then  directed   his  arms  against   the   Swis..  .<)  that  his 
dummions  might  extend  from  the  sources  of  the  Rhine  to  it<  mouth. 
While    at    Nanc  v,  Charles   received    information    of  the  disgrace   and 
deaah  of  bierre  Hagenbach,  whom  he  had  made  governor  ^>{  Derrette. 
Pierre  von   Ibigenbach  had  been  made  bailiff  of  Al^ace  bv  Ch.arles 
atua-  it  had   been    mortgaged    to    him,   in    1455^   ^X  Archduke  Albert. 
]herre   ].aad    no   attention   to   the  stipulations  of  the   mortgage,   which 
guaranteed   the  privileges  of  the  peoj.le.      He  entered  insolentlv  upon 
Pi.  ohic  e,  foUowecl  by  his  army,  and   preceded  by  eightv  nien-at-arm-;, 
wearin-   his   liverv,  white   and   gray,  with  the  words /r /.rov  .1   pass) 
embroidere.l  in  sdver.      His  hrst  acts  were  putting  a  tax  of  a  j.enny  on 
everv  bottle  of  wine,  and    forbidding  the  nobles  to  hunt.      He  com- 
mitted outmges  on   families  and   convents;    took  propertv  which   be- 
longed to  tlie  citizens  of  Strasburg;   made  raids  into  the  bishoprics  of 
Spe%r  and  P.a.le  :   took  the  burgomaster  of  Schaff  hausen  prboner.  and 
demanded    ran.om  :    planted  the  standard   of   Burgundv  on   ])ro].ertv 
belon-inu  to  berne,  and.  when  thev  remonstrated,  re])lied.  that  if  tliey 
,nade  m-iTmcu-e  complaints  he  would  go  to  IVume  and  skin  their  bears 
for  them':   one  of  his  ca])tains  had  taken  a  number  of  Swi^..  who  were 
goinu  with    their    c-h_)ths  to  the   lair   at    Frankfort:   and   all   who  were 
sent  to  remon.trate  with  him  upon   these  outrages  were  shamehhlv  and 
cniellv   treated,      bast   of  all,  he    refused   to  pay  one   of  hi.   (German 
c-apt;nn..  who.  taking  advantage  of  the  general  feeling  against  Hagen- 
lv/<  h.  led   the   inhabitants  against   him,  captured  his  ca.tle.  took  him 
prisoner,  tried   him,  condemned   him,  and,  as  a  fivor,  allowed   him  to 
he   beheaded,      blermann  von   Eptingen,  an   officer  of  the   archduke, 
pre.ided   at  the  trial,  ordered  him  first  to  be  degraded  from  the  order 
<.t-  kniuhthood,    taking  off   his  collar,   his  gold  chain,   ring,   poniard, 
uauntlets.  and  breaking  his  spurs,  and  striking  him  in  the  tace  m  token 
of  infamv.        Hermann   then   turned   to  his  auditory.      "Chevaliers.  ' 
^y„|  pe.  •'•  and   von  who  desire  to  become  knights,  guard  in  ycair  mem- 
ories thi.  public'  punishment,  that  it  may  serve  you  as  an  example:   and 
live   nobly  and  valiantly  in  the  fear  of  C^od,  in  the  dignity  ol  knight- 
hood, and  tor  the  honor  of  your  names. 


>  1 


2C6 


HOUSE    ('•/•■  AUSTRIA. 


1  lU'    jir()\()--i    arost.',   and,   ^pt-akiii^   Im   iIr-   iac  (  til  lor.cr.   said,    "This 
liuni  I'cioii-s  to  }(»ii  :    K't   j!i:-ti(  v  Ijc  (ionc  uj>()!i  inin." 


1 ., ; , 


C  liarlcs  \\\is  iiK't  1)\  a  (IrpMtat  nui  ot  Swiss,  who  fc]  iir-rnici  i  tt»  nun 
tliat  tiK'ii'  cailirc  oounti\-  wa,s  !!(,t  j-.  \aluahlc  as  \\\v  traj-pings  of  his 
lior-cs  :  1  )!i! .  rc-ardkss  ot  tluar  miiunsi  r.nu  t^-x,  jn-  inwuhd  >w  i! /rrlani] , 
and  ana<  kt'd  llic  casilfot  (danson.  wliifh  in;-ini(i  tor  tm  i!a\s  tlie 
ass,, Mils  and  a,n  dkaw  ot'  the  l'.ni-_:ui:d  ian  arnu'.  Wlun  a,t  icnulh,  i\  - 
dined  1»\  laniinr.  and  in,\  itrd  !'\  tiu-  oiler  of  a  lieo  ])aidion  n\-  n  sin' 
or  desertcf  wiio  huid  entered  the  (Ttstie  ])\'  stt^dlin  thie  Uviiii-tai  -nr- 
rendeied.  ( 'harles  (  aiised  tikin  to  l»e  st  i  i  j  j  .^'d  ;iiui  \\\\w^  P\  hnndrecls 
on   tile  siirrouiKinpir  trees,  or  th,r(»wai   into  tiie  hike. 

'1  IK'  K\\  "  to  arms!"    echoed    thriuighi   e\'ca-\   \aile\   in   >w  n/ciiaiui  ; 
iriessta\L:eis  departed  to  e\o!\ canton  ;    simialdlres  w ere  h^lued  onex^err 
nicnilain.      (liarKs  niar(  lu-d  on  towai'ds  Morat,  tiie  ,L:a]-i-ison  of  winch 
was  (  onnnanded  h)y  Adrien  wmi   Hal >rnihe!"L;.  \\hio  wrote  to  the  I'ernese, 
'■   The    Hake   ot    lh!rL:nnd\'    wad    soon    !»e    liei'ewith    ad    lii-    fori  e-.  Im 
Ifaiiani    (Mrahatieri  and  his  traitoi"  (lerinan    nierei  narirs  ;    (  oane  ais  soon 
a.s  jH)s.silile.  lait  ine-antinie  ha\e  no  tean-  ;    !  wad  deldnd  Moral."     <   iiarles 
eaane.  and  (Li\-at"ter  (hn   hi-  aiadKaw   thnndered  a^anot  ti.e  wads.      Two 
assanh>.   h/d    1)\    the  »hike    hnniselt.  w\a"e  rei»n!scd  ;    twi(e   tiie   rasii    (hdse 
inoanied  'lie  breach.  ord\   to  be  (ba\en  l>a(k.      Adiaeii  was  e\  ei  \  w  iuae. 
andi   sc'viried   tv)   ha\'e  inlnsed   his  s()i]l   mtf»  lii-j  bodies  (if  ad  ins  sol(iK-rs. 
'I'iien.    aller   repclbn^'   ad    k\a\   the    tn.rions   ass.nnis   i»f   ])is   cauanie-.    lie 
wrote  at  iiiuht   to   hrs  contederates.   "Do  not    hnrr\   too  nni«  !\  :\vA    be 
oahn  :    so    h)ng  as  there  remains  a  (b"oj)  of  bhaod    in  onr  \enis  we  will 
detend  Abarat." 

Meantiiru-,  the  cantons  had  beunn  their  march.  'ITie  mcai  of  the 
Oberland,  brienne.  Aari:an.  I  ri.  haitlibnch,  were  the  tirst  m  ma)tion: 
Count  Owald  of  Thierstein  joined  them  with  the  troops  of  tlie  arc  h- 
(hike:  ('oimt  Louis  of  ]^])ti]pucai  came  with  the  >o!d!ers  ( u'  lierne 
and  Strasburg:-;  Duke  Rene  of  Lorraine  appeared  with  ihret-  linndred 
lior-emen  :    and  now  the\-  were  onl\-  waitiip^  U)x  the  men  <»f  /urn  h. 

Hails  \()n  ILdlew)!  from  Aar-aii,  wdio  had  served  under  the  Kini:- 
of  iJohenna  against  the  Turks,  led  the  van.  HaiiN  AN'aldman  of  /nri(  h 
led  the  main  arm}-,  haviipLr  with  him,  tVom  courtesw  Wdllielm  Herter, 
captain  of  the  men  from  Strasburg-,  whio  joined  as  allies.  (bispard 
Hertenstem,  with  the  troops  from  Lu<erne,  brou^^ht  up  the  rea.r. 

I'he  Duke  of  L)urgun(ly  was  on  the  alert,  and  ea-er  to  meet  these 
enemie.s.  Day  after  day  he  rode  up  to  a  lua_L',ht  to  see  if  the\-  were 
con■lilpL,^      At  length  he  ])erceived  them   on    the   other   side  of  the   hill, 


intrenched  in  the  forest.      I'he  skv  was  dark,  and   the  ram   falliiv   i 


n 


rPFDF.KlC   III. 


--)  <-\  ^ 


torrents.  Charles,  after  waiting  two  or  three  hours,  getting  his  powder 
damp  and  his  bow>  wei,  g  ive  the  signal  to  return  to  hi.  camp.  This 
was  the  moment  tlie  «ajnfcderate.  had  been  awaiting.  Han>  von  Hal- 
lewvl  ealle<l  out,  -  Kneeb  and  let  u.  pray."  Lverv  man  m  the  wnole 
arnu  ob.ved.  and  tiie  voices  of  thiriydour  thousand  men  praying  lor 
libertv  and  their  count rv  went  up  to  (;o(L 

Just  then  tlie  clouds  ])roke  away,  and  the  sun  wa<  reHected  from  the 
arm.  of  the  kneeling  multitude.  Hans  arose,  drew  hi-  sw.-rd.^and 
exclaimed,  -brave  men.  (bxl  send,  us  the  light  of  liis  .an  :  tiniik  ol 
your  wis. 's  and  <  liddren.''  d'hv  whole  army  aro-e  a.  one  man.  shout- 
ing, ''Granson!  (d'anson:"  and  they  fei!  with  .uch  fury  ui^^n  the 
enr'nv  thai  (diaries  wa.  obliged  to  llv.  leaving  twenty  thousand  ot  his 
men  dead  on  che  held.  The  Swiss  alRawvards  buned  them,  and  rai.ed 
a  mrmoria]  over  their  bodies  with  the  inscription.  -This  memorial 
was   left   behind    by  the    mariial    host   of  the    Duke  of  Ihirgunoy,  a.l. 

The  spoils  taken   bv  the   Swi.s  sliow  the  wealth  ^^\   the  Duke  ot    i>ur- 

gundv.      In    his    tent^    the    outside   of  whi-h    wa.   huUL:  with    armorial 

shiehls  of  L^old  and  pearls,  were  lound  the  throne  ot"  gold  on  whi.'h  he 

sat    on   inuMU-tant    oceasions  ;   his  dural    iiat  of  veiiow    velvet.  thi<  kiv 

studded  wi'h    the   most    precious  jeweN  and  pearl-:   the   regalia  ot   the 

Golden  Fleece  :  the  -reat  scal  of  burgundy,  in  gold,  weighing  a  pound ; 

the  -olden  <  haplet  of  his  hither,  having  jewel  drop-  :  cabinets  oi  relics, 

ancfa  valuable  i.raverd)ook.      In  the  dining-room  were  goblets  ot  silver 

and   uold.  and  "dishes  and  plates  of  silver  and  gold.      There  were  also 

i\,ur'hnndr.d   traveling  trunks,  containing  the   richest  embroidery  ot 

^old  and  -ilv.r.      ddK-  largest  of  the  duke's  jewels,  and  whi.  h  he  esti- 

niated    at    the   pri(  e  of  an   entire   province,  was  picked  up  bv^a  Swiss, 


and 


M)|d   1 1 


V  him  tor  a  llorin.  Pope  Julins  11.  purcha-ed  it  afterwards 
p,r  I  went  v'  thousand  ducat-;,  and  it  still  shines  as  the  (hief  jewel  m  the 
l>,,p,.\  iura.  Another  of  CdKirles's  jewels  is  in  the  Frenidi  crown,  and 
a  third,  is  in  tlie  imperial  trea-ury  at  Vienna. 

After  thi-.  (diaries  sank  into  despondencv  :  hut  hearing  that  the 
youim  Duke  Rene  of  Lorraine  was  attem])ting  to  recover  his  territories, 
he  roused  himself  and  laid  siege  to  Xancv,  where  he  lost  his  life,  dhvo 
(lavs  at'ter  the  battle.  whi(di  took  place  January  5,  i477-  ^'^^^  bdclcss 
body  i^\  (diaries  the  Bold  was  discovered  in  a  pond  just  outside  of  the 
town,  d'he  might  of  Burgundy  was  laid  p)rostrate  by  the  Swis>  and 
German  lanzknechts  engaged  to  support  Rene  of  Lorraine.  Charles 
rushed  to  his  destruction  with  a  dispirited  army,  inferior  to  that  ot 
his  opponents,  and  betrayed  by  his  Neapolitan  thvorite.  Campo  Basso. 


208 


With 


IlOi>J:     ul-    Ai  SI KLL 


llic    ö''-'^^^'- 


I'rencli 


is   life   cikK-iI    tiif    I'To!  I M«  Uli    rc>i^>UincL'   ui 
vasMiK  t'>  tiic  (liiira!  juiwci-  (>!   il;r  iiumnrrliv. 

TIk'  \c.ir  l.rtorc  CIkmIi  ^  liü-  l-M  ^nccee(lr(i  his  Either  in  'nurgiindy, 
meat  (  vii.i-^  l];ui  i.kcii  place  in  Prussia.  We  have  spoken  of  the  in- 
Liochi.  linn  n!  tlu  Iriiionic  oKiri  of  tlie  Knights  of  St.  ^hu\  into  that 
connt!\.  mnh  r  \\\v\\  great  conniiaudLT,  ikriiiann  von  Salza.  in  1238 
the  TiiiiniiK  (.kU  r  \\m\v(\  with  the  Sword  Knights  of  Livonia,  and  ii 
1309  then  ur.ni.l  iinMrr  iransferred  the  seat  of  the  order  from  Venice 
to  ^Kuii  iihiuu.  on  the  Nogat,  a  branch  of  the  Vistula. 

j)  nnm  the  fourteenth  centurx  t.erman  colonists  flocked  to  Prussia, 
arid  introdii^ca  their  agriculture  and  industry;  the  Prussians  them- 
selves were  a  cattle-breeding  people;  peace  and  prosperity  prevailed 
for  long  periods  throughout  the  land,  and,  under  the  severe  and  vigor- 
ous administration  of  able  grand  masters,  it  soon  presented  the  appear- 
ance of  a  beautiful  garden  interspersed  with  hamlets,  castles,  and  the 
delightful  country-seats  of  the  knights.  Prussia  alone  numbered, 
about  A.D.  1400,  four  bishops,  four  great  commanders,  twenty-eight 
commanders,  forty-six  priors,  thirty-eight  convents  of  knights;  a  vast 
host  of  subordinate  officials,  canons,  and  priests  ;  three  thousand  one 
hundred  and  sixty-two  knights,  and  six  thousand  two  hundred  squires, 
sergeants,  light-horsemen,  and  valets.  The  number  of  fortified  cities 
wn^^'riftv-five,  of  castles  forty-eight,  of  boroughs  and  hamlets  eighteen 
thousand  three  hundred  and  sixty-eight.  The  regular  and  permanent 
revenues  from  the  province  were  eight  hundred  thousand  Rhenish 
guilders,  without  counting  the  more  irregular  receipts  from  the  fish- 
eries, the  sale  of  amber,  the  custom  duties,  and  the  perquisites  and 
fees  of  the  tribunals.  The  flourishing  commercial  cities  were  mostly 
situated  on  the  Baltic  and  the  banks  of  the  Vistula. 

Yet  the  quiet  prosperity  of  the  order  became  soon  the  chief  cause 
of  the  pride,  depravity,  and  licentiousness  of  its  members.  Dantzic, 
an  old  Danish  colony  at  the  mouth  of  the  Vistula,  becoming  wealthy, 
and  possessing  the  exclusive  navigation  of  the  river,  and  the  maritime 
commerce  of  Poland,  would  not  submit  tamely  to  the  exactions  of  the 
haughty  order;  and  in  1454  this  city  revolted,  and  the  people  put 
themselves  under  the  protection  of  the  King  of  Poland.  This  warlike 
nation  had,  in  1382,  formed  a  political  union  with  the  Tithuanians, 
hv  the  marriage  of  their  Princess  Hedwig  with  the  Lithuanian  Grand 

1  )iike  Jagellon. 

i  !io  luxury  and  extravagance  of  the  knights  prepared  their  ruin. 
The  grand  master.  W^dlenrode,  had  assembled  a  large  army  on  the 
luiiik.  ni   the  Niemen,  in  1394,  for  the  conquest  of  Lithuania.     There 


FREPr.RIC   III. 


209 


I: 


he  i]i\  ited  the  knights  to  a  '.naLrnifu  ent  entertainment.  Waiting  brothers 
held  canopies  of  cloth  of  gold  above  ever)  kni-lu  at  the  table  :  thirty 
cour.-^e^  uf  the  choicest  dainties  were  served  m  dishes  of  gold  and  silver  ; 
all  the  goblet.^  were  likeu  ir,e  ui"  gold,  and  each  guest  was  permitted  to 
carry  away  In's  (  up  and  ])1ate  after  the  feast.  This  glittering  army  was 
totally  routed  by  the  1  ailiuanians,  and  forced  in  a  few  months  after- 
wards to  cross  the  Niemen  m   1  ni o^t  deplorable  condition. 

After  the  union  of  Poland  and  Lithuania,  this  order,  foreseeing  the 
storm,  broke  the  peace  in  1414.  amd  was  totally  defeated  in  the  terrible 
battle  near  Tannenburg  (GrQiiwaldj,  in  Southern  Pru:.Ma,  wiiere  the 
grand  master,  Ulrich  of  Jungingen,  perished,  with  the  greater  part  of 
the  knights  and  thirty  thousand  of  their  vassals  and  mercenaries. 

From  that  day  began  the  rapid  decline  of  the  Deutschritters.  Jagellon 
with  his  victorious  Poles  advanced  towards  the  sea-shore  ;  one  province 
after  another  surrendered  ;  Marienburg,  the  impregnable  capital,  fell; 
Dantzic,  Elbing,  and  Thorn  broke  their  chains  in  1440;  Western 
Prussia  revolted  in  1454,  and  placed  itself  under  the  protection  of  King 
Casimir  IV.,  and  when  peace  was  concluded,  in  1466,  all  Western 
Prussia  became  incorporated  into  Poland,  and  the  Teutonic  order, 
deprived  of  their  finest  provinces  and  their  wealth,  became  themselves 
vassals  of  the  Polish  crown. 

Yet,  amid  the  confusion  and  wars  on  all  sides  of  the  empire,  and 
the  feuds  and  rivalries  within,  the  cities  of  Germany  were  increasing 
and  flourishing;  commerce  was  in  a  prosperous  condition,  and  con- 
sequently industry  encouraged;  the  citizens,  armed  for  mutual  defense, 
were  enjoying  their  opulence  in  their  boisterous  way  ;  the  song  of  the 
masters  resounded  joyfully  in  the  shops  of  the  workmen  ;  and  John 
Gutenberg  of  Mayence  was  discovering  the  art  of  printing.  In  1450, 
the  first  Latin  Bible  was  printed  in  Mayence.  The  first  printing- 
presses  abroad  were  established  by  Germans.  Conrad  Schweinheim 
and  Arnold  Pannarz  were  the  first  printers  of  Rome,  in  the  year  1467  ; 
John  Speyer,  at  Venice,  in  1469;  and  Ulrich  Gering  and  Michael 
Freyburger,  at  Paris,  in  1470. 

Paper  had  been  invented  or  introduced  into  Europe  some  time 
earlier.  The  earliest  proof  of  the  use  of  linen  rags  in  Europe  for  the 
making  of  paper  is  in  the  celebrated  document  found  by  Ichwandner 
in  the  monastery  of  Goss,  in  Upper  Styria,  which  purports  to  be  a 
mandate  of  the  Emperor  Frederic  IL,  and  is  dated  1242. 

The  crafty  Louis  XL  of  France  employed  everv  rnean^  in  his  power 
to  win  Mary  of  Burgundy  for  his  eldest  son  ;  but  the  i)eople  of  the 
Netherlands  had  no  friendly  feelings  towards  France;  and  when  the 

14 


210 


I/O  CSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


nmbassadors  of  the  Emperor  Frederic  arrived,  and  presented  the  letter 

ami  rJiii;  vhi(li  tlic  Princess  Mary  had  sent  to  the  Archduke  Maxi- 
milian, the  people  were  delighted,  and  Mary  frankly  declared,  ''I 
have  fixed  my  mind  upon  him,  and  him  will  I  have  for  my  husband, 
anti  nune  other."  Maximilian,  therefore,  went  to  the  Netherlands 
and  mnrricMl  Mary  of  Pwrgundy,  in  1477,  and  soon  found  an  oppor- 
tunity to  prove  his  valor  and  discretion  to  his  new  subjects  in  their 
wars  against  the  French,  king,  who  had  seized  upon  some  i)laces  in 
BurguiHi).  M  i\!inili;in  defeated  Louis  at  Guinegast,  in  1479,  ^^"^1  Ji^ 
nil  ]M()l)abiiii\  uou'd  have  recovered  all  thai  belonged  to  Burgundy 
hut  lur  ilic  sad  bereavement  of  his  beloved  Mary,  wlio  died  in  14S2, 
in  con^cqncnrt^  of  a  fill  fn -m  Imt  horse  when  fowling.  The  zeal  of 
tiic  Nc'Mu  1  l.mcirrs  ii;(!i  ijcwcold  in  the  i)rotracted  war,  and  a  peace 
was  (  Miududed. 

^rcdeiK    (oiiid  .iHoi;!    no   assistance   1<>  \\\>   son,  because  he  was  so 
ä'^nd    pioMMJ    hv  !lii    Tiiiks,  who   made   tlieir  way   into   Carinthia    and 
("aniioia.  and  M  itihia-.   King  of  Hungarx ,  !M(jk  possession  of  Vienna 
in    14.S5.      fifdriic   made   his   escape,  seeking   a    u  miu^rary  asylum  in 
convm.N   ;nid    cities;  sonutnucs   obliged  to  j-k  a  ride,  when    on    the 
high-road,  fron!  some  pci^nU  \\\\\\  his  team  of  oxvii.      \et  In's  dii^ndtv 
ne\er   torsook  In'ni.  rnid    a-.u'ri    the    cun-ini    <>!'  (i-Mniun    iin-nrd    in    liis 
fivor.  so  iliat  111  14S0  \\\v  (•!(,(  tors  nsseniMrd.  and  ilir  laüiilMl  ;n,d  nuw 
veiUTa])Ie  Albert,  the  .\(  hillc's  dt'   1 '.r.iiaK  tibnrL; .   |'r<)<n!(<i    iiu-    election 
ol    Maximiban   as   emperor.      'riir    ki-t    voun  of   j-iedian    w cie  (  hcercd 
by  tlie   successes  of  hi^  son.  to  whom  lie  ti'ialh'  in!rnsie,]   ,i!|  tlie  cares 
of  the   eini)ire    in    Kifjo,    and    retired    to    bin/,    wlaa-e    \w    \a\x^\w(\    Ids 
favorite   studies  of  astrology  ah  hcanw  and    ])otan\-  tiii    the   end  ot'  kiis 
life.     He  was  temjierate,  devont,  parsnnonious.  ^(  i-npulons  abont  tntles 
simple    in    his   lial)its,   pacific   in    his  disposition,  and    iKitiiiMUv    .aerse 
to  exertion  or  excitement.      He  ]i\ed  long  enough  to  obtiin  tiie  re>to- 
ration   of  his   hereditary  otates   bv  the  death   of   King    Mattinas   aiul 
a  com])act   made  with  his   successor,   1  .idislas  Ad  I . ,  great  grandson    of 
the  Kmperor  Sigismund.      iM-ederi.-   ('ied   at    bin/,    AiiguM    19,    149  >, 
after  a  reign   of  llfty-foiir  years,  and  was  btiried   at  \'ienna.      Hi>  wife 
was  Eleanor  of  Portuirab 

CONTEMPORARIF:^    OF    AT-UFR'!'    II.     AM)    FRFDlklC    Til. 

INCLA.M). 

Hcury  JV.  became  king  at  the  nge  of  nine  months,  under  the  pro- 
tection of  his  uncles,  Humphrey,  Duke  of  (iloucester,  Protei  tor  of 
England,  and  John,  Duke  of  Bedford,  Regent  of  Prance.      Prom  pus- 


vW 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


I  T 


sessing  every  town  in  France,  except  Orleans,  the  English  lost  every 
town  except  Calais.  Plenry  was  gentle,  pious,  and  welbintentioned, 
but  too  weak  to  act  for  himself. 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  wife  of  Henry  \  L,  was  the  daughter  of  Rene 
of  Anjou  and  Isabella  of  Eorraine,  a  direct  descendant  of  Charle- 
mnc-ne.  Cardinal  Beaufort,  who  had  superintended  the  education  of 
Henry  VI. .  ^\as  fulh  J.ware  of  the  want  of  energy  and  decision  in  his 
character,  which  rendered  it  desirable  to  provide  him  with  a  consort 
whose  intellectual  power.^  wuuhi  be  likely  to  supply  hir^  constitutional 
defects,  and  whose  acquirements  might  render  her  a  suitable  companion 
for  so  learned  and  refined  a  prince.  In  Margaret  of  Anjou  all  these 
requisites  were  united  wii  11  beauty,  eloquence,  and  every  feminine  charm 
calculated  to  win  iinlH)nnded  influence  over  the  plastic  mind  of  the 
youthful  sovereign.  Her  emblem  {lower  was  the  daisy.  During  Henry's 
illness  the  Duke  of  Vork  managed  to  get  the  office  of  Protector,  and 
then  laid  claim  to  the  crown,  in  conscquenre  of  the  imrria-c  of  his 
ancestor,  Richard  of  Cambridge,  witli  the  sister  of  Roger  Mortimer, 
the  heiress,  though  of  the  t]iir<l  generation,  of  Pionel,  Duke  of  Clar- 
ence, thiih  uniting  the  claims  of  tiie  tJiirJ  -.wmX  fifth  sons  of  Edward  Hi. 
in  opposition  to  those  of  Henr}-  A'P.  a  descendant  ot  joiin  ol  CPiunt, 
Duke  of  Lancaster,  \\\q  foiirlh  son. 

Thus  bei::in  tlie  lend  between  the  houses  of  Vork  and  Lancaster.  It 
is  to  be  observed  tkiat  no  trait  of  herce  or  warlike  pro])ensities  was  ever 
mam  tested  1)\-  IVLirgaret  until  the  rigltts  of  her  ciiild  were  at  stake. 
She  f)iight  Richard,  Duke  of  A'ork,  who  was  killed  at  the  l)attle  of 
Wnkefield.  anal  his  heir,  balward,  then  took  connnand  of  the  Vorkisis. 
After  sii-tniidng  her  husband  in  twelve  battles,  both  he  and  her  son 
were  murdered  in  1461.  and  she  herself  imprisoned.  Edward  of  Lm- 
cast.a-,  lier  ^on,  was  stabbed  by  the  Dukes  of  Gloucester,  Clarence,  and 
others.  Margaret  was  ran<ome<l  by  the  gift  of  Provencx^  to  Louis  XI. 
b\  her  lather.  After  the  death  of  her  father,  she  sold  all  her  rights  to 
Lorraine,  Maine,  Provence,  and  Ikar  to  Louis  XI.  for  a  pension  of  six 
thousand  livres.  She  died  in  the  fifty-first  year  of  her  age,  and  was 
buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Angers,  the  capital  of  Anjou  and  the  re>i- 
dence  of  its  dukes. 

F.jK'ixrd  /r,  the  first  of  the  House  of  Vork,  was  licentious,  cruel, 
aial  t\rannical.  His  reign  was  distracted  by  the  internal  wars  main- 
tained bv  the  imdaunted  spirit  of  ^L^rgaret  of  Anjou.  During  his  time 
the  art  of  printing  was  introduced  into  England  by  William  Caxton. 
Edward  died  in  1  4S3. 

Pdizabeth  Woodvillc,  wife  of  Edward,  granddaughter  of  the  Duke 


2  1  2 


//c  r.NA    O/-'  AUSTRIA. 


o 


I     1  'i  <  1  IfU'd,    W  ,!s 


lUT 


ir^t 


Hi  i'l  of  honur  :()  Mai-aict  of  Anjou,  and  married  fbr 
.^  nn>lMnd    -:i    Jnhn    (irav.    n   ravalicr   flnnlv   attached    to   the 

lluiiM'u!  l.nuaMcr.     IK   ,..t  ln.l,K-,a  the  second  battle  of  S; .  Albans. 

i^Ii/alKah,sonK.  (line  altcTuanU.  u.ntrd  lArTAIu.nd  IX".,  u'.Mvas  hinit- 

IHK  lK^.lAaa■  nintii.rA  (.,mK-,  undrr  a  nul.lc  iivc,  still  called  the  ()iRxirs 
Oak,  aiul  holding  hrr  fatherless  bovs  bv  ih.  hand,  ilnau-  iirrsdfat  h?. 
liar.  .      '      ■       ' 


111« 


a. .,  I 


■"^■^"'^■•'    '.ariu-.M)    h,r  tj,,.  inli.Tilan,  r  ..f  JaT   <  ini.hvM        Iba- 
''"^^:^'^'^^    '"^'^^   ^''>'^    MuaaniMl    b.^atv   ^.incd    n.i    onK    h.r  suit,    but 
^^''"    ''^'''"^   "'    ^'^^'    ro,aj,ua-ur.  and    tii.v  uaav   M.ir-h    inarriol    in    ^L,^. 
i4^>4.       I'di/abelii  tVoni  first  to  !.,st  iuad    |M,tcnt    -A,:^   ovrr  t!a-  mn.d  of 
her  hnsband,  but    she   srldom  had  a  wis,.  ,  ,r  ^oud  end  in  vicu-  :    the  ,a]- 
v.iiicuneiU  of  her  (,W!i  rdatives,  ;ind  tlie  .V:yx,-.  iatn^ii  of  hrr    iaisbmd^ 
iMcnds   and    lannlv,   were    her   chief    obie.  ts.       Margaret    ot    Anjonan*; 
1-di/abeth    founde<l    (^)ueen-.s    CoHe.^e,   Canibrid^^e.       Alter   tiie  deathi  of 
l^'luard    IW,  and    the    nnirder  of    her   >ons    ,n    th.e  d'ouer.  s],e  tell  dl. 
Dr.   I.ewis,   a  priest-phvsK  ian,  viAited    her   m    her   dlness,  and    likeui-.e 
aitende.l    Mar-aret    Beaufort,  m.^tlua-   of  1  lenrv  Tudor.  Ihirl    of   Ri- h- 
nioiul.  then  an  exile  in  Hreta^^ne.      d'he  ],lan  oi  uniting  tiiis  l,,.r  s,  ion 
ot^  the    House  of   Lan.  aster  uith   her   <lau-hter.  the  brineess    lai/abeth 
Ol  Aork.  was  hrst  suggested  to  the  desolate  queen    bv  Dr.   Leu  is.      She 
eagerly  embraced  the  proposition,  and    tlie  goo.l  ph'v>i<  ian    be.  omin- 
l>y  means  of   dailv  visits,  the  medium  of  negotir.tion    between    the   two 
mothers,  the  (|ueen  finally  agreed  to  re<ogni/e    llenrv  d'udor  as    Km- 
Ol   Kngland    if  he  were  able   to  dispossess   the  UsurpJr  and   obtain    tiie 
l^'^nd  Ol   her  daughter.      11ie  (pieen-dowager  died  m  14^2.      Her   illus- 
trious brother.  Anthony  Woodville,  Lord  Rivers,  patron. /c.l  the  infant 
art    of     printing    under    Caxton.       Her    children    were    I'dward    V    • 
Riehard,    Duke  of  York ;    Llizabeth,    who    married    ]L;nrv   VII.,   and' 
Mary  and  Cicely. 

luiwarJ  i:  was  thirteen  years  old  at  the  death  of  his  father,  and 
reigned  three  months.  His  uik  le  Richard,  1  )uke  of  ( doucester.  -lined 
possession  of  the  young  king  and  hi.s  brother,  cnised  them  '"to  be 
confined,  and  afterwards  murdered,  in  the  Tower,  an<l  became  king 
himself,  under  the  title  of  Richard  III. 

Richard  ILL  having  gained  the  crown,  in  148;,,  bv  fraud  and 
violence,  kept  it  only  two  years,  being  fmallv  <lefeated  and  slain  at 
Bosworth  Field  by  Henry  Tudor,  Karl  of  Ric  hmond.  who  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  John  of  Gaunt.  With  Richard  ends  the  line  of  the 
Plantagenet  kings  of  Kngland. 

Anne  of  Warwick,  wife  of  Ri(  hard  HI.,  was  the  second  daughter  of 
Richard    Neville,   surnamed    the    '-King-making   Karl   of   Wanvick." 


CONTEMPORARIES. 

Her  elder  and  only  sister.  rsal)el,  married  the  Dake  of  (darence 
whom  his  brother,  Richard  UL,  condemned  to  l)e  drowne<l  in  a  butt 
of  malm.ey.  Wnen  Anne  was  seventeen,  slie  was  married  to  Kdwarci 
01  Lancaster,  son  of  Henry  VL.  then  in  his  nineteenth  vear.  After 
his  death,  Anne  avoided  Richard  III.  as  much  a.  possd^le.'nevertheless 
he  loiind  her  an<i  f^)rce(l  her  to  marry  him.  After  the  birth  of  their 
son,  l-dwanb  ambition  f)r  this  clnld  induced  Riehard  to  murder  his 
nephews.  lint  punislmieiu  (juickly  folhnved  this  wicke(biess,  fa-  his 
^^"  '^^^'^  ^^"''^'^  *'  =  ^b-  ten  years  old.  Li  le.s  than  a  year  after.  Anne  also 
died,  and  was  buried  near  the  altar  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

FRANCE. 

^^^;^^^''  '^^-  ^'^iiie  to  the  throne  in  1461.  His  deceitfulness  and  in- 
^^■^^^'^^'•'^"  involved  liim  in  almost  constant  wars  with  his  great  vassals 
and  foreign  powers.  His  chief  enemy  and  rival  was  Charles  the  R..ld. 
Duke  of  Rurgundv.  The  policy  of  Louis,  the  first  king,  entitled  -  His 
most  Christian  ^Lijesty,"  favored  the  burgher  and  tmding  classes  at 
^'''"  ^M'^''^^^'  of  the  nobles,  while  he  humbled  the  i)Ower  ot'\he  (  rown- 
princes.  He  was  a  crafty  ruler,  who  managed  the  finan*  es  well,  and 
sue,  ceded  by  policy  and  good  luck  in  recovering  tor  the  crown  ti^e  terri- 
tories of  ALiine,  Anjou,  Provence,  and  a  portion  of  Burgundv.  That 
'^^'  '^'^^^  exceedingly  superstitious  may  be  seen  by  the  fi.llowing  j.rayer 
^'^  ^^'^""  ^-^'^)'  ^^f'  Clery,  copied  from  the  old  chronicles  of  the  times;' 

••'  All  :  my  good  Ladv,  my  gentle  mistress,  my  only  f>iend.  in  whom 
alone  1  have  resource,  I  pray  you  to  supplicate  Cxod  in  mv  behalt;  and 
to  l)e  my  advocate  with  him  that  he  may  pardon  me  tiie'death  of  my 
brother,  whom  \  caused  to  be  poisoned  by  that  wicked  Abliot  of  Saint 
Jnlm.  I  confess  my  guilt  to  thee  as  my  good  patroness  and  mistress. 
Rut  then,  what  could  I  do^^  he  was  perp.etually  causing  disorder  in  my 
king.lom.  Cause  me,  then,  to  be  pardoned,  my  good  Lady,  and  I  know 
what  a  reward  J  will  gi\-e  thee." 

Mis  first  wife  was  >Lirgaret.  daughter  of  the  first  James  Stuart.  Khi- 
of  Scotland,  and  their  marriage  was  celebrated  at  d\jurs  in  1436.  while 
^■'''''^_    ^^'-'^   (bm|.hin.      Margaret   is   represented   as   having   l)eJn    clever 
and   intellectual,  and  ])Ossessed  great   taste  for  the  fine  arts,  winh  h  sh.e 
V    loved    and    cailtivated.      Reing   the   victim  of  some  court    intrigue,   it 
alllrted    her  so  sensible  that   she  fVll   seriouslv  ill  in  consequenr^.  and 
^'^  ^^'^1^'    ^o   weary    and    disgusted   with    her   existence    that,    on    being 
offered   some   remedy,  she   rejudsed  it,  saying,   -''Fie  on    life:      Do  no^t 
speak  anything  more  to  me  about  it."      She^iied  childless  at  Chalons- 
sur-Marne,  in  1445,  ^^^^'^^  tweiitv. 


214 


I/iH'.S/-:    U/-    Al\s7A'/J, 


His  second  wife  was  Charlotte  of  Savt)\-,  (lauL;hter  of  Louis  II..  I>uke 
of  Savov,   and  of  Anne   of  Cyprus,      'i'he  dauphin,   wlio,   duriu-    tlie 
reign  of  ids   father,  (/harlcs  \"II.,  lived    in  disgrace   at    Daupliine,  and 
whose   limited   resource  did    not   ])erinit   him  to  sustain  tin-  di-nit)'  ot 
his  rank  as  hereditary  prince,  thought  it  advisable  to  -eck  tin:  h.and  ot 
Charlotte   of  Savov,  who    had    been    promised    by    her    father   <i   dnuer 
of  six  hundred  thousand  gold  crowns.      She  was  c  heerfull\-  accorded  to 
Louis,  and   the\-  were   married   at   Chamber}-,    in    1451  ;    but    Charlotte 
was  not  a  more  happv  wife  than  her  predec  essor,  though  slie   jiossessed 
Lireater  personal  advantages.      She  was   intelligent,  modest,  anal   rxem- 
plarv,  but   she   had    not   suffic  ient   energy  to   modeiate   and   snttcii    tiie 
harsh   and   selfish    Louis,  who,  although    he    profe-sed   a   tliorougli   con- 
tempt for  the  female  sex,  nevertheless   excepted    Ids  wite.  ('harlotte  ot 
S;i\c))-.       He  conductetl  her  se\eral  times  to  ( )rlean^.  Tours,  .md  I'aris. 
(.)n  one  of  her  visits  to  Paris  she  rei  ei\ed  a  most  liriÜKnU  web  onie  ;  an 
ele<'-ant   boat  awaited    her,  on   board  oi   \\hi(h  a   magnilieent   coli.ition 
was  provided,  and   among  other  refreshments  was  a  stag  composed  ol 
sweetmeats,  aroimd  the  nee  k  of  whic  h  the  (pieen's  arms  weie  su^pcndecL 
She  landed  at  the  Celestins,  where  the  then  <  ir^tomarx'  ])ertormaiu  e  ot 
the    Hoi}-   Passion  was  enacted;    after   wini  h   she   pro(  eede<l    en    horse- 
back to  the  palace  of    rournellcs.  wlu-re  another  grand   entertainment 
was  ])rovicled  t'or  her.     Louis  even,  at  times,  su!feri(l  her  tooller  .aKice 
HI  the  (ounc  il  ;    and  lie  enjoined  his  son  to  honor  tlu-  (jucen,  altiiough 
he  afterwards  enc-our>,ged  him  to  di^obc}   her.       Noiw  11 'UsUnubng  Louis 
XL  a<  knowlcdged   his   wife's   merits,  he   ofren    treated    \\vv   with   great 
indifference,  and  connnitted  man\-  gros-  intidebties.      (jiiecui  (harlotte 
offended   her   husband  bv  her  natural  affec  tion  lor  her  countr\  .  Savoy, 
as  also  bv  her  atta.chment   to   Lurgund\-,  whose  duke*  was  Loui-^>^  great 
enemv.       At   length    he   conilned    her   in    the   cattle    ot    Amboisc.   and 
allowed   her   merelv  what    was   absolutel}-   necessar}    lor   her    1^^)^    aaal 
clothin'^      After  a  wearisome  union  of  twentv   \ears.   tlu-   king  die<l  ; 
but    Charlotte  did    not    long    enjoy   her   libertw    following   him    h»    tiie 
tomb    three    months    after,    in    the    \ear    M-'^.v         ' '^^^    queen    ikkI    six 
c  hildren, — (diaries  \dll.,  who  succeeded  his  fatlier  :    I'ranc  i->.  joac  liim, 
anal  Louisa,  who  died  young;  Anne  de  Leaiijeii,  who  was  regent  during 
her   brother's   niinoritv  ;   and   Jane,  wife  of  Louis  XII.     Cluirlotte  wjs 
bm-ied  at  Our  Ladv  of  (derv,  by  the  side  of  her  husband. 

Chivirs  VIII..  surnamed  tJw  Courteous,  accpiircd  r.retagne  by  mar- 
riaire,  and  made  mam-  conciuests  in  Ital\-.  which  he  s]>ecdil}  lo->t.  He 
was  generous,  gentle,  and  forgiving,  but  so  dehc  ieiit  in  judgment  that 
he  was  contintially  guilty  of  tinjtistifiable  actions.     One  da}  while  at 


HPimiiiii»'-!iw"-."-'»*''inn'WP^ww— 


COXTEMPORA  RIES. 


215 


Amboise,  the  place  of  his  birth,  whose  palace  he  was  rebuilding,  in- 
tending to  decorate  it  with  the  splendid  turniture,  statues,  and  paintings 
wliic  h  he  had  brought  from  Italy,  he  was  leading  the  queen  through  a 
low  gallery,  and  struck  his  head  on  the  top.  He  took  no  notice  of  the 
blow,  but  entered  into  conversation  with  one  of  the  visitors,  saying 
that  ••  he  hoped  he  should  never  commit  another  willful  sin  as  long  as 
he  lived."  As  he  spoke  these  words  he  fell  senseless  to  the  ground; 
and  being  laid  on  a  bed,  in  a  short  time  expired,  A.D.  1498.  He  was 
in  the  twenty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  and  with  him  ended  the  direct 
male  succession  of  the  House  of  Valois. 

./////.■  of  Franco.  J^o-ouf.      Perhaps  the  only  claim  to  sincerity  that 
Louis  XL  po.ssessed  was  in  his  attachment  to  his  daughter  Anne,  who 
,vas  no  less  cx-lebrated   for  her  beauty  than  for  her  i)rofound  genius, 
sagacitx,   courage,   and   political   talents;    and   the  sceptre  was   never 
vvitldeci  with  greater  vigor  than  during  her  regency.      She  became  the 
wite  of  Peter  H.,  Duke  of  Bourbon,  and  her  Lither  gave  her  one  huii- 
dred  thousand  gold  crowns  on^ier  marriage.     The  Sire  of  P>eai]jeu's 
mildness  and  Anne's  policy  so  captivated  the  suspicious  mind  of  Louis 
XL   that    they  alone  were   admitted    into    the   chateau  of  Plessis-les- 
l\,urs,   whose'  gates  were   closed   against   all   Frenchmen.      From   the 
heights  of  his  donjons  the  dying  despot  declared  his  daughter  Ann(3 
recent  and  guardian  to  her  young  brother  Charles,  to  the  exclusion  of 
hirwife   and   the  princes  of  the  blood-royal,  among  whom   the   Duke 
(,f  Orleans  was  much  disappointed  at  the  decision.      .NLadame  de  Beau- 
jeu   recpiired  all   the  assistance  of   her  great  talents  to  enable  her  to 
preserve   tliis  authority,   which  was  for   the  first    time  confided    to   a 
.Lumluer  of  France.      Had  her  two  great  rivals,  Louis,  Duke  of  Or- 
leai^s.  who  was  heir  to  the  throne  in  the  event   of  her  brother's  death, 
and    the   Duke   of    Bourbon,    her    brother-indaw,   been   united,   Anne 
would   infalliblv  have  lost  her  power.      She  gained  the  esteem   of  the 
nobles  and   people   by  a  moderate  government  ;   she  suppressed   many 
heavv  taxe<,  and   released  and  recalled  many  persons  unjustly  impris- 
oned  and    exiled  bv  her   capricious  and   despotic  father;  and,  at   the 
same  time,  satisfied'them   by  giving  up  to  ])ublic  judgment  three  min- 
ister., vile  a-ents  and   intimates  of  the  late  king,  who  had  abused  his 
confidence   and    incited    him   to   the   committal   of   many  crimes,   the 
catalcme  of  which  was  endless.     Oliver  le  Dain  was  hanged;   Dayac 
was  publiclv  fiogged,  after  which  his  ears  were  cut  off  and   his  tongue 
puTce<l  throu-h';^  and  John  Cottier,  another  vampire  of  the  court,  and 
ac)(  tor  of  Louis  XL,  who  had  amassed  immense  wealth  by  imposing 
un  the  monarch's  credulitv  and  fear  of  death,  was  condemned  to  pay 


2  I  6 


II ü USE    Ol-    AL'SII^IA. 


an  cnoinioiis  \\\\k.\  wIik  h  K'l't   liini  ohIn'  ;i  nit uK/iMtt.'   ^nli-I^tciirr  for   the 
rcmaiiukTul  lii>(ia\^.    A^  tlu-  !a>i  stroke  d!  lui    jmiik  \.  Aniu'  --uccceUrd 
in    r.Kirr\iiiL,^    the  V\\\'^    to  Anne,   henc^^   of    Ihaaagnc,    h'\'  wanii  li  union 
tlie  cliich}'  ot"  15relviune   l)e<anie  united    to    l''ran(:e.      (Tiarl'-  \'lll.  liad 
been    lor   souk'    time    attianced    to    Mar^arc'.  dan^inrr    oi    Miximilian, 
Arehchike   of  Au^tiha.    and    ot    Mai-\-   of   ll'aruundx  :    an,il    aidiouiuh    this 
jirinee-^^    had    the   title  ot"  danpliine^s.  the  n-^ent   ^tait    luu'    n  a  'k  to  h(a- 
lather,   and    the   inonarrh    e.--])ou>ed    Annr   of   Iniiianx-    \\\   i  j(;i.      Alicr 
thi>  e\'ent  she  retired    iVoni   pu'hiie  life,  L^ivmL:  no  lur'dirr  ,al\ni.'  to  the 
kini^',  except    on    the   occasion    ot    hi-^   expedition    mio    Ini!\.  oi"  \\iu(  ii 
slie   disapiM'oved.      (  )n    llie    ac(a'^.->ion    ot"  tlie    Duka    of  (  )rltan->    to    the 
tlirone   as    laatiis    XII.,  he    ne\'e!"  t!"oul)led    hia"   relrea.t.    luit    Laaua•ou-^h• 
rori/ot  all  her  ^everitw     Some  oiu'  recalling  the-^e  wroUia^  to  In- nuinoiw 
lie  replied,   "  it  i^  not   lor   the    Kiiil;'   ot"   l-"r;ni(  e   to   ai\aaiL:e   tlir    minries 
(lone  t<:)  the  Duke  oi"  ()rlean^."      Madame  de  r.caui'U  luMamn  a  widow 
in    1503,   and    died    at    the   chateau    ot"  (diantelle,    in    llonrhionnais.    in 
1522,  a^ed  sixtw      ller  onl\'  daunhtet,  Susan,  was  married  to  tlu-  Con- 
stable of  r)Ourb(.)n,  who  was  at'terward>  celebrated  torln-^defei  tion  under 
Francis  I.     Madame  de  Ueatijeu's  priwite  (  liarai  ter  um-  without  blemiA'a. 
The  wife  of  Charles  \'1I1.  was  Anne  of   Dreux.  dan^hter  o!"  the  last 
sovereiirn   duke  of  l^ieta^ne,   l^'rancis    II.,  li\-  who-,e   death  >he   became 
sole  heiress  of  that  duchy.      This   prince>s  was  born  at   Nantes  in   1476, 
and,  thou<.(h  remarkablv  tall,  was  graceful  and  bamtifni;  >he  luid.  how- 
ever, one   lei;  shorter   than    the   othei",  but    this   dele»  t  was   hardU'  yc.x- 
ce})tible.      Her  mother,  Mar!j:aret  de  I'\)ix,  h>ivini;  no  other  (  hild.  pan'd 
undivided  attention  to  her  education,  whi(  ii  >he  contided    to  Madame 
de  T>aval.    There  were  several  competitors  t"or  her  hand.  —  Akmi  (b  Albret, 
father  of  John,  Kini;  of  Nawtrre  ;    the  Duke  ol"  (  )!-lean^  ;    ihu-  I'lna  e  of 
AN'ales,  son   of  I'alward    I\'.  ;    the  Count  de    Rohan,  w  ho->e  de\i(('  w;is, 
"I    do    iiot   deiijn  to  be  a  duke,   I   cannot    be  a  kinu:.   I  am  a   Kolian  ;'' 
and   the    I-anperor   Maximilian,  to   whom   she   h.id    been   aftinaed,  but 
wliom  she  decdared  she  would  never  marr)'.      Anne  wa^  readi\-  att<iched 
to    the   Duke  of  ( )rleans,  wIkj    had    taken    refuge  at    her  father'^   court 
when   he   re\'oltecl    against   the   regent,  Anne  de  Ueaujcai  ;     !)m    lie    w  is 
already  married   to   the  sister  of  (diaries  MIL,  Jane  of  Id.nn  e.  and, 
moreover,  was  taken   prisoner  at   the  battle  of  Saint    \ub\  n,  and    ke[)t 
a   (dose    captive    in    the    great    tower    of    IJour^es.       Maximilian     bi-ing 
rejected,  and    his  daughter   Margaret   sent   back   to   her   fitlier.   was  a 
double  affront  to  Austria.    In  1491,  Anne  was  married  to  (diarlo  \'III., 
at  Langeais,  ii^  ToiuMine,  and  accompaided  iier  husband  to  IMe-sis  le-- 
Tours,  where  the  court  was  then    held.      She  at'terwaids  proi  ceded  to 


COXTEMPORARIES, 


2\ 


Pain-,  where  slie  was  recei\'ed    with  great  <|)len(hor.      Tiic  coronation 

took  place  at  Saint  l)enis  in   1492,  and  during  tlie  ceremor.\-  the  Dike 

of  Orleans,    whom    Charles    had    received    into    ta\-or,    supi)orted    tiie 

crown  up)On  the  ])row  of  tlie  queen  wiiom   lie  s  )  teiidei'lx'  io\ed.      d'iie 

io\-  (Mi  til«.'  o(  < auiou  was  universal  :  Anne  was  called  tiie  (jueeii-duehe.-s, 

and    i-elurned.    te)   Paris    amidst    imiversal   acckimatitjn-.      d>ie   jieople'^ 

reioi(  inu  wa-.  on  a(  (  (junt  of  tlie' aggrandizement  of  tlie   kinudoni,  and^ 

the   t[ueen.    a<t    once   obtained    from    the    king    the   contlrmatie)n   <)\    iiie 

Breton^'  pri\ileges.      Anne  had  t"otn"  children,  all  oi  wliom  died  l^ef  »re^ 

hei"   hu-baaid.       Until    tili.-   period   the   mourning    habtit   of  ipieens  liad 

been  white,  but  after   the  death  of  Cdiarles  Anne  adopted  the  deei'est 

bla<  k.  ordered  a  magnihcent  ftnieral,  and  erec^ted  a  :^ti)»erl)  niatisoleum 

to  hi-  memorw     The  administration  of  the  government  of  Jhattanx' now 

(le\a.)l\"ed  upon  lier,  and  she  willingly  a])plied  herself  to  it,  and  enacted 

many  >alutar\'  laws. 

STAIN. 

y-f7,///7(7/7./ ///c  Cd/I/i>/i(\  fifth  of  Castile,  second  of  Aragon,  third  oi 
Naples,  and  second  of  Sicib;,  married,  at  Valladolid.  in  1469.  Isalieila, 
sister  of  IIenr\-  I\b  of  Castile.  After  Henr\-'s  death,  in  1474.  tlie 
Corte-  pioelairmd  Is.ibella  amd  her  husband  Ferdinand  joint  >ov- 
ereigns.  In  1479,  bvrdinand  ])ecoming  king  of  Aragon  on  tlie  death 
of  his  father,  the  two  kingdoms  of  Aragon  and  Castile  were  united  in 
tlie  persons  of  l-'erdinand  and  Isabella.  Isabella,  however,  as  long  as 
she  lived,  maintained  her  jjosition  as  Queen  of  Castile,  and  allowed 
her  husbanid  no  other  share  in  the  government  than  the  pri\  ilege  of 
afilxim:  his  siLniaiture  to  the  decrees  and  of  uniting  his  arms  with  lier 
own.  i'\  i-dinand's  whole  reign  was  an  uninterrti])ted  series  of  sticces-tul 
wars.  He  su])])ressed  the  banditti  and  Castilian  outlaw>.  and  broke  the 
]>ower  of  the  feud,al  nobility  b}'  enc^ouraging  cities  and  towns  to  make 
them->el\es  independent  of  the  nobles,  wlio  were  depTi\-ed  of  man}' 
imjH)rtant  pri\ileges,  and,  among  other  humiliations,  were  subjec  ted 
to  tlie  or<linar\-  tribunals  of  justice.  Idie  establishment  of  tlie  Ino'ii- 
sition,  in  147S-1 480,  althotigh  ])rimarilv  anci  mainlv  intended  to  funiier 
'' religioui^"  ends,  likewise  heljied  to  lessen  the  influence  of  the  nobles, 
p'erdinand  aNo  strengthened  his  power  1)\'  \-esting  in  himself  and  liis 
successors  the  grand  mastership  of  the  military  orders  (-f  Calatrava., 
Al(  antara,  and  Santiago.  In  all  his  schemes  he  was  abh'  seconded  l)v 
Jsabella.  and  bv  the  celebrated  Cardinal  Ximenes.  The  year  1492  was 
the  most  brilliant  in  his  reign,  and  is  one  of  the  most  important  in  tlie 
liistor\'  of  the  material  progress  of  the  world.  It  was  signalized  by  tlie 
discover\-  of  America  bv  Cliristoidier  Colurnbu^,  though  the  honor  of 


2lS 


HOUSE    OF  Ai'STRIA. 


having  aided  the  great  navigator  beh)ngs  not  to  Inrdinand,  but  to 
Isabella.  The  same  year  witnessed  the  capture  of  (iranada,  and  the 
retreat  of  the  last  Moorish  monarch  into  Africa.  J^'erdinand,  who  had 
a  true  Spanish  hatred  of  heresy,  immediately  issued  an  order  for  the  ex- 
pulsion of  the  Jews  from  the  con(piered  kingdom;  and  in  con^ciiucnce 
one  hundred  and  sixtv  thousand — some  sav  eight  hundred  thou>and — 
of  his  subjects  were  compelled  to  fuul  new  homes  in  those  countries  of 
Europe  where  Jews  were  tolerated.  This  was  followed,  several  \ears 
after,  by  the  ])ersecution  and  expulsion  of  the  I\b)i)rs, — an  a(  t  still 
more  unwise  than  the  former,  tor  the  Moors  of  (iranad.i  were  uuipies- 
tionably  the  most  industrious,  civilized,  and  refined  inhabitants  of  the 
Peninsula.  Ferdinand  was  as  successful  abroad  as  at  home.  He  was 
victorious  over  Alphonso  \'.,  King  of  Portngal,  while  his  general, 
Gonzalvo  de  Cordova,  twice  wrested  Naples  from  the  h'reiu  h,— the 
second  time  in  150^:;,  after  which  it  remained  i)ermanentl\  in  Ferdi- 
nand's possession.  In  the  following  year  Isabella  died,  and  in  1505 
he  married  (iermaine  de  Foix,  a  niece  of  Louis  Xll.  of  branre.  lie 
took  part  in  the  famotis  League  of  Cambrai,  forme(l  against  \'eni(  e  in 
150S,  made  himself  master  of  various  towns  and  fortre>ses  in  Airi(  a, 
and,  in  15  12,  coiKjtiered  the  kingdom  of  Navarre,  thu^  becoming  master 
of  Spain  from  the  l^yrenee^  to  the  rock  of  (iibraltar.  He  died  at 
Madrigalejo,  January  22,.  i5i^>,  and  was  succeeded  1»\'  Ins  grandson, 
Charles  \.  To  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  Spain  was  indebtrij  for  her 
unity  and  greatness  as  a  nation;  and  m  the  no  le»  >killiul  hands  ot 
their  successor  she  exercised  an  imperial  inthienc  e  over  J-au-ope  wliieh 
it  recpiired  Luther  and  the  Reformation  to  check. 


ARCHiiix  11  RK. 

Three  different  styles  of  architecture  prevailed  in  Euro])e. — the 
Arabian,  a  pec  tdiar  st\le  formed  after  Creek  models;  the  Moorish, 
which  originated  in  Spain,  out  of  the  remains  of  Roman  edilico  ;  and 
the  modern  Cothic,  which  originated  in  the  kingdom  ot  the  \  isi-otlis, 
in  Spain,  through  the  mixture  of  the  Arabian  and  Mouri>]i  arc  hitec  ture, 
and  floin-ished  from  the  eleventh  to  the  fifteenth  c  entury. 

The  Germans  were  unac  (piainted  with  architec  ture  until  tlie  time  of 
Cdiarlemagne,  who  tavored  the  H\zantine  style,  then  common  in  Italy. 
In  the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century  began  the  modern  Cothic,  or 
German  st\le,  which  we  may  also  c-all  the  }-o)na)if!i\  sine  e  it  was  formed 
bv  the  romantic  sijirit  of  the  Middle  A^cs.  (irowmg  up  in  (U-rmanv, 
it  attained  its  perfection  in  the  towers  of  the  min>tc  r  of  Strasburg,  in 
the  cathedral  of  Cologne,  in  the  church  of  St.  Stephen  in  \'ienna,  in 


BBÜSÜC^fc.!! 


COXfEMPORARIES. 


219 


the  cathedral  of  Erfurt,  in  the  church  of  St.  Sebaldus  in  Nuremberg, 
in  the  chtirch  of  St.  Elizabeth  in  Marburg,  etc.,  and  extended  itself 
from  thence  to  France,  England,  Spain,  and  Italy.  A 

In  the  eleventh  century  Byzantine  architects  built  the  cathedral  of 
Pisa  and  the  church  of  St.  Mark  in  Venice.  But  in  the  twelfth  cen- 
tury a  German  arc;hitect  named  Wilhelm,  and  in  the  thirteenth,  Jacob, 
surnamed  Lapo,  who  died  in  1252,  and  his  inipil  or  son,  Arnolf,  are 
mentioned  as  having  built  churches  and  convents  in  Florence.  And 
if  so  few  of  these  gifted  men  are  not  known  to  us  individually,  and 
bv  name,  it  is  because  they  worked  for  the  honor  of  God,  and  not 
ibr  i)rofit  and  reputation.  However,  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
name  of  the  architect  who  designed  the  s})lendid  structure  of  the 
cathedral  of  Cologne  has  been  lost.  One  Master  Gerhard,  who  was 
liviii'^  in  12^2,  is  the  builder  earliest  named,  but  nothing  is  knonni 
of  liim.  luK'iu  of  StrinlhU'h,  who  worked  on  the  cathedral  of  Stras- 
l),i,-^r^ — wlio  designed  its  spire,  that  admirable  master})iece  of  airy 
oj)en-work, — died  in  1318,  when  the  work  was  only  half  finished.  It 
was  continued  by  his  son,  and  afterwards  by  his  daughter  Sabina. 
Yet  tl^.e  tower  was  not  completed  till  1439,  long  after  their  death. 

ARlI>r>.       COXTEMPC3RARIES    OF    THE    EMPEROR    FREDERIC    III. 

Filippo  Brunelleschi,  born  at  Florence  in  1377,  first  learned  the  art 
of  a  "oldsmith,  next  that  of  a  scaili)tor,  and  finallv  devoted  himselt  to 
arc  iiitec  ture.  Jn  1420,  it  was  pro})osed  to  finish  the  cathedral  of  .Santa 
M.iria  del  iMore,  founded  iPx  1290.  in  his  native  city,  and  which  only 
wanted  a  dome.  The  work  was  intrusted  to  him,  and  finished,  with 
the  exception  of  the  lantern,  with  which  he  intended  to  crown  the 
whole;  but  was  prevented  by  his  death,  in  1444.  This  dome, 
measured  diametrically,  is  the  largest  in  the  world,  and  served  as  a 
model  to  Michael  Angelo  for  that  of  St.  Peter's.  Besides  this  chef- 
dbeuvre,  he  executed  several  other  great  works,  sucdi  as  the  churches 
of  San  Spirito  and  San  Lorenzo,  and  the  designs  of  the  Pitti  Palace, 
wliich  originated  the  beautifiil  style  of  Tuscan  palace-architecture  in 
the  fifteenth  century. 

Lorenzo  (Ihiberti  was  born  at  Florence  in  1378,  and  became  a 
^,killfal  goldsmith.  The  Florentine  guild  of  merchants  chose  him,  with 
seven  otlier  artists,  to  compete  for  the  execution  of  a  gate  in  bronze, 
to  suit  that  executed  by  Andrea  Pisano  in  the  bai)ti>tery  of  Florenc  e 
in  I  340.  The  subject  of  the  design  was  flic  snirijice  cf  Isaac,  to  be 
e\ec  uted  in  bas-relief  as  a  model  for  one  of  the  panels.  The  judges 
found   a  difficulty  in  deciding  between   Brunelleschi,   Donatelli,  and 


220 


j/oi'si-:  Ol-  al.^'j Ki.i. 


(Ihiberti  ;  l.)iit  tlie  two  foniuT  L:c'!icron>l\'  prix  laiincd  tli-.'  >iii»i  riority  of 
(ihil)t•rti'^  (K'^ii^n.  When  lie  liad  c  oniplclrd  thi-^  ^rcal  wa  »rk,  lii>  frl  low- 
(■it!/c-!i>  iiUni^tcd  \\\\\\  with  tlu'  cxc«  Mtion  ot  aiiolhrf  -utc,  to  ctnulate 
tlic  bcaiilN'  and  (■()l()^^al  diniciihicn^  ot  thi.-  two  an'rad)  ad.()in!ii_:'  tlic 
ba[)t  i>tcr\  .  l'"roin  MIcIkicI  Ani:,c'lo  Cihil)ci'ti  rrcciw-tl  ;i  no!  iK-  ti-iiailc 
C)f  adniiratioii  wluai  thi-  ,urcat  artist  aN^crtrd  that  ''  t'h-  f\'i\:^aff>  lucre 
7,<(>rf/iv  <>f  J\n\iJisi'.''      ( ihiberti  dicfi  at   IdorcU' c  in   1.155. 

I)i)natcni,  born  in  Idorcncc  in  ijS^:;,  wa>  one  of"  tlie  !\>t(M\T<  of  tlie 
art  of  stailptnrc  in  Italw  llis  hr^t  i^iwit  W(.)rks  n  niarbl  ware  liie 
''Saint  Teler"  and  t!ie  ''Saint  Tanl"  in  th,e  (  hurc  h  of, si,  Mich.iel,  in 
Ins  native  (itw  Tiie  whole  tcaxlenex' of  his  L;enin->  wa->  lo\\\irdsa  rrpro- 
(hiction  of  tlie  antiijue  :  and  he  sonietinnes  reminds  one  of  ihe  L;hirions 
|)ro(hictions  of  ancient  (ireeee. 

Hubert  and  bin  \an  ll\-ek  were  Itorn,  between  136^)  ;iiid  1400.  at 
Maas-]*'.\'<k.  and  the\'  ehi(.-tl\-  re>ide(l  al  i*)ruL;e>  and  (Ihent,  and  ])e(  a.nie 
tlie  founders  K)i  the  Menn^ii  school  of  ])aMUin^u.  The  hondr  of  bi-iuLT 
the  inventors  of  oil -i>aintinL:  is  cdanncil  for  thtan,  thon.;h  Miflii  ii  nt 
ex'idenee  has  been  adduced  to  show  iliat  it  wa>  |iracticc-<l  p!-e\  io!i>l \-. 
Before  their  time,  tlie  (ai^toni  was  to  paint  wit  h  mini--  or  (»tlu  r  ^ui  i^tances 
of  an  adhesive  nature  dissol\'e(l  in  water;  and  if  n  t  inveiitois.  the\' 
were  at  lea>t  the  first  wdio  broiiL:ht  into  notice  and  pert\(  ted  tlu-  mode 
of  mixini;  colors  with  oil,  or  some  medium  of  \\h!(  h  od  \\a.>  tlie  <  Idef 
ii\L;redient  :  while  for  transparent  and  lM-dli:int  (olorin^L^  .i:i<!  minute 
finish  their  works  lia\e  ne\er  been  surpassed.  The  ma-te!['!e(  t.  ^  of 
these  brothers  are  f)r  the  most  i)art  in  the  (itie^  (>r  (Ihoni,  bni-es, 
Antwerp,  Berlin,  Munich,  and  Pari^.  Their  schol.trs.  wiio  tlouri->iied 
in  Frederic's  time,  were  lu>tus  of  (Ihcnt,  Ibii^o  \andrr  (ioo,  and 
Hans  HemliuL^  or  MemliuL;,  tlu'  best  ><  holar  ol"  the  Win   1\\(  k  school. 

Thomas  ;i  Kempis,  born  at  Kempis,  near  (^)lo^ne,  wrote,  among 
Other  works,  the  celebrated  "  Imitation  ot"("hii>r."      lie  dot«!  in   1471. 

Jeroma  Savonarola,  born  at  T'errara  in  1452.  wcuu  to  1  loiciK  e  in 
1489,  where  he  attacked  vice,  infidelit\-,  and  fal>e  leliuion,  ^-paiamj; 
neither  ])ope,  ])riests,  monks,  nor  prim  e-^,  and  throuL:h  hi--  (.■JoijueiK  e 
obtained  almost  l)oundle>s  intluence.  r)Ut  at  leni^th  he  was  >ri/ed, 
stranu:led,  and  burned,  in  149.S. 

A  satire,  called  iMilenspieL^a'l  (Owl's  ^^irrorl.  won  .i^rcat  fame  during 
these  times,  being  a  specimen  of  the  rotigh,  striking,  Xortli-Cierman 
peasant  wit. 

In  149S,  a  famous  satire,  in  the  eja'c  torm.  app-jarcd  at  bubrc,  in 
Low  German,  in  the  I'^usian  dialect,  under  tlie  title  ot'  A'r///'v  ,/'■  /by, — 
German,  Rriiiikc  luicJis,  —  Renard   the  l'\)\.      It  is  an  adnurable  ^atire 


COXTEMPORARIES. 


221 


on  tla,'  iiuriguc^  practi(ed  at  a  weak  court.  The  people',  wit  Nxuth 
^harp  <  hitches  toie  (.u  tlie  mantle>  which  concealed  the  vices  and  fol- 
lies of  king-^  and  princes.      'ITe  characters  are  animal.,  and  the  arch- 

ri )uue  !•-  liiC  t< /X. 

N. ailing  i>  kn.)u-n  with  certainty  respecting  the  author,  who^  calls 
liniiMdf  "  Ilenrv  von  Alkmaar,  schoolmaster  and  tutor  of  tlie  Duke  oi 
l^nrraine,"  and'  pretend,  to  have  translated  it  iVom  the  French.  Rol- 
p.nhauen  think,  that  Nnhola.  Ikmmann.  born  at  Fanden  m  1450.  ^^"^^^ 
liu'  .iutiior.  lie  wa.  m  variou.  public  employments,  and  a  (hector  ot^ 
law.  riie  wrongs  whn  h  he  .ulTered  at  the  court  of  the  Duke  ot 
lulicrs  are  .aid  to  have  imliK  ed  him  to  write  this  poem.  The  Fnglish 
pro.e  tran.lation  ought  not  to  be  taken  as  a  specimen  of  the  original, 
in  \\hi(  h  humor  and  wit  abound. 

Plubppe  de   Gomine.,   Sieur  d'Argenton,  a  French  state.man,  and 
tlie   author  of  .ome  verv  valuable  Mnnoirs,  was  born  at    the  castle  ot 
Gomme.,  not   far  trom   lalle,  m  1445-      After  receiving  a  careful  edu- 
cation, lie  pa.^ed  into  the  court  of  Ihirgundy,  about  1466,  ami  attached 
Pini.elf  parti,  ularlv  to  Gharles  the  Bold,  then  Gount  de  Gharolais.    In 
1172,  C^,)milK>,  who  wa.  anytliing  but  punctilious  in   his  notions  ot 
honor,  entere.l  the  service  of  Loui.  XI.,  the  rival  and  enemy  of  Gharles, 
who  unmediatelv  < overed   him  with  honors,  and   made  him  one  ot  his 
nio.t  (  onfidential  advisers.      He  proved  himself  a  very  suitable  agent 
lor  (  arrvmg  out  the  .le.igns  of  the  crat^ty  monarch  :  but  alter  the  death 
of  Foul's,  bv  his  adherence  to  the   party  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,   he 
in.  urred   the  di.plea.ure  of  the  g.)vernment  of  Anne  of  Feaujeu.  and 
wa.  seilten,  ed  to  a  iorfeiture  of  a  tourth  of  his  estates  and  to  ten  years' 
banishment.      Thi.  punishment,  however,  does  not  seem  to  have  been 
rarrie.l  out,  tor  after  a   tew  years  we  find  him   again   employed  in   im- 
portant affairs  of  diplomacy.    Though  engaged  in  the  service  of  Gharles 
VIIF  and   the   Duke  of  Orleans,  afterwards  Fouis  XIF,  he   failed   to 
win  the  c onhdenc  e  of  these  ma.ters.    He  died  at  his  castle  of  Argenton 

in  1509. 

Gommes's  J/c;;/<vV-y  are  admiral)ly  written,  and  afford  abundant  proof 
that  he  jx.s.e.sed  a  c dear,  a.  ute,  and  vigorous  mind.  He  seems  to  have 
looked  keenlv  into  the  heart  of  every  man  who  crossed  him  in  life,  and 
with  cool,  severe  anatomy  dissects  him  for  the  benefit  of  posterity. 

Christopher  Columbus  was  born  at  or  near  Genoa,  about  the  year 
ip,6.  Thoimh  virtuallv  the  greatest  man  of  his  era,  there  is  little 
definite  information  about  his  family  and  early  life.  Settling  in  Lisbon 
in  1470  he  there  married  the  daughter  of  an  Italian  named  Palestrello, 
who  had  di.tingui.hed  himself  as  a  navigator  in  the  Portuguese  service, 


222 


no  CS  J,    OF  AL'STRIA. 


and  with  lier  obtained  sonic  valiial)lc  (harts,  journals,  and  incniDranda. 
Lisbon  was  at  tliis  time  the  hcadipiarters  of  all  that  \\a>  spe^  nlatJ\e 
and  adventnrous  in  the  wa}-  ot'  <;e()iira})hi(-al  dis(()\-er\-  :  and  luie  C'o- 
hniibus  hrst  a{)])ears  to  have  coiu  cived  the  idea  <^{  land  to  the  westward. 
With  the  view  of  better  (lualiiying  himself  f)r  his  i^reat  enterprise,  Co- 
hnnbus  made  several  voN-ai^es  to  the  A/ores,  the  Canaries,  and  tlie  (  oast 
of  Guinea, — then  the  limit  of  han-opean  naxii^ation  on  the  Allamic. 
He  laid  his  scheme  l)efore  John  11.  of  Portu-al  about  i^^^z,  then  went 
to  (ienoa,  then  to  Spain,  but  it  was  not  untd  after  se\iai  1o]il:  wars, 
durini^r  whi(  h  ('olumbus  applied  to  other  (ourts,  that  (Jueen  l-;ii)ella 
])atronized  him,  and  he  .-^et  sail  from  I'alos,  Auua.^t,  i.}'j2.  a.nd  cu  the 
I2th  of  October  diseo\-ered  San  Salvador,  one  ^A  tin.'  I'.ahama  NhMwb. 
He  made  four  voN'a^es,  dis((*\  erinu  CuIm.   Ha\ti.    lauKiiea,  and  landed 


in  Soutli  America  :U  the  mouih  kA  the  (  )!  iuo(  o.       He  diei!  ni  W 


il  K M  1  o 


lid 


in  1506.  HioL;-raphv  hnaiiMie>  no  par-iliel  to  the  life  (U"  ( "•.  ilumJMN  ;  great 
men  there  haw;  becai  who  ha\e  met  wnii  d  i.^app"  »innnnits  and  injustice, 
but  there  is  perhaj)>  no  otiier  in^taiK  e  ot' j  ure.it  ni.iii  whom  (b'sappoint- 
ments  anal  inju-tice  did  not  di^heartiMi  a,nd  di^_mi-i  :  \\\\()  \\Aa  ins  great- 
ness recoi^ni/ed  in  \\\>.  lifetime,  and  \ei  \\a-  ro]i'>e'l  of  f1i(^  emoluments 
to  \\hi(  h  iu'  w  1^  entitled  ;  and  who,  after  deatli.  had  the  honor  he  had 
so  hardh  won  conferred  ui)on  anoiiu  r.  1  erdinand,  to  make  up  some- 
what !or  in-  inju-tue,  gave  Columbus  a  pompous  funeral,  and  erected 
a  magnificent  nionnmeiii  to  \\\>,  UKanory. 


.M.Wl.MILIAN  I.     A.D.   1493-15 19. 
"  Tene  mensuram  et  respice  finem."     (Keep  within  bounds,  and  think  of  the  end.) 

]\r\\iM!i!AX  T,  w;is  b(u-n  at  Neustadt,  about  fifty  miles  south  of 
A'ieiin a.  ill  1  p;.;.  it  was  also  the  birthplace  of  his  father,  Frederic  III  , 
who  built   there   ilie  du*  al   eastlc  of  the  Ikibenberg  family.      Over  the 

ciitraia  e  is  tiie  statue  of  Iredera  ,  u  liuse  favorite  and  bombastic  motto, 
A.  \\.  I.  ( ).  I'.,  i^  inscribed  011  different  j^arts  of  the  walls,  with  the 
date  1445.  The  IxilKail »ergers  were  origina.liv  from  Kastern  Franconia, 
and  divided  the  jiower  in  the  empire  watli  the  Corir.idians  at  W.arms, 
until  thev  l)roke  out  into  a  deadly  <b-]'Ute  and  fglit.  in  N\iia  h  the 
Babenbergers  were  eom])letei\-  defeated,  and  ('ount  ("oin.id  moanted 
the  throne,  in  911,  as  bhnperor  (^)nra(l  1.  Ifnnlua-g.  to  wliich  they 
gave  their  name,  was  originall\-  called  babenlurg.  In  tlie  time  of 
Frederic  Inarbarossa,  we  hnd  this  warlike  lamil\  detendmg  the  e. lutein 
frontiers  towards  Hungary,  as  archdukes  of  Au-tria. 


MA  XI  MI  LI  AX  /. 


223 


{ 


Maximilian  spent  his  youth  in  the  wars  of  his  father  with  Podiebrad  of 
Bohemia  and  Matthias  Corvinus  of  Hungary,  and  others,  and  became 
an  excellent  horseman,  tilter,  and  hunter,  gallant,  chivalrous,  and  ad- 
venturous. His  fme  and  stately  personal  appearance,  in  some  respects, 
reniinded  one  of  his  ances- 
tor, Rudolph  of  Hapsburg. 
He  was  enterprising,  pol- 
itic, la-ave.  learned,  and  of 
a  noble  and  generous  tern- 
])er;  wi  his  best  p)lans  often 
filled  through  excessive  ar- 
dor aaidi  want  ot  persever- 
ance. In  1403  he  defeated 
tlu-  d'urk-.  who  had  invaded 
the  emp'ire,  and  during  the 
remiiiKler  of  In^  life  he  was 
able  to  rei)el  tliem  from  Ids 
hereditary  territories;  but 
he  could  not  ])re\ent  the 
separation  of  >\vit/ca-kind 
from  the  GeruKin  lanpire, 
in  1498  and  1499. 

In  1494.  Maximilian  mar- 
ried, for  his  second  wife, 
Bianca  Sforza,  daughter  of 
the  murdered  Duke  of  Mi- 
lan, Galeazzo  Maria,  receiv- 
ing three  hundred  thousand 
ducats  from  her  uncle  and 
guardian,  the  bloody  Ludo- 
vico  Moro,  on  whom  he 
bestowed  Milan,  the  heri- 
tage  of  the  brother  of  \v.<  ' 

bride.  The  wife  of  tlie  I  iwful  heir,  a  Neapolitan  princess,  sought  for 
aid  from  her  native  country,  and  the  u>urper  Moro  thereupon  ])revailed 
upon  the  King  of  branee  to  renew  the  old  claims  of  the  House  of 
Anjou  to  Naples.  ■^vA  to  enter  on  an  Italian  (aimpaign.  Tliis  led  to 
those  long  Itatlian  war^.  in  whi(  li.  dtnang  Maximilian's  litetime,  Ch.arles 
Vm..  T.ouis  XII..  and  Francis  I.  of  France,  Ferdinand  the  Catholic 
of  S]'ain,  Topes  Alexander  VI.  and  Julius  II..  the  emjiire.  Switzer- 
land, tlie  repuldic  of  Venice,  and  Naples  were  principally  engaged. 


—   t 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


MAXIM  I  LI  A  \  I. 


-~2 


His  measures  in  tlie  domestic  affiiirs  of  the  ('.erman  Empire,  which 
foi  tiiice  hundred  years  had  been  tlie  theatre  of  barbarism  antl  anarchy, 
were  niuic  (  rccbtable.  What  liis  })redecessors  had  so  long  vainly 
attempted,  INTaximilian  successfully  accomplished.  In  1495  ^""^  ^'^^^ 
put  ill  end  to  inicrnal  troubles  and  violence  by  the  perpetual  i)eace  of 
the  empire,  decreed  by  the  tliet  of  Worms.  To  supply  the  defects  of 
ilu  (German  laws,  and  prevent  the  gross  abuses  of  justice,  he  adopted, 
at  !iie  same  diet,  tlie  Roman  and  canon  laws  as  subsidiary  authorities 
m  the  decisis)!!  wi  .liUcrences,  and  instituted  the  Imperial  Chamber  as 
tlie  süprenu'  tri])nn:il  nf  tlie  empire.  lie  put  a  stop  to  the  monstrous 
auiiM  -  o!  liu  lb  ii!-r  \\iime,  although  he  was  unable  entirely  to  abolish 
those  secret  nilnii  1!-.  Tlie  institution  of  the  German  Circles,  which 
were  lau  lakd  tn  m<  arc  inu-iiial  peace  and  safety,  originated  from  him, 
as  did  many  otlier  usefiil  iiisi nations  for  the  improvement  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  prouiuiion  of  science  and  art. 

Mjxiniilian  wa>  ^adh'  deficient  in  the  administration  of  his  finances, 
\vhich  «it;<  !!  dririxvu  hnn  of  the  fruits  of  his  most  fortunate  enterprises. 
On  one  occasion,  his  father  presented  him,  when  a  boy,  with  a  i)late 
of  fruit  and  a  purse  of  money.  He  kei)t  the  fruit,  and  gave  the  money 
aua\  to  his  servants.  ''  That  boy  will  become  a  spendthrift  '"  sighed 
his  flithcr.  Bnt  Maximilian  replied,  '■  I  do  not  wish  to  be  a  king  over 
money,  but  over  tiie  j^-oplc,  and  those  who  have  money."  In  this 
respect  he  stood  fL\r  behind  the  artful,  cold,  calculating  kings  of  France 
and  Spain. 

He  s])oke  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and  let't  behind  him 
sewial  woik.^  whu  h  lie  had  written  in  German.  He  was  also  a  poet, 
and  the  author  of  a  circumstantial  but  romantic  account  of  his  own 
life,  under  the  title  •  Drr  weiss  Kit  nig,''  by  Herr  Treitzsaurwein,  his 
private  secretar\ .  \       ;  uood-cuts  by  Hans  Burgkmair. 

Henry  Isaak,  who  opened  the  glorious  series  of  the  German  com- 
poser.-, uas  the  leader  of  his  musical  band.  He  patronized  the  painters 
of  Nuremberg, — Martin  Schön,  Michael  Wohlgemuth  and  his  pupil 
Albert  Dürer,  and  Luca^  Cranach  ;  the  sculptor  Adam  Krafft,  the  brass- 
fountler  Peter  Vischer  and  his  sons,  the  wood-carver  Veit  Stoss,  the 
glass-painter  1 1  rschvogel,  and  the  jioet  and  minstrel  Hans  Sachs. 
Maximilian  appointed  Albert  Dürer  his  court-painter,  with  an  annuity 
of  one  hundred  florins;  and  Charles  V.  confirmed  the  same  in  a  docu- 
ment still  to  be  seen  in  the  Nuremberg  archives.  Lucas  Cranach  visited 
I'alcNiia  with  the  Elector  Frederic  the  Wise  of  Saxony,  who  made  him 
\\\>  (oini  [iiüter  in  1504,  and  in  150S  the  elector  made  him  a  grant 
01  .uinorial  bearings,  having  for  a  crest  a  winged  serpent.     Cranach 


hr 


J 


was  closely  connected  witli  the  Reformers,  and   tlie  iiitimate  iriond  uf 
Luther,  whose  portrait  lie  |. aimed  sevcra.l  timc>. 

In  general,  Maximilian  greatly  contrilaitcil  to  shape  tiie  period  of 
transition  from  the  Middle  Ages  to  modern  times.  Main  foreign  his- 
torians have  often  undervalued  him  ;  but  lie  has  always  been  a  favorite 
with  the  Germans,  wlio  ^iiU  relate  witli  ])ride  hi-,  knightly  deeds  and 
his  bold  exploits  as  a  chamois-lmiucr.  'V\\c  Arc  li<luke  Sigismund  of 
Tyrol  died  in  1496,  and  Tyrol  came  iiiio  tlic  FmiH  r^a's  familv.  Soon 
after  a  war  broke  out  between  the  Wittelbachers,  aial  Maxim'lian 
obtained  a  large  tract  of  Bavaria. 

11;^  ^un,  i'hilip  the  Handsome,  was  brouiriU  up  bv  the  ])eo]i]e  of 
Ghent,  as  their  future  duke;  and  wlien  his  lather  demaivlcd  liim,  they 
refused  to  give  him  up.  At  the  battle  of  l»rnges,  in  1488,  he  conquered, 
and,  after  getting  possession  of  him.  married  !iim  to  Joanna,  lieiress  of 
Ferdinand  the  Catholic  of  Spain.  Philip  died  before  lii-  father.  :Maxi- 
milian,  leaving  two  sons,  Charles  and  Ferdinand,  and  four  daughters, — 
Mary,  who  married  Louis  \l.  u\  liungar)  ;  Eleonore,  who  married 
Emanuel  the  Great,  King  of  Portugal  ;  Catherine,  wlio  married  liis 
successor,  John  III.  of  Portugal;  and  Elizabeth,  or  Isabella,  wiio  mar- 
ried Christian  IL,  King  of  Denmark  and  Sweden. 

Maximilian's  daughter  Margaret  w\as  sent  to  France  to  be  educated 
as  a  wife  for  the  dauphin,  Charles  Ail  I.  f  I'Vance.  Charles,  how- 
ever, married  Anne  of  Bretagne,  and  sent  .Margaret  back  to  her  father. 
This  resulted  in  a  war,  and  nearlv  aill  the  dower  was  recovered. 

Maximilian  hoped  to  have  his  grandson  Clia.rics  au  knew! edged  as 
his  successor  before  he  died,  but  was  unable  to  effect  it.  Wherever  he 
traveled  during  the  last  year  of  his  life,  he  carried  his  coffin  along 
with  him.  He  died  in  the  old  castle  of  Prince  Auersperg,  at  Wels, 
not  far  from  Linz,  on  the  12th  of  January,  1519,  and  was  buried,  in 
accordance  with  his  wish,  at  Neustadt,  beneath  the  altar  of  the  church, 
by  the  side  of  his  beloved  mother,  Eleanor. 

His  first  wife  was  Mary  of  Burgundy,  ilic  mother  of  his  chüdren 
Philip  the  Handsome  and  Margaret,  who  married  Philibert  II..  Duke 
of  Savoy.     Hi.^  second  wife  was  Bianca  Sforza  o\   Milan. 

The  splendid  cenotaph  in  honor  of  Maximibaji,  in  the  Franciscan 
church  at  Innspruck,  was  erected  by  his  grand.^«  n,  the  Emperor  Ferdi- 
nand I.  Innspruck  was  a  favorite  residence  of  Maximilian,  and  in  his 
last  will  he  ordered  this  Franciscan  church  to  be  built  in  the  Renais- 
sance style. 

Maximilian  left  a  number  of  treatises  ow  military  science,  gardening, 

the  chase,  and  other  subjects. 

«5 


220 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA, 


CONTEMPORARIES    OF    MAXIMILIAN. 


ENGLAND. 

Henry  VIT.  came  to  the  throne  in  1485.  His  reign  was  beneficial 
to  his  country.  Being  conducted  on  pacific  princii)les,  it  gave  an 
opportunity  to  the  nation  to  flourish  by  its  internal  resources  and  com- 
rn-.  rre.  In  1497  and  1498,  John  Cabot  and  his  son  Sebastian  sailed 
under  a  commission  from  Henry  \'!I.,  and  upon  their  discoveries  and 
explorations  in  America  England  based  her  claims  to  all  the  region 
from  Labrador  to  Florida.  Henry  found  England  very  poor,  and  left 
iL  vcr)   m  li. 

Elizabetli  of  York,  suniamcHi  the  Good,  wife  of  Henry  VI i.,  was 
oni'  of  iIk'  most  learned  women  of  her  time.  They  were  married  in 
\Vest:!tiii>ter,  January,  i486.  It  is  said  that  the  anthem  of  "God 
save  the  KinL''"  uj-  written  for  the  occasion.  A  .  cry  tender  friend- 
bhip  existed  iu'twceii  tlic  ("oiintes^  M  irgaret,  tlK-  king's  learned  and 
aceonipli^lied    inoii.er.   ;ui<l    'ner  royal  daughlcr-in-law.      The  favorite 

•ih  w  i^,   ••  H';nil)le  and  revc^rent."      Her  active  benev- 


;/  i  i  >t 


motto  ot 

oleticc  and  ever^nhera.!  \va\v\  j-rol/al-h  tornied  a  counteracting  influ- 
enee  to  tlie  a\ari(  loiw  piopeiisities  o!  lier  lin^band.  Elizabeth  died 
on  the  (hi\-  on  whu  ii  she  ( ompiete«  1  hi  r  tliirty-seventli  year.  Henry 
survi\-ed  her  sevcai  xear^.  Tiiey  Nwae  both  lianed  iuhn^  magnificent 
cliapel  in  Westminster  Ah)l.ey.      T'neir  (  iiiliiren  were  Artliur,  who  died 


soon  at'ter  his   marr 


with,  Katiair 


me  «1 


Aragon,  daughter  of  Ferdi- 


nand and  Isabella  of  Sjiain  :  Mar^atet.  wiio  marned  jaie.e-  1\  .  ol  S(()t- 

land;   Hciirv,  Diikeol"   \'ork,  a.lU'rwards  Ikairv  \'ll!.:  awA  .\h;r\  .  who 

married  E(;ihs  XI  l.  ot'  i"ran(  e,  and  at'lerward.s  Charles  Ihaanlon,  Duke 

of  Snflolk. 

l-'i^  \N("i'.. 

Louis  Xfl.,  Duke  of  Orleans,  sncceeded  to  tiie  th.rone  in  i4<)8.  \o 
kiuLT  of  kram  e  was  ewr  more  soli«  itoir^  to  laomote  tiie  Iiai  ijane-^  ( a 
his  ])eoplc  ;  and  so  cnthusiastieall}-  was  he  belowtl  b\-  ttaan  in  i-eimai 
that  thev  uavc  him  the  surname  of  the  "  bather  of  lii^  People. "  It 
would  have  been  well  for  him  if  he  had  not  attempted  to  \\:\\\\'  some 
claims  upon  Milan  which  he  derived  t>om  his  grandmother.  In  \  .\()() 
he  sent  an  armv  into  Italy,  which  in  twent}-  davs  made  him  nuistcr  of 
the  duchy  of  Milan  and  the  re})ul)lic  of  (]enoa.  lie  next  turned  liis 
arms  against  Naples,  but,  foreseeing  opposition  Irom  Feidmand  tluj 
Catholic-  of  Sj)ain,  propose<l  to  that  monar«  li  to  caiga-e  with  him  m 
this  enterj)rise.  I'rederic  of  Naples,  being  in  no  condition  to  defend 
himself,  abandoned    his   territories,   and,   leaving    his   (  luldren    to    the 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


227 


Tl 


mercy  of  Ferdinand,  trusted  himself  to  the  generosity  of  I^ou.s   who 
"ave  him  a  pension  and  made  him  Duke  of  Anjou.   .  N^P'«  be.ng 
secured,  Louis  and  Ferdinand  from  allies  became  enemies  ;  and  Gon- 
a  vo  de  Cordova,   partly  by  the   exercise  of  those   military   talents 
wtch  won  for  him  the  name  of  the  "  Great  Caftau,-  and  partly  by 
shameful  violations  of  the  most  solemn  engagements,  secured  the  en  ire 
possession  of  the  disputed  kingdom  to  his  equally  perfubous  master 
n   X504,  Lonis  resigned   all  his  right   and  title  to  the  kingdom  of 
Naples,  Ls  a  part  of  the  dower  of  his  niece,  Germaine  de  I-o,x,  whom 
Ferdinand  married  after  the  death  of  Isabella  of  Castile 

The  first  wife  of  Louis  XII.  .as  Jane  of  France,  while  he  was  st  11 
Duke  of  Orleans.     This  marriage  was  forced  upon  them  by  Louis  XL, 
her  father,  whose  orders  none  dared  to  disobey.     Jane  was  amiable, 
but  exceedingly  sensitive,  and,  being  <lcfornied,  she  ^--'0  inspire 
the  young  prince  with  disgust.     She  was  wov.lu  of  a  better  fa  e,  and 
;  sincerely  attached  to   Ik,-  husband,  who,  out  of  respect  for  hc^^- 
brother.   King  Charles,  lived   with  her.     Jane  had  no  children,and 
after  the  death  of  Charles.  Louis  applied  lo  I'ope  .\lexander  VI..  .^,. 
granted  him  a  divorce,  and  he  married  for  his  secona   uuc  Anne  ot 
Bretagne.     The  marriage  took  place  ,n  ,409.  and,  the  be.auutul  widow 
then  twentv-four  years  of  age,  reascen.icd  the  tb.ronc  of  Fnnrc  :tmul. 
the  a-rlamations  uf  the  people.     The  co;>vt  .i  Arnx-  w.h  more  bt-lnant 
than  ,i,c  court  of  France  had   !iul,cno   been,  a,.!   lVo,n  ,n,s  epo,  ,1  a 
remarkable  revolution  took  place  in  the  uener,,l  m.utners.     She  se,  ,n.i 
example  of  i^.lu.t^^■  .0  the  iadies  v.l,o  ..nroun.le.l  l,et._aiway>  oceni,v- 
„b  .on.e   ,.art  of  the  d.u-  ,n  en,broidevy  and   elega.u   taney.work.  and 
sh°e  vieilanih   observe.!  th.e  eon.lu,,  of  th,e  princesses,  so  ,ha,  pro,,r,etv 
and  ,Ucor,nn  wete  never  more  respected    tlian  dr.rm.^   lier   r.ne._     Her 
most  serie.n.  fnih.  in  regard  to   the   interests  of  Ih-anoe.  wa.  alter  tlie 
battle  of   Ravenna.  wiK-n  the  ambitions  Pope  Jnlins  11.  wa.  tedneed    o 
cxM-enntie..      Loni^  Xll.  <<n,!d   have  -li.tate.l   the  mo^t  aor.on.,  cono.- 
,i.,'n,   for    Fran.e   at    the   gates   of    Rome,   bn.t   the    .jueen   MUlercd   lier 
.u.'er.taious  .eruples   to   be   taken   advantage  of  by  the  artm,   pont,.,, 
and   a  most   <li,advantageous  treatv  was  conchuled.  in   151,,.  vnh    tne 
Po,.e.    Anne  <lied  in  is>.b  at  lUois,  at  the  age  of  th,ny-e,ght.      1  lie  kn,g 
an,l  the  lireton,  deeph' regretted  her.  an.l  bestowed  a  magniheent  hmera! 
„„  her  remain..      She  was  buried   in    St.  Denis,  by  the  Mde  ot   her  fn.. 
hn.band.  Cniarles  VIII,      By  her  will  her  heart  was  sent  to  the  C  arthu- 
.i.m   mona>.erv  at  Nantes,  where  it  was  received  m  a  go  den  urn    and 
Hare.l   ni   the' rhapd  that  was  dedicated  to  the  ashes  of  the  dukes  o, 
Bretagne       She  li.id  four  children  by  Louis,  but  only  two  survived  her  ; 


22S 


HOUSE  Ol- 


STRIA. 


COXTEMPORARIES. 


22() 


tlu')-   were   ("lainle,  wife   of  Immh.  i\   1.,    Kin-   of  j'iaiice ;  aiui   Rente, 
wlu)  married   Heiiule^  II.  (ri'.>te,   Dukeol'   T'enara. 

It  was  in  th;>\far  tiuU  Lonis  tnund  a  new  eiienn-  in  Ileiire  \  1 ,  I. 
Ol  l'aii^land,  ulio.  luuin-  no  i^cod  <  au-e  of  hi-  (.\\n.  a->uinr(i  tl,r  .{ik  r- 
rel  o\  the  l'hiiperur  Maximilian,  wa'ih  uiiom  lie  mnicd  In-  \\)V,v:^  ncir 
(in:nr_:ale,  arid  the  content  which  en-iieil,  hem-  on  the  jMit  of  ine 
J'"ren(  ii  more  a  tliL^ht  than  a  battle.  ha:>  hern  called  '•///(•  !\j'Ri-  iy  ti'C 
s_^!i>\sy  In  the  (om^eot  a  lew  month-,  liowcwr.  to  ccmcnl  a  pea^x.^ 
with  J-ai-Iand,  Lonis  niartaed  Marv.  the  \oun-and  heantii'al  -i^iciof 
Henrw  The  km--,  thonLili  \\-cak  and  declMMnL(,  gaw-  man\  -phaidid  t'ete.s 
lor  the  entertainment  ot"  his  N'onn-'  wil'e,  and,  to  i^ratitX  hci".  <  iiani^^ed 
his  maimer  ot'  livinLr.  A  ( ontempor.irv  aatlior  ^a\s,  '•  lie  wa^^  al\\a\;, 
a(aii>tomed  to  dine  at  eii^lu  o'clock,  wherea>  now  he  dmcN  at  twelve  : 
and  instead  of  retirini;-  to  re^t  at  six  o'(  Kk  k  in  tlie  evenine,  he  tVe- 
qnently  remains  np  until  midni-ht."  Loms  died  two  montli-  alter  his 
marriage,  and  Mar\-,  in  1515,  was  obliged  to  (■k:kV  the  throne  to  her 
hiisbaml's  cou^in,  Franc  is,  C'onnt  ^A  An-oiilC'ine.  'i'hree  months  atu  r, 
Francis  I.  consented  to  tlie  marriaL,^e  between  Mar\-  and  tlie  1  )nke  cjf 
Sultolk,  which  her  brother,  Henrv  \TII.,  approved,  notw  ith-taiab'n"- 
she  liad  been  a  widow  so  short  a  time;  and,  not  long  after,  the  nnion 
was  again  solemnized  in  I'mgland.  The  cluchess  died  at  the  age  of 
thirty-seven,  in  the  year  1534,  ha\ing  let't  one  daughter,  who  was 
mother  of  the  unfürtunate  Ladv  lane  Cire\ . 

POI<Tt(,.\I.. 

Emaiuti'I  I.,  King  of  Portugal,  stvled  //w  Great,  and  sometimes, 
likewise,  fJic  FortiDiatr,  succeeded  his  tatlier  in  1405.  ( )n  his  acces- 
sion he  ])repared  the  code  of  laws  which  bears  his  name,  and  rendered 
himself  remarkable  by  his  zeal  and  exertions  in  the  cause  of  educaition, 
by  his  active  piety,  and  1)\-  his  predilection  for  the  societv  of  artists 
and  scholars.  Through  his  exertions  Portugal  became  the  fir-t  naval 
power  in  Euro|)e,  and  the  centre  of  the  commerce  of  the  world.  He 
despatched  Vasco  da  Ciama  to  sail  roimd  the  Cape  of  (iood  Mope  and 
discover  the  passage  to  India.  He  commissioned  Cabral  to  i)rosec me 
the  discoveries  of  Vasco  da  Gama  still  hirther.  and  Corte  Real  to  sail 
along  the  coasts  of  Xorth  America.  The  expeditions  under  Albu- 
quercpie  put  Emanuel  in  possession  of  the  south  coast  of  Africa  and 
of  the  Indian  Archi[)elago.  Xot  sati-fied  with  thi.-.  he  opened  a  com- 
mimication  with  Persia,  Ethiopia,  and,  in  15 17,  with  China.  His 
reign  has  been  termed  the  golden  age  of  Portugal.  At  his  deatli,  in 
1521,  Portugal  was  in  possession  of  a  lar^e  fleet,  strong  fortres-es,  well- 


fn-n'-hed   ar^^cnals.  a  warlike  army,  a  flourislung  trade  and  commerce, 
,.d  extc-n-ive  ca.lonies.      Emanuel   married  hrst  Isabella,  the  daugnter 
,,;   F,rdinand,  and   afterwards   Mary  of   Castile,  her  -ster,  by  wno:n 
he  had   two  children  -John,  who  succeeded  him,  and    Isabella,  wno 
vnarried   tlie  l-:mperor  (diaries  V.  of  (iermanv.      Emanuel's  third  w,:e 
w  ,-  l-dc.onore.  si-ter  of  the  Emj-eror  Charles  V.      Emanuel's  father,  the 
vi^.  |ohi>  II  .  had  received  into  his  kingdom  a  great  numl)er  ot   Jew-. 
,,!,,,  tlu-  intolerant  reign  of  Ferdinand  and   Isabella  had  driven  irom 
Spain  •    but  thev  were  still   treated  with  severity,  notwithsianoing  tnat 
Fmannel  had  intended  to  extend  to  them  greater  indulgence.      But  m 
the  hrst  intoxication  of  his  passion  for  Ins  wifo,  the  beautiful  Eleonore, 
the  old  kin^  was  persuaded  to  proceed  with  such  rigor  agam-t  the  Jews 
,s  to  re<inire  them  to  embrace  Christianity,  under  the  penalty  oi  hemg 
deprived  of  their  children  and  made  slaves.     Whether  thev  bnmd  means 
to  |a-event  the  execution  of  this  cruel  order,  or  whether  Emanuel  leareo 
the  effects  of  their   despair,   it  is  certain  that  he  allowed  them   twenty 
years  tor  their  conversion. 

POl'E   JULIUS    II. 
Giuliano  della  Rovere,  a  native  of  Albizola,  originally  a  h-herman, 
wa.  elevated  bv  his  uncle,  Sixtus  IV.,  to  the  rank  of  a  bishop  and  car- 
dinal, was  appointed  papal  legate  to  France,  and,  in  1503.  w^s  elected 
Pope;    and   although   while   cardinal  he   had   been   the   tnend    ot    tne 
Frencdi,  he  now  l)ecame  their  enemy.    Julius  was  one  of  tne  mo-t  boid 
and  a-piring  pontitTs  that  ever  sat  upon  the  papal  throne,     d  he  great 
object  of  his  ambition  was  to  drive  all  the  -  barbarian^."  as  the  Romans 
considered   f;)rei£:ners,  out  of  Italy,  and  then  to  form  a  powertul  Mate, 
of  which  the  Pope  was  to  be  the  head.      But  before  driving  tiiem  out, 
he  wished  to  use  their  services  to  himible  the  proud  and  commercial  re- 
imblic  of  Venice,  which,  if  suffered  to  retain  its  power,  might  mterlere 
with  his  ambition,  plans.      Louis  XIL,  the  Emperor  Maximil.an.  ancl 
Ferdinand    of   Spain  had   each   some  claim   upon  that    republic,   and 
Julius  had  -kill  enough  to  induce  them  to  stispend   their  wars  with  one 
ancnher  and  to  combine  their  power  against  the  Venetians.      I  ins  coin- 
bination  was  the   fhmous  Eeague  of  Cambrav,  formed   in    i;oS.  wniea 
was  succes-ful  in  its  objecd,  and  stripi-ed  Venice  of  a  con-iderable  i-or- 
tion  of  its  territorv.      He  exc-ommunicated   the  Duke  of  lerrara.  con- 
quered  the   citv  o{  Bologna,  gave  Xavarre  to  Spain,  commanded   his 
armv  in   person,  and  was  altogether  warlike  in  his  measure^.      F)  pro- 
(uire  means  for  building  St.  Peter's,  he  ordered  the  ^ale  o\  indulgences, 
which  was  one  of  the  immediate  causes  of  the  Reformation,  so  tnat  tne 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


231 


230 


HOUSE    c/    Ai'STKIA. 


Pj-üti'>Liiit,>  liLU  h.!)',  witlu)ui  p.ir.iilox,  t'ü.it  St.  rclcr'.^  i>  tlu-  urr.it 
nionuiiK'iU  of  Troti-'^tant  i^iii.  ( \-n!U'(  hti  wiiii  the  ])lnii  (~)f  n-buiMiiiu, 
St.  l*cU;r\  n  vi>  liuil  o\  mil  K'llI^Uln^  llu;  X.itKMn  :  .iixl,  un  1  It  .inKri;ir"s 
re(-oiiiiiu-ii(ljt iDii.  luliii-.  II.  in\  iK'd  R.ipiiacl  l<>  Roinr,  ;ii  1508,  win  re 
he  ]MiiiUi!  a  ^iipcrlj  r^iiilc  t)t  ajKirliiicnl^  i-.illed  /,<.,'  Se^ucUi/rd .  Julius 
died  m   151  _:;. 

I<rdii!d;!l,\  ])i>rii  ill  tiic  (hi(h\-  k^\  rrhiiio  in  1444.  wa-.  uoied  a.-,  one 
of  du'  hot  jiaiiiler^  in  l.oinhardx,  hut  \va^  >tiii  niure  iiuted  a-^  an  areli- 
itect.  lie  biidt  the  (  hiir(  he>  ol'  Sanui  Maria  (Kile  (ira/ieajid  S.inta 
Maria  ;'re:-^()  San  Satiro,  in  Mihm.  Aller  th,e  tad  et  laidoNace  Mmv.a, 
he  wen!  to  Rome,  where  he  \\a^  tir^t  eni|)h)\a'd,  1  »\  Rope  Alexamha-  \  R, 
and  arterward>  h\-  liilniN  IR  1  R^  lir>t  i;rral  work  there  \\a^  lu  eunneeL 
the  \  atican  Rahn  e  witli  the  two  pavidori^  ot'  the  ReU-ethaa-  1)\-  a  series  of 
iminen^e  ^aderies  ;  the  >eeond  wa->  tlie  redudidiiL;  ol  Si.  ReierV-  Rlmreh, 
ot"  whuh  he  hiid  thie  toiiiKhition  in  1500.  \\\\k-\\  oidv  a  ^ina,d  puiaion 
ol' Ins  j/ians  had  been  read/ed,  he  (ded  at  Iconic  in  1514.  arul  :>iie(a;e(R 
iiiLf  a>rch!tc'(  ts  (R4)arted  \\idel\-  na)in  tlie  erminal  (le~^!-M  ot  a  urand 
eiij>e)hi  o\er  a  (ireek  ero^s.  He  aRo  buiU,  two  j.ahue>,  the  ( "aia  ellaria, 
and  the  (RraiuR  now  Toiloniai. 

TUF    MF.DTCT. 

If  a  tainilx'  from  the  cki-s  of  eommonei-^  tluuri^lie-  lur  <  rntuiaes 
amid.Nt  the  (ontiniial  \i(  i^-itn<K's  i)f  eonlRc  tin^i;  ]^ll■Iie,•^,  il  its  intlueiK  e 
(Ririni;-  this  time  LUMihi.dl  \-  beeonus  :^iipreme,  vind  it  iiKiintains  ilijs 
])ower  for  (\aiturie>,  we  can  eonhiR'ntl\'  (  oiudude  t'lii  tin'  liea(R  (4  thi' 
farnile  inu>t  \\aw  been  (R^t  in_::ui>hed  lor  wi-^ihini  .hm!  -o'^l  iMitunc. 
Sneli   i^   tile  <a->e  with  tlie   faniiR  o!    ilu-   ARahei.      d  .u-    Mfda  1.  wiieii 


the\'  tirst  apjK'ared   111   1'  loixail  me 


i  >  I  o 


r\  ,   in  tile  Ije^inniiiL;  ol  tue  W)\\x- 


teenth  (^mturw  were  alreaiR  rich  and  imi)ortant.  1ia\'ini:  reeenii\- 
acquired  altRaeiu  e  b\-  (  omnierc  e  ;  a.nd  lhe\  (  ondin  trd  !heniselve>  \\ilri 
NO  mra  h  sair:ic~itN  tliat  the\  soon  became  one  oi  iImj-c  laniiHes  of  wiii-  li 
tl,e  popnia.r  oimarRinot"  lion  m  r  was  composed.  i'hey  principally 
contrd)uled  to  tiie  elevation  cjf  Waiter  de  Rneiine,  Duke  of  Athens,  to 
tlie  liead  of  tln^  state,  w1to.  however,  made  use  of  his  i)0\ver  to  hunible 
the  rnlin-  fmiide-^,  and  <  aused  Ciiovanni  ^\v  Medi(d,  who  had  not  de- 
tendeil  1  au ca  aiiain-t  tiie  b;-an>  wiih  -a!li>  lent  firmness,  to  be  beheaded. 
The  M:'di<  \  i  on-pired  a-ain-i  the  duion  and  he  was  ruined.  Thence- 
torth  we  find  tiieni  alwav-  in  pnbbe  alVa.irs.  Silvestro  de  Medici  was 
lionfiioiiar  n\  ia-i;.  e  in  i,:;7:s,  and  attained  the  great  distinction  which 
laid  tiu'  famdation  oi  the  future  influence  of  his  house.  Giovanni 
became  gonfalonier  of  justice  in    i  1  .m  ,  and  by  his  liberality  won  the 


i 


^    ^         f  //,  .   A;;r       WiRn   his  son   Cosmo  begins  the 

^"^"■^r,  "'  '""^;  ';;;!     n'      •  ^^^-^   --l  l.i,  brother   Lorenzo 
splendKl  ser.es  oi        e     e  ^,- ,,,^,.,„,,     Comuo  laid  it  down 

.as  the  -^<-;-;  ,;;!:' eU-  ,u  h.  .ode  of  livn,,  by  expense 
=^-^  ■'  '''■'•"  '""'''  '"  ^  '^"n,u,  .„i-enluous  wealth  he 

-•^>-'  ^'■'■^"''■"■-  't^^r  Mi-  v.t  which  he  'domed  Florence, 
-''^■'^''^■'''  -.->.•';''''"  '  •  J-  ;,t  onlv  towards  his  a.lherent.  hat 
-'"'   '"    ■'  t  '""        1:    nc'd       e.       'it  woul.l   have   been  easy  for 

f'°  Tt  ;•  :;:;:e  'L  :::ii:^a  ;he  p^tceof  ncence,  to  any 

'^""'  "  R„   he  inarrie.1  his  sons  and  .laughters  to  tne 

':""-'"  ""'"  /"T;:;-         .       n     ;  Lns.    m  late.  years  the  i.per.ot. 
f  "^'"pR":  ;:  el,  trot>ble.     With  w.sdotn  he  t.anaged  the 

'■'"■'  ^"        -  ..„„Ulu-    in  its  dit+lcult  relations  with  Naples, 

'-'"  •"'■';;•::,  e^:w     eh  üs  contntereial   connections  with  all 

Milan,    and    Xenue,    m    ^^'^^  Cosmo  won  the 

conntr..  and   h,s  vast  --' '-''-'>' -j-J^j'^^^nonGo^^  died 

'— "'   -■^'-  '"■  ''^^•■^'""■'-  '-(/'";  T     coun      f    11   health,  seeme.1 
before  bin,  ;  hi,  other  son,  P.ero,  «'      -°  '  ^^  "  ^^,^  i^,,,,,o, 

'-'^'  -"^'''■''^'  "'■  "^■':Rrt,  :,.;:..:  i        ^erUnhy  of  his  grand- 
,,,,,n  he  ,.-ew  up,  ndcd  '^^^  ^^^'^  ^^„j  moderation,  .«agnan- 

f.uhcr.  wlunn  he  even  surpassed  m  w.sdom  ^^_^^ 

n;:re:::-:;^n.-:;:a.inat.onsofthePopea,.t.K.g^ 

P,,  i,i,  b.novahle  and  w.se  l.ohcy  l,e  placed  ^  .  /     '^;  ;%^,„K,.,„,,, 
J,;,,  „„  ,  ,,„,un,  which,  until  h.s  death,  minted  to  he,  t    1       - 

,.  1  .  scooc-  to  extend  and  confirm  her  prosperity.     In  the  Ion, 
and  ample  scope  to  cxienu  „nidilic  he  entertained  ilie 


(em  e     reXNairoet 


1. 


lao   aeoa^i^vi  V.V. .  ,  . 

^,„,.„,.      „.    increa^ed    the    Medicean    hbrary.    sO    nc,.    m 

manu.  ,-,.-,  lounded  by  hi.  grandütther  ^--X^     d  wita    m  "ent 
opened  .1  -hool  of  .he  arts  of  design,  m  a  pala,  e  ado.noO 

'  .  .,1  .„I    ,,nmin"s      All  who  m  this  a-e  had   Lai..c  .  a 

statues  and   cxcaient  i>aintm„r,.     -  ,  ,,,;    ,,,trona"e      Lorenzo 

,-,,„ation  in  .-.  .ence  for  great  talents  shared     •••;-;• 
.4  therefore  surnamed  the  Magnmcent.         o, -    1     >  -    ^^  ^^..^,^ 

of  Europe,  beloved  by  lii^  fellow-cti.ens.  he  >  '  '  ^^^  ^^^^  __,,^.,.^^ 
bi-liedthegioryofhisconn,rv.  '-'™  ^  X,^,,,  „,,p,a,, 
„wrned  to  Alfon-ma  <  n-.m.  :   Ciov.inn     at  ^'-''-^^^  /  .^     p,^,,,, 

and  afterwards  I'ope  Leo  X.  .  and  Cmlumo,  1  .e  ';;  ^  ,^°R^^^  ^'^ 
the  new  head  of  the  state,  was  wlioUy  unapuuined  .or  tne  place. 


\ 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA, 


lost  bis  life  in   tlu    battle  of  the  Garigliano,  where  he  was  with   the 

licnh  jnn\   ill   i;o4.      In   1 5  i  ^^  \\\^  brother,  the   Cardinal  Giovanni, 
bv  nn  Hi  Si  in  .  lioii  raised  b)  liic  popular  preacher  Jerome  Savonarola, 

obtanud  a   re  c^:  ii'bshüieiU    in   his   r>ritive  city,  and  when  he  became 
PojH  .  Ill  1  ;i  |,  lie  elevated  his  family  again  to  its  pristine  splendor. 

Cdrdnhii   Xnncncs.     Francisco    Ximenes,   Cardinal,  Archbishop  of 
Toledo,   iml    brnm    ^bIli^A^   of   Spain,  a  great  statesman,  to  whom 

bpcun   1.-.   vvi\   miK  li    nidcI'Uti,  was  born   in    143;,  1;^   ai  \  illage  of  Old 
Castile.      lie  was  iither  confessor  ui   (J  iccn  Isabella  of  Castile,  ami  m 

i4(;^  be(  aiiu;  A  t  (  hbi-'a  >]  m  »f  Tr-lcdo.  lie  founded  in  1499  a  university 
ai  Ah.tla  dc  llenaies,  iml  undert<M)k  r.ome  years  after  an  edition  of 
iTiC  OM  1\siamenl.  In  1511  In  [aiblishcd  an  edition  of  the  New 
're>ianuiu  in  ilie  MiiLrinal  tongue.  He  '^'^i^^  excellent  rules  for  his 
cleri;'v,  anal  reformed  tnr  im  ndieariL  urvler^  iii  Spain,  .\ller  the  death 
of  Isabella,  Piiibp  tlie  llapnlsornc,  son  of  live  lanperor  Maximilian, 
recei\-e(l  llu'  kinL^doin  ot'  Castile  111  ri^e'a'-  of  \\\>  wiie,  Joanna,  tiie  sole 
heiress  of  lier  niothtMe  This  l;  ive  rise  to  (li>[)ates  between  liim  .\\\A  lii^ 
lather-in-law  Ferdinand,  wii;.  li  were  -eiik-d  by  Ximenes.  In  i;c(n 
Philip  died,  and  Ferdinand  became  regent  of  Castile  i^r  hi.s  -rarai^on 
Charles  V.,  who  wa.^  a  minor.  Ximenes  now  reieised  iioui  tee  I'l'pe 
a  cardinal's  hat,  wa^  apjioinled  i^rand  mquisitor  of  Spain,  an(i  ii.ul  a 
great  share  in  the  affairs  of  ^lato.  but.  kiMwim,  l-\rdiiainvr>  jealous 
dis[)Osition,  he  withdrew  bom  (ourt,  and  lormrue  bne  projeet  ol  (  (M1- 
verting  tlie  Mo(,)r>,  in  1509,  crossed  o\er  to  Anna.  lb-  exoeiabMl  tiie 
inca)nie  of  Ins  ;ir(  libi.^hoijrie  ^tliree  Irandied  thou>aiul  diu  it-',  tlie  ri<  li- 
est in  bairope,  in  this  expedition.  In  tiie  (b-i->  of  an  ar(  id)!<]iop,  over 
which  he  wore  a  suit  of  armor,  ;nid  surrounded,  b)  piie^ts  anal  m^'id^-. 
as  if  in  a  relii;iou>  pi-ixa-^^ion,  he  led.  tiie  land  lore  r--.  .\  Unbie  taisued, 
Oran  was  caj)tured  and  fortified  aaiew,  the  ino^jues  w  <  re  i  hanged  into 
thurtduis,  and  tlien  lie  rt'lunied  a..^  a  conqueror  to  Spain,  where  Ferdi- 
nand receivetl  liim  with  ima  h  pomp.  A\dien  liie  latter  (liedi,  m  1516, 
his  grandson  ( diarii'-  beim:  -sdl  a  minoia  Ximenes  be(  ame  Regent 
of  Spain.  He  brought  t!ie  fimiiK  es  into  order,  j'.bd  the  crown  debts., 
and  restored  the  ro\adi  diOiiutins  wira  li  laid  been  alienated.  He  hum- 
bled the  .sp:inlsh  nobilii)-,  caused  the  he^v^-  i-)  be  ob.served,  and  placed 
tlie  mill!  ny  f  >r<  e  u|  on  a  respectable  footing.  All  his  plans  and  con- 
(x-ptious  were  great,  lb'  j-ossesscd.  great  sagacity  and  firmness,  was 
slow  111  de(  ision.  but  quak  in  execution.  The  Spanish  cabinet  was 
nnuii  indebted^  to  heim  for  the  consideration  in  which  it  was  held  in 
Furo[>e  fur  a  lung  lime  aller  his  death,  which  took  place  in  15 17. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


ARTISTS. 

Giovanni  ncllini  belonged  to  a  Venetian  family  which  produced 
several  remarkable  painters.  He  was  born  in  ,  ,.  ..  du.!  ,n  ,  5  .  ^,  ana 
was  the  founder  of  the  older  Venetian  M-hool  of  pa.nt.ng.  1  Ik-  most 
distingmshed  among  h„  nu.nerous  pupils  were  Giorg.one  and  lur.r.. 

Ctorsionc  was  one  of  the  m-.t  poetical  and  fascnat.ng  of  Itahan 
painterl  and  quickly  surpassed  his  master.  Unfortunately  for  art,  he 
died  in  1511,  at  the  early  age  ot   tlr.ny-tn.rce.  r,-,:.„:„n- 

LeonarJoda  Vinci,  the  head   of  iIk-  Viorentme  school   of  ,..,.     g, 
was  born   in   the  village  of  Vinci,  near  Florence,  between    m44  -»"d 
;   b       Tn    M82   i.uaov,eo   bu.r.a.  l..,i<e   of  MUan..   ,00k   hnn   uno   h,s 
service.      Au,ong  the  paintings  whiel,    be  exectUed  bv  c.v.er  .i    l^.e 
duke,  was  the  head  of  .Medu-a  .   and   the  mo.t  .amou^  wa.     ne  Lord  s 
Supper,    in   the    refectory   of    the   Domini.-ans  ...    Santa    Mana   ue.  e 
Grazie      In  ,.4,9  he  returne.l  to  Florence,  where  he  was  emp^oved   .0 
^r?,ne  of  .i/e'w.dU  of  the  great   .ann.il-room       On   th.   occasion 
;.„:„,,  Mi,  h,,el  Angel.)  for  a  .-ompetit.-r.  he  ma.ic  a  ,  artoon.  win,      >s 
one  o,   hi.   nK.t   .-elebratcd  w.,rks,   comme,noratn,g  a  v.  tory  o,  the 
Florentine-,    under     their    .hicf,     Nicolo    Piccin.o.      "^^'^J^'J^- 
a..cend.a   ee   pa,,:d   throne,    l.eonar.lo  went     ,n   the  ™'-  ;'    ^     ^  ; 
Duke  of  Me.li.-;.  .0   Route,  hut   left  that  cty  ,n   '.e-  -      ' 

].-r,n.-e    at  tf.e  invitation  of  Francis  L      H,s  reason  lor  le.u.ng  Komc 
.  li^iv  wa-   that   the   rivalrv  of  Mi.hael  Angelo  followe.i   h„n   even 
l,,,e,  or  that  K..,,h,=el  was  already  tntrt.ste.l  with  the  exe.a.t.on  ol   the 
great  w.,rk.  in  the  V.ui.an.      On  account  of  his  a.lvan.-e-l  age,  he  .1  . 
f.ule  or  nothn>.   in   France,  ami   in   ,5-9  1-''-'   >"  -he  ar,n.  of  .1 
king,  whett  attetn,,tn,g  to  rt.e  from  hts  bed  on  the  occasion  .,1  a  ^ ,.,, 

^'""'IraBarfolommcoMSan  ^rco.  one  of  the  most  .listinguished  masters 
of  the  Florentine  school  <,f  paintit>g,  was  born  a.  Sav.gnano  tn  O.- 
cany  i.t  i  4<...  He  owed  his  higher  cultivation  to  the  s.u,  y  o,  t  e 
:  rks  of  Leonar.K.  -l.t  Vinci.  He  was  a  wartn  adherent  ,,.  tna,  l.,a 
reformer  of  -  latr,  h  atul  state,  Savonarola,  aiter  whose  trag.cal  e,,-. 
,  e  took  the  hab.t  ..f  the  cloister,  and  f..r  a  co,t,i.lera,!e  tntu  rettounced 


S  '^  H- 


,rt      The  visit  of  the  yotmg  Raphael  to  Florettce  m  .  ^ 

have  been  instrumental   in  s.inntltting  him  to  return  to  -      He  ,,   - 
parted  to  Raphael   In,  knowle.lge  of  .  olortng.  att.l  ae.iuneo   „o.n     , 

more  perfect  knowledge  of  perspective.  The  »-.-«-d  c  t  - 
friends  Bartoh.mmeu  on  one  occasion  l.n.^tnng  certant  of  Raphael  s  un. 
firi  works,  and  Raphael  periorming  a  like  kindness  tor  htm  another 


I 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 

time.-  Bartolommeo  died  at  Florence  in  1517.  The  .reater  number  of 
his  works  are  to  be  seen  at  Florence,  in  the  gallery  .  f  the  Pitt.  Palace. 
Andrea  Mantcgna,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  the  early  painters, 
was  born  in  Padua,  in  1431-  Mantegna  entered  the  service  of  Ludov.co 
Gonza-a,  at  Mantua,  and  painted  his  great  picture,  the  Triumph  of 
Julius  Cxsar,  consisting  of  several  pictures,  which  have  been  since 
transferred  to  Hampton  Court.  His  Madonna  della  V.ttoria,  one  of 
his  best  w<,rks,  is  now  in  the  Louvre  at  Paris.  Gonzaga  conferred  on 
him  the  order  of  knighthood  in  reward  for  his  merit.  Pope  Innocent 
Mil.  niviiol  him  t-.  Rome  to  paint  in  the  Belvedere.  Mantegna  _ 
excelled   in   perspective,  which  was  then  a  rare   merit.     He  died  at 

Mantua  in  1506.  . 

Kaj<had  Samio,  the  greatest  painter  of  the  modern,  or,  as  he  is  con- 
sidered bv  m.mv,  the  last  of  the  ancient  school  of  art,  was  born  at 
TMino,  on  Good  Friday,  1483,  and  died  at  Rome,  Good  Friday,  1520. 
\   Madonna  and  child,  painted  by  him  on  the  wall  of  the  yard  of  his 
father's  house,  without  his  having  received  any  instruction,  induced 
his  father,  an   indifferent  painter,  to  place  him  in  the  school  of  an 
abler  master.    At  his  request,  Perugino  received  him  among  his  pupils, 
where  he  soon  surpassed  his  numerous  compeers,  and  so  completely 
acquired  his  teacher's   manner   that  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  the 
works  of  the  two  belonging  to  this  period.     Raphael,  on  learning  that 
the  cartoons  of  Michael  Angelo  and  Leonardo  da  Vinci,  whu:h  Had 
been  prepared  by  these  two  great  artists  in  consequence  of  the  prize 
offered  by  the  city  of  Florence,  were  publicly  exhibited  in  that  city, 
went  to  Florence  to  see  them.     These  cartoons,  and  Florence  itself, 
then  the  seat  of  all  that  was  beautiful,  made  a  deep  impression  on  his 
youthful  sensibilities ;  and  he  derived  great  advantage  from  the  acquaint- 
ance of  many  young  artists  of  distinction.     The  death  of  his  parents 
obliged  him  to  hurry  home,  and,  after  settling  the  affairs  of  his  father, 
his  love  for  Perugia  induced  him  to  return  thither.     After  a  time,  his 
desire  for  improvement  led  him  a  second  time  to  Florence,  where  1-ra 
Bartolommeo  gave  him  a  more  correct  knowledge  of   coloring.     At 
Bramante's  suggestion.  Pope  Julius  11.  invited  Raphael  to  Rome,  ,n 
1.08,  and  received  him  with  distinguished  favor.     Here  he  executed 
the    Dispute  of  the   Fathers   of    the   Church,    in    the    Camera   della 
Se^natura.      This   picture   so   completely  gained    him   the   favor   of 
the  Pope  that  he  caused  almost  all  the  frescoes  of  other  artists  in  the 
Vatican  to  be  effaced,  that  the  rooms  might  be  a   orned  by  him.     In 
.101    all  the  pieces  of  the  first  stanza  or  hall  we  e  finished.     Leo  X. 
employed  him,  and  was  so  charmed  with  the  ex<  :llence  of  his  works 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


235 


I 


,.t  he  appointed  him  -Pe^ntendent  of  aU  t       mbeU         e,      of  t^^^ 

Vatican,  and  loaded   him  ^J^^"^^   .„a   finished   the 
Raphael   produced   many   oth^r   ex^eUe       p      ^^^^^     ^^^  ^^^^^^^^ 

Madonna  for  the  church  of  St.  bixtus  „^.^er-works  of  his 

(now  in  Dresden)  is  ""q-;--^  >^  ^^J  ^^Madonna  ^ 
pencil.   He  also  painted  «a  "t  Ce     -  and  ^  ^^^.^^^^      ^^ 

(now  in  Paris),  and  completed  '1^*^/"-''°'  ;,  ,^id  to  have  been 

Lmnished  Pai-i- ;- -;;t\ir;  ter   ::;:i:-.as  increased  by 
t;^ t Lr  :i?^at  artist  di«l  .  .e  ^  of  ;Vnny-seven. 

Hil  body  was  laid  out  ^^^^^^^^l  U.:  church  ^f  Santa 
Transfiguration,  and  consigned  Mtl   great  pon  1  i.^^j.^ted  by 

Maria  -tonda  (form.l^^^^^^^  P- -0   ^  ^  His  ton.  ^^^  ^^^^^^^^_ 

';^ret;^;:rf  Cair?Bembo.     a,.  c-;;n.ora.  ..^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

Raphael  as  kind,  obliging,  -,^-. -^  ^  f  J  ^^l  J  His  noble 
beloved  by  l^igH  and  Ujw  e^bea.^  j^^^  ^,^^  ^^,^^,^^^^  „^ 

countenan  e   -'-ch  'nsp  ^^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^  ,^^^^,,^  ^,    ^e 

irreir "::  is:;da":e  with  .s ...  ^^^^j^^^^  went  to .. 

favorite  scholars,  Giulio  Romano  and  ^ -nc^.c    1  e  n  ^^^^^^  ^^ 

Mekael  Angelo  Bnonarom  .^^^^^'^'^^^''He  was  descended 
Caprese,  in  Tuscany,  and  died  '"  Rome  '  f  -  ^^,,^^  ,.,3,  ,,  ,,« 
from  the  noble  family  of  the  --   ^^^  "°  sa  ^^  ^^^^^^^^ 

time  of  his  birth,  governor  o    C         e  or  Ch^^^,  ^^^^1    ^^^^  ^^^^^^^^ 

in  the  commonwealth  of  ^'°'^'""- ,  .  ^  .,,„    ^^^    .withal,  no  mean 
alike  in  painting,  sculpture    and  a-     ec    re      nd  ^_^^ 

,„et.       D-enico  GhiH^ndaio  -    ^     ^-^  Magnificent  opened 

Bartoldo    is  ^^^^  > "     "     ^  us  J  of  artists,  filled  with  antique  statues 
a  garden  in  J^lortnce  lui  orenzo  was  so  much 

and  busts,  Michael  instantly  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^rU.  of  a  laugh- 
struck  with  his  first  attempt  at  sculpture     a  cop>  ^^^_^^^ 

,„„  faun-that  he  took  him  under  his  «^  P'^^    f  ,f^  ,,,,,  ,f  „is 

in   his  palace,  and  treated  hu.  >''^;  ^J'^-^^teain  returned  to  Flor- 
patron,  he  went  to  Bo^gna  v,s  led  Ron.,  and^        produced  from  an 

ence,  where   >"  ''-     -"  ''l^^.^^^  ^„„,,„  ,,,,p,or  is  supposed  to  ha., 
unshapely  block  ot  marDie,  ^v^lc  ^^^^^  ^^^^ 

spoiled,  the  -•os.d  statue  of  Dav^dwhid^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^ 

Gran  Duca.     Pope  Julius  II.  1  ow  >  „risunderstanding 


236 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


and  the  colossal  statue  of  Moses,  which  was  designed  as  a  part  of  it, 
was  placed  in  the  church  of  San  Pietro  in  Vincoli.  A  reconciliation 
took  place  at  Bologna  in  1506,  and  in  1508  the  artist,  after  devoting 
sixteen  months  to  a  colossal  bronze  statue  of  Julius,  which  the  Bo- 
lognese  afterwards  converted  into  cannon,  returned  to  Rome,  expect- 
inir  to  resume  his  work  on  the  mausoleum.  His  holiness,  however,  had 
changed  his  mind,  and  was  now  bent  upon  decorating  with  frescoes  the 
walls  and  ceilings  of  the  Sistine  Chapel,  in  honor  of  his  uncle  Sixtus 
IV.,  its  builder.  With  extreme  reluctance  Michael  Angelo  consented 
to  execute  this  work, — Raphael  could  do  it  better;  but  the  Pope's  re- 
quest was  a  command  ;  so  he  set  himself  to  work,  made  the  scaffolding, 
sent  away  the  fresco-painters  who  had  come  from  Florence,  shut  himself 
up  alone,  and  finished  the  first  picture  on  the  ceiling, — the  ''Deluge." 
Before  the  ceiling  was  half  finished,  the  impatient  Pope  had  the  scaf- 
folding removed,  that  he  might  see  the  effect.  Notwithstanding 
this  interruption,  the  whole  ceiling  was  actually  painted  in  twenty 
months.  He  was  making  studies  for  other  paintings  when  Julius  died. 
Leo  X.  occupied  him  nearly  all  of  his  reign  in  the  quarries  of  Pietra 
Santa,  getting  out  marble  for  the  facade  of  the  church  of  San  Lorenzo, 
ill  Florence.  Pope  Adrian  V[.  succeeded  Leo;  but  he  lived  only 
one  year,  and  was  succeeded  by  Giulio  de  Medici,  nephew  of  Lorenzo, 
as  Clement  \  11.,  v.  ho  employed  Michael  Angelo  upon  the  "Medici 
Chapel"  m  the  same  (hurch.  In  1527-30,  Michael  Angelo  displayed 
in^  of  niKUluT  kind,  being  engaged  in  fortifying  Florence  against 
i!m  imperial  troops.  The  (  ity  fell,  and  he  restored  him- 
ope's  favor  i«\  I'omising  :<>  <  om})lete  the  two  figures 
I)a\"  jnd  ••  Ni  ,i;t."   t"!    the   Medici  Chapel,  after  which   the  Pope 

('  w  hi-  u!"  ilie  Sistini   Chapel  ;   and  he  painted 


'en 


the  assaihi^  o 
sell"  !'•    iiu'    1 


rei  inired   Inni  t<  >  \yA\\\\ 


\   f 


tile  '■  La 

opened 


-t    Ini'L'ment 
I)    the   i'ubli( 


\\!:en  lie  wa-  ^iM\  \ear-  o'd.  This  chapel  was 
on  ('hti-tina-,  \-^.\\,  \\\\\\  111.  then  orrupying 
tlie  I'apal  (hair.  San  (hdlo  died  111  i;!«').  an,d  h.ah  III.  commissioned 
Mi(  liael  .\ni:el<e  tlien  sevent\  xa-ar-  dd.  to  ^  ..ntanie  the  work  <  ai  St. 
Pcterhs  as  ih.e  an  hite(  t.  Tili-  (»ffi(  e  lie  la  hi  niahr  ilve  ]H)ntificates, 
aere]»tii\L:  no  canolument,  an.di  nea:l\  all  tlie  liiiie  eros-^ed  aiihi  |irr-ra,  \e«l 
1)V  the  iinadion-  \AiA>  o!'  his  caienne-.  Witli  this  stnpendous  work  (Ui 
his  hands,  he  nin^t  als<>(arr\-  h)r\var<l  tlie  l'ala//u  Ihirnese;  '  on-tnict 
a  palace  on  the  Capitoline  Hill,  the  Campido^-lio  ;  ,id<,rn  tlie  hdl  witli 
anticpie  statues;  make  a  fli-Tt  of  ^leps  to  the  elun-(  11  o!  the  i  on\enl  (d 
Ara  (aeli  ;  relandd  an  old  l)rid-e  au  1(Wn  tlie  Tiher  ;  and,  !a-t  rii  d 
greatest,  convert  the  baths  of  Di-xletkai  into  the  naiiünfa  tan  (  haiK  h  ol 
Santa  Maria  de^li  Angeld    Under  Pole  V\\\-^  W.  St.  i'eiei" 


•^ 


CONTEMPORARIES, 


237 


'f^ 


was  eai  iae( 


1 


Florence   and  deposited  in  a  vault  in  tne  cnurcu  yj 
tiorence,  anu      v  contemporaries  of  Maxi- 

Mention  may  be  made  here  ot    1";^^  ^ord  of  Suabia, 

tnilian.     Goctz  von  Bcrbdnngen,  a  German  kii    U 

..ose  residence  ..s  J-'^^-- -^^^ar.  £!;   ^d  1  tber'efore 
Maximilian  some  t-uble.     GoeU  had  a  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

called  the  Iron-hand;  he  '««'^P^^  ^'^       J^^  ^^.j^,,  „„e  hundred  and 
^„r\   In   Tcn  made  war  on   Nuremüerg,  aim  ,    .     •         t,,  ^ 

and   in  1313  „Umdered  merchants  from  Leipsic.      The 

seventy  men  waylaid  and  P  ""«^f««  j  sentenced  him  to 

Emperor  put  him  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^;^  aifficulty  in  doing. 

pay  fourteen  ''-"--i;"    '  J;;'  ^g  ^  him  in  his  castle  of  Jaxtbausen, 

T^T^:^^^:^^^^  -  was  wounded,  and  died 

d-stmguished  himselt  at  scnoo     >  Charles, 

to  hfs  son  1. ,  ederic,  afterwards  Bishop  o  ...        >        -  .^  _^^^  -^^,^_ 

accompanied   that  prince   'o  P-  to    t>       ;;--^^,^.^.   ^^^^^  ,^,„,. 
brated  school..      1»   i47.  the     ^^el  t  ^^  ^^^^^^^^_^^^^  .^ 

lishedhis  Latin   dictionarv  nr,a    '^     ^  ^  ^       h,..lica   1   -  wh,]c    he 

bi    1  i-S   Ik-  WLin    iri  ()iican>.  aiiU   >u.(nLu 
*  "'■'■"',"'  ■  Ml   .vnn-es       la  1  ,.m  he  returned  to  C.ermany.  an.l 

^^"'-''■'  '"''■  ^''"r'V'  ^  '  ,;  u  Tübin-.en.  h'.l.erh.-ird.  Count  of  Wur- 
•-^''"■"^- "^"  ""'^~r'  h,  t  W  l.e>t  Latin^t  in  Germany,  in 
'-"''---  ^■""  ^'"'V"";  t  Ko.  e  The  treasures  of  science  which 
hi.   „-am,  on   an   end,a^<>  to  K>  nie.    ^   '»^  ,nd  tho^e  of  Rome, 

1     \i,.,i,,  i  had  a<cnmu  ated  m  I-loience,  ana  tno>e  ui  ^ 

Lorenzo  ,le  .Meoii  I  n.ui  ace  Thp  Fmperor  Frederic 

„  „1  0,  the  cur  o.,itv  of  Reuclinn.     1  ne  i>iii|.>eioi 
were  tuns  opened  to  tne  cuii    mi)  _^,-        J^berhard's 

^■'-  --^'T:  ";'''':-:n;rrrh       "rrof  Phlhp,  Elector  of 

^^^■"''  """""     rr   he        led  the  Heidelberg  library  with  manu- 
the  l\.latinate.      Heie  he  enncne.l  tne  j=  ^i^.-tor  having 

,,,;,,  an.l  productions  of  the  new^art  of  pin     ng.      ''^^^^^^^. 
.een  baselv  calumniated  ^  ^^;^:^it^,  the  rights  of 
"       S:^ir:d:e^:;::dr:dXence.     «e  was  subsequent. 


2  3^5 


nuVSE  vJ-  .;i^'J'J(i.i. 


CHARLES    V. 


239 


appointcl  prcsicUni  .'f  the   C-uM  .>f  i!h-  C.mk-.KTa   y  whi.h  ha,!  been 
e-tal.li^he.l    In   lie   SuahKUi    i.iin.  .s   against    the   cu<    oa<  hnieilt-  ol    llie 
H„„-e..f   llavaria.      He  wa.   aU..   enua.ue.l    ,n  tran^l   1...-    the    peniten- 
tial   |..ahns   prcparin.u   a    Hebre«-  .^annnar   an.l    ,1,    .."narv.   an.l    .nr- 
re.lin-   the   tvan>lalu,n  .,1^  the    Ihble.      l!is  a.-en.  y     1    nitnaliu  an-   lu. 
rchUiNV  Melan.  hlh..n    into  the    fiehl  wheve    he   even    lallv  exeite.l  hnn- 
sel|-so  benefKiallvin  cnitnuticn  with  laitluT.  p!a<     ,  Rcu,  hhn  among- 
the  .-ontributo.-.  to  tlu-  Kelonnation.     l!nt  in  an  a-e    n  whieh  ,-noran<  e 
an<l  prie-tcrafl  prcvaikal,  Ik-  rouUl  lu.t  fail  olliavm:    cnenne>.      A  con- 
verted  Jew,    John    rieffeveorn.  a.i.l    one    Hooi;.trat    1,   were   the   tnsti- 
.rators<;r  these  bbn.l  zealots   in  their  attacks  upon    ^lebvew  btcratnrc. 
Thcv    persna.kal    the    l-'anperor    Maxi.nUia,!    that    ;    I     llebiew    works, 
the   01.1   'I'estainenl   onlv  excepted,   were-   of  bad   l<    alen.  y .       In   i.^cc, 
the  Kmpina.r  issued  a  cUrree  orderi.,,^  all   sn,  h  wen     ,  in  h,s  domniions 
to   be    burned  ;   but   he    added    that    the    opinion   o^    a   sea  nlar  s>  holai 
mi.dit   in   all   cases   be   c-onsuhed,   and    this    saved    Oriental   literature. 
Reuehlin   assured   the   ]-anperor   that    these  Nv.,rks,   instead   ol    injunn- 
Christiauilv,  contril.ntecUc.u  the  .-ontrarv,  to  its  honor  an.l  ,^l.u-v   s.nee 
the  studv  of  them  produ.-ed   IcMrned  and   bold  cha.ntpions  to  li-ht  lov 
the  honc'.rol   the  Christian   reli.uion,  and   that  to  ,U;s,rov  these  books 
would  be  to  l>ut   anus   into   the   h.iuds  ol    its  enemies.      A  war  ot   pen, 
rac^ed  f.n-  ten  vears.  in  regard  to  tiiis  de.laratieu,  oi'  Re.uhlm.      On  one 
si.lewere    Iloogstraten  and    the   universities  of   IMris.  bouvaiu.  f-rlurt 
and    Mavence;'    on   the   other,    Rene  hlin    and    the    most   learned   an, 
enli.diteu,-d  men  of  all   eoiintnes.      Inmove,!   ami.l    the   revibngs  ,iud 
threats  of  his   opponents,  Ren,  hlin    finally  brought    this  ilispnte  before 
the   Rope,  when    Maximilian,  r,-grelting   tliat    he    l,a,l   given   rise  to  so 
unhappva  eontroversv,  ,leelare.l  himself  in  favcu"  of  R.auhbn.    Han,  is 
von  Siikingen  an,l  Idrnh  of  Suabia   avoweil    themselves   readv  to   use 
the  swor.l'in  this  contest,  in   <  ase   it   sh,uil,l  be  ue    -ssary.  ^   About   the 
same  tinu-  the  Ef^lol.r  0/'sa<n.rnm  /  >r,v,v«  appeal    ,1.  m  wlii.h  Keu.h- 
lin's  .nemies  were  rendere,!  ri.li.ailous.     At  length    he  IV.pe  ap,,oin.e,l 
tlte    .\r,hbish,.p  of    S,,eyer  as   umpire,  ami   he   .le    ,le,l    lor    R-.i-hlm. 
William  of  Ravaria  afterwanls  app,unt.-,l  him  protVssor  ,n  the  I  niv,u- 
sitv  of  Ingolstailt.       The   plague   having    broken    out   m   that   pla,e  m 
\-'2^     he'rem,.ve<l   to   Tubingen,  where,  retire.l   from   slate   allairs,   he 
ajaiti  devote.l  himself  to  stn-lv.      He  ,lie,!  at  Stuttgart  m  ,5,^^- 

It  was   un.ler  Albert   the  Wise,   Duke   of  Havana,  that    the   law  „f 
pri,m,gcnitt,re  in   Ravaria  was  es.abbshe.l,  with   th,-  .  ouseiu  ol   Maxi- 

"^"^Z^alrti'/nor.ia,  was  the  most  ,  elebrate.l  of  the  eight  Popes 


V 


•3 


of  this  name,  but  at  the  same   time  the  most   infamous  one  that  ever 
live.l    as  w,-ll  as  the   m,)st  vi,  ious   prime  of  his  .age.     Alexau.ler  was 
ma.Ie'  <ar,linal   bv  his  mule  Calixtus   IlL,  and   on   the  death  ol   Inno- 
cent \dll    was   eievatcl   to   the  iiapal   chair,  which  he   ha,l   pireviously 
se,a,re,l   hx  llagrant   bribery.     The   long   absence  of  the   Popes  trom 
Italv  ha,l  weakene.l   their  authority  and  curtailed   their  revenues,       lo 
.„uipensate  for  this  loss,  Alexander  endeavored  to  break  the  power  of 
the  Italian  princes,  an.I  to  approi.riate  their  possessions  for  tne  benefit 
of  his  own  children.     To  gain    this   end,  he  employed   the  most  exe- 
cTibie  means.      He  died  in  1503,  from  having  partaken,  by  accident, 
as  is   ,a.mmonlv  believed,  of  poisoned  wine  intended    for  his  guests. 
Vn.ler   his  pontifu-ate  the   censorship  of  books  was  introduced,   and 
lerome  Savonarola,  the  earnest  and   elocpient   Florentine  priest,  who 
"bad   a.lvo,ated    his  deposition,    was    condemned   to   be   burned   as   a 
heretic. 


CHARLES    v..    KARL    DER    EUXFTE.     A.D.    1 519-1566. 

'•  This  ultra."     (More  beyond.) 

Ch\pje^  v.,  ^Liximilian's  grandson,  was  born  at  Ghent,  in  the 
Netlierhmd..  in'  1^00.  He  inherited  from  his  father  Austria  and  lUir- 
gundv,  and  from^ns  mother,  Spain,  all  the  countries  his  grandfather 
FenUnand  had  acquired  in  Italy,  and  the  newly-discovered  America. 
Ho  was  educated  in  the  Netherlands,  under  the  care  ot  \\  dliam 
of  Croy,  Lord  of  Chievres.  His  tutor  was  Adrian  Floori^zoon,  atier- 
,vards  Pope  Adrian  VL  After  the  death  of  his  grandfather  Ferdinand, 
in  1516,  he  assumed  the  title  of  Charles  L  of  Spain. 

The  Emperor  ^Liximilian,  before  his  death,  had  secured  a  few  votes 
for  Cliarles  as  Emperor;  but  when  the  electors  were  assembled.  Pope 
Eeo  X.-  opposed  the  election  of  Charles,  because  there  would  no 
longer  l)e  a  sea  between  them;  and  he  was  also  opposed  to  Francis  L 
of  France,  because  there  would  be  no  more  barriers  between  France 
and  Italv.  The  princes  of  Germany  were  afraid  Charles  would  be  too 
powerful,  and  gave  their  vote  for  Frederic  the  Wise,  of  Saxony.  But 
Fredericdeclined  the  honor,  and  proposed  Charles,  wlio  was  tlien 
elected.    Charles  sent  him,  in  token  of  his  gratitude  for  this  favor,  one 


^^  T  eo  X  was  t'ne  ori-inator  of  the  idea  known  as  "  the  balance  of  power."  He  put  it 
;nto  practical  ulüitv,  checking  b.;th  the  French  king  and  the  Emperor.  The  preservation 
;,f  tlrs  bilance  lias  since  been  the  aim  of  the  peace-loving  monarchs  ;  us  overtln-uw,  th..it 


of  the  ambitious. 


240 


I/OrSE    OF  AC'STRIA. 


CHARLES    V. 


241 


hundred  thousand  cUirats  ;  but  Frederic  returned  the  present,  nor  would 
he   allow   his  servants  to  receive  anything    for  thi^   service.      Charles 

alwa\s  retained  ^rcat  re- 
sjtect  lor  Iiim,  and  in  mat- 
ters of  importance  used 
frequently  to  ^ay,  "  l'"irst 
let  us  hear  what  our  fit  her, 
Frederic  of  Sa.\on\-,  will 
sa}-  to  it. " 

("harles  w.is  <  rowiU'il  ;it 
Ai.\da-(  'hapelle,  in  1  ^  20, 
with  e\ti';io!"(!in,.ir\  splen- 
dor. In  i)!-.  eJii\  \ear->  lie 
had  been  liivolous  and  dis- 
si  ilute,  and  \^^^  I  alwa\  ^  pre- 
leried  m:litar\'  exercises  to 
^tud\  :  but  111-,  directors, 
with.nut  di\er!!ng  him  from 
h;^  la'virite  occupations, 
taaiulit  !iim  history,  fornu  d 
liim  to!  :;!Tai^^  of  state,  and 
implan!!.<l  in  liim  ihat 
gra\it\  which  he  retained 
tlirough  ife,  and  which 
made  iiii  ever  mindful  of 
the  (lutK      and   dignity  of 


1  i- 


high 


at  ion. 


\'X: 


nil 


(  a 


France  was 


(  HAKI.I 


INI 


a  randal  ee  f«  >r  llie  empire, 


W 


e    are 


)  ( 


wo  suitor-   to   the 

1    tlie  .  >;  lu  r  ma-l 

vlien  Ciiarle-  \\as 

I  lenrv  \d  1 1,  of 


and  said    to   Charles,   on    iliat   o((ai>ion, 

same   mistress;    the   more   fortunate  will    L;ain    lur.  . 

rest  contented."      Ihit  hVancis  was  tar  iVom  sati>ne( 

elected.      IJoth  \\ere  anxious  to  gain  the  tVien(Fhi) 

England.      For  tins  i)ur})ose,  iM-ancis   propi»^e(l  ;i  me -ting  \\\\\\  Henry. 

Charles,  finding  it   imj)o>sible  to  prevent   it,  determined   to  defeat    its 

purpose,  and  to  se(  ure  the  I'axajr  uf  the  Ihiglish  mor    rt  li,  b\   an  act  as 

flattering  as  it  was  uik ommon. 

Relying  wholly  on  Henry's  generosity,  Charle>  hni  .eil  at  ])o\er,  and 
the  King  of  England,  who  was  already  on  his  wa\-  tc  I"  ranee,  (harmed 
with  such  an  instance  of  confidence,  hastened  to  rece  \e  hi>  roNal  gue^t. 
Charles,  during  his  short  stay,  not  only  gained  Heni\'s  good  will,  but 


i 


also  secured  tlie  favor  and  inlluence  of  Henry's  powerful  minister  and 
favorite,  Canalinal  Wolsey.  Charles  then  took  leave,  an.l  Henry  con- 
tinued his  iuurney.  The  meeting  at  ''The  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gohf 
between  b ran(  i^  and  Henry  was  very  cordial,  and  they  parted,  pledging 
their  iVieial.lni.  to  each  other.  Charles,  however,  following  up  his 
acquanitance  with  Wolsey,  and  giving  him  some  bishoprics  in  Spain, 
su((eede.l  m  obtaining  what  he  wished  ;  which  wa^,  that  Henry  should 
leiiKun  neiitml  m  wliatever  contests  might  take  place  between  him>elf 

and  brands. 

bat  affnr.  \\\  (bermany  now  demanded  all  his  attenticni.    The  means 

of  miormaiiun   !iad  been  vastly  mcreased  l.)y  the  art  of  printn^u^  :   inci- 


ter 


f  )!■  tlnnkinu  hau 


d  been  hud  before  the  people  :  the  Popes,  carini 
(,nlv  !.u  tiiem-^eivo,  and  i.ur>uing  their  inclinations  lor  wea.ltin  power, 
and  extravagance  of  living,  had  for  vear>  been  railed  upon  tor  a 
^'  reformation  in  the  Chnreh  in  its  lieoJ  on  J  its  nieni/'ers. ' '  Cliarle^  \  IH. 
uf  braiK  e  caused  the  Sorbonne,  in  1497,  to  decbn-e  it  expedient  that  a 
council  should  be  licld  every  ten  years  for  effecting  reforms  in  the 
Church,  and  that  otlierwise  tiie  bisliop-  >]iould  asr^emble  lor  that  pur- 
pose. The  Emperor  Maximilian  laul  bef)re  the  Roman  court  the 
strong  remonstrances  of  the  German  princes  passed  in  liie  diets  of 
i5oo"and  1510.  Tiie  writings  of  Reudilm  amd  Erasmus  diffused  liberal 
views  on  the  subject  of  religion  ;  and  of  still  greater  power  over  the 
mass  of  the  people  was  the  host  of  satires,  epigrams,  caustic  allegories, 
and  coarse  jokes,  at  the  expense  of  the  Church  and  monks,  from  Renard 
the  Fox  to  the  more  delicate  raillery  of  these  two  scholars,  who  were 
not  ardent  or  bold  enough  Vn  take  a  decisive  step.  The  centre  of 
Europe,  together  witli  tlie  north..  w!)i(  li  had  long  submitted  with 
reluctance  to  Rome,  was  ready  to  countenance  tlie  boldest  measures 
f  .r  shaking  off  the  priestlv  voke,  of  why  h  the  ber,t  and  mosi  retleciing 
men  had  become  impatient.  but  no  one  antn  ipated  the  qua.rter  where 
the  first  blow  wunld  be  strm  k. 

Frederic  tiie  Wise,  Elector  of  Saxony,  a  zealous  Cathobc.  and  a  great 
colleclv)r  of  relies,  had  invited  "Martin  Luther  to  l)e  professor  of  t!ie- 
o1ogv  in  his  university  at  Witteid)erg.  Luther  had  a  powerüil  mind. 
but  was  more  distinguished  for  his  deep  ])iety  and  strong  love  of  truth 
ilian  f  >r  ins  erudition.  He  was  well  acquainted  with  the  bbaly  Scrip- 
tures, and  bv  a  vi.^it  to  Rome  in  15 10,  on  some  business  of  his  order, 
iIk-  Auuustines,  had  also  become  acquainted  with  the  corruptions  of  the 
]iapal  (  onrt. 

Leo  X.  was  created  ro])e  in  15 13.  He  wanted  money  to  finish  St. 
Peter's  at    Rome,  to  beautify  the  Vatican,  to  embellish  Florence,  and 

16 


•J 


240 


//nrSE    OF  A(^S77C/.l. 


CIJAIkI.I-.S    I 


241 


liundred  th()ii>an(l  dnrats  :  hut  Frcdci-ir  rct'irncd  ihe  present,  nor  would 
he   allow    lii^   .ser\am>  10   wa'iw  an\l!iin-    tor   this   service.      Charles 

ah\a\>  rciamrd  ^ixat  re- 
aped U)['  iiiiii,  anti  in  mat- 
ters o(  iirij.! irtn'i«  (j  "x-d 
IreqiK  !  t'!\  to  say,  "  Kirst 
let  us  hear  u  hit  our  father, 
Frederic  of  Saxony,  will 
sav  Lu  it." 

Charles  was  crowned  at 
A;\  la-Chapelle,  in  1520, 
Willi  extraordinary  si)len- 
dor.  in  his  early  years  he 
had  beei,  frivolous  and  dis- 
solute, and  had  always  pre- 
ferrt^l  military  exercises  to 
study ;  but  bis  directors, 
without  diverting  him  from 
his  favorite  occupations, 
taught  hiin  history,  formed 
him  for  affairs  of  state,  and 
implanted  in  him  that 
gravity  which  he  retained 
through  life,  and  which 
made  hii  ever  mindful  of 
the  duti<  and  dignity  of 
his  high    :ation. 

Franci    I.  of  France  was 
a  candid  te  for  the  empire, 
and  slid   to  Charles,  on  that  occasion,   **  We  are     vo  suitors  to  the 


I    H 


^•.^-l>L:IM. 


saiiK'   ini>tri'-s 


rot  { oiuciitfi 


J 


liir    !(U 


>re  fortunate 


XV  iW 


a   d  the  other  must 


l>ui  Francis  ua.s  far  fnan    viii^licii  .vhen  Charles  was 


wvrc  aiixinus  to  cram  tiu'  !Vi('ndidii|i  r 
this  |iur|)<)-t,.  J-h.üK  i-  pro])Oscd  a  iii' 
'    It    iinjio^^il  »ic    to   ])!\-\aiit    it.  ilcli'Vii 

lir,h    lllul 


t. 


!U'  ia\(  »r  ul 


ic 


la. 


ek't4c(l.       hiiti 
Kniiland.      1-V) 
Charles,  fmdii  _ 
j)urpüsc,  and  to  sc*  u 
flattering;  as  it  was  iiiit  oinint)ii. 

Relying  whol!\-  on  Ilciir\-'^  maua-!)>itv,  (diailcs  la' 
the  Kinu;  of  l'a\uhind,  wlio  was  alrcad\-  on  Iri^  wa\  t* 
with  su(  h  an  instance"  of  confideiK  c,  h  istciu'di  to  ]\-(\ 
Charles,  during  his  short  ^ta}-,  not  onl\'  gained  lien 


'  TTenrv  VITT.  of 
•  iiig  with  Henry. 
a*!  :  >  defeat  its 
1   h,  h\  an  act  as 

Vi]  :\l   1  )over.  /aal 

hiMace,  chart! ad 

.  r  his  royal  gncst. 

's  good  will,  but 


also  secured  the  favor  and  intUicnoe  of  TTenrx's  powerful  niini>icr  aiul 
favorite.  Cardinal  Wolsex .  CdayIv^  tluai  t-.ok  leave,  and  Henrv^con- 
tiiuied  his  journey.  'Vhc  meeting  at  "  7'i/r  FhiJ  i^l  Hic  CU'th  of  Cr  old  ' 
between  Francis  and  1  leiiry  wa^  very  cordial,  and  tiiey  ])aried.  pledging 
their  friendship  tu  each  otiier.  Charles,  however,  following  n|.  his 
acquaintance  with  Wolsey.  and  giving  iiini  >oine  bi^hopia>  >  in  Sf.ain, 
succeeded  in  obtaining  wh  it  he  wisheal  :  which  was  that  Henry  should 
remain  neutral  in  whatever  contests  might  take  i-lace  between  himself 

and  Francis. 

But  aff^iirs  in  Germany  now  demanded  all  his  attention.    The  means 
of  information  had  been  vastly  increased  by  the  art  of  printing;  ma- 
terials for  thinking  had  been  laid  before  the  people;   liie  Popes,  caring 
only  for  themselves,  and  pursuing  tiK-ir  inclinations  for  wealth,  power, 
and   extravagance  of  living,   had   for   years   been   called   upon    for  a 
^'  rcfonnation  in  the  Church  in  its  head  and  its  members .''   Charles  VI IT. 
of  France  caused  the  Sorbonne,  in  1497,  to  declare  it  expedient  that  a 
council  should  be  held  every  ten  years  for  effecting   reforms  in  the 
Church,  and  that  otherwise  the  bishops  should  assemble  for  that  pur- 
pose.    The   Emperor  Maximilian   laid  before   the   Roman  court   the 
strong  remonstrances  of  the  German  princes  passed  in   the  diets  of 
1500  and  15 10.    The  writings  of  Reuchlin  and  Erasmus  diffused  liberal 
views  on  the  subject  of  religion  ;  and  of  still  greater  power  over-  the 
mass  of  the  people  was  the  host  of  satires,  epigrams,  caustic  allegories, 
and  coarse  jokes,  at  the  expense  of  the  Church  and  monks,  from  Renard 
the  Fox  to  the  more  delicate  raillery  of  these  two  scholars,  who  were 
not  ardent  or  bold  enough  to  take  a  decisive  step.     The  centre  of 
Europe,    together  with   the    north,    which   had    long    submitted   with 
reluctance  to  Rome,  was  ready  to  countenance  the  boldest  measures 
for  shaking  off  the  priestly  yoke,  of  whi^h  the  best  and  most  reflecting 
men  had  become  impatient.      TUit  no  one  anticipated  the  quarter  where 
the  first  blow  would  be  struck. 

Frederic  the  Wise,  Elector  of  Saxony,  a  zealous  Catholic,  and  a  great 
collector  of  relics,  had  in\  ued  Martiii  Lniiier  to  be  ])ro{es^or  oi'  the- 
ology in  his  university  at  Wittenberg.  Luther  had  a  powerliil  mmd. 
but  was  more  distingiiir^hcd  tur  hi<  dee])  pletv  and  >irong  love  oi  irutii 
than  for  his  erudition.  He  was  well  a(  <juainled  with  tiie  Holv  Scrip- 
tures, and  by  a  visit  to  Rome  in  1510,  on  some  ])n>iness  ot  his  order, 
the  Augustines,  had  abo  become  acquainted  with  tlie  corruption^  of  tliC 
]inpn1  court. 


Leo  X.  was  created  IV^yie  in   151 


He  wanted   monex'  to  finish  St, 


Peter's  at    Lome,  to  beantiTy  the  \'ati(  an,  to  cml)eili^h  Llorenc(\  and 


16 


2  12 


IFOUSr    (>/    ACSTA'/A. 


CHARLES    J: 


J 


to  finish  tiK'  M(.'(!i(  i  clupcl  .ii  Sin  I.orfn/n.  in  tluil  (  ity.  l.il'ic  <  on- 
ccnifd  by  {\iv  unu  uisal  desire  tui'  uturina;  ion  iri  !  lir  (  'innc  li.  lie  seeni^  <i 
])la(e»l  .il  its  lu'.id  nKiel)  to  tni]«lL.\-  iib  Jc\cnuc>  in  tiic  ^^rnt  ifu^nt  iur.  of 
h'\>  ])rin(\'l\   t. isles. 

A!l)c'i-t.  I'dc(Mor  of  M.iyence  and  A rrlibisho]»  of  M:iL!de])nrc^,  general]\- 
called  Albert  of  i'.randonbnr^-.  xoiin-er  -on  n\  b'bn  ( 'lecro,  I".it(tor 
of  l')randoid)ni'L:'.  a  i»!in(e(tt  siiniljr  (  iiarj(  trr.  ic(oi\(d  j'r'aii  i.c-o.  m 
15  iC),  jKaani^sioii  to  soli  indiilL.',cn(  rs  witiiin  liis  own  inrisdirtion .  on 
'  ( ondition  tliat  he  should  siiaro  liie  ])rofi's  with  tlw  I  j<('.  1  n  lii  i- t  rriftic, 
anion-  others.  Albert  einplowd  Joim  Tet/o!,  a  I).-  iini(  an  monk,  ex- 
perienced in  the  bu>ines>.  Wdien  d'ei/e!  arrixed  at  I  teri)ok.  j,nr(  hasers 
Hocked  to  him  tVoni  Wit  teid)er- ,  which  was  in  tlie  ei-hborliood .  and 
there,  showa'n-  tiie  eerlifi(  ales  lo  iheir  (oide.x-or.^.  .  enied  all  iiecoMiy 
for  new  penances. 

The  torrn  of  the  absolution  i-»ued  by  Arc fnibehh  s.  a  seller  of  indul- 
L^^enees  in  I  )eninark  arid  Sweden.  \\a>s  as  toilow>  :  ••  [  absohe  thee  irom 
all  th\-  sins,  lunv  enormous  soewr,  and  remit  ihee  ;dl  ncnincr  (»t'  pun- 
ishment which  thou  ou-htcst  lo  suffer  in  ])ureator\.  and  at  death  the 
gates  ot  Paradise  sliall  be  (»pened  to  recei\e  thee.  In  tlie  lanne  ot'  [lie 
Father,  of  the  Son,  and  of  the  I  b)l_\- ( iho.si. "  And  Tet/el  ad<!ed.  "As 
soon  as  the   money  (  liinks  iii  the  (offer  the  soul  spriiie 


''S     O' 


( ) 


>nr; 


tor\-."  I'nese  certillcates,  shown  b_\-  those  who  had  pure  hascd  tiiem  to 
their  confessors,  aroused  Luther,  and  he  not  onl\- ))rea(  lu-d  a-\!inst  tlris 
abuse,  but  nailed  his  ninet\ -fixa-  tlieses,  or  (|ucstion<,  on  the  door  of  the 
great  cliurch  at  Wittemberi;-,  in  1517.  His  sermon^  on  induluein  es 
were  ]'ubli>hed  in  (lerman,  and  iti  a  few  weeks  were  spierw!  c^er  all 
German)-.  His  theses  were  in  I.a.tin,  and  were  soon  spread  tlirouetiont 
Kuro])e.  A  war  of  words  succeeded,  and  in  1:^20  Poj/e  l.eo  X.  e.\(  (am- 
miinicated  Luther  be(  au>e  he  would  not  admit  lliat  tlie  P.ipc  laid  jiower 
to  remit  divine  punishment,  and  his  writin-s  were  burned  .it  Rome, 
(Cologne,  and  Louvain.  laillu'r,  in  turn,  burned  tlie  bull  of  cxcounmi- 
nication  and  the  decretals  of  the  papal  canon,  at  ^\'ittenl  k  1-.  He(  em- 
ber 10,  1520,  and  a})pealed  to  a  general  (ouncil  of  the  (lunch.  Leo 
summoned  Luther  to  Rome  ;  IVederic  the  Wise  o])post'd  his  -oine.  and 
the  L^mi)eror  Charles,  in  consecjueiu  e,  convoked  the  diet  a.t  Worms, 
where  Lutlier  was  to  a])pear  l)ef()re  the  Pope's  legate.  ('ar<iinal  (kijetan. 
However,  we  must  not  overlook  the  cii(anustances  whi(  h  f^-ored  the 
progress  of  reformation.  I'he  Pope  had  risen  chiell\-  b\-  the  sup|)orl  of 
Germany;  in  liis  transactions  with  the  banperor  he  had  geiu  rall\- been 
supported  by  the  German  ])rinces,  who  thus  maintained  their  own  in- 
dependence.     Rome  had,  therefore,  been  obliged  to  comt  them  in  turn, 


^1 


aral  tue 


Lair 


It. 


:^„-  cnn.m-aiulatcd  liiniM-lf  in  silcnrc  if  .li-imlc^  eii-ac!  bc- 


,.vcen    Ihcn.      ..n,.u.   .!c.-,ho,    M:>xinrJ,an,  tiu:   d.  tor   iu-..-,  c 

Wise  of  Saxonv  wa.  .he  uu,s,   powerful   laan.c  ,n  (..rmany.  ..„!     at 
di.ni.v  of  a  vi.'ar  of  tl.c  cnpirc  in  all   the  Sax.,n   tcrOora-s  anal  n,s 
pe^rsonal  inHuen.  c  gave  hin.  the  n.o.t  .leei.ive  voae  ,n  tne  election  o. 
,        eu   Onoe,-ov.      The    Po,.e.  a.  wdl  as  Charle.  «a,   tv.tetore  nK.te 
,,l....oMiu;.d.o,on.nlthi.wi.hes.      I-Vederie   pfo.  nte.    .nan  (  .arlcs 
a  safe^con.lue.  .o,-  laui.e,-  to  at.eu.l  the  ,!iet  of  Wo.an.  an.!  the  ua.n.ue. 
„,.  „,^.   (.„,„-„„    „„l,l,s.   Hnt.e.,.   Siekingen,   and   Schattntbt.rg,  «..ered 
bun  .iieii-  lor.res.es  an. 1  .heil- arms. 

,  ,„,,,,  „ „.  .0  convin.  e.l  .,f  the  jioi-e  of  his  <-an.e  tliat  ne  hee.le.l  no 
a,,,:,,.,  aial  .le.eiule.l  him-elf  l.ohllv  l.efore  the  ciiet.  <-..nrln. ling  hi^ 
peeei.'.f  tu-.,  h.nirs  m  Uatgth  with  these  word.  -Let  me.  then,  be 
,^f,ne.l  an.l  .  onvin.  ed  by  the  testimony  of  the  Senptnre.  .-r  by  ,he 
.,,,„,.,  :„-,„„„ents..  otherw.e  I  .annot  and  .-dl  n..t  reeant  .  U.r  it  w 
,„i.!,.r  -al-e  nor  ex,,e.lient  to  a.'t  against  <-onsc,enr...  He.e  I  tak.  my 
si,n.i  -    1  ean  .lo  no  otheru-ise.  so  help  me  Go.l  1      Amen.  _ 

■  'i  „.i,.-r  lef.  W..rms  in  f  u  t  a  conqueror;  but  it  wa>  ...  manile^t  tliat 
,,i;,n.anie.«ei-e  ,leterminc.!  upon  hi>  <lestni<-ti.,n,  thu  l-re-leric  Oe 
^;:.  ha.l  him  ,-onveye,l  privatelv  .o  the  -astle  .,f  Wartburg,  to  s:,vc 
hi,  life  :   but  Charles,  who  th.mght  it  f..r  his  a.ivantage,  i,.-ae<l  a  se^ere 

edict  auainst  hiiPi.  .  i  ^i  ^  ... 

.pi,;,-laim,  whi.  h  rrancis  I.  ha.l  a.lvanced  to  the  empire,  an.    tho^ 
,,,i,Uhe  still  insiste.!  on  maintaining  to  Italy,  the  Xetnerlan.b    an. 
Na.,arre.  m.i.le  war  appear   inevitable.      Charles   pre.xare.l      -r  it   b       n 
,„,an.e  with  the  Pope.      Hostilities  broke  out  in   ,5^.        Ih     Fieu 
v,.-,.u-i.,u.  lu  the  I'vrenees,  were  unsucessful  in  the  Netuerlands.    ^b,     - 
j„„,  ,:,,  (-„us.able  of  l>...nrb..n,  who  had  married  the  .laughter  ...1   the 
,,,..,,„.  ,\nne  <le  ISeauieti,  the  ruhest  heiress  in  France,  lo^t  his  wile  m 
,-^.    :,u<l  su.-ceeded  to  all  her  possessions.     Fouisa  ot  Savov.  m.-.t,ter 
„rfi'-nici.  1.,  desii-e.1  her  son  to  ,.ropose  a  match  between  herse.i   a,„! 
„,,  .-on.table.      He  ,11.1  so :  but  the  constable,  who  w,as  a  man  ...  .tri.-t 
.,„.,    ,,.,ular    con.bu-t,   dedined    the    p.roposal.      From    tnat    m.-un..-nt 
1  „„i.,-s  love  ttirne.l  to  dea.llv  hate,  and  she  put  in  a  claim  to  a      t,,e 
li„„rb..n  po>.es.ions   in   right  of  her  mother,  and.  contrary  ">   ■'"     '" 
an.l   e.,uitv,  obtaiue.l   a   .lecisk.n   in    her   favor.      The    ^^^^f^'     "^^ 
.„■ippe'l  of  evervthing.   in  a  moment  of  despet-ation,  aband..ne.l  the 
sorvi'-e  of  his  c.mutrvau.l  entered  that  of  the  Emperor,  who   received 
hi,,,  wuh   ..pen  arms'.      ISourbon   was  appointed  to  make  an   invasion 
in   Fran.-e.  but.  being  unsuccessful,  ma.le  a  hasty  retreat   into  Italv. 
Fran,  i„  elated  with  the  discomfiture  of  Bourbon,  followed  him  into 


244 


/IO[-SE    Ul-    ACSTKIA. 


(lis- 


Ital\-,  and  laid  sicL^r  to  l\i\ia.  Charles  slmu  a  iniiiKroii-.  ann\  iiiidcr 
Buiirbon  to  the  relief  of  the  (aty.  A  battle  to(-k  j-hu  e  on  the  2^^<\  of 
Febrtiar}-,  1525,  in  which  Franc  i^  was  defeated,  tj.kc-n  prisoner,  and 
carried  to  the  iniiH-rial  canip,  wIkmh  e  he  dispatc  lied  t]ii\  hu  onie  lujte 
to  his  nioth.er,    "  Madame,  all  is  lost  except  honor." 

AMien  the  French  crossed  tlie  Alps,  the  C'lievalier  l!a\ard.  of  Daii- 
pldne,  the  knight  '■  without  fear  and  without  repr()a(  h.'"  \\\i^  nioitally 
wounded  on  tlie  banks  of  the  Se^ia,  in  a  battle  with  IJuurbcn.  bhe 
duke  lound  him  leaning  a-ain^t  a  tree;  and  upon  his  exprosin-  sorio 
l''r  his  late,  the  chevalier  replied,  "  Pit)-  not  me;  I  die  m  the 
(harge  of  my  (lut\-  but  pat\  tlio-e  who  fi-ht  a-aiiist  their  coimtry  am. 
their  oath." 

Charles  imposed  such  hard  conditions  upon  l-'ranc  is.  tliat  he  swore 
lie  vvould  rather  die  in  (  aptivity  than  accede  to  them.  I''ran<  is  was 
theretore  sent  to  Spain,  where  he  remained  one  \  e;n-  m  ])ri.son,  and, 
tailing  ill,  the  I^mperor  went  to  see  him.  (Iiailes  offered  him  his 
bl)erty  on  nearly  the  same  terms  as  before,  and  JM-aiu  is,  \\ear\-  of  con- 
fii!(.'inc]il,  accoptcd  tlicin,  niul  nyrced  to  _u;ivc  lii>  two  rlilc^t  >oiis  as 
hostaj^fs  for  their  iicrforinamr. 

In  [529  a  treaty  was  made  between  Francis  and  Charte-,  called  the 
'■  7'iyd/v  ('/  Giiii/'nn."  It  was  also  called  •■  7'Jir  /.a,//,/  /V,i,;."  lie- 
cause  it  was  negotiated  \>\  I.oin'sa  of  Savoy  and  Mai'L^arel.  aunt  of 
Charles.  ]!\-  this  treatv  l''rancis  a-reed  to  marry  IdeaiK.r,  widow  of 
I'aiianiiel  the  (ireat  of  Portug'al,  sister  ..f  (diaries,  and  to  \i:n  a  lar^jc 
ransom  lor  his  sons,  both  of  whic  h  aj^reemeni-  he  j^erlormed. 

The  famous  War  of  the  Teasants  broke  out  in  i:;2-\      d'lie  Reforma- 
tion, by  the  mental  awakening  whii  h  it  produced,  ami  the  iiiffii>ion  of 
sentiments   favorable   to  freedom,  must  be  reckoned   amin\u   llie  causes 
of  the  L;reat  insurrection  itself,  although  buther,  >b-lanclillion.  and  the 
other  leadii-.g  Reformers,  while  iirginL;  the  nobles  to  juslii  e  and  human- 
ity, strongly  reprobated  the  violent  [iroieedings  of  the  peasants.      The 
Anabaptists,  and  Münzer  in  partic  ular.  were  the  lir>t  to  em  ourage  and 
ex<ite  them.      This  insurrei  tion,  and  the  one  lalled  the  l.aiin  War.  in 
1523.  which  arose   against   an  uniwipular  archbishop  in   Sal/luirg.  were 
(|uickly  suppressed.      On  January  i,   1535,  the  ]iea-antr\'  of  the  abbaiy 
of  Kemi)ten,  along  with  the  townspeople,  suddenl\-  as-ailed  and  plun- 
dered the  convent,  compelling  the   abbot  to  sign  a  renuiK  iation  of  his 
riglits.      This  proved  the  signal  for  a  rising  of  the  peasants  on  all  sides 
througliout   the  south  of  Cerniany.      Many  of  the   princes  and   nobles 
at  first   regarded   the  insurrection  with  some  degree  of  ((impla<  en(  y, 
because  it  was  directed  in  the  first   in.slai»  e   chielh   a^'ainst  the  ecc  lesi- 


CHARLES    V. 


:45 


»  .  liecause  it  seemed  likely  to  promote  the  in- 
-'-^'  '-': ;  .^"7'  ""led  ».^'  of  AVUrtemberg,  who  w.as  then  upon 
"■•'^"^'"■  'T'Z^^'  hi  dominions  by  the  help  of  the  Swtss  : 
the  pomt  of  --'"'1"^^  "^:  ,^.  j^  ,et  boutids  to  the  i.icrease  ot  .\us- 
"•'■■^■'"^'  '^■'■^"' V  M-i:::  le  •    b  oth",  ,he  Archduke  Ferdinand,  hastened 

"'^"\'"'""-    '::        e        ol  of  the  empire  being  for  the  most  part  en- 
to  r.use  an  arn»,  tne  t.oo,s  .^^^^^^^^^^^   ^^^^  ^^^_^^,^^^^,,,i  „ 

..a.e.linthe   '■-■"V-nn  s   -  '^  -  '  .^^.^,^   ^,„,  ..scrupulous 

•'   -  ^''^- ■'■■""'■'n  Tu-l  -v      Von  WaUlburg  negotiated  with 

eharacter,  but  of  ab,lit>  an.l  ^\^'^->-  j  ^^,,,1  destroyed  large 

""■  ''---'^  "^  T'"'  ",'^"    f'Se    S  t^^em  on  the  22d  of  Aprd, 
p.,aie-  of  them,  but  was  '"'"^^  ^ '^^7;'';_^,^,   ,^,^  least   intention  of 

„edbronn.  Mi'nhau.en,      uUla,  '''  ;^^"'  ,;^^.^,^,^  ,-,,,er.  t5^5-  tl-'- 
w.mt  <,f  .-o-operation  and  organ,.     .0   •        o  -  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^ 

appeared  in  L'pper  Suabta  a  tnamfeso  ,  «h uh^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ._^^_^^^^^^_^^^  ^^^^^ 

,nd  demands  of  the  -^^^"^^^^'^^  moderation  of  their  demand. 
-'■  '"---'■•  '"  -•'■o;-'>--  \t,d  towns  and  castles,  mur-leved. 
-n,eir  manv  separate  >'^^'^''%'^^^"''-;''  ceases  which  must,  indeed. 
^'"-^-r-^|:'mUl:^    e:;r    racucedagatnstthen. 

\'  T'      W  da '::'      A   --^er  of  princes   and    knights    con, „ded 
,v    \  on    WaUiDUC^-  ti.pir  nrinc  ml   demands,      in 

^->'-  -'^ '''%  "^^?';;; :::::;  rLX::;;^ number  of  severe 

Mavand  June  ol   ^-,^,   "^^^^^  Hesse  was  also  successtul   a.a.n>t 

'I'-n   m   the  north  o.   <■   '■•-"^>;  J,,  ^J,,  ^,,,i„,e   crueltv.       In  one 

subiugated.  were   e-^;  ^^  ;,;^;;;  ^^..diottsly  massacred  after  thev 

"•— '•  ^'  ^'''\  '""'•     ''       ;  ;    p  Jse,l  that  more  than  o,te  hundred 
,,„1  ,,,id  down  their  arm^.     It  .s  suppo.  e  ,,     ,^.j,.  War.     The 

,„a  fil.v  thou-and  persons  lost  their  ^^^^^l^ ^^^r .  ..ä  many  of 
,,„  .,,-  Uie  deuated  insttrgents  became  Ire     Ian  ^  ^  ^^^^^^  ^_ 

,,^,,,,,,,,,,,.,f,hepeas.ants<.rigntated.     t.p^^^^^ 

"-  ^''"-T"  ^' d  ^"^  :M'::;s:;r::;^c^:d belonged  to  the  r... 

In  i:;-S-  ^^^^'  territories  ol    Inissia, 
„„„,  ,;,:,er,  were  transformed  into  a  ''■■'■  f'''^''!;;^;^^^^  ,,f  ,,e  power 
P„,,e  (dement  VU„  be.aiming  alartned  at  the    ";■■,, J    ,,a 

-'■  "'    '-^>---  -^-r\"f"'^tT  Traril-'ä"-- again. 

''---•'  ''-T""'c;::i  He    trbo^trme^^^ 
i;:uc:"tu        -1,  and  took  the  Pope  priso,.er.     Charles 


246 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CHARLES    V. 


-M7 


expressed  great  regret.  v..nt  into  mourning  with  all  his  court,  and 
caused  iiavers  to  be  said  for  the  Pope's  liberty,  while  by  his' own 
directions  i -e  Uourbon  kept  the  Pope  a  ])risoner  seven  months.  At 
length  peace  was  restored,  and  Clement  A  II.  crowned  Charles  in 
Bologna.  Me  was  the  last  I^mperor  (rowned  in  Italy  as  King  of 
Pombardy  and  Roman  Emi)eror. 

Jr.  1529,  Sultan  Solyman  W.  the  Magnificent,  considered  as  the 
most  illustrious  of  the  Turkish  Emperors,  a  powerful  adversary  of 
Charles  V.,  attempted  to  concpier  Vienna,  but  was  unsuccessful.  Soly- 
man obtained  possession  of  the  island  of  Rhodes,  and  drove  from  ^ii: 
the  Knights  of  St.  John,  who  retired  to  iMalta,  which  was  given  then: 
]'     Charles. 

In  this  same  year,  Charles  held  a  diet  at  Speyer,  where  was  passed 
the  following  resolution  :  -Phat,  until  a  general  council  should  be  held, 
further  innovations  in  ecclesiastical  affairs  should  be  avoided  ;  the  mass 
should   not  be  any  further  abolished,  nor  its  celebration  be  prevented 
in   those  places  whither  the  new  doctrine  had  already  spread  ;   no  in- 
J^^^^^^^";^^'  ')  ^uiiM.ai^  .^huuld   be  jneached,  and   no  vit'iperative  writings 
b«'   rrinted."      I1ic  jirinces  of  the  empire,  who  were  in  flwor  of  the 
P   1-1  ip,:ition,/;vV.'j-Av/ against  this  resolution,  and   hence  were  called 
rrotcs/.in/s.     Ih  -^.  ^v ,  .1 . 1  PfoUsfan/  was  also  adopted  in  foreign  countries ; 
'  '''  "'   ''  ':•  ^^^"^^»  5'-'  I  en:. Ulli, 1   celebration  of  the  beginning  of  the 
(i<.riii,iii  K..:<.inKitiun  eaiise(i   -e\e!M!   (-oiitrnversies  in  Prussia,  the  gov- 
^ninuMt   pn.liibited  the  tiirt  iier  mm-  <  .f  liir  t-mi  l^'otestant  in  tliecoun- 
fi'^<  -^ii'^^-  tiK'  Pr.)UM,!i!ts  did    not  A\\\  lun-cr  /;-,/,  ,7,  and   ordered    liie 
won!   /:,  v///;', //r<// to  be  substituted  in  it-,  place. 

In   i5:;c.  ilie  fanpeiM!'.  uitii    a  \  uu"  to   an    aniKable  ;in-angenient   of 
^'•^'  i"<P;4ion.  sj,!if   [JKii  IkkI  tAisti.!  Ml  Crinunu-  since   1  ;  i  7.  and  :is  pro- 
tector (»r  die  (diur(  !,,  conx-cked  a  dirt  at  AuL^lHag,  and  recpiired  Ir-an 
thi-  bfote^tants  a  ^luirt  .siatrnuast  old  l;e  d^u  i  n üc^  mm     -[(Pi  they  dep.M'ted 
from    tile    Cathode     (dnn<h.        bredeiad-    tlie    Wd'se    «f   Saxon.)'   ,ii,,i    mi 
1525,    and  was   sn((ee(h(!    b\    hi>  laother,  Joihn  the      teaillasl,  wpo  iiuw 
(breeted    Piitlier  and    some  other  of  tlie   (arMiuait    d.     tors  to  draw  nj.  a 
brief    snininary    of    tlie    (hx  trines   of    the    retornud    reli-nan       biitlur 
thou_L:ht    iliat    the   se\'enteen    articles   agreed     to    111    i  ae    (oturnuon    at 
Swaba.c  h.  in  the  year  152(1,  were  siiiTu  ieiit.       Prom  i    cm.-  artiek'^  a-  the 
basis,  Philip  ^PPln(Pthon,  l)\-  order  and  anthoritx o    tlie  jnint  e-.  Aww 
U]»an(l  put  into  more  free  and  agrc'eable  IanL;'!i;iue.  Ik    din-  eonsultat  ion 
all    the  wlnle  witli  Pnther,  tliat    (ontession    o!"  lailh      h!<  h   is  (ailed  the 

In  Mardi,   1531,  nine  I'rotestant  i)rin(es  and  eoui:   ^,  and  eleven  tree 


\ 


.  c      ivohi^n   nlled  the  Smalkaldic  League,  for 

cities,  formed  -'7;^^^  ^^it  ^nd  ^itLl  independence  agau.t 
the  mutual  defense  '^J  'he.     fa   ha  ^^^^  ^^_^^^^^  ^^^  ^^ 

""T  I:X  :  Is  -^  n^for  ten    yea.,  and   being  greatly 
SengtUW  by  nc^v  members,  the  princes  formed  a  resolut.on  to  .eep 

s-r^nrt:r:ri rc:::  He  ,^  l^^. 

(^narieb,  lu  ,  t-;„„  nf  the  Romans,  in  the  diet  ot  Cologne, 

brotlier  Ferdinand  created  King  of  the  Kom,  ^^^   .^^ 

i„   ,53.;    and  Solyman  the  ^^^^l^^^  ^^^^...a  :a  S.- 
Hungary      After  ^-^^ -^f       "     '/p    ::,.nts,  on  the  following 

r"^'"'th:t're"l       r  s Zr  c;ntribute  money  for  the  Turkish  .a. 
terms:   that  tne  lauci  sn.^  .  r  th.^  "Romans  •   and  that 

and  should  acknowledge  Ferdinand  a^  "^^^'^  o^^\J^^' ;,,  ,Hould 
Charles  should  annul  the  edicts  o    Worm    ^^ ^^^^^^  ^^.g,,,, 

allow  the  followers  «7-^^;  "  j'^  ;';,•,„,,,  ^„"a  diet  of  the  empire 
matters  as  they  pleased,  until  ^-"lie.  a  co  uc 

should  determine  what  religious  r'-'-'f^^^Vc-.    he  Steadfast 
obeyed.     Scarcely  was  this  convention  cloo,  «  k..  J    ;i^ 

t;  Lo»,  cica,  .„. .-.  — *;'  ,^,>;;:;:;::;'  ;:;,;,::;:::;■„ ,»„ 

Charles  was  soon  at  ir.e  head  of   an  a.ni\ 


men  to  def^^nd  Vienna.      Sol)  num  was  . 


K.Pated.  wiiii  a  loss  of  eighty 


en 


[]]]<{  re 


thousand  ni 

out  on  an  exoeditioii 


nn-^ed'toV^onstantint^ple.      In   ,  5.0-  Charles  set 


aualn^l  Tuni^,  where  the   pirale 


barisar 


e'^-'^c 


hi  ad 


1    ,•       n  .X-    v.,Maired  tlie  protection  ot   the 

.,,ui    ...Mdhdied     HS    crmunal    code.      in     i^j'^ 

success      The  tw>,   munar.hs  ha.l  an  interview,  ai.d   m.  1^  •>  t"> 
"r    :,..      Chai-lcs  afterward.  ..hmg  to  pa.s  through      ^10..   oh. 
,,,;  ,V,,,.   .,:„n   to   the   NV-thcrlands,   spent   six   da^.^^^^^^^^a^ 

1,,-,,,...,  wi,e,v  thev  appeared  together  m  public  like  l-^'-'      ^ 

In    ,di      Civu-les    resolved    to    crown    his    reputation   h)    the   <  on 
nu    t     r    i..it  "     .\-ainst  Dorias  a.lvice,  he  embarked  in  the  ston.n 
r:,::;nd   ;::t  ;  dt  of  his  fleet   and   army,  without   gaining  any 

advanta^^e. 


248 


I/l^l'SI:     i>j-    .ll'^T/^/.l. 


CI/.IKLBS    V. 


249 


Troiililes  in  (iorinaii)- .-..»on  l)r()ki'  out  in  con.sLMnicncc  of  t!u  Snialk;!]- 
(lic-  Lcai^Mic,  and  ( 'harlcs  \\-as  (Uacaaninc«!   to  hrc-ak    i;   np.        In    i:;.'6   he 
declared  the  liea{l>  of  tlie  lea-ue  under  the   Ikim  of  tlie  iinpirr.  r\(  :tcd 
division    anion;^    the    (ontederate-,    (  ()lleete<l    an    a    n\     in    haste,    and 
obtanied    sev-erai    ad\anta-es   over    hi\    enemies.       ,  ih,n    l-Vcff.  rn  ,    the 
I'deetor  of  Saxon _\a  \\as   taken    prisoner    in    the    hattlr   (A    Miihlkvi"     in 
1547.        Charles   re(ei\ed    liini   stern]),  and    i^ave    hnnoNai    to  a  eourt- 
niartial.  consisting  of  Italians  and   Spaniards,  under  t!u-   pi(si,len(  \-  of 
AKa,  which  (ondemncd  him  to  death.      d"he  elec  tor  s;]\i(i   h,  1-  hlroidN' 
1)\- renouiuani^  his  cKm  torate  and  his  hert'd  itary  estates  :  l,ut  he  i. an., med 
a  prisoner.      Meanwhile,  the-  lanperor  appeared  sonuwiiat  nioie  moder- 
atel\-  iutlined    towards  the  vanquished    partw       (  )n  (oiinnu  lo  \\'iiten- 
berg,  he  expressed    surpaasi'   that    the  exer(  ise  of  the    lailher.iii  uordiip 
had  been  discontinued.      He  \isited  the  j^rave  of  laitfiei-;   a.nd  whiai  it 
was   i)roposed  to  him  to  take  up   his   ])()nes  and    burn  tliem,  lie  replied, 
''  I  do   not  war  with    the  dead  :    let    him   rest    in   j^eac  e  :    hie    is  alrcadv 
betöre  his  jud-e."       'I'he  Land-rave  of  I  lesse-Cissel,  one  ot'  the  heads 
of  the  Pre)testants,  was  (  ompelled  to  stie  lor  ])ea(e;   and,  notwithstand- 
ing his  promise,  Charles  de])ri\ed  him  of  his  freedom. 

After  ha\  ing  broken  up  this  league,  and  vainly  attemj.ted  to  have  a 
general  (ouncil  of  the  Church  convoked  b\-  the  l'o])e.  —  thoiiuh  one 
was  called  at  Trent,  and  then  dismissed  on  a(  count  of  a  rejioit  of  tlie 
plague  having  appeared  near  there, — Cliarles  again  occupied  himself 
with  the  plan  of  uniting  all  religious  parties,  and  issued  the  lulrrini, 
whic  h,  though  very  lavorable  to  the  papal  CcUise,  was  ei'ualU  di>! 'leasin-- 
to  the  jJontilT  and  to  the  Luther.ms. 

The  Infrrim  settled  f^n'  fi'nif^ore  the  constitution,  the  do(  t  rincs,  and 
the  discapline  of  the  (Imrc  h  in  C.ermanw  At  the  d:  t  of  Aii-sbur<^  in 
154S,  it  received  the  h)i-c-e  of  a  law  of  the  empire.  XothiiL;  was  con- 
ceded to  the  l*rotestants  but  the  caip  in  the  Lords  Suppier.  and  the 
marriage  of  priests;  in  every  other  respect  the  chu  trines  ami  c  c  re- 
monies  of  Catholicism,  from  which  the\-  had  been  tfee  for  naae  thaai 
twenty  }ears,  were  to  be  restored.  'Die  Lrotestai  s,  hewaxer,  con- 
trived to  gain  time  b\-  negotiations  and  cc)m])lianca  mini  die  treat\- 
ot  Passau,  in  1552;  and  the  peace  of  Augsburg,  ii  \y-^~^.  ^'c  uied  to 
them  complete  religious  I'reedom. 

ALuirice  of  Saxon_\-,  ca)usin  of  John  L'rederic,  w]  )m  the  lanperor 
had  invested  with  the  electoral  dignit)',  seeing  plain  that  Ciiarles  in- 
tended to  convert  the  (ierman  I'hnpire  into  a  heredi  r\-  possession  tor 
Ids  own  family,  and  also  holding  his  father-in-kiw  .  Lhilip  of  Hes>e, 
})risoner,    turned  against   the   Lanperor,    came   near     apturin-    him   a>t 


4J 


« 

,    •       •   ■      1  hv  the  other  Protestant  prin(:e>.  -^o  tern- 
I,,,.,n,.k.*anaa.eu,.]onHa    n     heo  ^^^   ^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^ 

'5-'^  ^    ""^    ;'.  T       ,  O.,.eror's  brother.       In  t545-  l'"l'-  1''"'^ 

,.,en.e  of  l'er,hn:>n.l.  the   l.mi-ei.  (,,,„„,ii  „{  Trent. 

in-  -  -'■-'''-'  ^^"'    A':;:r  :;       n    bat  .he   v......  ^von  the 

,;„,„„  1.  „f  V  ranee  .l.e.l   the   same    U  advantage  of  the 

I'aule  or  >K,hU.er,  ;  and  '-  -;■      ^       j^„,        ;,;,,...  and  Verdun.  - 

tn,:,i.le,  n.  Cernunv.  se,/,ed  n^on  '^l^^        ^  ^  ^^,^.,   ,„  „,,,„nant 

O.atie.  ,ar,ou-a,  ''-."^  "'X;;        J"  ^^    ,Uo,.and    ,nhaV,uan,s, 

a   -itv   a.   Me,z.  eonta,n,n,   at    ha    ^     ^^  '    •  ,,,,,,„ned  at  all 

a-^enthled  an  arnty  of  one    -'•;;;;;,  „^.,,  „„,„,.Uen  bv  the 

ri^l^^  t' ■  '-.^^^'"  ''•      '  "''  t  ^^'     •       Ae  of  Gtu.e,  the  ^ame  who  alter- 
vo-ldnland>hivar.nslM-an...>    DUo^^^^ 

ward,  wre.ted  Calai.  front  the  V  n      >h,  w         ^  ^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^,^ 

-ith  the  -•/,/,•  of  the  Vreneh  -''       > '  ^^  ^,,„,.,3,,^  the  citizens, 

^■-'-      ''--  '•      ':  ;:  ;    :;;,   T  e     -o;s  of  a  sie,e.  and  stren,th- 
i.>.l>u:e.l  tluan  to  endtn.  !'■'  '-■  .^^  ^,,   i„„,a,bly  short  spaee 

ened.  ,he  wad.  by  new  -o;;!^:;'  ^       J'^,  ^,  ,^,,  „,,„..  the  Fanperor, 

::;:;rn.:;\!::::r^>:o:^?h;waswaseo.pawto.^ 

;-i,,  U.t   thirty  thon...d.nen   l.e^^^^^^^^^ 
wontan."  he  es.  burned,  '  >'  ^^^^^  ,f  ,,,, 

,-,..  Duke  of  Gu.se  was  ^^^f    /  '  ^J^^„;,:,ere,  hard  pressed   by  h,s 
The    Ktnperor    then  went   to    ''™\    '         ,^,      ,„omv  and  .lejected, 

^—  -'  r  "':;^  r  eS  ."  ;Ct  t^  si,,  of  ev.ry  ot., 
and  for  several  "'">"  l^-  .  h  was  spread  throughout  Europe.  H.s 
so  tha,   the  report  ol  h,s  d.athwa.  d  ,,„„.tantly  repelled 

U,,l  .sertions  were  dn-eeted  agatnst  1   an  e,_^     ^  Ute  treaty  of 

1  Ti.e  diet   of  Augsburg,  in  i^od,  ^-^"^ 

U„  a>sa..U.        1  >-    '"-      ;^,.,;,,  ,    .al  rights  with  the  Catholus, 
l'a>>au.  and  gave  ''^^'f '"';'''"  .,.atcd   and  the  ntmtber  of  h»  enennes 

^■'-'-■--T"'  ;t;::;i" -^^-y  estates  to  his  son  i.ub^^^ 
-■■::::r:";::d:;:r:r;".^re.ertion,andthathe.h.^ 

Ijvote  tA-.od  therentaind^e^s^_____________ 

^,v,t  Maurice  en.c.e.l  Inn^pmck.  and  Charles, 

,  1  V  <\^r  ■^)m,  escaped  aluHL,  m  >.  .     . 


2;o 


no  CSE    OF  A  [SV -A' /.I. 


'  1  >l1c(  Um  1  lor  liis 
ill    J'->irciiKi(hira, 

)in])  lor  the  (juict 

■()i!riiK'(l  to  siiort 
cloi  ks.      I  Ic  ai- 

■  hi>  dr.itli.  as  an 


l^irning-  to  Philip,  who  had  thrown  liinisclf  on  1  s  kiuu.  and  ki.v^cd 
tlic  hand  ot"  his  father,  lie  reminded  hnn  of  ins  ihr,  ics,  and  ni.ale  liini 
swear  to  labor  ineessar.t ly  for  tlie  good  of  In's  i)e()].]e.  He  tlien  gave 
liim  his  l)lessing,  embraced  Inhn,  and  sank  ])aek  exhansted  on  iiis  (hair. 
At  tliat  tniie  (diaries  conferred  on  rindip  the  sovereignty  of  the  Xetli- 
erland.  alone.  January  15,  1556,  he  (  onferred  uj).  n  him  tlie  Snanidi 
throne,  reservin-  for  liimself  merely  an  annual  pens  m  of  one  linndred 
thou^aiul  (huats.  'Vhc  nniaining  time  tliat  he  s})  nt  in  the  Nether- 
lands he  employed  in  reconcih'ng  h!^  >on  with  hnnK  ■,  and  effected  the 
conchision  of  a  truce. 

Having  made  an  unsuccessful  aUemi-t  to  induce  In^    )rot]ier  Ferdinand 
lo  tran.sfer  the  imperial  (  rown  to  the  liead  of  his  soi      he  sent  a  solemn 
embassy  to  (dermanv,  by  William  the  Sdent,   Prince  of  ( )r;m-e.  to  an- 
nounce   to    the   electors    his   abduation;   after  whic      he   embarked    at 
Zealand,  and   landed  on   the  coast  of  P»!scav.      He  1 
residence   the    irnuKistirx   of  St.    |ust,   mar    i'lasenci. 
and  lieiv  he  exchanged  .sowreignty,  donnnion,  and 
and   solitiKle   of  a  cloister.      Hi>  amusements  \\^>I•e 
rides,  to    the  <  tiltivation  of  a  garden,  and    to  makin 
tended  religious  ser\  i(  es  twice  a  dav  ;    :\\\([  ]\\>i   befo 
extraordinary  a(  t  of  pielv.  he  <  elebrated  his  own  ob>   ipaics.     'J'in's  (  ere- 
mony  seems    to   have   haltend    his  death.        He   wa     alia,  ked   sjiortlv 
alter  b_\-  a  le\er,  of  whu  h   he  died,  at  the  age  of  fifi 
21,   155.S,  .md  was  buiued  in  (dranada,  but  at'terward 
tran.slerred  to  (he  ]'>s(  orial. 

Hi.s  wile  was  ]-deanora  of  Portugal,  daughter  of  bbnanuel  the  (\\\:a[. 
He  .had  liy  hcu"  one  .s(,)n,  Philip  IP,  and  two  (knigl::ers,— Mar\-,  who 
married  her  (ousin,  the  lanperor  Maxiimdian  IP:  md  loanna,  wiiu 
married  the  Infant  John  of  Portugal,  .son  of   John  II 

PIis  naturad  (  hddren  were  Don  John  of  Austria  md  Margaret  of 
Parma. 

Charles  \.   is  one  of  the  mo^t   rcanarkable  (  liaract«  ^  in  hisSurw     He 

exhibited  no  talents  in  his  \ou(h,  and    in   ai'terdife.  \  len  hi>  armie>  m 

Italy  were  winning   battle   after   battk-,  he   remained  |uiell\-   in    Spam, 

ap])arently   not    much    interested    in    tlie^e   vi(  toric's  :  but    even    in    hir. 

early  youth  his  motto  was,   "  .\;./  rc/,"—.\on(liiin.     I  was  n,,t  until  his 

thirtieth  year  that  he  showed  himself  active  and  indej  ndeni  :   but  from 

this  time  to  his  abdication  he  was  throughout  a  mona  h.      No  minister 

had  a  marked   intluence  over   him.      Cardinal  Craiu  lie  was  the  only 

I)erson  who   possessed    his   entire   c-onlldence.       In   hi  f>riieth    \(ar  he 

began  to  grow  weak,  and  suffered  extremely  from  the  -out.      After  his 


ill». 


s 


eplember 


lis  remain-  were 


COXTEMT'ORARIES. 


25^ 


,      .     ,    ,,.    he  thouMu  sometimes  that  he  heard  her  vmce  ealln.g 
,,,],ers  death    he  thor.  ^^^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^,^^^^^  ^^^  ,,,,,. 

^^^'^^  '''  '''^''''''  ^"'\  u  of  the  en..v^ement  he  was  as  eool  as  Ü   it 

bled,  but  that  m   the  heat  ot   the  en,.y,^^ 

were  impossiblu  for  an  Emperor  to  be  kmecl. 

CONlEMPORAUn-^    OF    CHARLES    V. 
ENilLANlJ. 

^    ^  .  1  -,,-  title  and  an  ample  treasure.     Pie 

■      "1   ,'      fill,"  nf    ''Defender  ot    tne   raitu      nom  1    ^ 

^^■'■."^■^■'   T  -nU  1  u     er.  but  quarreled  w.th  the  Pope  a.ter.v.rus 

wriimg  a  book  agamst  launci,  i  Kaihanne  of  Aragon, 

-«'   ""V'^'^   ''■  V^''-::'i".^  .i^!>;öLn  up,  ana  the.r  revenue. 
the  '■  reh.mou.  nou.e.     '".  ''W\»  ^,,^   ,.,^,,,,,-i,,  ,. 

(  harle>  \  .  a  1.1  1  lau.  i  ,  ,,,„,,t,,-  „I    Ferdinand  ot  Ara-on  aral 

^^^''""■'   "'  ,  ,   .,   home       -nie-   ln->t   objects   that   greeted   her 

Moor,   (-.ranada   was     u      -    •         ^^  ^.  ^,^^  ^^^^^^^^^  ^^„,  ,,,  .... 

,«,,keu,nu    nneUe       -'      '  ^  .  ,,^^.,.^^  ,,,,  ,he  ,,onregrauate.- 

■•■•'•-^^-  ' -y;"  '■"  "^  T    ^u.uered  Moor.h  kin,,.     She  was  nrst 

U-,e  arnH,r,al    .ns,gn,a  ot   ^>^^/^°"  1""'  her  siMecnth  vcar.      six 

'■-■'■'-'  '':-"-'^r--'''-'Tr:nov!:^aKerwar.,s.  she. ^^^ 
,^„„„,„  ,.u,.  ,he  was  lei     a  w.do.N.  ^^^^^^^^ 

,„„-„cd  to  her  brother-.n-law,     len,,.      X\  1  ->  H  ^^^^^^ 

'    t  •  ,.    ^^■\th    hi'dier   noweis    tnan    nao   <^^^'    . 

he    iutruMea    lus   queen    vn  uh    ^'-'^  ^^.„„   ,,,,  ..  üaule 

"f"'^^:;r''vieto:t^^X;^eU^        Henry  divoreed  her  a.ter 

^aiP.ed    the   \icU)i\    at  h  storian    savs 

•->■   >--'    ''--^    "^■"■'•;^''    r"q-''"^iro;ivpe.i     ^vho  could  de.v 

'•  ''-   ^^^■"■■•"^  .^^'''"'r."  ,:;■:.";;.      nu'had  never  forfeited  his 
'-''  :r':i'i:::;.,f:i:n:::f  Katharine,  her  unstained  nttegntv 

and   otiiei    saintiN    miui^s  cn.A-.D-ire     has  properiy 

,•    ^  r*;,-       One    m hduv   Lienuis,   bnaksp.aie,    na,    i      i 

these   hign   <iuablies.      One    mi,n       ^  ^^^^^^   ^^,    ^^^^ 

-7'-"l^:ftr:-btr"Kitann::;i^^^ 

"""■'^'-"■."      '       ,      .s  luriod  at  the  beautintl  abbey  church  o,   Petcr- 

^'-^^'  "'  ""•■•  '  1     s.nv.ved  Iter.  Marv,  afterwards  Queen  of 

l.orough.      One  only  chdd  sui\i\ea   i.ei, 

England. 


/ 


252 


I/O  CSF.    OF  .ICS'fhlA. 


Anne  Boleyn  was  tlie  serond  wife  of  Henry.  Tlicre  's  no  name  in 
tlie  annals  of  female  royalty  oyer  \yhi(  h  tlie  enchantn  n(>  of  i.oetry 
and  romance  have  (ast  such  bewildering^  >i)ells  as  that  ot  \nne  15ole}-n. 
Her  wit,  her  l)eaut\-,  and  the  striking  \i(is>itudes  of  lei"  fate  luux' 
inyest.-fl  her  with  an  interest  not  commonlv  excited  1  a  woman  ii"i 
whom  yanit\-  and  ambition  were  the  leading  traits.  Sii  wa^  maid  of 
honor  to  ^\ax\  of  Kimiand,  wik-  of  Louis  XII..  thei  to  tlie  Lr(jod 
Queen  Claude,  wife  of  lM-an(i>  I.  ;  after  whi(  h  slie  ent  red  the  more 
liyely  household  ofthat  ro\al  /'c/7c  es////.  >birL;arel.  l)u(  I  s-.  dWleiuH)!!, 
afterwards  (Jueen  of  Nawirre.  sister  of  h'ranc  i^  I.  In  15  \  >he  leturned 
to  luigland.  and  through  W'olsey  was  recommended  a--  laid  o(  honor 
to  Katharine  of  Aragon.  She  was  married  to  lleiir\-  in  53:;.  Ji  was 
through  lier  that  \\'ol.->e}-  was  degraded  and  Sir  Thoi  a>  Moie  and 
P>ishoj)  Fisher  were  beheaded.  She  was  unkind  to  he,  ^tepdaugliter 
Mary,  who^e  foruiyeness  she  bcLTued  beiori'  hei'  e\e(  ulio  She  !>i\ored 
the  Reformation,  and  sayed  the  life  of  Hugh  Latimer,  t  ough  twent\- 
fiye  \ears  afterwai'ds  he  was  burned  at  the  stake.  Anne  \\^>  behe;ided 
at  the  age  of  thirty-six,  a.d.  T536.  She  left  one  ch  1,  ldi/a])eth, 
afterwards  (^)ueen  of  iMigland. 

Jaiic  Scxfiiour  \\A^  married  to  Henry  within  twent}-foiir  Iio^i-n  after 
Anne's  exe(iition.  She  is  (-ailed  b}'  hi>torians  "the  tanc-t.  tlie  dis- 
creete>t,  and  the  mo>t  meritorious  ol  all  Henri's  wi\e->."  She  was 
kind  to  the  Prineos  .\hir\',  and  tried  to  effec  t  a  reeon<  iliat  ion  l)etu\en 
her  and  the  kinu'.  W'hetlier  from  in->tin<tive  oruileiK  e  <  a-  natural 
taciturnitw  she  certainlv  exemplilk«!  the  u  i^e  proxerb.  tlcU  "the  least 
said  is  soonest  mended,"  for  she  passed  eighteen  month-  of  rowi!  lile 
without  uttering  a  sentence  signita  .mt  tuiough  to  beai"  '  aa-><a\a.tion. 
She  died  about  a  t'ortnight  aher  the  birth  of  her  son,  ImIw  ad  \d.,  from 
beinu  suffered  to  take  cold  and  to  eat  improper  food. 

Afuif  of  C/rrcs,  daughter  of  John  HI.,  Duke  of  ("  xe-.  was  the 
fourth  wife  of  I  kau-y.  Her  device  was  two  white  swai  .  (.lubKans  of 
candor  and  innocence.  Her  fimil\-  motto  was,  CduMJd  ih'yOd  jiJrs^  — 
"Our  faith  is  spotless."  }  La-  eldest  sister,  Sib\lla.  m::rried  John 
Frederic,  Duke  of  SaxoiU',  one  of  tlie  champions  ot  the  l\elorm:iti(m, 
surnamed  the  Liondiearted  lOlector.  Sibylla  was  famed  fur  her  talents 
and  virtues;  Anne,  for  her  geiUleness  and  ami:ib!la\.  Lmnuvill 
recommended  her  to  Henry,  and  the}-  were  married  in  1540.  Six 
months  afterwards,  the)'  were  diyoia  ed.  Anne  went  tluai  t..  le-idc  at 
her  palace  at  Richmoml.  Hca-  good  ^euse  pie->er\ed  her  from  in- 
volying  herself  in  any  of  the  i>olitical  intrigues  ()f  ilu'  time-.  Ilea-  last 
public  appearance  was  at  the  coronation  of  (Jueen  Mar\  .  when  -he  rode 


COXTEMPORARIES. 


253 


1 


■ 


in  the  same  carriage  with  the  Princess  Elizabeth,  with  whom  she  was 
always  on  the  most  affectionate  terms.  She  died  in  1577,  aged  sixty- 
one,  an-1  was  l)uried  near  the  high  altar  in  Westminster  Abbey. 

Kdtharint-  JIoK'ard  was  a  daughter  of  that  illustrious  house  which  has 
r,dyen  to  I'higland  during  the  last  four  hundred  years  so   many  heroes, 
poets,  politu  lans,  courtiers,  patrons  of  literature,  and  state  yictims  to 
tyraimy  and   revenge.      Her  career  affords  a  grand    moral  lesson,— a 
lesson  better  c  alculated  to  illustrate  the  vanity  of  female  ambition,  and 
the  fatal  (  onse'piences  of  the  first  unguarded  steps  in  guilt,  than  all  the 
warn.ing   essays  that  have  ever  been    written   on   those  subjects.      Her 
mother  died  when    Katharine  was  in   early  childhood,  and   her  grand- 
mother, the  1  )u<hess-dowager  of  Norfolk,  left  her  to  associate  altogether 
witli  her  waiting-women  and  a  band  of  gentlemen  pensioners  belonging 
to  the  Duke  of  Xoriolk.     She  was  appointed  maid  of  honor  to  Anne  of 
Cleycs.      In   August,  1540,  Henry  introduced  Katharine  at  Hampton 
Court  as  his  (pieen.      She  was  a  young  lady  of  moderate  beauty,  but  of 
superlative  gra.  e.     Her  form  was  small  and  slender.     The  scandals  of 
her  girlhood  were  told  to  Henry,  who  had  her  tried,  condemned,  and 
beht'aded  in  the  tlower  of  her  age,  and  in  the  eighteenth  month  of  her 
marriage.      It  is  believed  that  neither  she  nor  Anne  Boleyn  was  in  any 
way  uuilty  of  the   breach  of   matrimony  of  which  they  were  accused. 
P,üth  she  and  Anne  were  buried  near  each  other  in  St.  Peter's  Chapel  of 
the  Tower.      Henry  assumed    the  title  of  King  of  Ireland  a  few  days 
before    her    execution.      Katharine    Howard   therefore    died    the    first 
Queen  of  hhigland  and  Ireland. 

^  KatJidnnrPan-  was  the  first  Protestant  Queen  of  England.  She 
was  git^ted  by  nature  with  fine  talents,  and  these  were  imi)roved  by  the 
advantages  of  careful  cultivation.  Her  first  husband  was  Lord  Borough, 
a  widow-er  with  grown-up  children.  She  was  probably  under  twenty 
when  she  married  her  second  husband.  Lord  Latimer,  a  mature  widower. 
Katharine's  ancestors  were  the  Marmions.  She  was  not  only  pious, 
learned,  and  passing  fair,  but,  after  the  death  of  her  second  husband, 
possessed  great  wealth.  Sir  Thomas  Seymour,  brother  of  Queen  Jane, 
souuht  her  hand,  but  ^vithdrew  his  suit  in  fear  when  he  found  Henry 
wasdetermined  to  get  her.  Henry  and  Katharine  were  married  in 
July.  1543.  The  Princess  Mary  was  her  bridesmaid.  How  well  her 
sound  sense  and  endearing  manners  fitted  her  to  reconcile  the  rival 
interests,  an<l  to  render  herself  a  bond  of  union  between  the  disjointed 
links  of  the  roval  family,  is  proved  by  the  affection  and  respect  of  her 
grateful  step-children,  and  also  by  their  letters  after  King  Henry's 
death.      One  of  the  first  fruits  of  Queen  Katharine's  virtuous  influence 


4 


254 


no  I' SIC    L>I'  ACS  J  RIA. 


over  the  mind  of  the  kin^ij,'  \va>  tlie  re-.torati()n  of  \\\>  (:anL;]iler>,  tiie 
})ersecute(l  Mar\',  and  tlu-  \-o!in-\  neule*  ted  I-"J.  izal  »eth.  to  ttieir  ]iro|ier 
rank  in  the  court,  and  I'ecoLinit  ion  in  tiie  order  ot  succession  to  tlie 
crown.  After  Ifenrx's  deatli,  she  married  'Idionia^  Srxnni'ir.  I.ord 
Sudlcv.  Katharine  died  in  the  tliirt\  >i\th  \e.ir  of  lier  ai^^e.  and  I,ad\- 
Jane  (lre\-  officiated  at  lier  iunei'al  as  (ii it,  f  mourner.  K;!lh  u  inc  fax'ored 
the  Reformation,  Lj,a\-e  lier  inllueni  e  to  the  T  n.i ecu-sit _\  (U  (  \imi  iridi^e, 
and  promoted  the  translation  ot'  the  Sf  riptures. 

lü/ii'iirJ  ]'/.  succeeded  liis  f.itlier,  in  1547,  under  tlie  ]  .!-(^tectnrs]ii]i 
of  his  uncle,  the  1  )uke  of  Sonua-set.  lie  w,is  amia/hle.  reli-ious,  and 
learned  for  one  of  Ids  xcars.  In  liis  time  i;reat  stiidcs  wcie  made 
towards  the  estal)l!shment  of  Protestantism  in  l-aiL;land.  A  new  s^r- 
viced)ook,  compiled  1)\"  ('rannuu"  and  Ridlex',  a-sisted  1)\  t,  it'wn  otluu" 
di\'ines,  was  drawn  up  and  ordeied  to  be  w^^-d,  an.d  is  known  as  tlic 
First  Pra\er-l>()()k  of  J'Mward  \d.       lie  died  in   \^^2. 

Jf(ir\\  the  fn-st  (Juecai-i-eunant  of  I'hpuland,  was  t'ae  oid\  (  iiild  of 
llenrv  \MI1.  and  Katharine,-  ol"  Arai^on  who  reachicd  matmatw  S!ie  is 
an  historical  example  of  tlie  noxious  eifects  tliat  o\-er-e(lu<  :;t  ion  has 
at  a  very  tender  a_L;e.  Iler  preco(  ious  studies  prohal)!}  laai  the  toun- 
dation  for  her  nielanclioK'  temper  and  delicate  healtli.  She  li\ed  in 
regal  pomp  as  Princess  ot'  \\'ales,  until  her  fither's  man-fiue  with 
Anne  P>ole\ii,  when  he  ordcua'd  her  to  -iw  up  her  title,  and  to  (all 
I'dizabeth  Princess  of  Wales.  She  s:nd  she  wa)uld  call  the  I'.ihe  sj-^ter, 
and  nothimi  more.  Her  fatluu"  threatened,  but  neithc  r  threats  nor 
(le{)rivations  had  the  least  et'fect  in  bendm-  her  resolution.  Wdiile  lier 
mother  lived  she  waiuld  ha\'e  sut"lere(l  martxrdom  rather  th.in  m.ike  a 
concession  ai^ainst  the  interest  and  di-nitv  ofthat  adored  pireiit.  She 
was  sent  t(^  Ilunsdon,  where  the  infmt  I'di/.abeth  was  e^t  ibl'slu«!  with 
a  maL/nificent  household,  and  where  her  owii  situation  w\:>  that  of  a 
bondmaiden.  havini^^  no  comfort  except  in  her  books.  Slir  was  iiot 
even  allowed  to  see  her  motluu"  in  lier  last  illness.  Anne  Poiexii,  be- 
fore her  exectition,  sent  to  ask  Marx's  pardon  for  all  the  wrongs  she 
had  heaped  upon  her.  Jane  Sexanonr  was  unable  to  v\\\'r\  a  ie( on- 
ciliation  between  her  and  her  fither.  Mary  then  held  a  joint  house- 
hold with  her  little  sister  at  Hunsdon  for  three  years.  .\  t'ew  niontlis 
after  her  father's  marriap;e  with  Katharine  Parr.  Mary  wa>  restored  to 
her  rank  at  court,  and  was  treated  by  him  with  much  alTe<  tion.  It 
was  throti'di  Katharine's  influence  that  Marv  translated  from  the  Latin 
the  whole  of  Erasmus's  ])araphrase  of  St.  John's  (K)spel.  As  soon  as  her 
brother,  Edward  VI.,  died,  she  took  prompt  measm-es  for  maintainini; 
her  rights.      At  her  coronation  she  recognized   her  sister  ]*dizabeth  in 


CCXIEMPOKAIkIES. 


OD 


all  respects  as  next  in  rank  to  herself.  She  married  Philij)  II.  of  Spain. 
DuriuL^  a  severe  illness  which  followed  the  Christmas  festivities  in  the 
\e.tr  of  her  marriage,  when  every  facailty  of  body  and  of  mind  was  pros- 
trated t'or  months,  (  ommenced  that  horrible  p)erse(aition  of  the  Prot- 
estants, headed  bvCardiner  and  lx)nner.*  Many  wdiolesome  laws  were 
made  and  rexised  by  her.  She  was  kind  to  the  i)Oor.  (a.wirageous, 
mmnanimous  towards  her  sister  Pdi/abeth.  and  desirous  for  tlie  wel- 
fare of  her  countrx".  Her  motto  was.  "  Time  nnveils  tre.th."  She  died 
in  155.S,  aged  foity-txvo,  and  xx-as  buried  in  the  chapel  of  Henry  A  II. 
She  xvas  drawn  into  a  xvar  xvitli  France  by  her  husband,  in  which  the 
lOnijlish  l(,)st  Calais. 

FRANCE. 

J-)-dnn's  /. ,  Coimt  of  AngotilCaue  and  Dtikc  of  Yalois,  was  in  tlie 
txventx-fn-st  year  of  his  age  when  he  came  to  the  throne,  a.d.  1515. 
He  xvas  braxe.  generous,  gav,  the  idol  of  his  i)eo])le,  and  his  court  was 
the  most  l)rdliant  and  chivalrous  that  France  had  known.  During  in- 
tervals of  peace  he  built  and  beautil'ied  many  ]Kda(X's.  His  Cstaldish- 
ineiits  tor  learning,  and  the  montmients  of  the  arts  which  he  encouraged, 
have  handed  dowm  his  name  as  "  The  Father  and  Restorer  of  Letters 
and  the  Arts." 

J.oiiisü  of  Sdrox,  Regent  of  Fran(-e,  was  the  daughter  of  Pliili])  IL, 
Duke  of  Savov,  and  of  Margaret  of  Bourl)on.      At  the   age  of  twelve 


-The  StMut  (lii^pi^ll'T.  i:.l\v,i!-a  I'lKlc-rliill,  e<c;ip("il  ail  jicrsocution  f.)r  ]iis  rrliL:;i()n, 
thou«''!)  he  luiil  iMM-n  jn  :^,riu-  danger  w!i;!-t  tlie  (jikhmi's  sev(_^re  illnt>ss  lasted.  Il!>  em-iiiies 
sometimes  w.mld  tell  hiin  iliat  wariaiit-  were  .uit  ai,Min-t  hii)i.  '!''>  whicli  the  vali.mt 
Protestant  sai.l,  "  If  thev  \vcr(\  and  he  found  th'/ni  not  duly  signed,  In-  should  go  fe.rth.er 
than  Trtcr,  who  onlv  ent  o'\\  th.r  ear  of  Maleluis.  for  he  shoiil'l  cut  otT  the  hraal  and  ears 
into  the  barLraiii  of  an.v  nie-^cni^vT  xvho  served  mu-Ii  warrant."  He  also  addi  d,  "that  lie 
con-,!dered  hini-^elf  lei^allv  authorized  in  rc-i-tini;-  to  death  any  warrant  whi(  h  was  not 
signed  1)\^  /':■,'  of  the  eonneil  ;"  but  if  th.e  royal  ^it;n-inanai:d  had.  been  affixed,  lie  eould 
not  hiive  said  this.  Bu-anat  expressiv  says,  neithta-  Mary  nor  ('a.rdinal  I'ole  wa.s  ever  at 
the-'  eouneils,  and  that,  in  the;  inid-t  of  tln^  iierseetitions,  seldom  more  than  thr(\'  -at  in 
eon-ultation.  I'ndeilull  took  the  preeaaition  of  walling  Uj:),  with  a  good  baaaaer  of  brieks, 
all  hi-  jiohanie  librarv,  in  a  niehe  of  his  be''lchamber  in  W'oof]  Stre.-t.  He  a--ure>  Ins 
reader  thev  were  ah  i-eleased  from  their  eoi^.fmetnent,  as  good  as  m-w,  \\iien  the  seene 
changed,  at  th(>  aece-^ion  of  I-di/.abeth.  Thus,  this  gallant  gentleman  of  the  pen  and 
sword  w(Mth(a-ed  all  the  politieal  and  religious  storms  of  the  rei-n  of  M.irv,  ;ind  hveri 
pro;perouslv,  till  a  good  old  age,  tmder  the  >wav  of  T'hzabcth.  I'nderliiU.  who  for  his 
/•■a!  in  the  fa'.viiii-t  religion  wa-  e:dled  the  "Hot  ( losjieiler,"  was  thrown  into  pri-on 
d.nri'ig  the  time  betwctai  Marv's  proi-lamation  and  her  arrival  at  the  Towei".  M  ir\-  not 
onlv  releascfl  him,  lutt  re-toia-d  him  to  his  plaee  in  the  band  of  gentlemen  pensio:iers.  and, 
as  he  notiees  witii  great  s  n-sf  iction,  to  his  salai'V,  xvithout  the  deduction  of  tlie  tmie  of  h:s 
arre-t.  Marv  sliowi-d  her  iu<lement  in  acting  thus;  for  this  brave  man,  though  he  scorned 
to  disavow  hia  principles,  was  ever  in  time  of  danger  an  intrepid  (U-fend.er  of  her  person. 


\ 


256 


j/orsr,   OF  .irsT/xij. 


she  was  married  to  Cliarlcs  of  Orleans,  C^)nnt  (jf  Ai\L;oii]cme.  S!ie 
was  obli^^^'d  to  coiitonn  to  the  will  of  Lonis  XI.  and  the  ta>te  of  h.:r 
husband,  who  loved  ret ii-eineiU,  and  w  ilh  whom  she  li\ed  in  the  chateau 
dc  Ca)unac,  where  she  nourished  the  uerni^  of  ambition,  in  the  hoju,' 
that  she  should  one  day  have  the  opfxtrtunity  of  devvlopiriL;  tlivm.  At 
the  aLie  of  tuent\'  Louisa  \\a>  a  widow,  and  the  motlier  ot  two  (  liddren, 
Fraricis  I.  and  Mai-aret,  afterwarcL  (  hieen  of  N. narre.  \\]io>e  education 
she  carel'ully  superintended.  Charles  \'1 11.  invitc(!  lici-  to  lii>  (  ourl  at 
Amboi^e,  where  she  appeared  ii^.  all  tlie  brilban(  \-  of  lu-r  y(ait]i  and 
splendor.  Louisa,  after  tlie  death  of  Cdiarler.  XdlL.  wa^  welcomed  by 
Louis  XII.,  who  liad  lost  both  of  Ih^  sons,  as  thie  motlur  of  the  heir- 
presumptive.  Although  Anne  of  Ihatai^ne  and  Lcui^.i  (ould  with  (lib 
fuailt)-  maintain  tiie  outward  forms  o\  politeness  towanb  eac  h  other, 
yet  Anne,  when  dvin^,  named  J,oiiisa  tlie  -luirdian  of  her  dauL^hter, 
who  mai-ricd  the  Count  of  An-ouleme  tluec-  montli>  after,  in  the  }ear 
1514.  After  the  death  of  Loui^XIL,  Loui>a  ^Ivurd  tlie  L:o\-ernment 
with  her  son,  whose  ( onfideiu  «.■  in  her  wa^  unbounded.  Alter  I-'raiu  is's 
deleat  at  l\i\-ia,  she  was  accused  by  the  whole  luition  of  hiavin-'  been 
the  (ause  ot  lM)urbon\  dete(  tion.  of  haviiiL;  abused  the  power  vow- 
fided  in  her,  and  of  ruinini;  the  fortune  (if  I-'rain  e.  The  -reatest 
eulouv,  however,  i.-.  due  to  Louisa  for  the  cner^v  and  t.ihau  ^he  dis- 
placed  under  the  dithc  iilt  (  ir(  umstances  with  wliu  h  die  had  to  (on- 
tend.  She  wrote  to  the  Lmperor  Charlo  \'.  lo  stipulate  ü)r  the 
freedom  of  her  >on.  and  at  leni^th  CharK's  offered  Lr.!nci>  I.  the  <  hoice 
of  receivini;-  a>  hostages,  lor  the  tulfillment  of  the  < oiKÜtions  ot  his 
freedom,  all  the  brave>t  (avaliers  oi  h'ranc  e,  or  his  two  sons.  It  was 
lel't  to  Louisa  to  decide,  and  her  de(  i^ion  did  her  much  honor,  bee  aii^e, 
stithnir  her  natural  teelin^-s,  she  t  hose  to  retain  the  mo>t  illustrious  and 
the  nu)st  skillful  -enerab,  for  the  good  of  the  (ountrw  After  l'"ran(  is 
returned  to  Paris,  he  gave  his  mother  hill  power  to  treat  with  Ma.rgaret 
of  Austria,  the  aunt  of  the  Ihnperor,  lor  a  peace  with  the  Low  ( 'ount  ries. 
This  ''Ladies'  Peace"  took  place  at  Caml)ra\  in  1329.  and  the  lounda- 
tion  of  the  agreement  was  the  liberation  of  the  xoiing  paiiues.  Louisa 
was  attac  ked  w  ith  the  j)lague  at  l'\)ntainebh\ui,  whither  she  went  to 
ins})e(-t  the  works  of  a  (astle  whi(  h  the  king  was  l)uilding.  Recovering 
temporarih',  and  wishing  to  es«  ape  birtlier  infe(  tion,  she  took  tiie  road 
to  r>lois,  but  was  stopped  at  (ire/,  b\-  indisjiosit ion,  and  died  three 
days  after,  at  the  age  of  fift_\--live,  in  the  y^ar  1531.  Slie  was  buried 
at  St.  Denis  with  great  magnihc  em  e  and  solemnity. 

Claude  of  J'^raiicr,  hrst  wife  of  Imtiiu  is  L,  although  endowed  with  the 
amiable  (tualities  of  her  lather,  Louis  XII. ,  had   neither  the  talent  nor 


1 

1 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


0-7 
-0  / 


the  encrc^v  of  her  mother,  Anne  of  Bretagne.  She  was  unfortunate  in 
bavin-  a"i  inconstant  lu.sban.l,  whom  she  nevertheless  tenderly  loved  ; 
vet  --he  experieneed  ^reat  consolation  in  the  sincere  homage  which  the 
ivuion  rendere.l  lo  her  estimable  qualities.  She  died  in  1524,  at  the 
,,'c  of  iwentv-r.ve,  an<l  was  buried  in  the  royal  sepulchre  of  bt.  Denis. 
She  wa.  the  mother  of  seven  children,-the  dauj.hin,  Francis,  who  was 
poiM.ne.l  at  Valence  in  .  536  ;  Henry  II. ,  King  of  France  ;  Charles,  Duke 
„I  Orleans;  Madeline,  wife  of  James  V.  of  Scotland;  and  Margaret 
who  married   I'liiliberl  Emanuel,  Duke  of  Savoy;  the  other  two  died 

young.  -   .^.      ,      ,r 

'    Tlie  second  wife  of  Francis  I.,  the  eUlest  sister  of  Charl«  \  .,  w, , 
the   ,lan.diler   of   Philip   the    Handsome  and  Joanna  la  Folic  1  insane), 
who    bem^  left  a  widow  at  the  age  of  twenty-six  by  a  husband  whom 
she   a.lored,  was   so  violently  alTe.ted    by  his  deatli  that  she  lost  her 
reason,  and  during  the  space  of  forty-four   years  languished  in  pro- 
foun.l  mi.erv.  forsaken  and  negle,  ted  by  all.      Her  daughter,  Eleanor 
„r  \,Htria.  was  born  ,at  I.ouvain   in  149S,  and  gifted  with  all  the  most 
brilliant  endowments  of  nature.     She  is  described  as  having  "  laughing 
eve.    with  evebrous  „f  fine  black  ;  a  complexion  of  lil.es  and  roses, 
small  ivorv  teeth,  a  delicately-formed  mouth,  and  a  mellilluous  voice. 
In  1-14    Frederic  II.,  brother  of  the  Elector  P.datine,  who  was  at  tne 
eouit  of'  Charles  v.,  became  greatlv  enamored  of  her,  and  the  princess 
responded  to  his  affe.  tion  ;  but  no  sooner  did  Charles  find  it  out  than 
bebani.he.l  Frederic  from  the  court,  and  decided  Eleanor's  marriage 
with    I'-.manuel   the  Great,  the  old   King  of  Portugal.      In    1519.  the 
,,rin<e.s  was   married,   and  left  a  widow  with   two  children  m  1521. 
On   her  return  to   the  court  of  Charles,  Frederic  renewed  his   atten- 
tion,,   but    Eleanor,   who   acquiesced    in   all   her   brothers  ambitious 
view,    ^raciouslv  acce,.ted   the  hand  of  Francis  I.     This  marriage  was 
celebrated  at  the  abbev  of  Vegres.  near  Bordeaux,  and  she  was  crowned 
at  Saint  Denis  in  1531.     Kleanor  loved  France,  and  was  delighted  with 
tUe  hrilbant  welccmie  she  received.     The  suavity  of  her  manners  an, 
.„„.Inc.,  of  her  heart  rendered  her  the  cherished  idol  of  the  c.ourt  and 
r,..„nie-   but  she  was  as  unfortunate  as  her  predecessor,  Claude,  m  tne 
Inhc'lebues    of    her    husband,   who    neglected    her    for    the    Duchess 
d'Etainpcs.     After  the  death  of  the  king,  Eleanor,  who  had  nc,  chi  - 
,lren    went  to  her  brother,  the  Emperor,  in  Brabant.     In  1556  she  lett 
the  Low  Countries  for  Sixain,  «here  she  died  at  Talavera  in  1558,  aged 
sixtv,  and  was  interred  at  the  Escorial. 


17 


i 


2:^8 


J/OrSK    OF  ArSTA'IA. 


AMIRICA. 


Anicri^^o    VrsJ'iicci^    from    whom    America    a((  idciitalK'    received    it> 
name,   wos   a   ]uui\"e   of  I'loreiu c.      He  early    made   L:reat   ])r(»ij,ress   in 
natural  j)liilos()])h\-,  a^tronom}',  and   L^eoi^rapli}-,  at  that   time  the  three 
jjrincipal   l)ran(  hes  of  science  studed  at  Idoreiic  e,  on  a(  < onnt  of  iheii' 
importance    in    relation    to  commer<  e.       Jnllameil    \\ith   a    pa-^ion    lui- 
disc()\er)',  ahout  the  time  that  Columlms  was  nuikin^   prrpaiat  ionN  for 
his    second  \a)\aLie   Ameri^^o    took   ser\  ic  e   tinder   the    Sj^ani-h    admiial 
Ojeda,    as   a   pilot,    and,   sailini;  fron»    Cadiz  in    I4(j(;,    arriwd   at  wliat 
is  now   c-alled    Cumana,   exjiloi'ed    the   l)a\-    of    Taiia,    and   >ai;ed    ^ome 
hundred    miles    alon^j;    the    (oa^-t.       He    returned    the    autumn    of   that 
same   year,  but   commenced   a  second    \()}aL:.e  under  Admiral    I'in/.on, 
which    resulted    in    the   di>< oxerv  ol"   a   (  roud    of  small    inlands    in    the 
sotith  of  the  (lulf  of  Mexico.      Me  wais  now  allured   1)\    promises   into 
the   service   of  Mmanuel    the   (Ireat   of   I'orlULial  ;    the    fir^-t    \o\aue  wa- 
made  in  1501,  and  the  second  in   1503.      He  lo>t  oiu-  of  hi>  ^hips,  and 
it  was  onl)-  after  encounlennt^   ^reat   ])eril>   that   the   other   li\e   found 
refuge  in  All-Saints  I*>a\\,  on    the  (<»a>t    of   i!ra/il.       Hnniholdt's   in\e>- 
tigations  led  1dm  to  believe  that  the  name  A])h}-i:a  puobabl)'  <  cUne  from 
Germanv.      A  selection   of  Ameriuo's   narratix'cs  of  his  \()\aL:es  found 
its   way    into    that    countr)-.       .\birtin    WahUeemiiller,    of    I'leiburij,-    in 
Baden,  translated  it  for  a  bookseller  of  St.    I)ie/,  in    Lorraine.      As  the 
first   account   of    the   wonderful    diMONorw    it    wa^   urecdiK    devoured. 
Edition  after  edition  wa>>  ])rinted,  and,  according  to  Humboldt,  it  \\ai^ 
Waldseemiiller   who   propo>cci    that    the    New  \\'or!d    should    be   called 
America,  in  honcjr  ot  the  author.      Afterwards  this  name  was  gener.div 
emp)lüyed  b\'  geographic-al  writers,  and   e\en   the  Spaniards  and  I'ortu- 
guese  adopted  it.      Amerigo  died  at  Se\ille,  in  Spain,  A.ii.    1512. 

I'he  same  year  that  ("liarles  became  banperor,  J-\iJiaii(io  Ci>r/cz,  sent 
by  Velascjuez,  (Governor  of  Cuba,  landed  in  Mc^xico.  coiapiered  th.e 
Mexican  l'an],)erc)r  Montezuma,  and  in  1521  Mexico  became  a  i)ro\in(e 
of  Spain. 

Police  t/r  Lron,  se\'en  vears  before,  landed  at  St.  AuL,ni<tine,  and  i:a\-e 
the  j)eninsula  its  present  name  of  Morida. 

/u'n////(i;/(/  J/(iXr//(7ii,  i\  (iunou^  l*ortiigtiese  navigator,  in  the  service 
of  Charles,  connnissioned  to  ex})lore  the  Mohic  c  a  Inlands  by  sailing 
westward,  entered  the  straits  since  called  by  his  name,  September  20. 
1520,  and  on  the  27th  of  November  discovered  the  South  I'ac  illc 
Ocean.  Vasco  Nunc:,  di'  JUilhoa,  governor  of  th,e  Si)anish  colony  at 
the   1st'  nuis  of  Darien   (the   first   colony  establislied    in   Americaj,    in 


COXTEMPORARIES. 


259 


1513,  while  crossing  the  isthmus  gained  the  summit  of  a  high  mountain, 
from  which  he  di^,covered  the  Pacific  Ocean.  After  falling  on  his 
knees  and  thanking  (xod  for  the  privilege  of  being  the  discoverer  of  this 
great  ocean,  he  de>cended  to  the  sea-shore  and  took  possession  of  the 
whole  coast  in  the  name  of  the  Spanish  crown. 

In  1524,  Vcrazzana,  a  Florentine  in  the  service  of  France,  entered 
the  harbors  of  New  York  and  Newport,  and  explored  the  coasts  of 
New  laigland,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Newfoundland. 

Jacijucs  Cart'wr,  a  seaman  of  Bretagne,  in  1534  explored  the  Gulf 
aiid  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  took  possession  of  the  country 
in  the  name  of  the  King  of  France. 

Francisco  Pizarro  discovered  Peru  in  1526.      In  1528  he  returned  to 
Spain,  carrying  with   him  many  beautiful  and  valuable  ornaments  in 
gold  and  silver,  which  he  had  obtained  from  the  friendly  and  generous 
natives,   as  well   as  specimens  of  woolen  cloths  of   silky  texture  and 
brilliant   hue,  and   some  lamas  or  alpacas,  and,  narrating  the  story  of 
his   discoveries    before    Charles  V.   and    his   ministers,   described    the 
wealth  of  the  territories,  and   showed  as   proofs  the  things  which  he 
had  brought   with   him  ;   the   right   of  the  discovery  and   conquest  of 
Peru  was  secured  to  him  ;   and  the  honorable  title  of  Captain-General 
of  Peru  was  conferred  upon   him.      On    his  side,  he  agreed  to  raise  a 
certain  number  of  followers,  and  to  send  the  crown  of  Spain  a  fifth  of 
all   the   treasures  he  should   obtain.      Within   ten   years,  the  great  cou- 
(juistador  made  the  empire  of  Peru  his  own.      Pizarro  was  a  soldier  of 
dauntless  courage,    inflexible  constancy  of   purpose,    and   infinite  re- 
source;  yet  his  success  in  Peru  appears  to  have  been  more  the  re>ult 
of  chanc  e   than  of  calc  ulation.      His  conquest  of  Peru   is  a  drama  in 
everv  act  of  which  there  is  bloodshed  :  but  the  drama  is  at  least  con- 
sistent to  the  ^\m\.      He  lived  a  life  of  violence,  and  died  a  violent  and 
bloody  death,— falling  a  victim  to  a  conspiracy  in  1541. 


ARTISTS. 

Autoiiio  AIIc-T!,  surnamed  Cornx^io,  from  the  place  of  his  l)irth,  a 
small  town  near  Modena,  now  called  Rcggio,  was  the  first  among  the 
moderns  who  displayed  that  grace  and  general  beauty  and  softness  of 
effect,  the  combined  excellences  of  design  and  color,  with  taste  and 
expression,  for  which  he  is  still  unrivaled.  His  chiar-oscuro  is  perfect. 
He,  or  rather  his  imitators  for  him,  founded  what  is  called  by  some 
the  Lombard,  by  others  the  Parma,  school  of  painting.  On  first 
beholding,  at  Bologna,  Raphael's  glorious  picture  of  St.  Cecilia,  he 
is  said  to  have  exclaimed,  "I  too  am  a  painter."     One  of  his  most 


26o 


I/OrsK    (>I    AL'STA'/.l. 


famous  })i(tiircs  is  the  "  Nottc"  :Niy!us  li^litcd  only  tVom  tlic  celestial 
splendor  beauiiiiu  from  the  liead  of  the  infant  Sa\  lonr  :  aiioilier  is  tiie 
tanious  ••  Ma-dalen,"  one  of  the  most  .ulmired  pK  tina>  in  the  world. 
In  the  L  ii\ie  aj-e  tua)  of  his  (flehrated  pn  tnre>.  llie  •'Maiai.mc  oi'  St. 
Catherine,"  and  the  "Antiope."  In  the  Ihitish  National  (.allei)-  are 
the  Madonna,  known  as  the  "  X'ierue  an  Panier."  ihe  "  ImIiu  .Uion  of 
Ciipil,"  and  the  famous  "I-a^e  Homo,"  tor  wlm  h  the  Ihat  ish  l;o\  eiai- 
nieiit  j)aid  nit\-se\-en  thousand  five  hundred  d<  »liars.  ( 'orregLjin  d  ied 
in  1534,  m  liis  fortv-hrst  )ear,  and  \va^  buried  in  the  hVaiK  is(  aii  ( mi- 
\"ent  of   Religio. 

Aui/rm  iirl Sdffo  was  born  at  l-loreiu  e  in  14SS.  He  painted  manv 
pieces  lor  hi>  native  (itw  l^'ranc  is  1.  induced  him  1)\-  a  c»  »n-a!e!-,d)ie 
salar)- to  -o  to  Frame  in  151S.  Ihit  his  extrava-ant  wife  led  him  mto 
acts  ot  ini^ratitude  towards  the  prince,  and  he  returneii  to  Italw  He 
\\-as  noted  tor  his  wonderlul  >kill  in  imitation.  He  copieil  Rjpliael's 
portrait  ot  Leo  X.  so  e\(iuihitel)-  as  e\"en  to  deceive  (iiulio  Romano, 
\sho  had  aided  Raphael  in  the  dra()erv.  Amoni,^  hi-  ino>t  (  eu  hr.ited 
Nvorks  is  a  ••  Rurial  in  the  I'cdac  e  INtti,"  the  '-Dead  Saviour  with  Marv 
and  the  Saints,''  in  the  L,^allerv  of  the  L^rand  duke,  and  a  be.iuiiful 
'"Madonna"  in  the  (diurch  of  the  Annun/iata.  in  i5  2(>.\\hen  ldoren(  e 
was  taken,  the  soldiers,  on  enterini;-  the  ( oiuenttiai  retector\'  (ontam- 
inir  his  "Last  Supj)er,"  were  struck  with  awe,  and  Jetired  witliout 
(ounnittiuL:  an\'  violence.  His  (olorinu  in  tVesio,  as  well  js  in  oil, 
was  full  of  sweetness  and  force  ;  his  draperies  are  eas\-  and  L:ra(  eful. 
He  died  of  the  p)lague,  in   1^30. 

Titian  /V/rr///,  one  of  the  greatest  Italian  ])ainters.  was  Lorn  at 
Capo  del  Cadore,  in  the  Alps  of  the  Friiili,  in  KpSo.  Li  portmits 
and  landscapes  he  is  deemed  unrivaled.  His  priiK  ipal  resideiK  e  was 
at  W'uice,  tliough  occasionally  he  accepted  invitations  from  priiK  e>  to 
their  courts.  .At  Lerrara  he  executed  the  portraits  of  the  duke  and 
diudiess,  and  also  that  of  the  poet  Ariosto,  then  a  resident  tlu-re.  He 
was  sent  tor  to  Rome  by  Cardinal  I''arne.>e,  and  attended  Cliarle.s  \'. 
at  IJoloi^na,  who  was  so  ])leased  with  the  [)ortrait  he  made  of  him  thait 
he  conterred  ui)on  him  the  order  of  knighthood  and  -ranted  him  a 
pension,  whi(  h  was  afterwards  augmented  l)y  his  son.  I'hilip  H.  .\L)st 
of  the  i)rinces  and  leading  men  (){  the  day  were  ambitious  of  bcung 
})aiiUed  by  him,  so  that  his  pictures  are  doubly  valuable  as  ])ortraits  of 
eminent  individuals  and  tor  beautv  of  exec  ution.  He  resided  some 
time  both  in  Spain  and  Germany,  but  his  home  wa^  Wide  e,  where  he 
lived  in  great  si)lendor,  and  maintained  the  rank  dtie  to  hi>  genius.  He 
retained  the  spirit  and  vigor  of  youth  to  the  advanced  age  of  idnety-six, 


COXTEMPORA  RIES. 


261 


and  tl^en  died  of  the  plague,  in  1576.  The  engravings  from  his  pictures, 
inc  hidiiv.:  landsc-apes  and  ])ieces  cut  in  wood,  amounted  to  more  than 
SIX  lumdred.  The  l-anperor  Charles  is  said  to  have  picked  up  a  brush 
wlii(li  Titian  let  fall,  and  returned  it,  saying,  '^  Titian  is  worthy  of 
being  serwd  by  an  l^mperor." 

Hdiis  nolhriii  was  born  in  Basle  in  1498.  His  talents  procured 
him  tlK-  ac  cjuaintance,  and  even  the  friendship,  of  Erasmtis,  in  spite 
of  the  ])ainter's  rough  and  dissolute  habits,  which  the  philosoi»her 
exerted  himself  much  to  correct;  and  by  his  advic;e  Holbein  went  to 
England.  luasmus  also  gave  him  letters  to  Sir  Hiomas  AL)re,  who 
emp'loxed  him  to  take  ])ortraits  of  his  friends,  and  who  introduced  him 
to  LL'urv  VHL  That  monarch,  with  all  his  faults,  was  a  liberal  en- 
conrajer  of  the  fine  arts.  At  Henry's  command,  Holbein  drew  the 
portrait  of  Anne  of  Clevcs,  and  of  the  dowagerT)uchess  of  ALlan, 
whom  Henrv  thought  of  esi)onsing.  Holbein  also  ])ainted  most  of  the 
]iriiu  ipal  Faiglisli  nobility.  On  the  occasion  of  some  comi)laint  made 
against  Holbein  by  a  courtier,  Henry  re])lied,  ''I  can,  if  I  |)lease,  make 
seven  lords  of  seven  plowmen  ;  but  I  cannot  make  one  Holbein  even 
of  seven  lords."      Holbein  died  of  the  plague  at  Whitehall,  in  1554. 

/'ri/rrm/fo  Cellini,  a  celebrated  Italian  gold-worker,  sculptor,  founder, 
and  medailleur,  was  born  at  Florenc-e  in  1500.  During  his  youth, 
having  been  banished  from  Florence  in  consequence  of  an  affray,  he 
went  to  Rome,  where  he  was  employed  by  many  distinguished  i)atrons 
of  art,  but  afterwards  was  allowed  to  return  to  Florence.  Another 
affrav  compelled  him  to  flee  to  Rome  a  second  time,  where  he  secured 
the  favor  of  Clement  VH.  P>envennto,  by  his  own  account,  was  as 
great  in  arms  as  in  art  ;  he  declared  that  it  was  himself  who  killed  the 
(^)nstable  lU)url)on  at  the  siege  of  Rome.  His  reckless  conduct  for 
some  vears  compelled  him  to  shift  constantly  between  Rome  and 
Idorence,  :\Lintua  and  Naples.  \x\  1537  he  went  to  France,  where  he 
was  verv  hionorably  received.  Illness,  however,  obliged  him  once 
more  to  return  to  Rome,  where  he  had  the  misfortune  to  be  im- 
prisoned on  a  charge  of  having  ])lundered  the  treasures  in  the  castle 
of  St.  Angelo  during  the  siege  of  Rome.  At  length  he  was  liberated 
tlirouLrli  tlu'  intercession  of  the  Cardinal  of  Ferrara,  for  whom  he 
executed,  out  o{  gratitude,  a  fine  cup,  and  various  other  works.  He 
accompanied  his  deliverer  to  France,  and  entered  the  service  of 
Franc  is  L  ;  but.  having  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  ruling  favorite, 
the  Duchess  d'Etampes,  he  returned  to  Florence,— not.  however, 
umil,  as  usual,  he  had  settled  some  matters  with  his  sword,— where, 
under  the   i^atronage  of  Cosmo  de  Medici,   he  executed   several    fine 


2G2 


no  USE    01'    A  CS  J  KI  A. 


works  in  nu;tal  and  marhlc,  anioni,^  thcni  tlic  (  cKbraicd  bronze  L^roup 
of  "  IVrscus  witli  the  Mead  of  Medusa,"  which  now  decorates  the 
nuirket-i)h\(  e  in  Florence.  In  his  liriv-eiL;hlli  year  he  coninienc  ed 
to  write  his  autubiograi)hy,  and  died  in  1570  or  1572. 

IHE    ORDKR    OF    JESUITS. 

This  order  was  founded  by  l-natius  Loxohi,  a  Spaniard,  in  1540. 
While  Luther  was  strixiuL^^  tor  the  reformation  of  the  Church  in  the 
north,  Lovola  was  bent  on  its  reformation  in  tlie  ^c)Uth.  There  were 
alread\so  many  orders,  however,  that  Pope  Paul  IT  at  hr-t  refu-ed  to 
conhrm  the  new  one.  lUil  when  LoNola  jtroposc-  tluit  besides  tiie 
three  vows  of  chastity,  ])overty,  and  monasiic  obedicn<  e.  the  mcnd)ers 
of  this  society  would  take  another, — of  iniplint  ohdiriicc  d»  tJu-  Pohr, 
bindinir  themselves  to  lto  where\er  he  should  conn  \\\k\  in  the  ser\  k  e 
of  reliL;ion,  and  without  reciuirini^  anytlnn«;  lor  the  support  from  the 
Holv  See, — the  offer  was  impossible  for  the  \\^\k  to  resist,  and  he 
became  the  patron  of  their  order,  d'he  essential  duties  of  the  order 
were  three, — preaching,  in  the  first  pku  e  :  secondly  the  -uidaiK  e  of 
souls,  through  confession;  and  thirdly,  the  edu(atn)n  of  the  }()inig. 
No  women  were  admitted  into  it.  Loyola,  the"  Methodist"  ol  C\itii- 
olicism  in  Rome  in  tlie  sixteentli  century,  migiu  have  been  lound  lault 
with  as  the  author  of  irregularities  pre(  isely  similar  to  those  which 
have  marked  the  course  of  like-minded  preac  hers  in  m>)dern  tinx's  aixl 
among  ourselves.  15ut  the  Church  ^^i.  Rome  has  never  been  jealous  ot 
disorders  that  do  not  seem  to  threaten  her  own  aiuliorit\.  Lroiestant 
churches,  on  the  contrar\-,  have  lost  ground  among  the  people,  and 
have  foregone  their  advantages,  by  indulging  a  tastidioiis  repugnance 
towards  whatever  displeased  an  aristocratic  taste  in  matters  ot  religion. 
Protestant  churches  have  grudged  salvation  when  }jrc ached  to  tlie 
people  in  their  own  style.  Rome  has  been  lar  less  nice.  When 
Lo\-ola  (-ommenced  his  sermon,  a  breathless  silen*  e  reigned  tiuaaigli- 
otit  the  churc  h  ;  as  he  went  on  there  was  a  ])erc  epi  ible  pressure  towards 
the  pulpit  ;  sighs  soon  became  audible  on  ever_\-  side  :  tlien  ihe>e  si-iis 
swelled  into  sobs,  and  sc)l)s  into  groans.  Some  lell  on  !iu'  ])a\c]neiil  ;is 
if  lifeless.  Now  and  then  a  hitherto  obdurate  offeiicUr  would  pusli 
forward,  throw  himself  at  the  feet  of  the  preac  her  a^  lie  left  llie  puli)it, 
and,  with  c-onvulsi\e  struggles,  make  a  loud  contesMon  ot  Ins  c  rimes. 
Men  from  ever\'  class  of  soc  iet\-,  including  even  dignified  ec  c  ksiasüc  s, 
were  numbered  among  the  concpiests  of //-c^rr/////^'  ///  c<^;7/^'y/.  Loxola 
died  in  1556.  Ingolstadt  became  the  headquarter-  of  tins  order  111 
Germany. 


COXTEMPORA  RIES. 


263 


POPE    PAUL    III. 

Cardinal  Alessandro  Farnese  was  raised  to  the  papal  see  under  the 
title  of  Paul  IIL  ;  and  as  his  great  aim  was  the  aggrandizement  of  his 
fnnily  he  erec  ted  Parma  and  Piacenza  into  a  duchy,  which  he  be- 
stowed' on  his  natural  son,  Pietro  Luigi.  Pietro  was  one  of  the  most 
dissclute  men  of  his  period,  and,  after  many  tyrannical  attempts  to 
limit  the  privile-es  of  the  nobles,  he  was  assassinated,  in  1547-  He 
w  is  sue  ceeded  bV  his  son  Ottavio,  who  married  Margaret,  a  natural 
,lnnduer  of  tlie  l.mperor  Charles  V.,  and  whose  reign  was  marked  by 
an  unbroken    peace  and  by  various   efforts  made  for  the  good  of  his 

siibiccts.  . 

THK    FCC.GKR    FAMILY. 

This  was  one  ..f  the  most  remarkable  families  in  Germany,  which, 
riMH  ■  l.v  inihi.trv  an.l  commerce,  founded  numerous  lines  of  counts, 
and  "even    prin<  es.     The   ancestor   of  the    family  was   John    Fugger, 
nu.ter-weaver  in  Ciraben,  near  Augsburg.      His  son  John  was  one  of 
tlie   .ouncil   of   twelve   in   the   weaver  guild,  and   an   assessor  of  the 
Heili-e  Vehme.     He  <lied  in  1409,  and  left  what  was  a  large  fortune 
fur  the   lime.,  three   thousand   florins.      His  descendants  married  into 
the   noble.t   families,  and  were  raised  by  the  Emperor  Maxmiihan  to 
the  rank   of  nobles.     The    ICmperor  mortgaged   to   them,  tor  seventy 
thou.and  guldens,  the  county  of  Ku'chberg  and  the  lordship  ot   Weis- 
senhorn,  and  rereive.l  from  them  afterwards,  through  the  mediation  of 
l',„,e  Julius  H.,  one  hundred  and  seventy  thousand  ducats,  to  assist  in 
can-Mug   on   the  war  against  Venice.      Ulrich   Fugger,   who   died    in 
,,,0    devoted  himself  es,,ecially  to  the  commerce  that  he  opened  up 
with  Austria,  an.l  there  was  almost  no  object  that  did  not  enter  into 
his  .pe,  uhui.ms  ;   even  the  masterpieces  of  .\lbert  Dürer  went  through 
his  hand-  into  Italv.     Thus  their  wealth  went  on  in.  reasmg,  until  the 
time  of  Charles  \..  when    their  house   attained    its  greatest  splendor. 
Raim.,n.l  an.l  .Vntoine,  two  brothers,  took  the  business  of  their  family 
in    1506       The   two   brothers  were  zealous  Catholics,  and  with  their 
wealdi  supp.nie.l    Kck  in  his  opposition  to  Luther.      During  the  <bet 
lield  bv  Charles  W  at  .\ugsbuig   in   1530,  the  Emperor  lived  in  .\n- 
K.ine's'  splendid    house   in    the  Wine   Market.     On   this  occ;tsiou   he 
raise.l   b.uli  br.,thers   to   the  rank  of  counts,  and   invested   them  with 
the  still   ,u..rtgagcd   properties  of  Kir.  hberg  and  Weissenhorn  ;  and  a 
letter  un.ler  the  imperial  seal  conferred  on  them  the  rights  of  princes. 
For  the  support  thev  afforded  him  in  his  expedition  against  .\lgiers 
they  received  the  right  of  coining  money.     It  is  of  Antoine  that  the 


264 


HOUSE    OF  ArSTFL-L 


Emperor  Charles  is  said  to  have  remarked,  uhil-  being  shown  the 
royal  treasuix  m  Paris,  '*  There  is  a  linen-weaver  in  Augsburg  who 
cuuid  pay  all  that  out  of  his  own  purse."  The  Emperor  Ferdinand 
raised  the  splendor  of  their  house  still  higher,  while  confirming  the 
irii].cria]  letters  of  Charles,  by  conferring  great  additional  privileges 
on  tii^  two  oldest  of  the  family,  Counts  John  and  Jerome.  As  nobles, 
they  continued  to  carry  on  their  commerce  and  to  increase  their 
wealth.  They  possessed  the  most  extensive  libraries  and  collections 
of  objects  of  art,  maintained  i)ainters  and  musicians,  and  liberally 
encouraged  art  and  science.  Their  houses  and  gardens  were  master- 
l)ieces  of  the  architecture  and  taste  of  the  times.  Thus  there  is 
nothing  incredible  in  the  anecdote  that  Antoine  on  one  occasion, 
when  Charles  V.  was  his  visitor,  lighted  a  fire  of  cinnamon-wood  with 
the  Emperor's  bond  for  money  lent  him.  Charles  ought  to  have 
been  able  to  pay  his  bonds  from  the  fines  he  exacted  from  those  who 
were  engaged  in  the  Smalkaldic  War.  The  Hessian  states  were  obliged 
to  pay  him  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  gold  florins;  the  city  of 
Ulm,  one  hundred  thousand;  Frankfort,  eighty  thousand  :  Memmin- 
gen,  fifty  thousand;  Augsburg,  one  hundred  and  fifty  tliousand  ;  and 
Duke  Ulric  of  Wiirtemberg,  three  hundred  thousand. 

While  thus  indulging  in  splendor,  the  Fuggers  were  not  less  bent  on 
doing  good.  They  bought  houses  in  one  of  the  suburbs  of  Augsburg, 
pulled  them  down,  and  built  one  hundred  and  eight  smaller  houses, 
which  they  let  to  poor  citizens  at  a  low  rent.  This  was  the  origin  of 
the  '*  Fuggerei,"  which  still  remains  under  the  same  name,  with  its  own 
walls  and  gates.  Many  other  benevolent  institutions  were  set  on  foot 
by  Antoine  and  his  sons.  It  is  questionable  if  we  are  to  rank  among 
their  benefactions  their  calling  the  Jesuits  to  Augsburg  and  giving  then 
buildings  and  revenues  for  a  college,  church,  and  school.  The  race  is 
still  continued  in  the  two  j^rincipal  lines  of  Raimond  and  Antoine, 
besides  collateral  branches.  Their  domains  are  chiefly  in  Bavaria.  A 
collection  of  portraits  of  the  most  important  members  of  this  great 
house  appeared  at  Augsburg  in  1593. 

The  IVclsers  were  an  old  patrician  family  in  Augsburg,  now  extinct. 
A  Julius  Weiser  is  mentioned  under  the  p:mperor  Otho  I.,  who  was 
made  a  noble,  in  959,  on  account  of  his  services  against  the  Hunga- 
rians. His  son  Octavianus  settled  in  Augsburg  ;  and  from  him  sprang 
the  family  which  became  so  famous.  Bartholomew  Weiser  was  privy 
councilor  of  Charles  V.,  and  so  wealthy  that,  in  conjunction  with  the 
family  of  Fugger,  he  lent  one  million  two  hundred  thousand  florins  to 
the  Emperor.    With  the  consent  of  the  Emperor,  he  ecpiipped,  in  1528, 


C7/./a'AA.V    /;  .//'    Yi'STE 


26:; 


three  vessels  in  Spain,  wliirh  sniled  under  roniniand  ot  Anibro->e  Dal- 
finger  of  Ulm  to  America,  and  took  possession  of  the  j.rr-vipac  of 
Venezuela,  which  the  Emperor  made  over  to  Weiser  as  a  pledge.  The 
Welsers  remained  twenty-six  years  in  possession  of  Venezuela,  but  after 
the  death  of  Charles  V.  the  Spaniards  deprived  them  of  it.  The  cele- 
brated Philippina  Welser  was  niece  of  the  above-mentioned  Weiser,  and 
daughter  of  his  brother  Francis.  She  had  received  an  uncommonly 
good  education,  and  was  of  great  beauty,  so  that  Ferdinand  (whose 
father  became  subsequently  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.)  fell  in  love 
with  her,  in  1547,  in  Augsburg.  She  refused  all  the  offers  of  the  young 
duke,  then  but  nineteen  years  old,  except  on  condition  of  marriage. 
The  ceremony  was  privately  performed  in  1550,  without  the  knowledge 
of  his  father  or  his  uncle,  Charles  V.  The  Archduke  Ferdinand  was 
much  incensed  when  he  heard  of  it,  and  for  a  long  time  refused  to  see 
his  son.  It  was  not  till  after  eight  years  that  his  father  was  recon- 
ciled. Philippina  died  thirty  years  after  the  marriage,  at  Innspruck,  in 
1580.  The  archduke,  her  husband,  honored  her  memory  by  a  medal, 
with  the  inscription,  Divce  Philippina.  Of  her  two  sons,  the  elder, 
Andrew,  became  a  cardinal;  the  second,  Charles,  distinguished  himself 
in  the  wars  in  Spain  and  Hungary,  and  died  in  1618,  without  leaving 
any  children. 

CHARLES    V.    IN    THE    MONASTERY    OF    ST.    JEROME    OF    YUSTE    OR    JUST. 

After  Charles's  abdication,  a  fleet  was  assembled  at  Flushing  early 
in  September,  1556,  for  the  purpose  of  conveying  him  to  Spain.  He 
was  attended  to  the  coast  by  his  son,  Philip  II.  of  Spain  ;  by  his 
nephew  and  daughter,  Maximilian  and  Mary,  King  and  Queen  of 
Bohemia  ;  and  by  many  nobles  of  the  Netherlands.  He  was  likewise 
accompanied  by  his  two  sisters,  who  were  to  be  the  companions  of  his 
voyage,  being,  like  himself,  about  to  seek  retirement  in  Spain. 

Of  these  royal  ladies,  the  elder  was  the  gentle  and  once  beautiful 
Eleanor,  Queen-dowager  of  Portugal  and  France.  She  was  now  in  her 
fifty-eighth  year,  and  much  broken  in  health.  In  youth  the  favorite 
sister  of  the  Emperor,  and  in  later  days  always  addressed  by  him  as 
Madame  my  best  sister,  she  had  nevertheless  been  the  especial  victim 
of  his  policy  and  ambition. 

The  other  sister,  Mary,  Queen-dowager  of  Hungary,  was  five  years 
younger  than  Eleanor,  and  a  woman  of  a  very  different  stamp.  Her 
husband,  Louis  II.,  had  been  slain  in  1526,  fighting  the  Turks  among 
the  marshes  of  Mohacz.  Inconsolable  for  his  loss,  Mary,  then  only 
twenty-three  years  of  age,  took  a  vow  of  perpetual  widowhood,  a  vow 


266 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


from  which  she  never  sought  a  dispensation.     In  spite  of  this  act  of 
feminine  devotion,  she  was,  even  in  that  age  of  manly  women,  remark- 
able for   her   intrepid  spirit  and   her  iron   frame,     lo  much  of  the 
bodily  strength  of  her  Polish  ancestress,  Cymburgis  of  the  Hammer-fist, 
she  united    the  cool    head   and    strong   will    of  her   brother  Charles. 
Hunting  and   hawking  she   loved   like   Mary  of  Burgundy,  and  her 
horsemanship  must  have  delighted   the  knightly  heart  of  her  grandsire 
Maximilian.      Not  only  could  she  bring  down  her  deer  with  unerring 
aim,  but,  tucking  up  her  sleeves  and  drawing  her  knife,  she  would  cut 
the  animal's  throat  and  rip  it  open  in  as  good  style  as  the  best  of  the 
royal  foresters.      To  the  firm  hand  of  this  Amazon  sister  the  Emperor 
very  wisely  committed  the  government  of  the  turbulent  Low  Countries. 
During  more  than  twenty  stormy  years  she  administered   it  with  much 
vigor  and  success,  now  foiling  the  ambitious  schemes  of  Denmark  and 
of  France,  now  repressing  Anabaptist  or  Lutheran  risings,  and  always 
gatliiri  p.g  as  she  could  the  sinews  of  war  for  the  imperial  armies  abroad. 
11'  !    latest  exploit  was  a  foray,  during  the  siege  of  Metz,  into  French 
Picartl\ .  \\\\\i  \\  >]k-  led  in  person  with  so  much  courage  and  skill  that 
Henry  il    !m  111,1   i!    necessary  to  come   to  the  rescue  of  his  province. 
She  was  nun   in   lu  r  lifty-second  year,  bronzed  rather  than   broken  by 
her  toils,  ni..!  miiI  fit  for  the  council  or  the  saddle. 

i  !u    !.>v  i!  party  embarked  on  the  13th  of  September,  and  landed  at 
T.arcilo  on  the  28th  of  the  same  month.      (  harles's  i)ersonal  suite  con- 
siMcd  (!  oil,  lunuin-.i  and  fiftv  |»ersons.      Hie  Princess  Regent  of  Spain, 
Ciurlcs's    sccon-i    .iaii-htcr    juin.i,    wuiuw    ot'    the    Prince   of   Brazil, 
'^^'>f^^^'''   '-'^    t!u'   ( cl.'I.r.nr.i    I).,, I  Srl)asfi\iJi.  ordcM-od    Luis  Hnixada,  the 
Kni|)t'ror\  (  lianil»:"!!  !in.  \\  ho  had  preceded  jiiin  to  Spam,  to  jirepare  a 
residence  lor  Iut  taiiuT  at   X'alladond.       1  lj\  ing  done  tiiis,  tlie  stout  old 
soldirr  'haNfi-iuMi    [o   nhri    tlif   J-anjHiMr.  wiio.-r   leeble  state  of  healtli 
rc-'ini!a-<l  tliat  lie  should  ira\r!    I)\-  c.is\   -laLres.      (Jn  ilic  load  lhe\'  \\( ae 
riK/t    !))'  l)on  I'ain-iuc  dc  Cdi/uiaii,  connni;    tmin  oonrt,  chari^^cd  witii  a 
lar-c  >t<)(k   ot    ].ro\-is!ons  and   an   anipk-   ^u]  >pl  \   ot'  «  on^crves.      'I'hese 
latter  daintir>  the  i*]nipiaa)r  dcsirrd    to   ta>lv/.  ar,d.   liraiin-   tluar  .piality 
good,  he  -axa."  ordca^   that    tlu'\-  waar  to  lie  koja,  sk  ird   tot    his  peculiar 
eatin--.      Here   (^)iii\a(hi  \\aa)te,  hv  the    I'anj.eror's  ordeis,  t>,.  (  ouia,  de- 
sirin-'  that  a  re-uLir   su])pl\-  ot"  ineh)!is   >iiouui    h)e  ^ent   lor  \\\v  imperial 
table,  and   that    some    porta!)!e   i^his>  \vin(h)\v->   slionhj    he    -oi   read\    tor 
Use  on   the  journey  beyond  N'alhidolid,  a^  liie   ni-lus  were  ,dread\-  l)e- 
coming  ohilh       His  sisters  did  not  travel  in  .  ornpain  wi'ii  \\w\\  hrotlier, 
but  kept  one  day's  mareh  in  the  rear,  a^  it  waaild  ha\e  he,  n  dit'li,  nit  to 


lodge  their  combined  followers.      Addres-es  eaine  tVom  tii,/  ( 


Uli  H  »rvU  K  )ns 


CHARLES    V.  AT   YUSTE. 


267 


of  BurROS,  Salamanca,  Palencia,  Pampeluna,  and  other  cities,  and  from 
the  Archbishop  of  Toledo  and  other  prelates.     While  the  Emperor 
made  his  entry  into  Burgos  the  bells  of  the  cathedral  rang  a  peal  of  wel- 
come and  at  night  the  chapter  made  a  still  finer  display  of  loyalty  m  a 
grand  illumination  of  its  steeples.    For  once  sombre  Burgos,  which  was 
said  to  wear  mourning  for  all  Castile,  seems  to  have  laid  aside  its  weeds. 
The  fifth  day  of   his  journey  he  rested  at  the  village  of  Cabezon, 
where  the  Infant,  Don  Carlos,  was  in  waiting  by  his  directions.     It 
was  the  first  time  the  Emperor  had  seen  the  unhappy  heir  of  his  name 
and  his  honors.      He  embraced  him  with  much  appearance  of  affection, 
Lnd  made  him  sup  at  his  table.      During  the  meal  the  prince  tool:  a 
fancy  to  a  little  portable  chafing-dish  which  the  Emperor  earned  in 
his  hand  for  warmth,  and  begged  to  have  it  for  his  own  ;  to  which  the 
proprietor  replied  that  he  should  have  it  as  soon  as  he  was  dead  and 
had  no  further  use  for  it.     Charles  would  not  accept  the  honors  of  a 
public   reception  at  Valladolid,  but  desired  that  the  pomps  prepared 
for  the  occasion  might  be  reserved  until  the  arrival  of  the  queens,  who 
were  also  on  the  road.      Accordingly,  he  made  his  entry  into  the  city 
without  parade  of  any  kind,  and  was  received  in  the  court  of  the  palace 
by  his  grandson,  Don  Carlos,  and  by  his  daughter  Juana,  the  princess- 
reaent.     Valladolid  was  at  this  time  at  the  height  of  its  prosperity,  as 
the  wealthv  and  flourishing  capital  of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 

Tuana  soon  after  her  widowhood  was  recalled  to  Spain  to  govern  tliat 
country  as  regent  for  her  father,  and  now  for  her  brother.  Phiiip  1 1. 
This  high  post  she  filled  with  firmness  and.  naoderation,  .hsi)laying  no 
want  of  sagacity,  except  in  her  p.o;M  y  guards  the  enthusiasts  for  re- 
licTious  reform,  whom  she  treated  with  the  fooh^h  .evenly  ])racticed  un 
m"my  of  the  mildest  and  wisest  ruler.  e,f  the  time.  Of  pergonal  ambi- 
tion she  aa-p^-ars  to  have  been  entirelv  free.  For  nuiny  m-a^th.  h.elore 
her  brother  reiuraa  d  to  Spain,  she  was  constantlv  invni-  hnn  to  come 
back  and  relieve  her  ot  tlie  harden  of  i^ower.  do  her  lather  her 
deference  was  ever  readily  and  affectionately  paid. 

While  at  Valladolid,  the  EmixTor  an<l  his  suite  were  lod-ed  m  the 
house  of  Don  Gomez  Perez  de  las  Marina..  Another  residence  was 
assigned  to  llu-  oueens.  uh.-  were  .  h.aruKal  with  their  reception  and  the 
abode  assmned'tiiem.  During  hi.  .tav  at  Valladolid.  the  Emperor 
^.verv  dav  lield  lon^  .  onterem  e.  on  public  alliir.  with  the  i>rincess- 
recent  and  the  .e(  retarv  Xhi-ine/.  He  was  anxious  now  to  -ive  the 
luM(U  Ol"  government  hi.  parting  advice.— advice  which,  as  the  event 
pP.ved  lie  <  .»ntinue<l  to  transmit  t>om  Yuste  by  every  po^t,  and  whn  h 
wa.  ended  only  with  hi.,  powers  of  hearing  and  dictating  dispatches. 


268  //0['s/-:  OF  .irs7/c/.i. 

svw,"  ^"■'r;"^  ■■'•  "''^  ""^''  '-'--^  .^■--  -!■•.  -''I  1-1  nI,x.a.iv.ho,vn 
S>mi,.omsof.h:U  „K.nt.I  ,nah„ivwl,„  I,  .larkcu.l  .!,<■  I,,,,,  lil,.  nf  Onc.n 
Joanna,  h,s  .ureat-.ran.lmolluM-  l,y  ,1,.  sM.  l,,,,!,  ,„  1„:  failK.,-.  I'lnln. 
ot  SlKUn.  an,!  „f  his  n,,.,!,.,-,  Marv  „f  l..„„,,,|.  ,  „■  ,  ,„„,,„  ^,„,,  ,,^'. 
s>ona,c  ,.n,,K.,-,  h.  livol  ,n  a  s,al.  „f  ,,.,-|.-.ua,l  n-lK-üu.n  a.ain.t  h,s  a',„t 
an<l  .!,s,,layc.  in  Ihc  n,„.c,-v  (hcuvaklv,  nu.  hi.v.MH  spnT,  win,  h 
■"^»kol   h,.  short   ra,v.r  at  his  lalluT-s  ,„„,■(.      XoMvnhsian.lin-- 


CIIAIU.ES    V.    AT    YUSTE. 


269 


"hat 


poet,  have  saul  „f  Inn,,  h,s  l,i,l,   ,a,ul„es  for  ..,o,l  or  cv.l.  .T  h.  ,,„s. 
sesscd   llH-n,    c.nanJy  cs,a,,.,l  the  sh.vu.!    in-i.^ht  of   hi.   .randlalhcr 

vho  rc.,ar,k.d    hnn   nu-tvlv  as  a   f  „uar,!   an,l    „ntra.  ,al,,.   .' hnd,  w ^ 

m.r.,mc,-osts.o,ndlK.l.s,.a-v.ul,va,avs.aU„n,,a,.,n,^ 
r.Kl.      K.,omnK.n,!,n,,  tluavfo.v.  ,0  ti,.   ,„-,n,.s.  an  in,  ,va,-oi  ...v.r.v 

of<i.s,aphnc  ,,Ml:c  n,ana,,.nK.n,,.f  lua-  n,,,h..u-.  ,hc  f:n,,,,.,,,,-,vn,a,-k.,! 

to  ins  s.stcrs  tiK.t  h.  ha.l  o|,-..,-v..l  u.,,h  ,-..n,.cTn  ih.  l,ov-s  n,,a-,,nnMn.^ 
con.ltut  an.  n,annc,s.an,l  that  „  was  uav  ,io„l„f„l' how  Ik-  wonhl 
grown,.  lh,so,„nionwas,ohl  hv  (.„.,.„  |;i,ano,-,o  1  ,  ,-  n..,,lu.v, 
1  in  ,,.  II     who  ha,l  ,v,,ncs,ol  hi.  annuo  no,.  ,  a,v„;ilv  ,h.  in,,.L,„„ 

""•'':''>■ 'T.  :'"V^  ^""'  '■'  — ""'^avc  hu,l  ,h,,-  loumhuun,  for  the 
aversu.n  whnh  ihr  kin,:,'  ent.  rlaiiu-.l  lowanls  Carlo. 

On  the  4.h  of  \ov,.nh.r.  Charles  set  ont  for  Xan.n.lma.  a  vilL-nv  in 
*'"""■',-'""■;""'"' "''^■-'^•.  "■■'-■'■  1--  I-l"-,l  ,or,anain  nn„l  In.Von- 
vcnual  abo,le  was  rea,lv.     Here  the  l-anperor,  wrap,,,.,,  i„  ,  ,-„,,e  nnnle 

of  cKler  , „wn    as  tl,e  weather  was  ,-ohl  an.l  stornn  ,  .a,  he  the  ,nv.i.le 
KOO,     heahh    -■!    s,,irits,   atten,led    ,,y  h,s   se.  re:ary.    <  ia.eln.    wh,", 
rea  1  to  hnn  the  ,hs,,at,hes  wlnrh  arrive.!  ain.o.t  ,,a,!v  fron,  \ana,loli,! 
and  wrote  re,,!,es  fron,  his.ln  ta„on.      Tl.e  ,  on,-.e  ol  even.s  ,n   Flan.le,; 
was  wat.he.l  !,v  Ci,ar!es  with  es,,e,iai  interest 

liy  a  re,narkal,le  ,-oinei,!en,e,  .l,e  year  ul,i,-h  saw  ,!,e  a!,di,-a„on  of 
the  K,n,,eror,  at  the  a^e  of  fitty-six.  to  ,„-e,-are  f  ,r  In'.  ,on,h,  saw  ( -aralf, 
elec  ed  „,.e  at  the  a,.,  of  e,ul„v.  an,l  ,,lnn,i„,,  „u„  ,l,ev,„,ex  of 
I.olm.a,,„ew,tha!!,here.klessar.lor.,faf,e,-vvo,Mh.  Xo(;,..-.„rv 
orAexan.ler  ever  ,.lave.i  ,l,e  „!.!  ,,ontih.a!  ,an,e  of  n.„r,,ata,n 'and 
nepotism  w„h  tnore  ar,-o.an,e  an,!  an,la,„v  ,ha„  I'anI  1\-  Hun,.- 
Spn.n  wul,  tlte  l,al,-e,!  of  an  l,ere.l„arv  l,on,l.,nan.  ih,-,,],!  x  '  ^ 
Nea|io!,tan  |,on,-e,l  f„,-,|,  „.yains,  her  torrents  ,,f  a!,,,., 
orier  a  ,,r,>s|,e,t  not  on!v  of  ..ra.ifvin,,  !„s  !,al,-e,l  wnh  sl,ar,,.  r  wea,,ons 

than   wor,!s     ,,„t   of  ,.rovi,!in,   h,s   ne|,l,..ws  wnh   ,l„.l,i....'w,,nl.    ve,-e 
seldom   to   heolnaine,!    in  tin.es  of  ,,ea,e.      An,!   ahh,,,,.!,    Ilenrv!! 
only  a   few  tnonths  l.ef.re.  l,a,l   .on,  hale.!   a   trn,  e   f,r   hv.-   vear.'wi.h 

%.n    the  I  ope  ,„re,i  F,-an,  e  a.  ro..  the  Al,,.  l.v  h ,n,  .„„  ,h,  ,  rown 

Of  Naples  as  tiK-  rewa,d.     A.ln.ira!  Coli.^y  wa.  thetef  „e  sen,  „,  ,arrv 


olcanic 
^^  .ir  -(.'cincd  to 


fn-e  an,!  .w,ml  into  l-'lan.le,-.  ;   an,!  t!,e  gallant  Dt,l<e  of  Guise,  Hie  ablest 
.reneral  ,n   F,-an,e.  le,!  twenty  thonsan,!  of  her  best  troo,,s  ,nto    ta  y. 


Ph 


In, 


,  ,,..,  11  ..ave  the  ,„mmand  of  the  Netiierlands  to  Kmanncl  Phili- 
bert'  the  Du'ke  of  Savoy;  he  intrusted  the  l)ul<c  of  Alva  w.tli  the 
.lelen.e  of  Na,,!e.  ;  an,!  he  himself  went  to  England  and  secure,!  the 
co-operation  of  the  love-si.  k  Mary,  in  the  teeth  of  her  distrttsttul  atid 
Snain-hating  ministers  and  peoiile. 

.\f,er  ,  !a,.se  of  ,h,-ee  eenturies,  Emannel  Phibbert  sttU  ranks  as  the 
most  ai.le  a,;.i  hone-i  ITincC  of  the  royal  house  of  Savoy.     H>s  feather 
l,ake  C'narles.  in  tlte  long  wars  between  Franeis  I.  an.l  Chailes  \    ,  had 
l.een    nearlv  stri,,,.e,l   of   l,is   territorv.      Part  was  con.ittere.l    by  h,s 
ne|.;,ew  an.l  enemv  tlie  king,  .an.i  pa,-t  was  heUl,  for  security  s  sake,  ,n 

the  stron rasp  of  his  brother-in-law  an.l  iViend  the  Emperor.    Happdy, 

hi.  son.  tl,e  vour,g  Ironl,ea.l.  as  he  was  calle.l,  had  ea,-ly  fo,-eseen  tl.u 
,|,e  ,  areer  .,f  a  s.,l,her  .,f  lortune  wa.  the  only  path  by  wh.ch  he  .:ould 
,,„,,e  ,.,  regain  hi.  i,..si,io,i  among  the  prin.es  of  Europe.  He  there- 
fo,-e  .-ave  hnn.elf  heart  an.!  soul  to  the  profession  of  arms,  and,  havmg 
serve^l  with  ,l>.tin,  t,on  nn.ler  his  im,,erial  uncle  in  Germany  and 
j.-,ander..  he  wa.  alrea,!) ,  tltougli  still  un.ler  thirty,  reckoned  one  of 
th.'  be.t  ,  ai)tains  in  the  servii'C  of  Spam. 

Ke,d,nan.l.  Duke  .,f  Alva,  became  in  his  old  age  the  last  of  the  grea 

sol.bers  ..f  Ca.t.le.     His  g,-andfather,  the  hrst  .luke,  under  Ferdtnand 

the  Cathob.  .  ha.l   le,l  the  Christian  chivalry  to  the  siege  of  Gratiada  ; 

hi.  f,t!,er  ha.l  !el\  lus  bones  among  the  Moors  in  the  Afncan  ,sle  of 

Zerbi  ■   an.l  he  Itimself  had  tot.ght  by  the  si.le  of  the  Emperor  on  the 

bank.  ..f  the  Danube,  beneath   the  walls   of  Tunis,  in   Prc^vence  and 

I)au,,lnnv,  an,!   in    the    Protestant   electorates.      He    ha.l    held    tnde- 

pen.lentV.-mtnan.!.    of   im,.ortan.-e   in    Catalonia   and    Navarre    and 

he  h.t.l  ..„nman.le,!  in  <  hief  in  the  campaign  which  close.l  wtth  the 

vi.torv   at    Miililberg   and   the   captu,e   of  John    Freder,.:   of  baxo.iy. 

The.e  trimnplis  ba.l   l,eeit  <  lou.le.l  by  his  rept.lse  from  Metz,  an,!   h,s 

Pue  r,ve,-.es  in   t!,e   Milanese;    but   the  stern  .lisciplinanan  was  still 

l;„-d!^  i.a.t  the  prime  of  life,  and  was  in  full  favor  with  his  sovereign  ; 

an.l  l,e    ,„i,e,l  the  armv  of  Xai'les.  resolve,!  to  win  back  0,1  the  Rotrian 

Campagna  the  laurel,  whiclt  he  Ita.l  lost  on  the  plains  of  the  1  o. 

^eve'ral  minor  matters  also  .laime.i  the  Emperor's  attention.  Fort- 
most  amon.  them  were  negotiations  with  the  court  of  Portugal  touclting 
the  lnf,.nt;Marv.  Queen  Eleanor,  her  mother,  had  not  seen  her  since 
the  time-of  her  first  wnlowhood,  when  she  had  been  recalled  to  Cast  le 
bv  the  F-.mperor,  an.l  ha.l  left  her  baby  under  the  care  of  her  half- 
brother,  John  HI.     Eleanor  parted  with  her  child  sadly  against  her 


270 


IlOrsi:    i>F  AVSIKIA. 


will,  and  only  l)e(ansc   the  usages  of  Portugal   and   the  rlamois  of  tlie 
city  ot    Lisbon  did    not    j'ennil   an    Infanta   to  leave   the  kingdom.      it 
had  since  been  the  main  ohjec  t  of  the  fond  mother'>  lieait  to  nrgf)tiate 
a  marriage    wln'c  h  should    set    lier   free    and    uru  e   moic    icamite    tliem. 
Eleanor  lir>t    affianced   her  (huighter  to   the  dauphin,  who  du!    not  li\e 
to  fulfill  Lis  engagement  ;    then   >he  \aiid\-  endeavored  to  marr\   her  to 
Maximilian,  King  of  Bohemia,  and,  la^tl)',  j^ropo-ed   Pin'lip  of  ("astile; 
but  IMiilii),  seeing   that  he  could   get  Mary  Tudor  and    l-aighnid.  broke 
his  engagement.       l'lnlii)"s  falseness  had  tilled  Mar\  's  heart  with  bitter- 
ness towards  Si)ain  and  her  Spanisli  relations,  and  with  distrusi  of  anv 
])rül)Osal  whi(  h  came  from  bevond  the  (biadiana.      Slu-  e\en  demurred 
about  complying  with  the  desire  of  her  mother,  that  the\   shiould  meet 
on   the   frontiers  of  the    two    kingdoms.      Charles   at    hr^t  de(  lined    to 
interfere;    but    he   found    it    impi)ssible   to   re^i-^t   the   entreat  ie^  of  his 
sisters  and    the    p>rincess-regent ,  and    tiierefore    had   ^ewral    interviews 
with  the  Portuguese  amba>sador  in  rt'gard  to  thi>  mattei". 

News  from  I"'ez,  brought  1)\- a  jew  tVoin  ISarltarw  rendered  i:  probalile 
that  Moorish  rovers,  instiL'ated  1)\  tiie  King  of  Pram  t',  would  soon 
avenge  on  the  coasts  of  S))ain  the  raxages  committed  1)\  tlu'  Spanish 
troops  on  the  frontiers  of  Picardw 

Meanwlnde,  the  household,  espec  ially  the  Flemish  and  uKue  mmur- 
ous  portion  of  it,  was  in  a  state  ot"  (lis(  onteut  bi)rdering  on  muliiu-. 
'Phe  progress  on  the  works  of  Vuste  \va^  dis(  ussed  e\er\  da\  and  hurried 
forward,  so  that  the  I'hnperor  nnght  move  and  all  might  ha\e  a  healthier 
place  and  better  accommodations.  'Phe  Idcanings,  although  the\  ( om- 
plained,  looked  fair  and  fat,  acaording  to  the  tesliuioin-  of  the  ( "as- 
tilians,  and  fed  vorac-iously  on  the  '*  hams  and  other  bu<  o!i(  meats"  of 
Estremadura,  a  province  still  unrivaled  in  its  swine  and  its  savorv 
prej)arations  of  pork. 

Jn  this  matter  of  eating,  as  in  many  other  habits,  the  I'mr>eror  was 
himself  a  true  Fleming.  His  early  tendenc\-  to  gout  was  im  rea-ed  by 
Ids  indulgences  at  table,  which  generali)-  far  exceeded  his  feeble  powers 
of  digestion.  Roger  Ascham,  standing  "  hard  by  the  imper^d  table 
at  the  feast  of  the  Golden  Fleece,"  wat(  hed  with  \\ond(  r  the  l*jn- 
peror's  |)rogress  through  "sod  l)ee{\  roast  mutton,  baked  hare."  alter 
which  ''he  fed  well  of  a  ca])on."  drinking  also,  saxs  the  (ellow  of 
St.  John's,  "the  best  that  ever  I  saw;  he  had  his  head  in  tlie  -lass 
five  times  as  long  as  any  of  them,  and  never  drank  h-ss  than  a  good 
quart  at  once  of  Rhenish  wine."  I^ating  was  now  the  onl\-  ph\sical 
gratification  which  he  could  enjoy,  or  was  unable  to  rer^ist.  'Phe  Vaw- 
peror's   weakness   being   generally   known,  dainties   of  all    kinds   were 


CHARLES    V.   AT    VUSTE. 


271 


sent  to  him  as  presents.  Mutton,  pork,  and  game  soon  filled  the  castle- 
larder.  One  day  the  Count  of  Oropesa  sent  an  offering  of  game; 
another  dav  a  pair  of  lat  calves  arrived  from  the  Archl)ishop  of 
Sarauossa;  the  ArehbislK)])  of  'Poledo  and  the  Duchess  of  Frias  were 
constant  in  their  gifts  of  venison,  fruit,  and  preserves;  and  supplies 
of  all  kinds  came  at  regular  intervals  from  Seville  and  from  Portugal. 
Luis  (biixada  beheld  with  dismay  the  long  trains  of  mules  laden,  as  it 
were,  with  gout  and  bile.  If  the  Fanperor  made  a  hearty  meal  without 
beiiv^  the  worse  for  it,  the  mavor-domo  noted  the  fact  with  exultation  ; 
but  he  alwavs  interposed  between  his  master  and  an  eel-pie,  as,  m 
other  (lavs,  he  would  have  thrown  himself  between  the  imperial  person 
and  th.e  point  of  a  Moorish  lance. 

jaiis  Ouixada   began    his  career  as   a  page    in    the  imperial  house- 
hold, and  served  with  distinction  under  the  F:mperor  at  Tunis.      His 
sa<^acitv  allaved  the   discord    between   the  Spanish   and    Italians  about 
the  i)ost  of  honor  before  (ioleta;   and  he  was  wounded  while  leading 
his   companv   to    the   assault    of    its   bastions.       At  Tarvanna   he  was 
a^ain   at    the    head    of  a   storming-] )arty,  when    his   younger   brother, 
luan,  fell  at  his  side,  slain  by  a  ball  from  a  French  arquebuse.      His 
services  soon  raised  him  to  the  grade  of  a  colonel,  and  he  was  also  pro- 
moted, in  the  imi)erial  houseliold,  to  the  post  of  deputy  mayor-domo. 
under  the  Duke  of  Alva,  and  in  that  capacity  constantly  attended  the 
person  and  obtained  the  entire  confidence  of  the  Panperor.      In  1549 
he  married  Donna  Magdalena  de  Ulloa,  a  lady  of  blood  as  blue  and 
nature  as  gentle  as  anv  in  Castile.      To  Quixada's  care  the'  Emperor 
confided   his  illegitimate  son,    in  later  years  so   famous  as  Don  John 
of  Austria.      'Phe  boy  was  sent  to   Spain   in    1550,  in   his  tourth  year, 
under  the  name  of  Geronimo,  in  charge  of  Massi,  a  fiivorite  musician 
of  the  p:mi)eror.  who  was  told  that  he  was  the  son  of  Adrian  de  Rues, 
one  of  the  gentlemen  of  the  imperial  chamber.    After  this  man's  death, 
in  1^54,  he  was  intrusted  to  the  care  of  Quixada,  who  sent  him  to  his 
wife,  commending  him  to  her  care  as  "the  son  of  a  great   man.  his 
dear  friend."      Magdalena,  who  had  no  children  of  her  own,  took  the 
])rettv  boy   to  her    heart,   and  watched  over  him  with   the  tenderest 
solieitude.    'Phe  |)arental  care  of  his  guardians,  whom  he  called,  accord- 
ing to  a  usual  mode  of  Castilian   endearment,  his  uncle  and   aunt,  he 
returned  with  the  affection  of  a  son.      Quixada  stands  forth  the  ty])e 
of  the  cavalier,  an  "  old  rusty  Christian"  of  Castile,  spare  and  sinewy 
of  frame,  and  somewhat  fi)rmal  and  severe  in  the  cut  of  his  beard  and 
the  stateliness  of  his  manners:    in  character  reserved  and  punctilious, 
but  true  as  steel  to  the  cause  espoused  or  the  duty  undertaken  ;   keen 


J/(>rSh     OF  .U'STAWA. 


C/UKLES    J:   a  7'    YCSTE. 


o  •?  -1 


I  I 


and  clear  in  his  msi-ht  into  men  and  t]iin->  ar(>un<l  hin^,  vit  (Uviaitlv 
hflicvin--  Ins  mailer   the  ^rcate^t    prnu  e   thai   ever   lia<l   hecn  or  w.i^  to 
be;    proud  ot"  Innisdf,  hi>   tannlv,  and    W\>  servirr>.  and    ualmcMi,  m  a 
grave,  decorous  wav.  to  exnguenile  tluar  nnportance  ;  a  trnc  -mi  of  tlie 
Chnrch.  with  an    in>tin<  ti\e  di>trn-^t  of  !t>  inini>tcr>;    a  fialcr  (>!    Ji.w>, 
'I'urks,  lieretier>,  fiaar^,  and    Fkanmus  ;   sonu-what    testy,  somewhat   ob- 
stinate,   UiU    o\    stroll-    >en>e   aial    >tron-   prejucbce  ;   a    wanndiearted, 
energetic,   and    hoiu-t    man.      Martin    GazLeha,   the   secretary,   comes 
j^ext^  to  tlie  ma\or-.l(,mn  m  ordor  of  precedence,  aiai  in  liie  importance 
of  hi>  turn  tion^.      11;^  phu  e  wa ^  one  of  great  ir-i^l.      Th*-  wh(de  of  the 
Emperor'.  <  orrr.pondrm  r   pa^o-d  tiimugh  his  haiaU.      Kven  the  most 
private  and  <  nnfidential  letters  addressed  to  the  princess-regent  by  her 
lather  were  generally  wriiten  at  ins  dictation  by  Gaztelu  ;   for  the  im- 
peria.i  inmar.  ^^■cYc  .eldr^ii  ^nffiriently  free  from  gout   to  be  able  to  do 
more   thin  a-M  a  bnet   postscript,  in  which  Donna  JuanA  was  assured 
,)1  the  affection  of  her  bit  en  padre  Carlos.     William  van  Male,  born  at 
Bruges,  of  a  noble  but  decayed  family,  was  the  scholar  and  man  of 
letters  in  the  Emperor's  household.    His  learning,  intelligence,  industry, 
cheerful  disposition,  and  simple  nature  made  him  a  great  favorite  with 
the  ]  emperor,  who  soon  could  scarcely  dispense  with  his  attendance  by 
day  or  night.      One  of  the  Emperor's  literary  recreations  was  to  make 
a  version,'^in  Castilian  prose,  of  the  old  and  popular  French  poem,  the 
Chevalier  Delibere,  which  he  gave  to  Van  Male  to  pass  through  the 
press.     The  docker  of  the  court  was  a  young  Fleming,  named  Henry 
Mathys  ;  dnd  when  it  was  thought  advisable,  Cornelio,  a  Spaniard,  who 
had  long  been  physician  to  the  Emperor,  was  summoned  from  Valla- 
dolid.      Mathys,   however,   appears  to   have   discharged  his   functions 
creditably.     Charles  brought  Giovanni  Torriano,  a  native  of  Cremona, 
to  Estremadura  to  take  care  of  his  clocks  and  watches,  and  to  construct 
these  and  other  pieces  of  mechanism  for  the  amusement  of  his  leisure 

hours. 

During  the  Emperor's  stay  at  Xarandilla,  Juan  de  Regia,  whom  he 
had  chosen  for  his  confessor  from  the  order  of  St.  Jerome,  came  to 
pay  him  a  visit.  On  being  introduced  into  the  imperial  presence, 
Regia  spoke  of  the  great  reluctance  he  had  felt  in  accepting  a  post  of 
such  weighty  responsibility.  **  Never  fear,"  said  Charles,  somewha 
maliciously,  as  if  conscious  that  he  was  dealing  with  a  hypocrite  ; 
**  before  1  left  Flanders,  five  doctors  were  engaged  for  a  whole  year 
in  easing  my  conscience;  so  you  will  have  nothing  to  answer  for  but 

what  happens  here." 

Besides  the  envoys  and  other  officials  whom  state  affairs  called  to 


Xarandilla,  there  were  several  ancient  servants  of  the  Emperor  who 
came   thitlier  to  tcaider  tlie  homage  of   their  loyalty.      One  of  these 
de>erve.  esjjcc  ial   notice  for  the  place  he  holds  in  the  history  not  only 
of  S[KUii,  but  ako  of  the  religions  strtiggles  of  the  sixteenth  century, — 
Francisco  Horja.  wlio.  a  few  }ears  before,  had  exchanged  his  dukedom 
KÄ  (~;, nulla  lor  tlie  ro])e  of  tlie   order  of  Jesus.      In   Ids   brilliant    youth, 
this  remarkable  man  had  been  the  pride  of  the  Spanish  nol)ility.      He 
was  the  heir  ^.\\   a  great   and  wealthy  house,  a  branch  of  the   royal  line 
of  Aragon,    wiii(  li    liad    alrea<ly  gfven    two   ])ontiffs  to   Rome,   and   te) 
history  several   personages  remarkable   for  the  brightnesr,  ul  their  vir- 
tues  and    others    notorious   for    tlieir    crimes.       Francusco   was    distin- 
guished  no   less  by  the  favor  oi  tlie   Emperor  tlian  l)y  tlie  sjileudor  of 
his  birth,  the  grace  of  his  person,    iml   the  endowments  of  lii-  min<l. 
Born    to   be  a  courtier  and   a  soldier,    he   was  also   an   accomplished 
scholar,    and    no    irieon-aderable    statesman.       He    broke    horses    and 
trained  hawks  as  well  as  the  most  expert  master  of  the  menage  and  the 
mews;   he  composed  masses  which  long  kept  their  jilaces  in  the  choirs 
of  Spain;  he  wms  well  versed   in   polite  learning,  and  deeply  read   in 
mathematics;  he  wrote  Latin  and  Castilian,  as  his  works  still  testify, 
with  ease  and  grace;   he  served   in  Africa  and  Italy  with  distinction; 
and,  as  viceroy  of  Catalonia,  he  displayed  abilities  for  administration 
which  in  a  few  years  might  have  placed  him  high  among  the  Men- 
dozas  and  De  Lannoys.     The  pleasures  and  honors  of  the  world,  how- 
ever, seemed  from  the  first  to  have  but  slender  attraction  for  the  man 
so  rarely  fitted  to  obtain  them.     These  tendencies  were  confirmed  by  an 
accident  which  followed  the  death  of  Queen  Isabella.     As  her  master 
of  horse,  it  was  Borja's  duty  to  attend  the  body  from  Toledo  to  the 
royal  chapel  of  Granada,  and  to  make  oath  to  its  identity  ere  it  was 
laid  in  the  grave.      But  when   the  coffin  was  opened,  the  progress  of 
decay  had  been  so  rapid  that  the  mild  and   lovely  face  of  Isabella 
could  no  longer  be  recognized  by  the  most  trusted  and  faithful  of  her 
servants.     Flis  conscience  would   not  allow  him   to  swear  that  these 
remains  w^ere  those  of  his  royal  mistress,  but  only  that,  having  watched 
day  and  night  beside  it,  he  felt  convinced  that  it  could  be  no  other 
than  the  form  which  he  had  seen  enshrouded  in  Toledo.     A  {^v^^  years 
later,  the  death  of  his  beautiful  and  excellent  wife  snapped  the  dearest 
tie  which  bound  him  to  the  world.      Having  erected  a  Jesuits'  college 
in  Gandia,  their  first  establishment  of  that  kind   in   Europe,  and  his 
eldest  son  and  his  two  daughters  having  married,  he  put  his  affairs  in 
order,  and  entered  the  young  and   still  struggling  society  of  Ignatius 
Loyola.     In  1548,  in  the  thirty-eighth  year  of  his  age,  he  obtained  the 

18 


274 


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275 


Emperor's  leave  to  make  his  son  fifth  duke  of  Gandia,  and  he  became 
Father  Francis  of  the  company  of  Jesus. 

Learning  that  the  Emperor  had  inquired  frequently  about  him, 
Father  Francis  the  Sinner,  for  so  Borja  called  himself,  arrived  at  Xa- 
randilla  on  the  17th  of  December.  The  Emperor  received  Borja  with 
a  cordiality  which  was  more  foreign  to  his  nature  than  his  habits,  but 
which  on  this  occasion  was  probably  sincere.  Both  he  and  his  Jesuit 
guest  had  withdrawn  from  the  pomps  and  vanities  of  life;  but,  custom 
being  stronger  than  reason  or  faith,  their  greetings  were  as  ceremonious 
as  if  they  had  been  exchanged  beneath  the  canopy  of  state  at  Augsburg 
or  Valladolid.  Not  only  did  the  priest,  lapsing  into  the  ways  of  the 
grandee,  kneel  to  kiss  the  hand  of  the  Emperor,  but  he  even  insisted 
on  remaining  upon  his  knees  during  the  interview.  Charles,  who 
addressed  him  as  duke,  succeeded  in  inducing  him  to  assume  a  less 
humble  attitude  only  by  refusing  to  converse  with  him  until  he  should 
have  taken  a  chair  and  put  on  his  hat. 

The  talk  of  the  Emperor  and  his  guest  sometimes  reverted  to  old 
days.  **  Do  you  remember,"  said  Charles,  *'  how  I  told  you,  in  1542, 
at  Mongon,  during  tiie  holding  of  the  cortes  of  Aragon,  of  my  inten- 
tion of  abdicating  the  throne?  I  spoke  of  it  to  but  one  person  be- 
sides." The  Jesuit  replied  that  he  had  kept  the  secret  truly,  but  that 
now  he  hoped  he  might  mention  the  mark  of  confidence  with  which  he 
had  been  honored.  *'  Yes,"  said  Charles,  ''  now  that  the  thing  is  done, 
you  may  say  what  you  will."  After  a  visit  of  five  days,  Borja  took  his 
leave  and  returned  to  Plasencia. 

Until  the  close  of  the  year  1556,  the  Emperor  had  enjoyed  what  were 
for  him  remarkably  good  health  and  spirits.  In  the  latter  weeks  of  that 
year  he  had  been  able  to  devote  two  hours  a  day  to  his  accounts,  and 
to  reckon  with  Luis  Quixada  the  sums  due  to  the  servants  whom  he 
was  about  to  discharge.  When  the  weather  was  fine,  he  used  to  go  out 
with  his  fowling-piece,  and  even  walk  at  a  tolerably  brisk  pace.  His 
chief  annoyance  was  the  state  of  his  fingers,  which  were  so  much 
swollen  and  disabled  by  gout  that  he  remarked,  on  receiving  from  the 
Duchess  of  Frias  a  present  of  a  chased  silver  saucepan  and  a  packet 
of  perfumed  gloves,  '*  If  she  sends  gloves,  she  had  better  also  send 
hands  to  wear  them  on."  But  in  the  latter  part  of  December  he  felt 
several  twinges  of  gout,  and  kept  his  bed  foraw^ek.  Nevertheless,  his 
appetite  continued  keen  ;  and  he  one  day  paid  the  wife  of  Quixada  the 
compliment  of  committing  an  excess  upon  sausages  and  olives  which 
the  good  lady  had  sent  him  from  Villagarcia.  He  complained  after- 
wards of  a  sore  throat,  an  inconvenience  which  the  mayor-domo  did 


\ 


not  much  deplore,  saying,  sententiously,  -Shut  your  mouth,  and  the 

gout  will  get  well." 

Dispatches  now  came  in  from  Italy,  announcing  the  truce  of  forty 
days  which  the  Duke  of  Alva  had  made  with  the  Pope  and  his  nephew, 
after  driving  the  papal  troops  out  of  the  town  and  citadel  of  Ostia. 
The  Emperor  was  very  angry  that  Alva  had  not  pushed  on  to  Rome. 
The  aspect,  too,  of  affairs  in  Flanders  and  the  Mediterranean  was 
alarming.  He  wrote  to  the  princess-regent  to  use  all  diligence  in 
raising  men  and  money  to  carry  on  the  wars,  and  especially  to  provide 
for  the  defense  of  Oran,  which  was  then  threatened  by  the  Moors. 
'^  If  Oran  be  lost,"  he  wrote,  ^  I  hope  I  shall  not  be  in  Spain  or  the 
Indies,  but  in  some  place  where  I  shall  not  hear  of  so  great  an  affront 
to  the  king,  and  disaster  to  these  realms." 

At  length  the  buildings  at  Yuste  were  in  readiness.     Fifty-two  ser- 
vants, eight  mules,  a  small  one-eyed  horse,  two  litters,  and  a  hand- 
chair  were  all  that  the   Emperor  took  with  him  to  Yuste,  where  he 
arrived  February  3,  i557-     He  was  not  surrounded  at  Yuste  with  the 
splendors  of  his  host  of  Augsburg ;  but  neither  did  the  fashions  of  the 
sumptuous  Fugger  prevail  at  Ghent  or  at  Innspruck.    For  the  hangings 
of  his  bedroom  he  preferred  sombre  black  to  gayer  arras ;  but  he  had 
brou-ht  from  Flanders  suits  of  rich  tapestry,  wrought  with  figures, 
landst-apes,  or  flowers,  more  than  sufficient  to  hang  the  rest  of  the 
apartments;   the  supply  of  cushions,  eider-down  quilts,  and   linen  was 
luxuriously  ample  ;  his  friends  sat  on  chairs  covered  with  black  velvet ; 
and  he  himself  reposed  either  on  a  chair  with  wheels,  or  in  an  easy- 
rhair  furnished  with  six  cushions  and  a  footstool.     Of  gold  and  silver 
plate  he   had  upwards  of   thirteen  thousand  ounces ;  he  washed  his 
hands   in   silver   basins  with   water   poured   from  silver   ewers;    the 
meanest  utensil  of  his  chamber  was  of  the  same  noble  material ;  and 
from  the  brief  description  of  his  cups,  vases,  candlesticks,  and  salt- 
cellars, it  seems  probable  that  his  table  was  graced  with  several  master- 
pieces of  Tobbia  and  Cellini. 

In  his  dress  he  had  ever  been  plain  to  parsimony ;  his  suit  of  sober 
black  was  no  doubt  the  same,  or  such  another,  as  that  painted  by  Titian 
in  the  fine  portrait  wherein  the  Emperor  still  sits  before  us,  pale, 
thoughtful,  and  dignified,  in  the  Belvedere  Palace  at  Vienna;  and  he 
probablv  gave  audience,  as  described  by  Roger  Ascham,  in  such  a 
''gowne  of  black  taffety  and  furred  night-cap,  like  a  great  codpiece; 
sitting  sick  in  his  chamber  at  Augsburg,  and  looking  like  my  friend 
the  parson  of  Epurstone."  In  his  soldier  days  he  would  knot  and 
patch  a  broken   sword-belt  until   it  would   have  disgraced  a  private 


276 


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CHARLES    V.  AT   YUSTE. 


277 


trooper;  and  he  even  carried  his  love  of  petty  economy  so  far  that, 
being  caught  in  a  shower  near  Nuremberg,  he  took  off  his  velvet  cap, 
which  happened  to  be  new,  and  sheltered  it  under  his  arm,  going  bare- 
headed in  the  rain  until  an  old  cap  was  brought  him  from  the  town. 

Although  the  Emperor  despised  the  vulgar  gewgaws  of  wealth  and 
power,  his  retreat  was  adorned  with  some  pictures,  few,  but  well  chosen, 
and  worthy  of  a  discerning  lover  of  art  and  of  the  patron  and  frierd 
of  Titian.     A  composition  on   the  subject  of  the  Trinity,  and  three 
pictures  of  Our  Lady,  by  that  great  master,  filled  the  apartments  wiih 
poetry  and  beauty  ;    and,  as  specimens  of  his  skill  in  another  style, 
there  were  portraits  of  the  recluse  himself  and  of  his  Empress.     Our 
Lord  bearing  His  Cross,  and  several  other  sacred  pictures,  came  from 
the  easel  of  -Maestro  Miguel"  of  Antwerp.     Three  cased  miniatures 
of  the  Empress,  painted  in  her  youthful  beauty,  soon  after  the  honey- 
moon in  the  Alhambra,  kept  alive  Charles's  recollections  of  the  wife 
whom  he  had  lost.     Besides  these,  there  were  also  portraits  of  Mary 
Tudor,  Philip,  the  princess-regent,  the  Queen  of  Bohemia,  his  sisters, 
the  Duchess  of  Parma,  and  the  King  of  France,  to  enliven  the  apart- 
ments, as  well  as  to  occupy  his  daily  thoughts  and  nightly  dreams. 
From   Charles's  bedroom  a  door  or  window  had  been   cut  into  the 
church,  through  the  chancel  wall,  and  close  to  the  high  altar,  so  tiat 
he  could  have  the  benefit  of  the  services  when  ill  or  indisposed,  and 
could  see  and  hear  without  being  seen.     Long  tradition,  which  there 
seems  little  reason  to  doubt,  adds,  that  over  the  high  altar  of  the  con- 
vent,  and  in  sight  of  his  own   beef,   he  had   placed   that  celebrated 
painting  called  the   -Glory"   of  Titian,  a  picture  of  the  Last  Judg- 
ment, in  which  Charles,  his  wife,  and  their  royal  children  were  repre- 
sented, in  the  master's  grandest  style,  as  conducted  by  angels  into  life 
eternal.     Another  masterpiece  of  the  great  Venetian— St.  Jerome  pray- 
ing in  his  cavern,  with  a  beautiful  landscape  in  the  distance— adorned 
the  altar-piece  of  his  private  oratory.     The  palace  of  Yuste  was  less 
rich  in  books  than  in  pictures.     The  library  indeed  barely  exceeded 
thirty  volumes,  chiefly  works  of  devotion  or  of  science. 

Music,  ever  one  of  the  favorite  pleasures  of  Charles,  here  also  lent 
its  charnis  to  soothe  the  cares  which  followed  him  from  the  world,  and 
the  dyspepsia  from  which  he  would  not  even  try  to  escape.  The  order 
of  St.  Jerome  being  desirous  to  gratify  the  taste  of  their  guest,  the 
general  had  reinforced  the  choir  of  Yuste  with  fourteen  or  fifteen  friars, 
chosen  from  the  different  monasteries  under  their  sway  for  their  fine 
voices  and  musical  skill.  In  the  management  of  the  choir  and  organ 
the  Emperor  took  a  lively  interest ;  and  from  the  window  of  his  bed- 


room his  voice  might  often  be  heard  accompanying  the  chant  of  the 
friars.  His  ear  never  failed  to  detect  a  wrong  note,  and  the  mouth 
whence  it  came  j  and  he  would  frequently  mention  the  name  of  the 
offender,  with  the  addition  of  some  epithet  savoring  more  of  the  camp 
than  the  cloister.  A  singing-master  from  Plasencia,  being  one  day  in 
the  church,  ventured  to  join  in  the  service;  but  he  had  not  sung  many 
bars  before  orders  came  down  from  the  Emperor  that  the  interloper 
should  be  either  silenced  or  turned  out. 

Eloquence  was  likewise  an  art  which  the  Emperor  loved  ;  and  three 
chaplains,  who  were  deemed  the  best  preachers  in  the  fold  of  St. 
Jerome,  were  ordered  to  repair  to  Yuste  for  his  delectation.  The  fore- 
most of  these  was  Fray  Francisco  de  Villalva,  preacher  to  the  great 
hospital  at  Saragossa,  whence  he  was  summoned  to  Yuste.  There  his 
eloquence  charmed  the  Emperor,  as  it  had  charmed  the  peasants  of 
Zamora;  and  he  so  eclipsed  his  colleagues  that  they  seem  to  have 
been  seldom  called  to  the  pulpit,  except  during  a  few  weeks  when 
Charles,  at  the  urgent  request  of  the  city  of  Saragossa,  spared  Villalva 
for  awhile  to  his  old  admirers. 

The  habits  of  Charles  accorded  well  with  the  monotony  of  monastic 
life.     Every  morning  Father  Regia  appeared  at  his  bedside  to  inquire 
how  he  had  passed  the  night,  and  to  assist  him  in  his  private  devo- 
tions.     He  then  rose,  and  was  dressed  by  his  valets;  after  which  he 
heard  mass,  going  down,  when  his  health  permitted,  into  the  church. 
According  to  his  invariable  custom,  which  in  Italy  gave  rise  to  the  say- 
ing dalla  messa  alia  mensa,—ivom  mass  to  mess,— he  went  from  these 
devotions  to  dinner,  about  noon.     The  meal  was  long,  for  his  appetite 
was  voracious.     The  physician  attended  him  at  the  table,  and  at  least 
learned  the  causes  of  the  mischief  which  his  art  was  to  counteract. 
The  patient,  while  he  dined,  conversed  with  the  doctor  on  matters  of 
science,  generally  of  natural  history.     The  cloth  being  withdrawn,  the 
confessor  usually  read  aloud  from  one  of  the  Emperor's  favorite  divines, 
Augustine,  Jerome,  or  Bernard,  an   exercise  which  was    followed    by 
conversation  and  an  hour  of  slumber.     At  three  o'clock  the  monks 
were  mustered  in  the  convent  to  hear  a  sermon,  or  a  passage  read  from 
the  Bible,  frequently  from  the  Epistle  to  the  Romans,  the  book  which 
the  Emperor  preferred.     The   rest   of  the  afternoon  w^as  devoted  to 
seeing  the  official  people  from  court,  or  to  the  transaction  of  business 
with  his  secretary.     Sometimes  the  workshop  of  Giovanni,  or,  as  he 
was  usually  called,  Torriano,  was  the  resort  of  the  Emperor  during  his 
spare  time.     He  was  very  fond  of  clocks  and  watches,  and  much  in- 
terested in  an  elaborate  astronomical  time-piece,  at  w^hich  Torriano 


278 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


had  long  been  at  work,  and  which,  besides  the  ordinary  duties  of  a 
clock,  was  to.  tell  the  days  of  the  month.and  year,  and  to  denote  the 

movements  of  the  planets. 

Sometimes  the  iperor  fed  his  pet  birds,  which  appear  to  have  su  - 
ceeded  in  his  affections  the  stately  wolf-hounds  that  followed  at  h.s 
heel  in  the  days  when  he  sat  to  Titian  ;  or  ho  sauntered  among  h.s 
trees  and  flower  ;  or  sometimes,  but  more  rarely,  he  strolled  „no  he 
fo  e  t  with  his  gu'n,  and  shot  a  few  of  the  wood-pigeons  wh.ch  people 
the  great  chestnut-trees.  Next  came  vespers,  and  then  supper,  a  n,eal 
very  much  like  the  dinner,  consisting  frequently  of  pickled  salmon  and 
other  unwholesome  dishes,  which  made  Quixada's  loyal  heart  quake 

within  him.'  vot.im  fn 

Fhdip  II.,  although  frequently  implored  by  h,s  s.ster  to  return  to 
Spain,  continued  in  Flanders,  saying  that  his  presence  was  of  g  cate 
•  n^or'tance   near  the   seat   of  war,  and  that,  so  ^^^^-^-[^^^^ 
Hvld  and  would  assist  her  with  his  counsel,  ^•-^^"'f./'"'^.""   ;  J* 
difficulty  in    conducting   the    .nternal    affa.rs   of   Castde      In    t.uth 
PlHlip's  fibal  affection  and  reverence  shine  like  a  grain  of  fine  go.d  m 
the  base  metal  of  his  character :  his  father  was  the  one  wise  ^^nd^trong 
„an  who  crossed  his  path  whom  he  never  suspected,  undervalue.!,  or  ,11 
used      The  sum  Charles  reserved  to  himself  was  one-sixteenth  part  ot 
the  rents  of  the  crown  ;  this  was  estimated  at  twelve  thousand  ducats, 
or  about  fifteen  hundred  pounds  sterling,  a  provision  scarcely  amoun  - 
ing  to  the  half  of  that  which   his  will  directed   to  be  made   for  his 
t^atural   son,    Don    John.      This  money  was   always   V^^  ^^ 
Charles  had  also  thirty  thousand  ducats  lying  at  h.s  disposal  in  the 
fortress  of  Simancas.     In  spite  of  the  untold  wealth  of  Spain,  the  crown 
was  in  constant  distress  for  money.     That  financial  niin  wMi.ch  was 
completed  bv  Olivarez  had  begun  in  the  days  of  Granvele.     By  means 
of  bills  of  exchange  obtained  at  usurious  rates  from  the  bankers  ot 
Genoa,  the  colonial  revenue  was  forestalled  two  years  before  it  was 
collected  ;  and  the  bars  and  ingots  of  Mexico  and  Peru  may  be  said  to 
have  been  eaten  tip  by  courtiers  and  soldiers,  fired  away  in  cann..n, 
and  chanted  away  by  friars,  before  they  had  been  dug  from  the  caverns 
of  Sierra  Madre  or  washed  from  the  gravel  of  Yauncocha. 

In  March,  an  envoy  came  from  Philip  to  the  Emperor,  desiring  to 
know  his  father's  opinion  on  the  policy  of  tak.ig  Don  Carlos  to  Han- 
ders  to  receive  the  oath  of  allegiance  as  heir-apparent  of  Burgund). 
Charles  considered  tliat  the  fitful  and  passiona' ;  temperament  rendered 
it  unsafe  as  yet  to  produce  Don  Carlos  to  the  world.  Meantime,  news 
came  that  the  King  of  Portugal  had  consented  that  the  Infanta  Mary 

« 


CHARLES    V.   AT    YUSTE. 


279 


should  visit  her  mother  in  Spain.     But  the  external  afi^airs  of  the  king- 
dom required  at  this  time  counsel  of  the  greatest  sagacity,  and  action 
of  the   greatest  promptitude  and  courage.     War  was  raging  on  the 
frontier  of  the  Netherlands,  and  it  was  threatened  on  the  frontier  of 
Navarre.     Italy  also  presented  grave  causes  of  anxiety,  and  the  Grand 
Turk  was  attacking  his  Most  Catholic  brother  by  sea  and  land.     Flan- 
ders, however,  appeared  to  be  the  point  upon  which  it  was  advisable 
that  the  strength  of  the  crown  should  be  concentrated.     Ruy  Gomez 
de  Silva  was  to  raise  eight  thousand  Castilians  for  the  army  of  the 
Duke  of  Savoy,  and  to  raise  money  the  Church  had  to  lend  its  aid. 

In   Tune,  John  III.  of   Portugal  died;    the   gallant    Don  Luis,  his 
brother,  was  also  dead,  and  it  became  now  a  question  who  should  be 
the  guardian  of  the  baby  heir.     First-cousin  to  Charles  V.,  John  was 
also  the  brother  of  Charles's  wife,  the  husband  of  Charles's  sister,  and 
father-in-law  of  two  of  Charles's  children,  yet  the  plans  and  policy  of 
one  court  were  studiously  kept  secret  from  the  other.     The  Emperor 
sent  condolences   to  his  sister,  the  widowed  Queen  Catherine,  and, 
though  he  said  nothing,  he  was  very  desirous  that  Juana,  the  pnncess- 
re-^ent,  should  be  appointed  to  the  Portuguese  regency;  and  she  too 
was  most  anxious  to  have  the  guardianship  of  her  son,  Don  Sebastian. 
But  the  regency  was  given   into   the  hands  of  Catherine,  the  queen- 
dowa-^er,  who  closed  her  able  administration  with  the  brilliant  deferise 
of  Mazagaon  against  the  Moors.     The  reins  then  passed  to  the  feebler 
hands  of  the  Cardinal   Henry,  nor  was  the  princess-regent  of  Spain, 
Juana,  ever  permitted  to  hold  any  share  of  power  or  even  to  embrace 

her  son.  ,    ,   , 

For  disappointments  in  Portugal  the  Emperor  was  consoled  by 
glorious  news  from  Flanders.  The  Duke  of  Savoy,  reinforced,  held 
Coligny  blockaded  in  St.  Quentin.  The  Constable  de  Montmorency 
who  commanded  the  main  French  army,  was  ordered  by  the  King  of 
France  to  throw  some  troops  into  the  place.  Emanuel  Phihbert 
allowed  him  to  do  it  with  but  little  opposition,  and  then  seized  the 
opportunitv  of  passing  the  river  with  his  full  force,  and  by  a  succession 
of  skillful  manoeuvres  succeeded  in  surprising  Montmorency,  and  com- 
nellim?  him  to  give  battle,  when  Count  Egmont,  at  the  head  of  seven 
thousand  cavalrv,  obtained  in  one  brilliant  charge  the  most  complete 
victory  ever  won  by  the  lions  and  castles  of  Spain  from  the  lilies  of 
France  When  this  intelligence  reached  the  Emperor,  he  ordered  the 
messenger  to  be  rewarded  with  a  gold  chain  and  a  handsome  sum  of 
money  ;  a  solemn  mass  was  celebrated  in  the  convent-church  m  token 
of  thanksgiving,  and  considerable  alms  from  the  imperial  purse  were 


28o 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


given  to  the  neighboring  poor.  The  Emperor  afterwards  was  much 
disappointed  to  learn  that  his  son  had  not  been  present  in  the  fie  d, 
and  bestowed  his  malediction  on  the  English  trooi)s,  for  whom  Phil.p 
was  reported  to  have  been  waiting  in  the  rear.  Charles  then  counted 
the  days,  as  Quixada  wrote,  which  must  elapse  before  Phil.p  could  be 

at  the  gates  of  Paris.  ,     ,      ,    ,     ,       •       i 

The  triumph  of  the  Duke  of  Savoy  in  the  Netherlands  had  a  smgular 
effect  upon  the  war  in  Italy.     Alva  was  gaining  the  advantage,  and, 
happily  for  art  and  its  monuments,  the  panic  of  the  King  of  trance, 
the  baseness  of  the  King  of  Spain,  and  the  supple  treachery  of  Christ  s 
vicar,  saved  Rome  from  being  sacked.     Guise  and  his  amy  were  m- 
stantly  recalled  ;  Alva  was  instructed  that  his  master  valued  h>s  great 
victory  chiefly  because  it  might  restore  him  to  the  good  graces  o    the 
Pope  :  and  the  holy  father  himself  made  haste  to  sacrifice  h,s  fnend  and 
conclude  a  close  bargain  with  his  foe.    The  terms  obtained  were  no  less 
disgraceful  to  Paul  and  Philip  than  advantageous  to  the  Roman  bee^ 
The  Pope  was  bound  not  to  take  part  against  Spain  during  the  war,  and 
not  to  assist  the  Duke  of  Guise  with  provisions  or  protection.    Phdip,  on 
his  side,  engaged  to  restore  all  the  places  he  had  taken  from  the  Pope, 
and  to  do  homage  for  the  crown  of  Naples  ;  and,  while  he  clamied  an 
amnesty  for  the  papal  rebels,  he  permitted  the  pontiff  to  except  from  . 
Marc  Antonio  Colonna  and  the  chief  Roman  magnates  who  had  been 
the  most  active  of  Alva's  allies,  and  whose  fortunes  were  best  worth 
the  acceptance  of  the  plundering  Carafi^is.  .  ,    .    ,.       .• 

The  Emperor  had   ever  regarded  Paul's   policy  with   ind.gna  ion 
which  had  lately  become  mingled  with  scorn.    He  forbade  the  bulls  of 
excommunication,  which  were  frantically  fulminated  aga.nst  his  son, 
to  be  published  in  the  churches,  an<l  declared  them  contraband  in  the 
sea-ports  of  Spain.     Had  the  matter  been  left  in  the  Emperor  s  hands 
Paul  would  have  been  dealt  with  in  the  stern   fxshion  which  brought 
Clement  to  his  senses :  Alva  would  have  been  directed  to  advance, 
Rome  would  have  been  stormed,  the  pontiff  made  prisoner,  and  the 
Primate  of  Spain  and  the  Prior  of  Yuste  would  have  been  directed  to 
nut  their  altars  into  mourning  and  to  say  masses  for  the  speedy  deliver- 
ance of  the  holy  father  of  the  faithful.     This   treaty  was  almost   the 
sole  amiir  of  importance  transacted  during  the  Emperor's  sojourn  at 
Yuste  without  his  opinion  having  been  first  asked  and  his  approval 
obtained      At  length  there  came  a  detailed  account  of  the  negotia- 
tions  which  the  secretary  of  state  said  had  given  satisfaction  both  at 
Rome  and  Valladolid.     At  each   paragraph  that  was  read,  the  Em- 
peror's anger  grew  fiercer ;   and   before   the   paper  had   been   gone 


CHARLES    V.   AT   YUSTE. 


281 


through,  he  would  hear  no  m'ore.  He  was  laid  up  next  day  with  an 
attack  of  gout,  and  for  weeks  after  was  overheard  muttering  to  himself 
broken  sentences  of  displeasure.  Unfavorable  reports  of  Don  Carlos 
reached  him  from  time  to  time,  adding  to  his  disappointments.  It 
seemed,  indeed,  that  the  prowess  of  Duke  Charles  and  Kaiser  Max, 
which  had  dwindled  wofully  in  his  son  Philip,  bade  fair  to  be  altogether 
extinct  in  the  next  generation. 

During  the  whole  of  the  year  1557  the  Emperor's  health  gave  him 
but  little  annoyance,  and  cost  Dr.  Mathys  but  little  trouble  or  anxiety.  • 
In  spite  of  generally  eating  too  much,  Charles  slept  well,  and  his  gout 
made  itself  felt  only  in  occasional  twinges,  so  effectually  did  the  senna- 
wine,  prepared  by  the  doctor,  counteract  the  syrup  of  quinces  which 
he  drank  at  breakfast,  the  Rhine  wine  which  washed  down  his  mid-day 
meal,  and  the  beer  which,  though  denounced  by  the  doctor,  was  the 
habitual  beverage  of  the  patient  whenever  he  was  thirsty. 

The  Emperor  gave  much  of  his  leisure  time  to  his  garden.     He  had 
ever  been  a  lover  of  nature  and  a  cherisher  of  birds  and  flowers.    The 
story  is  told  that  in  one  of  his  campaigns,  a  swallow  having  built  her 
nest  and  hatched  her  young  upon  his  tent,  he  would  not  allow  his  tent 
to  be  struck  when  the  army  resumed   its  march,  but  left  it  standing 
for  the  sake  of  the  mother  and  her  brood.     From  Tunis  he  is  said  not 
only  to  have  brought  the  best  of  his  laurels,  but  the  pretty  flower  called 
the  Indian  pink,  sending-  it  from  the  African  shore  to  his  g.irdens  m 
Spain,  whence  in  time  it  won  its  way  into  every  cottage-garden  in 
Europe.     Yuste  was  a  very  paradise  for  these  simple  tastes  and  harm- 
less pleasures.    The  Emperor  spent  part  of  the  summer  in  embellishing 
the  ground   immediately  below  his  windows;  he  raised  a  terrace,  on 
which  he  placed  a  fountain  and  laid  out  a  parterre;  and  beneath  it  he 
formed   a  second   parterre,   planted,  like  the  first,  with  flowers  and 
orange-trees.     Among  his  poultry  were  some  Indian  fowls,  sent  him 
by  the  Bishop  of  Plasencia.     Of  two  fish-ponds  which  he  caused  to  be 
formed  with  the  water  of  the  adjacent  brook,  he  stored  one  with  trout 
and  the  other  with  tench.     In  the  autumn  he  sent  for  an  additional 
gamekeeper  to  kill  game  for  his  table,  and  in  winter  for  a  new  stove 
for  his  apartments ;  and  he  also  received  from  Flanders  a  large  box  of 
tapestry,  among  which  was  a  set  of  hangings  wrought  with  scenes  from 
his  campaigns  at  Tunis,  which  still  exists  in  the  palace  at  Madrid.     He 
also  contemplated  an  addition  to  his  little  palace,  and  he  had  made 
several  drawings  with  his  own  hands  of  an  intended  oratory,  and  a 
new  wing  for  the  accommodation  of  the  king  his  son,  who  was  to  visit 
him  as  soon  as  public  affairs  permitted  him  to  return  to  Spain. 


282 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CHARLES    V.   AT    YUSTE. 


283 


In  September  the  Queens-dowager  of  France     nd  Hungary  visited 
their  brother.     Queen  Eleanor  was  in  very  feebl     health  ;  but  Queen 
Mary  was  still   robust  enough  for  the  saddle  ;    she  delighted   in   the 
exercise  of  her  limbs  and  tongue,   and  was  therefore   frequently  on 
horseback,  riding   from  the  castle  of   Xarandilla   through   the  fading 
forest  to  the  retreat  of  her  brother.      The  chief  business  of  Yuste  at 
this  time  was  the  long-talked-of  meeting  between  Queen  Eleanor  and 
the  Infonta  of  Portugal.     To  see  this  daughter  once  more  was  the  sole 
wish  of  the  poor  mother's  heart.      The  daughter,  on  the  other  hand, 
seemed  hardly  less  anxious  to  avoid  the  interview.     The  Emperor  wrote 
to  his  niece,  and  also  sent  Father  Borja  on  a  secret  mission  to  Portugal, 
in  regard  to  the  regency  of  that  country.     The  hot  weather  and  the 
speed  with  which  Borja  traveled  threw  him  into  a  fever.     Queen  Cath- 
erine, the  Cardinal  Henry,  and  the  Infanta  Mary  all  vied  with  one 
another  in  nursing  him  ;  but  he  did  not  succeed  in  the  object  of  his 
mission,  and  returned,  saying,  as  he  restored  the  papers  to  the  Emperor, 
*' You  may  be  sure  that  no  one  but  myself  has  seen  them."      The  con- 
fidence thus  reposed  by  the  shrewdest  of  princes  in  Borja's  judgment 
and  observation  shows  how  keenly  the  things  of  earth  may  be  scanned 
by  eyes  which  seem  wholly  fixed  upon  heaven. 

The  year  1558  did  not  open  auspiciously  at  Yuste.     The  Emperor 
was  not  in  his  usual  health,  and  still  remained  unreconciled  to  the 
shameful  peace  with  the  Pope.       Philip's  procrastinating  policy  gav- 
the  French  time  to  rally;  and  Guise,  burning  to  wipe  away  his  drs- 
graces  in  the  Abruzzi  and  the  Roman  plains,  suddenly  appeared  before 
Calais  on  the  first  night  of  the  new  year.     The  only  approaches  by  lard 
were  guarded  by  the  forts  of  Risbank  and  Newnham  Bridge.     These 
Guise^ittacked  at  night,  and  was  master  of  in  the  morning.     The  roar 
of  his  artillery  was  heard  at  Dover  ;  but  a  storm  dispersed  the  squadron 
that  put  out  with  relief.      After  some  days  of  desultory  and  desperate 
fighting,  Lord  Wentworth  struck  his  flag;  the  English  troops  filed  off 
under  a  guard  of  Scottish  archers;  and  the  key  of  France,  which,  t>\o 
centuries  before,  had  resisted   for  eleven  months  Edward   HI.,  fresh 
from  Crecy,  was  restored  in  one  week  to  the  House  of  Valois.     The 
honor  of  having  first  conceived  and  planned  the  enterprise  belonged 
to  the  Admiral  Coligny,  still  a  prisoner  of  war  in  the  hands  of  Emanuel 
Philibert  of  Savoy.       Guise  had  nobly  retrieved  his  laurels;    and  it 
would  have  been  sufficient  for  his  military  glory  had   he  been  victor 
only  in  his  two  sieges,— the  heroic  defense  of  Metz  and  the  dashing 
capture  of  Calais.     France  was  in  an  uproar  of  exultation  ;  and  long 
and  loud  were  the  peeans  of  the  Parisian  wits.     The  news  of  the  loss 


of  Calais  was  received  at  Valladolid  and  Yuste  with  little  less  sorrow 
and  alarm  than  in  London.  The  word  Calais,  which  Mary  Tudor 
dolefully  declared  to  be  written  on  her  heart,  was  also  ever  on  the 
tongue  of  her  kinsman  Charles. 

Early  in  January  the  queens  went   to   meet   the   Infanta  Mary  at 
Badajoz,  where,  during  a  visit  of  twenty  days,  the  mother  and  aunt 
exhausted  all  their  arguments  and  caresses  in  the  attempt  to  mduce 
her  to  settle  in  Spain.      Queen  Eleanor  gave  her  jewels  to  the  value 
of  fifty  thousand  ducats,  and  Queen  Mary  added  a  quantity  of  rich 
dresses  and  household  plenishing.      But  her  heart  was  sealed  agamst 
the  land  of  which  she  hoped  to  be  queen,  and  therefore  she  remamed 
inflexible  in  her  determination  to  return  to  Portugal.     Hardly  had  the 
queens  accomplished  three  leagues  of  their  journey  when  Eleanor  fell 
ill.      Dr.  Cornelio,  who  was  in  attendance,  was  much  alarmed,  and 
intelligence  of  her  danger  was  immediately  sent  off  to  the  Infimta  and 
to  Yuste      Quixada  was  ordered  instantly  to  ride  post   to  Talavera. 
He  arrived  only  in  time  to  receive  her  last  request.     -Tell  my  brother 
the   Emperor  that  he  must  take  care  of  my  daughter,  the  Infanta." 
Her  remains  were  deposited  at  Merida,  and  afterwards  carried  to  the 
Escorial.      Her  daughter  became  her  universal  legatee,  which  made 
her  one  of  the  best  matches  in  Europe.     On  the  death  of  the  English 
queen,  Philip  the  Prudent  once  more  turned  his  thoughts  to  his  for- 
saken'love,  and  for  abrief  moment  the  Portuguese  Infanta  was  again 
destined  for  the  Spanish  throne.     A  successful  rival,  however,  in  the 
shape  of  peace  with  France,  and  a  young,  lovely,  and  well-dowered 
daughter  of  Valois,  dashed  the  hopes  of  the  Infanta.    Fate  had  marked 
Mar^'y  of  Avis  for  single   blessedness;    and   her    grand-nephew,   Don 
Sebastian,  eventually  became  her  heir.    Queen  Mary  was  overcome  with 
grief  at  Eleanor's  loss.     The  Emperor,  on  receiving  the  news,  likewise 
wept  bitterly,  and  displayed  an  emotion  which  he  rarely  felt,  and  still 
more  rarely  permitted  to  be  seen.      For  Eleanor,  although  her  happi- 
ness never  was  allowed  to  stand  in  the  way  of  his  policy,  had  ever  been 
his  favorite  sister.   "There  were  but  fifteen  months,"  he  said,  '^between 
us  in  age,  and  in  less  than  that  time  I  shall  be  with  her  once  more,"— 
a  prophecy  which  was  exactly  fulfilled.    The  Queen  of  Hungary  arrived 
on  the  3d  of  March,  and  on  this  occasion  was  lodged  for  some  nights 
in  the  convent.       Coming  next  morning  to  visit  her  brother,  he  was 
much  affected  on  seeing  Mary  enter  his  room  alone  ;  and  he  afterwards 
said  to  Quixada  that  until  then  he  had  not  felt  the  reality  of  Queen 
Eleanor's  death.     Observing  the  effect  she  had  produced,  Queen  Mary 
avoided  it  in  future  by  going  attended  by  Quixada,  or  Avila,  or  by  the 


R 


2S4 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


Bishop  of  Palencia.  She  took  leave  of  the  Emperor  on  the  isth  of 
March.  Some  months  afterwards  she  sent  some  ilhiminated  choir- 
books  to  the  monks  at  Yuste,  as  an  offering  to  their  church  and  a 
memorial  of  her  visit  to  the  convent ;  for  Mary  shared  her  brother's 
tastes,  and  was  both  a  collector  and  a  lover  of  works  of  art. 

It  was  Father  Borja  who  was  sent  by  the  princess-regent,  when  her 
grandmotlier.  Queen  Joanna,  lay  dying  at  Tordesillas,  to  admmister 
the  last  consolations  of  religion,  and  who  began  to  acquire  a  repu- 
tation for  miraculous  powers,  because  the  poor,  crazy  old  woman 
gave  some  feeble  sign  of  returning  reason  as  she  came  face  to  face 
with  death.  The  Kmperor  now  wrote  to  the  princess-regent  that,  as 
soon  as  the  bodv  of  his  mother,  tlie  late  Queen  Joanna,  should  be  con- 
sidered sufficiently  dry,  it  was  to  be  transferred  with  proper  state  from 
Tordesillas  to  Granada,  and  there  laid  beside  her  husband,  Philip  the 
Handsome,  in  the  magnificent  tomb  of  white  marble  wrought  by  the 
delicate  chisel  of  Vigarny  in  the  chapel-royal  of  the  cathedral. 

The  year  1558  is  memorable  in  the  history  of  Spain.     In  that  year 
was  decided  the  question  whether  she  was  to  join  the  intellectual  move- 
ment of  the  North,  or  lag  behind  in  the  old  paths  of  mediKval  faith  ; 
whether  she  was  to  be  guided  by  the  printing-press,  or  to  hold   fast 
by  her  manuscript  missals.     It  was  in  that  year  that  she  felt  the  first 
distinct  shock  of  the  great  moral  earthquake,  out  of  which  had  come 
Luther  and  Protestantism,  out  of  which  were  to  come  the  Thirty  Years' 
War,  the   English  commonwealth,  French   revolutions,  and   modern 
repul)lics.     The  effect  was  visible  and  palpable,  yet  transient  as  that 
produced  by  the  great  Lisbon   earthquake  on  the  distant  waters  of 
Loch  Lomond.     For  some  weeks  a  church-in-danger  panic  pervaded 
the  court  at  Valladolid  and  the  cloister  of  Yuste ;  and  it  was  feared 
that,  while  the  Most  Catholic  King  was  bringing  back  his  realm  of 
England  to  the  true  fold,  Castile  herself  might  go  astray  into  the  howl- 
ing wilderness  of  heresy  and  schism.     Spanish  pens  had  been  busy  in 
translations  of  the   Scriptures;    commentaries,   glossaries,  dialogues, 
and  other  treatises  of  questionable  orthodoxy  followed  in  rapid  suc- 
cession.    Had  time  been  given  for  the  new  spirit  of  inquiry  to  shape 
itself  into  some  definite  form,  it  would  doubtless  have  modified  ths 
character  of  Spanish  religion  ;  although  it  is  scarcely  probable  that  it 
would  have  led  the  children  of  the  South,  with  their  warm  blood  and 
tendency  to  sensuous  symbolism,  into  that  progressive  speculation  into 
which  reform  conducted  the  people  of  the  North.     But   intpiiry  d(-- 
mands  time;  and,  the  Church  being  too  wise  to  trifle  with  so  deadly 
a  foe,  it  was  strangled  in  the  cradle  by  the  iron  gripe  of  the  inquisitor. 


CHARLES    V.  AT    YUSTE. 


285 


The  inquisitor-general.  Archbishop  Valdes,  received  a  brief  from  Pope 
Paul  IV  who  could  not  resist  the  temptation  of  insulting  Philip  11., 
conferring  upon  the  Inquisition  the  power  of  deposing  from  their 
dignities  heretics  of  whatever  degree,  were  they  bishops,  archbishops, 
cardinals,  dukes,  kings,  or  emperors. 

Charles  wrote  to  the  princess-regent  and  his  son  to  take  all  the  means 
in  their  power  "  to  cut  out  the  root  of  the  evil  with  rigor  and  rude 
handlin-  "  Early  in  July  the  Emperor  was  alarmed  by  hearing  of  the 
illness  li  the  princess-regent,  who  was  attacked  by  a  fever,  which  pre- 
vented her  from  attending  to  business  for  a  few  days. 

Among  the  last  public  measures  which  Juana  brought  under  the 
notice  of  her  fother  was  a  scheme  for  changing  the, seat  of  government. 
She  was  in  favor  of  a  change,  as  she  considered  Valladolid  neither 
healthy  nor  conveniently  situated.     Many  members  of  the  council  of 
state  were,  however,  opposed  to  it,  "but  you  know,"  wrote  the  In- 
fanta   "  how  these  gentlemen  prefer  their  ease  and  good  lodging  before 
all  things."     Madrid  appeared  to  her  the  fittest  place;  but  she  also 
mentioned  the  names  of  Toledo,  Burgos,  and  Guadalaxara.     The  plan 
was  not  executed  until  some  years  after  the  return  of  Philip  to  Spain 

Father  Borja  paid  another  visit  to  the  Emperor  about  this  time,  and 
answered  many  devout  questions.    Narrating  the  course  of  his  penances 
and  prayers,  Charles  asked  him  whether  he  could  sleep  in  h,s  clothes  ; 
"for  I   must  confess,"   added   he,  contritely,  "that   my  infirmities 
which  prevent  me  from  doing  many  things  of  the  kind  that  I  would 
gladly  do,  render  this  penance  impossible  in  my  case."     Borja  eluded 
the  question  by  an  answer  no  less  modest  than  dexterous.     "  ^  our 
majesty,"  said  he,  "cannot  sleep  in  your  clothes  because  you  have 
watched  so  many  nights  in  your  mail.     Let  us  thank  God  that  you 
have  done  better  service  by  keeping  those  vigils  in  arms  than  many 
a  cloistered  monk  who  sleeps  in  his  shirt  of  hair." 

During  the  second  week  in  August  the  physician  became  seriously 
alarmed  about  the  state  of  his  patient ;  and  the  Emperor's  thoughts 
seemed  to  turn  more  than  usual  upon  religion  and  its  rites.  One  day 
he  asked  Regia  whether  it  would  not  be  good  for  his  soul,  as  a  penance, 
to  perform  his  own  funeral.  The  monk  said  that  it  certainly  would  ; 
pious  works  done  during  life  being  far  more  efficacious  than  leaving 
money  for  masses  after  death.  Preparations  were  therefore  set  on  foot 
at  once,  and  on  the  following  day,  the  30th  of  August,  as  the  monkish 
historian  relates,  this  celebrated  service  was  actually  performed  1  he 
pious  monarch  himself  was  there,  attired  in  sable  weeds,  and  bearing 
a  taper,  to  see  himself  interred  and  to  celebrate  his  own  obsequies. 


286 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CHARLES    V.  AT    YUSTE. 


287 


Many  vears  before,  self-interment  had  been  practiced  by  the  Bishop 
of  Lie-e,^  Cardinal  Erard  de  la  Marck,  Charles's  ambassador  to  the 
diet  ditring  his  election  to  the  imperial  throne  ;  an  example  which  may 
perhaps  have  led  to  the  ceremonies  at  Yuste.  For  several  years  before 
his  death,  in  1528,  did  this  prelate  annually  rehearse  his  obsequies, 
and  follow  his  coffin  to  the  stately  tomb  which  he  had  reared  in  his 

cathedral  at  Liege. 

It  was  on  the  31st  of  August  that  Charles  was  seized  with  fever,  and 
the  next  dav  no  great  change  took  place  in  his  condition ;  but  Quixada 
kept  couriers  and  horses  in  readiness  along  the  road  to  insure  dispatch 
in  the  communications  between  Valladolid  and  Yuste.     The  evening 
of  the  following  day  he  rallied  sufficiently  to  confess  and  receive  the 
eucharist.     The  princess-regent  was  full  of  grief  and  anxious  to  visit 
her  father,  but  he  would  not  consent  to  it.     A  few  days  after,  on  the 
arrival  of  dispatches,  Charles  was  well  enough  to  hear  some  of  them 
read,  and  expressed  the  greatest  satisfaction  at  learning  that  his  sister, 
the  Queen  of  Hungary,  had  accepted  the  governr  ent  of  the  Nether- 
lands.    Letters  from  his  daughter  and  his  sister  Mary  were  continually 
sent,  expressing  their  wishes  to  go  to  Yuste.     On  the  i6th,  a  courier 
from  Lisbon  with  letters  from  the  queen  arrived.     Catherine  was  aware 
of  the  dangerous  state  of  her  brother,  and  she  had  given  great  alms 
for  the  benefit  of  his  soul,  and  had  ordered  masses  said  for  him  in  every 
church  in  the  kingdom.      On  September   19,   the  Emperor  received 
extreme  unction ;  and  during  the  evening  the  preacher  Villalva  read 
aloud,  at  his  request,  passages  from  Scripture,— usually  from  the  Psalms. 
The  psalm  which  he  liked  best  was  that  beginning,  ''Lord,  thou  hast 
been  our  refuge."     The  next  day  he  had  a  confidential  conversation 
with  Quixada;  and  afterwards  asked  for  the  eucharist.     Regia  told  him 
that,  after  having  received   extreme  unction,  that  sacrament  was  no 
longer  necessary.    *'  It  may  not  be  necessary,"  said  the  dying  man,  ''but 
it  is  good  company  on  so  long  a  journey."     The  patient  received  it 
with  great  devoutness  from  the  hands  of  his  confessor,  and,  in  spite  of 
his  extreme  weakness,  followed  all  the  responses  as  usual,  and  repeated 
with  much  fervor  the  whole  verse,  "Into  thy  hands,  O  Lord,  I  com- 
mend my  spirit;  thou  hast  redeemed  us,  O  Lord  God  of  truth."   On  the 
2ist  of  September,  Bartolome  de  Carranza,  the  Archbishop  of  Toledo, 
arrived  ;  Villalva  was  preaching  to  the  dying  man,  when  he  interposed, 
saying,  "The  time  is  come:  bring  me  the  candles  and  the  crucifix." 
These  were  cherished  relics,  which  he  had  long  kept  in  reserve  for 
this  supreme  hour.     The  one  was  a  taper  from  Our  Lady's  shrine  at 
Montserrat ;  the  other,  a  crucifix  of  beautiful  workmanship,  which  had 


been  taken  from  the  dead  hand  of  his  wife  at  Toledo,  and  which  after- 
wards comforted  the  last  moments  of  his  son  at  the  Escorial.     He 
received  them  eagerly  from  the  archbishop,  and,  taking  one  in  each 
hand,  for  some  moments  he  silently  contemplated  the  figure  of  the 
Saviour,  and  then  clasped  it  to  his  bosom.     Those  who  stood  nearest 
his  bed  now  heard  him  say  quickly,  as  if  replying  to  a  call,  "Now, 
Lord    I  <^o  "     As  his  strength  failed,  his  fingers  relaxed  their  hold 
of  the  crtcifix,  which  the  primate  therefore  took,  and  held  up  before 
him       A  few  moments  of  death-wrestle  between  soul  and  body  fol- 
lowed ;  after  which,  with  his  eyes  fixed  on  the  cross,  and  with  a  voice 
loud  enough  to  be  heard  outside  the  room,  he  cried,  ^^  Ay  Jesus  T  and 
expired.     The  clock  had  just  struck  two.     Quixada  said  he  had  died 
as  devoutly  as  the  Queen  of  France,  and  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the 
*^  greatest  man  that  ever  had  lived,  or  ever  would  live,  in  the  world." 
The  church  of  Yuste  was  merely  a  temporary  resting-place  of  the 
imperial  dead.     The  Emperor,  in  his  will,  had  confided  the  care  of 
his  bones  to  his  son,  expressing  a  wish,  however,  to  be  laid  beside  his 
wife  and  parents  in  the  cathedral  of  Granada,  in  the  splendid  chapel- 
royal    rich  with  the  tombs  and  trophies  of  Ferdinand  and   Isabella. 
Philip,  however,  shivering  in  the  rear  of  St.   Quentin,  had    already 
vowed  to  St.  Lawrence  the  great  monastery  which  it  was  his  after- 
delight  to  make  the  chief  monument  of  the  power  and  the  piety  of  the 
House  of  Hapsburg.     At  the  Escorial,  therefore,  he  united  the  bones 
of  his  father  and  mother,  and  placed  them,  on  the  4th  of  February, 
IC74   in  a  vault  in  front  of  the  high  altar,  beneath  the  jasper  shrine 
which  yet  contains  their  fine   effigies   in    emblazoned    mantles,   and 
wrought  in  bronze  by  Leoni.     "  Thou,  of  the  Children  of  Charles  tlie 
Fifth,"  says  the  inscription,   "Who  Shalt  Surpass  the  Glory  of  His 
ActiJns,  Take  this  Place:   Let  the  Rest  Reverently  Forbear." 

Some  historians  have  contrasted  Charles  with  his  more  showy 
and  perhaps  more  amiable  rival,  Francis  L,  making  the  two  mon- 
archs  the  impersonations  of  opposite  qualities  and  ideas,— the  Em- 
peror of  state  craft  and  cunning;  the  King,  of  soldiership  and 
gallantry.  Francis  was,  no  doubt,  oftener  seen  in  glittering  armor 
and  adorning  the  pageants  of  royalty  and  war ;  but  Charles  was  oftener 
in  the  trench  and  in  the  field,  scenes  for  which  alone  he  cared  to  don 
his  battered  mail  and  shabby  accoutrements.  His  journey  across 
France  in  order  to  repress  the  revolt  of  Ghent  was  a  finer  example  of 
daring,  of  a  great  danger  deliberately  braved  for  a  great  purpose,  than 
is  to  be  found  in  the  story  of  the  gay  champion  of  the  "  Field  of  the 
Cloth  of  Gold."     In  the  council-chamber  he  was  ready  to  measure 


CHARLES    V.  AT    YUSTE. 


289 


288 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTKIA. 


minds  with  all  comers ;  with  the  Northern  envoy  who  claimed  liberty 
of  conscience  for  the  Protestant  princes;  with  the  magnifico  who  ex- 
cused the  perfidies  of  Venice ;  or  the  still  subtler  priest,  who  stood 
forth  in  red  stockings  to  gloze  in  defense  of  the  iniquities  of  the  Holy 
See      In  the  prosecution  of  his  plans,  Charles  shrank  from  no  labor 
of  mind  or  fatigue  of  body.      Where  other  sovereigns  would  have 
sent  an  ambassador  and  opened  a  negotiation,   he  paid  a  visit  and 
concluded  a  treaty.     From  Groningen   to  Otranto,   from  \  lenna  to 
Cadiz,  no  unjust  steward  of  the  House  of  Austria  could  be  sure  that 
his  misdeeds  would  escape  detection  on  the  spot  from  the  keen,  cold 
eye  of  the  indefatigable  Emperor.     The  name  of  Charles  is  connected 
not  onlv  with  the  wars  and  politics,  but  also  with  the  peaceful  arts  of 
his  time.     It  is  linked  with  the  graver  of  Vico,  the  chisel  of  Leoni,  the 
pencil  of  Titian,  and  the  lyre  of  Ariosto  ;  and,  as  a  lover  and  patron 
of  art,  his  fame  stood  as  high  at  Venice  and  Nuremberg  as  at  Antwerp 

'""At  vluldolid,  funeral  honors  were  performed  for  the  Emperor,  in 
tlu'  presence  of  the  princess-regent  and  her  court,  in  the  beaut,  ul 
,,i„„  ,1,  of  .he  r.n-nl  V.enedictines.  Francisco  Borja  prea<:hcd  from  the 
t^,,,  ..  1  „  '  ,':,;„  Aould  I  wander  afar  off,  and  remain  in  the  wilder- 
ness ■'  \nio„'  ..ilur  edifying  reminiscences  of  his  friend,  Borja 
.  .Vl'h-  iu-r.r-'  ni  -  !..'  h'A  it  from  the  lips  ..f  the  deceased  that  never, 
,i,;,.e  ;'h-'w,„  ...  ,u.i-.w,  :a^  v.u.  ..M.  bad  he  failed  to  set  apart  soire 
■  .  _,,  „-  ^.^^, ,,  .,  ,,,  ,„,,,1  i„-,,.,., ,  Solemn  services  were  also  per- 
fo,-n,ol  n,  ,.U  .he  mnv.nt.  of  the  ...L..  ..  M.  J.rome.  But  Brussels 
,1  ,11  ,i„.  , -u-  Ol  i'lc'  An-tvum  ^lominions  111  the  splendor  witU 
|.^_,,_,,.  ,,,  .1^,.  i;,,,p.r,-.!--.  uuii'.nry.     The  rcremonies  took 

December.     The  procession,  in  which 

rohed  and  hooded  like  a  friar,  and  attended  by  tie 

I)„V,,  Ml    r.rM,>w:,k   and  Savoy,  and  a  host  of  the  nobility  of  Spam, 

Ccnuniv     aivl  lii.    N .liierlands,  was  two  hours  in   passing  from   the 


CN<X|U'I 

wXya  h  ^!h'  'liil 

i.t:u  e  c.n  llu-    :Mlli    ^"i'!  jotli 


waikr.l 


1'! 


11 


palace  to  the 


ua!lr\ 


,  aMiah  01  -1  Oudule.  Its  principal  feature  was  a  great 
.,,,.  ,hu-ed  on  a  cunningly-devised  ocean,  which  answered  the 
a,,.Mc  purpose  of  supporting  some  islands  emblematic  of  the  Indies, 
,,„1  .f  ronrcnling  the  power  which  rolled  the  huge  structure  along 
Faith  II  10,  and  Charity  were  the  crew  of  this  enchanted  bark;  and 
her  sides  were  h-.n?  with  twelve  paintings  of  Charles's  principal  ex- 
ploits which  were  further  set  forth  in  golden  letter-press  upon  the  sans 
of  black  satin.  A  long  line  of  horses  followed,  each  led  by  two  gen- 
.i..„„  n  and  bearing  on  the  housings  the  blazon  of  the  states  of  the 
)      peror      They  were  led  up  the  aisle  of  the  church,  past  the  alta,-, 


and  past  the  stalls  of  the  Golden  Fleece.     As  the  last  hor  e,  cove    d 
with  a  black  footcloth,  went  by,  the  Count  of  Bossu,  one  of  the  knights 
the  early  playmate  and  dear  friend  of  the  Emperor,  threw  himself  on 
his  knees,  and  remained  for  some  time  prostrate  in  an  agony  of  gnef 
Funeral  honors  were  also  performed  in  most  of  the  foreign  capitals,  and 
those  at  Lisbon  and  Rome  were  peculiarly  splendid.      Ihey  were  cele- 
brated in   several  places  in  France,  after  peace  '-^  been  concluded 
between    the   crowns ;    and   even    the    Protestant  Elizabeth  caused  a 
solemn  dirge  and  mass  of  requiem  to  be  sung  for  the  Emperor  s  sou 
in  her  abbey  of  Westminster,  on  the   24th   of  December    1558,  J" 
eleven  days  after  Queen  Mary's  funeral  had  been  celebrated  there.     I 
was  computed  that  throughout  Europe  his  obsequies  were  performed 
in  upwards  of  three  thousand  churches,  at  a  cost  of  six  millions  of 

'"Seen  Mary  of  Hungary  did  not  live  to  complete  her  1-1--;;°- 
for  returning  to  the  Netherlands.     In  July  she  had  had  a  slight  at Uck 
of  smallpox;  but  early   in  August  she  was  sufficiently  recovered   to 
p  opose  to  accompany  her  niece  in  her  visit  to  Yuste.     Perhaps  her 
actil'e  mind  and  frame,  filled  with  an  energy  which  astonished  the  slow 
officials  at  Valladolid,  after  a  life  spent  in  stormy  councds  and  rapid 
marches,  sank  under  the  fatigues  of  her  enforced  leisure. .  She  d  ed  fi^  e 
weeks  after  the  death  of  her  brother.     Sixteen  years  a^er«  a^ds    h^^^r 
remains,  with  those  of  her  sister  Eleanor,  were  earned  to  the  E  corial 
Their  b;onze  effrgies,  royally  robed,  kneel  behind  those  of  Charles  and 
his  Empress,  with  clasped   hands  and  prayerful   faces,  turned  to  the 
magnificent  high  altar. 

The    princess-regent,    Juana,     Pnncess    of    J^'-;';,  ."^''"f  ,°  fjf; 
regency  by  the  arrival  of  the  king,  her  brother  Phihp,  and  s  ill  dis- 
appointed in  her  hopes  of  obtaining  the  regency  e,f  Portugal,  brought 
her  brief  secular  career  to  a  close  at  the  age  of  tue.u  -liiree.     Return- 
in<.  to  Madrid,  she  there  founded  a  nunnery,  selecting  her  first  bare- 
footed recluses,  by  the  advice  of  Father  Borja,  from  the  Franciscan 
convent  of  Santa  Clara,  at  Gandia.     Here  Donna  Juana  devoted  her- 
self for  the  remainder  of  her  days  to  religious  exercises,  not  assuming 
the  veil,  yet  becoming  every  year  more  strict  in  her  self-imposed  rule 
of  life      Her  favorite   relaxation  was  to  take  the  air  at  the  country 
nalace  of  the  Pardo,  attended  by  a  band  of  musicians ;  but  even  this 
harmless  pleasure  she  soon  abandoned  as  sinful.    She  died,  after  a  short 
illness,  at  the  Escorial,  in  1573.  «ve  years  before  her  son,  Don  Sebas- 
tian, was  slain  in  battle  by  the  Moors  of  Barbary.     Her  sister  Mary 
widow  of  Emperor  Maximilian  II.,  came  to  Madrid  in  1580,  and  took 

«9 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 
290 

up  her  abode  in  the  convent  of  Our  Lady  of  Consolation,  where  her 
daughter,  the  Archduchess  Margaret,  took  the  veil,  and  hved  for  fifty 
years   a  burning  and   a  shining  light  among  the  devout  vrg.ns  of 

Castile  •  t. 

Quix'ada  wrote  to  Philip,  "  For  myself,  I  will  not  be  importunate  w,th 
your  majesty,  but  only  ask  you  to  remember  that  I  ^ave  served  your 
father,  to  the  best  of  my  power,  for  thirty-seven  years,  and  that  I  w,l. 
serve  you  to  my  life's  end."     PWilip  had  an  early  occas>on  to  observe 
he   Klditv  and  tact  with  which  the  old  soldier  could  fuinil  a  trust  and 
tep  a  secret  in  regard  to  Don  John.     When  Philip  returned  to  Spa.  . 
iniSSO,  he  appointed  Quixada  to  bring  Don  John  to  meet  h.m  wh.  le 
he  was  1  unti  s  near  the  neighboring  convent  of  San  Pedro.     Ou.xada 
sembled  his'vassals,  and   rode  forth  with  his  charge,  whom     e^    ad 
been  careful  to  have  educated  according  to  h,s  quality  .n  1  fe,  having 
firs    made  the  secret  of  his  birth  known  to  Donna  Magdalena  and 
asTed  pardon   for  having  so  long  withheld  it  from  her.      lb.,,  n.et 
kin'g  in   the  wild   rocky  glen  in  the  chase  of  Torozos,  and  were 
lciou:iy  received,  I'h.lip,  who  had  come   tluther  under  pretext  of 
J  mims  remarking  that  he  had  never  captured  game  wh.ch  IkkI  g  ven 
"Xuch  pleasure.    They  afterwards  followed  the  court  to    ladnd. 
.  i...  Quixada  had  an  opportunity  of  once  n.ore  s.gnabz.ng  h  s  do- 
Hon   to  his  ,uas,er's  son.  by  rescuing  hnu   fron,  a   fne.  M  buuit 
,   „K.ir  h,>use  in  the  night.     When  Don  John  was  sent,  ,n  ,569. 
,   .,„,:n.t  xW  Mo,i«oe<.  whom   Christian  oppression  and 

•    •   ;.^  ,.  ,.   ,u,i.n.   ,utor.  and  in  the  engagement  was  shot 

;;;,;',„;,   ,1..   .1,.uM.,-.  ....l    .n   l.-  ,he  side  «f  ms  pnpd,  fro,.  .W 


lu'lint 


1.  :      1 


tl' 


r^\xc:^\  01    the  par:\-  w;i'>    I'^^e 

^'''  ^^^'^^"*''/  .,        ,]...inii^(^f  lli^^^il^^  who  had  hastened 

died  thrrr.  m   1-cbrnaiv,  i.,.  .  i.^^  t!'^   a.,u    >  i 

„a  i:,„-ua  h„„.  wi.u  „„uu,-v , ,.,„.iu..h..;.v '  -  --   _ 

f,i„.,   :„    1:../,.,   wl,cn.c   h„   1-,..  «crc   alt.ru.uv,-    ,v,n,.ved   to  A  k1.> 

''wi;;,,   ,lu.  .o„d   D,nn,,   M:..l..!,.,:.   l.U    tlu-  Christian  camp,   Don 

,      -  ;i  ..  hp-,i,le  her  ü'lci,  :.)..!  ,  nil.raced  her. tenderly 

,„,,,,,    ,,».   ,v.,    >.r   ,1,.    campaign,   amidst    the 

.      ,  '   ,;„■    .„xu.u.  .1    ,„n.:,Mv;,   l,c  seized  every  opportunity  of 
1:::;  ;  ,m;.^   :n,a  .n,.  oM.-  l:.,n-icd  letu,.  non,  ,!h-  Held,  recurring 

■,.  ,„„:^   1,,-.,  .....i.!   ^  «i.h  these  affectionate  words:    "  Lms 
iL      s Vecam,;  ln.„.  .ightmg  for  the  glory  and  safety  of  his  son,  and 


CHARLES    V.  AT    YUSTE. 


291 


covered  with  immortal  honor.     Whatever  I  am,  whatever  I  shall  be   I 
owe  to  him,  by  whom  I  was  formed,  or  rather  begotten    in  a  nobler 
bfr  h      Dea  ,  sorrowing,  widowed  mother !    I  only  am  left  to  you   and 
'     .u  indeed  do  I  of  fight  belong,  for  whose  sake  Luis  died,  and  you 
have  been  stricken  with  this  woe.     Moderate  your  grief  with  your 
wonted  wisdom.     Would  that  I  were  with  you  now,  to  dry  your   ears 
or  mingle   them  with   mine !     Farewell,  dearest   and    mo,t   honored 
mother^  and  pray  God  to  send  back  your  son  from  these  wars  to 
^ur  bosom.-'  We  may  be  sure  Magdalena's  «--O-s  the  scene 
of  many  such  prayers.     For  her  darling  young  P"-^;'-     "'^^^^^  ,^\; 
self  in  occupations  of  a  more  practical  and  secular  knd  ,  and  the  hero 
of  Lepanto  wore  no  linen  but  what  was  fashioned  by  her  '«ving    and  • 
The  filial  affection  with  which  he  always  regarded  hens  «-  of  the  mo 
pleisinc.  features  in  his  wayward  character  and  checkered  h,stor>  ,  he 
e"e    came  back  to  Spain  without  paying  her  a  visit,  or  went  to  t^e 
Tr    without  bidding  her  farewell.     When  she  was  founding  her  col- 
lege at  Villagarcia,  in  ,576.  he  wrote  to  the  Pope's  --tar    fo      he 
necessary  licenses,  enforcing  his  request  with  these  words:       Here  , 
Tothing  I  so  much  desire  as  to  gratify  the  w,=l,  .,  ,his  lady    whom 
eld  as  my   own   mother."     In    n77,  as  he  took  leave  of  her,  on 
gofng  to  golern  the  Netherlands,  she  was  seize,!  wit     a  presentimen 
'Jevil    and  instituted  daily  masses  for  his  heahh.     He   foreboding 
iere  ji'ist ;  for  within  two  year,  .nto  which  had  >'een  con.Kesse,    ,. 
a-^eof  toil,   anxiety,   and   ,iiortir,ra„on.   l,e  lav   on    in.  death-bu.   .^ 
SI.  ,-,.' n„  in  his  deli,-,n,n.  o,  ,,auU.-ne,a..  and  Wav,ng  as     is  Us 

message  ,..  ,b.  b>-..tl-'-  -h"  -as  suspected  o.  re,.ay,n.'  h,>  lo  a!    erx.ce 
message  ^  ,^^^  ,^^.^,  ^^^.^^_.  ,,,^„  ,,,,^,j  „f 

with  poiscii.  111.   lequest  la.n  n.  ,,,,■/■,•,      .,,,.  «or'd 

his  .ir.   at    li,.    K<.-orial.      Donna   Mag.lalena's  chie     „c   to    ...  .o,ai 
^;,;,,„.  ,,,,,,,.      Rehpon  had   then   no  taval   in  the  widow  s  nc     t 
1,..,  .,.,,.  were   pa.scd  in  doin.u  good,  after  the  lash.on   pre. ,  a.ed 

Her   !ile   -af   kindly  deeds    and    bianneless 


o 


rd 


aa; 

i,v    b.er    Iv-ail    eonn-elor^.       ---  - 

e;,h„sia:n,  .a,ne  to  an  end  in  .59«.  -hen  she  was  laid  he.,o.  „e, 

;„  |!ie  , a.llemate  eliniv!,  of  Villagareia. 

■    f,tlKa-  l;o,ia  .a,n,„„.ed  ,0  prea<h,  tea<n.  and  favel  wuh  „nflaggng 

ze.al'and   re,na,kaUle  <necess,  and   on  the  death   of  '->>-•  '^y^^?, 

received  the  staf,'  of  f.ovola.      I>n,-,n.U  !,.>  v,goron.  rn!e  o    .    01     ea 

the  companv  o,"  leM.it.  len,t!,ened  ,ts  cord>  and  >t,-enutl,e    .,1  U>  .        s 

in  every  l-'t  "f  "-'  ^'"'^  -^■'    ''  ^'-'  ''''''  '"''  V'         ''     -v  ,    "   ^ 
kind,      esuit  pol.ticians  gained  the  ear  o,  pr,n.  es  and  prelaw.  .^  a o  ,     . 

hitherto  regarded  the  society  with  eoldnos  or  ennutv  :   Je.au   .    .nar 

and  thinkers,  no  lesselegant  than  profonn.i.  >,H.ke  ,h,a,ugh  tne  ,.,..,  u. 


HOUSE   OF  AUSTRIA. 
292 

every  language  in  Europe;  Jesuit  colleges,  presüled  «^er  by  tca.hers 
he    b    St  thS  the  world  had  yet  seen,  arose  amid  the  snows  of  Poland 
a^le  forests  of  Peru;   Barbary,   Florida,  and  Brazd  were  watered 
h  tt  blood  of  Jesuit  martyrs  ;  and  Jesuit  ministers  of  mercy  moved 
"      1  the  roar  of  battle  on  the  bastions  of  Malta  and  the  deck,  of 
Le     nto       Never  was  d.scipline  so  perfect  as  in  the  ranks  of  the  com- 
^m     never  were  the  minds  of  many  so  skUlfully  comb.ned  '"to  a  s,ng 
1;  t  nl  machine,  developing  the  powers  of  all,  yet  movcxl  by  th 
n'of  rl      Like  Ignatius,  Borja  brought  to  '^^-^^'J-  -— 

,      ri         :  1  .    iiifirv  snirit '  and  h  s  addresses  to  his  lollowers  wert 
nmrh  of  lllS  uid    u  iltary  suhil  j  ^^^^^  . 

Z^:L  iUnstrated  by  images  such  as  might  Jave  presented  the  v 
selves  .:  (,onsalvo  or  Alva.  "Let  the  preacher  sa>s  he,  1  u. 
excellent  n„cs  for  the  composition  and  ''^;-'>- °';.r;:7  ;,,':• 
,i„,elf  .-    nu.e   pece  of  artillerv,  >   ^v   uh  God   -    "    ^  -\^  f 

1         n      .r   P.iUx-lnn      ind    his  t'^^^    inrt  (n    lilt  uu^>i 
r^vprthr()\v  the   proiid  wiills  ot    bai)\ion,  clUU   1J^^  1 

thin.   ,:,    .:.c  1 P  of  iron  or  brass,  cold  and  J-y,  and    he 

•  !         1^,1    nuA   of  ill  savor,   and   of  none  effect  until   it   is 

touch       V::,:  ,'n..    ...   .f  -h-   Holy   Spirit."     His  sermons  and   h,s 

°    t"        ollectea  ....    „„death,  nil  a  folio  of  goodl)  >hmens,ons. 

1--T       From   Ihr  iiuMiu'M  uiu'i   I'C  stepped  ast. 


progres>  »a;.   ,\   perpcln:!    iiiiini-n. 


1  I,,   s,,n    Inii  ^ii'i'i    "■'  cm  n 


1    \.'- 


Ml 


,  ,,.   ,,,  I'.il'ii   'lul  Cii-.!:;:.;!  l'.-i)inosa ; 

hi.   „„nuT  M,l,icc,s.   UK-    „ni,uicnt<-.U.>lnn,an.   ,.o,K,.l    '■'---;^ 
..-.vcin.,.K..in,:.Valenc,a.i.^..de,ts,n.....;.^^^^ 

::    ;:;hr    i:eloung'Kn,g  Sel,a.,an    nnp....g   ..  !cned,a.on^ 

.      ,        :  I,'.,,  •   lK-,rv  busying  him^-lf  about  IIk   .q-au  of  his 
■''''''^'•■*-"'''''T    '       ,        .      ,      Clwles,i..Nirah.f-akingf^^ 

trav,;!  worn  "-:u.lr-i'i'.    lil  ,.»_n,iiic>  ,  tli,.  Trsni- 

■      ,„,,„-,  M,,,nl.oni.  U.l  ihc  gallant  cavalcade  whub  n.at  th.    T<  suK 
•!»;  ■  ''  -  "    '         '  ^  ,„  ^^,  ,,,,„,  ^  ,,„;  r,.:K  ,anc  de  Med.ci,  seafng  the 

strpi-C!'     .It      Hi  1      >!'le,    ULL,j-,v  J  U,.y.,^f\nc.    

..«■~.<.oh,.e..»;.. ";;;;;:;:;;:;":;:'::::;,,::'r.::.;..c 

exhortation,  which  she  so  signalU  ol)e>eU,  a 

^^"^'^^^  ,,       •._    1,-      ..^..rrt-^cc    troni    court    to    (OJlt 


nif^ht  of  St.    i;,u-tiu)'r>rnru 


^1  )nrini-  his  progress  trom  court  to  court 
i-id  life  of  -I  mendicant  tr'ar, 


a.Vtle,  Umja  U'<1  ük'  i 


FERDINAND  I. 


293 


miracles  performed  by  his  relics,  his  grandson,  the  Cardmal-Duke  of 
Lerma,  applied,  in  1615,  to  Pope  Paul  V.  for  his  canonization  ;  and, 
his  claim  being  examined  and  the  devils  advocate  heard  with  all  the 
grave  impartiality  of  the  Church,  a  brief  of  beatification  was  issued,  ,n 

1624,  bv  Pope  Urban  VIIL 

The    grand    inquisitor  was   Fernando    -Ic   Valdes,    Archbishop  of 
Seville.      Munificent  to  the  Church,  an<l  mean  10  all  the   rest  of  the 
world,  profligate,  selfish,  and  bigoted,  «ii!i  snmc  refinement  of  taste 
and   much  dignity  of  manner,   he  was  a  fair  specimen   ..1  tb.e  great 
ecclesiastic  of  the   sixteenth   century.     Li   spite   of  his  seventy-four 
years,  his  abilities  and  energies  were  •n.nn|Kr.rc.l.  while  his  selfishness 
and  bigotrv  were  dailv  becomin,.   more   intense.       1  nc  <i,k  si. ia.i  autre 
of  St.  Isidore  was  the  sixth  that  liad  prc^scl  hi«  brows;   fur.  beginnmg 
his  episcopal  career  in  the  littU'  Cataloniar,  >ec  oi  Helena,  he  had  in- 
trigued his  wav  not  onlv  to  the  throne  of  Seville,  bat  t..  n.e  <  bar,  ol 
grand  inquisitor.      He  ieii,  ..-  I'ne  princij.al  memorials  ot  In.  r.aiae  as 
archbishop,  the  w.-athercock  Faith  ..n  the  beautitnl  beltry  ..t  hi^  eatn- 
edral  of  Seville;   and  as  gvan.l  in.|e,is,tor,  two  thousand  loiu'  hun.ired 
death-warrants  in  tlie  ar.liive.  .n"  tlie  Holy  Otfice  ! 


1  r.KDlNWl»    I.,    FF.KniX.4ND    DER    FORSTE.     A.D.    i;5'i-i:/U. 
•■  Fuat  justitk,  pereat  n-anidus.''     (  I.el  ju.ncc  Ije  .tune,  though  llu-  w.,rl.l  perish.) 

FiKinx  \xi,  1.,  brother  ..f  Charles  V.,  assume.l  the  government  from 
the  time  bis  brother  re-iune.i  in  bis  favor,  but  was  not  l..rn,aily  ;ic- 
knowb.la.l  bv  the  bodv  of  electoral  pnnces  till  the  begmnn,-  ..i  the 
year  i:;;S,  at  franklort.  wlivre  be  >wore  to  the  stirnilated  term,  ol  n.s 
election  a.n.l  th.'  .\reb-Cbancellor  of  the  Empire,  the  Elector  J.>arlinn 
of  Urarai.a.bur^,  l.l.ne.l  on  bi>  head  the  imperial  crown,  wan.  b  t.i- 
getlurwnl,  the  sceptre,  ba.l  been  brought  from  Brussels,  a;  Charles  s 
desire,   by   the  imi.erial   ,lepntati.,n,    bea<led   by   William    lire  Silent, 

Prince  of  Orange.  , 

Ferdinan.l  wa-  King  of  Hni;uary  an.l  Bohemia,  an.l  Ar.  lainke  ot 
Austria,  before  his  brother  Charles  procure.!  i  i^  ele.  taan  a-,  b.mi.eror, 
in  1531.  He  had  inaia.e.l,  n.  15.-..  A.aia.  daughter  ol  l.adisla-  1., 
King  of  Bohemia  and  Hungarv.  Win  n  b.  r  brother  Louis,  who  i.,v, 
married  Marv,  sister  of  Charles  V.,  teil  ,n  battle  w.tii  the  1  nrks,  in 
1526,  leaving  no  children,  Ferdinand  claim..!  the  .  r.,wn  .n  right  ot 
his  wife.  This  involved  him  in  along  au!  i^loody  struggle  with  John 
Zapolva,  who  lau!  elaiiu  to  Hungary,  an.l  who  wa.  supported  by  the 


394 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA 


was  procUumed  Sultan  at  the  same  ^^-^n  Tth  L  "^^^^^^^  by  his  own 
K.,.ro.  at  Aix-la-Chapelle  , ^  ^Sytf ^^e^  ns  of  j-ice,  re- 
subjects,  because  he  restored  the  authority  ot  ^t  ^^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^.^^^ 

his  fatherhad  taken  from  in- 
dividuals, and  selected  gov- 
ernors and  other  officers 
from  persons  who  possessed 
])roperty  and  were  honest. 
-1  intend,"  said  he,  "that 

thev  should  resemble  the 
nxJr.  which  fertilize  the 
countries     through     which 


thcv  il"\^ 


;t)I 


the  streams 


^^'•Ä««^ 


FEKDINAND   I. 


which  break  down  all  the)' 
meet."     When  one  of  his 
ucncralssent  him  word  th:it 
his  orders  to  build  a  bridge 
over  the  Drave   could  not 
1,.  executed,  Solyman  sent 
l^i„,  .  luKii  (  ord,  with  this  . 
an.wcr,   - '1  he   saltan,   thy 
master,     commands     thee, 
without    consideration     of 
the  difficulties,  to  compL^te 

the  bridge  over  the  Drave  ; 
if  thou  dost  it  not,  on  his 
arrival  he  will  have  thee 
strangled  with  this  cord, 
which  announces  to  thee 
his  supreme    will."       ^ob'" 


,,,  ,V:,.  bin,  .  good  on  .     In     566  h  J  ^^  ^,^^  ^.^^,^  ^, 

SCO.  an,  1   ended  h.  '^^"^^^^^^  ,,,,  „f  ^s  age,  and  four  days 

Sigeth.  iv^  nnng.ary,  ,n  the  seventy  ^^^^    - 

before  tbe  taking  of  the  fortress  by  t^^  lurks^  ^^^^^^^^. 


FERDINAND   I. 


295 


,   J       ,•  u;.  c:,„-rpsc;nr    Pius  IV..  was  more  complaisant; 

acknowledge  him.     Hib  succesbor,  fius  iv.  ■ 

but  the  electors  resolved  that  for  the  future  the  consent  o    the  lope 
i,"the  election  of  an   Kn^peror  should  not  be  asked,  and  that  .esolve 
has  been  adhered  to  ever  since.     Ferdinand  n^a.le  several  attempts   o 
reconcile  the  Protestants  and  Catholics,  an.l    ur.ed   on  the  Counc: 
of  Trent,  though  fruitlessly,  the  reformation  of  abuses.     He  caused  h, 
ambassadors  at  the  council  to  argue  with  great  zeal  u.  favor  <     ,  erU  n 
propositions,  from  which  he  anticipated  the  most  happy  results,     lie 
ipedal  points  were  the  service  of  the  Holy  Cununun.on  u„o      both 

,    ,  •      .  ^r  r^iM^-ct«    the  sanction  ot  wnicu  ücpcnaca,  a^ 

fornm    ind  the  marriajj:e  01  piiests,  me  bdiiciHm  1 

e™  i'd    only  upon  th";  indulgence  of  the  Church.     The  a.  assa. lors 
of  France  and  Bav.u  >,.  were  also  of  his  opin.on  ;   an,l  those  o      .a^    , , 
concluded  their  .r.unncn.s  tin.  :    -  ^^e  can  assure  tn,s  .assemb,..n 
the  most  sincere  and  conscientious  feebng.  t.uU  nothing  could  o    «  ou  d 
prove  more  serviceable  :uui   bench,  ,al  at  the  present  mon.ent  tu.a  d. 
leconciling  the  nn.as  of  Christians  with   eael,   otner.  tertn^t,    ,   tl.e 
disputes  of  religion,  preserving  „nr  „wn   party  tn  tne.r  ,a,t.,  .^^ 
sto  ing  t,.  it  those  who  nut)-  iuve  deserted  fr„.n  U,  than  the  aeeo.  l..n<  e 
of  tlv-se  ie.atmate  an,l  Cln.t.an  ,len,an,!.  of  the  himperor  s  atnbas.a- 
dors  "      lii.l   -•>   e.iu,tal,le  ;n„i  .  h.,r„e.!.le  ,iu,lg,nuU  wa,  ,>o,   to  be  ex- 

p  cted  fr an  assembly  of  tnett  wiu.  were  ..nversant  ..     on  -   e 

Lie  of  ll>e  question.      .\nd   tht.  .,  connrmed   ,.y  tiK-  reiu.u,  ,  .a  .e   to 
he  r.nporor  hv  his    atnbassadors,   among   whom   were    lour    btshop.. 
!<w;  now  beh,-,!,!  ,,,.i.e  elearh.-  thev  wrote,  '-an.!  tlK.  tacts  stare  u 
,„  tiK.  face,  although  we  can  . „reely  bnng  ourselves  to  aeknowl  dge 
,,,hout  real  pain  an,l  tnorttfication,  that  nothtng  can   l-  ffe'.  -! J 

'       ■        ,-  ..   nr-.^  tn   nuri'niL'       The  Spaniards  will  not  sucnc 
:  Lti,e.n.,uetK.n,ortl.n-k,ng:w-hUethelu^ 

...th  eager  eye  t.K.  .itgiUest  signthcat.on  made  by  the   Pope  a.Kl  h,s 
cardinals.      The  bishoi.s  fr„m   the  other   conntrtes,   who   pevi,ap.  are 
best  aware  of  the  present  state  of  tnii^g^.  cotniaase  the  m,.K.r,t),  and 
consequentlv  can  do  nothing,  because  the   majoritv  o,   vo.ces  .lecdes 
all  thh.gs.     on  our  side,  we  Ita.ve  oniy  ha,i  the  Bishop  oi  I  ottva.t,,  wn,3 
attends  in  the  name  of  the  Archbishop  of  Sal/burg,  an.i  a  few  .,.>, 
:,"ce  he  was  joined  by  the  Gran,,  Vicar  of  ICi,  hstadt.     On  the  other 
hand,  the  Italian  archbishops  and  b.shops  continue  to  arvve  tn  t  oe,,,^, 
especially  such  as  are  high-born  and  wealthy.     An  are,  ^'^-ve.er,  de- 
pendent   upon  the  nod  of  the  Pope's  legate,  Stmonetta ;  u,:..    ,<   - 
generally  known  that  a  few  good  and  pious  bishops,  who  spoke  wannly 
fn  fivorof  a  reform  in  the  Church,  have,  in  consequence,  bee,,  marked 
down  in  Rome  in  the  condemned  list.     If,  therefore,  no  end  be  put  to 


296 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


these  secret  machinations  an.l  human  passions,  truly  we  know  not  what 
cood  can  be  expected  from  this  quarter." 

Such  complaints  «ere  repeatedly  made,  and  this  last  effort  of  the 
Fmperor  Ferdinand  to  restore  the  i-eace  of  Christendom  by  a  search- 
in-  investigation  of  ecclesiastical  affairs,  made  under  the  sanction  of 
the  Church,  completely  failed.     Meantime,  however,  the  Conned  of 
T.ent    besides  a  great   number  of  dogmatical  decisions,  promulgated 
S)me  excellent  principles  upon  Christian  morals,  which  operate  even 
to  this  day  as  rules  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.    The  councd  closed 
its  sittinJ  on  the  ytb  of  December,  1563;  «"'^  sl^oft')'  afterwards  Fer- 
dinar.d  died,  on  the  151h  of  Julv,  1564,  in  the  sixty-second  year  oi  h  s 
aee      The  convincing  testimony  in   his  favor  recorded  by  history  is, 
,b.t    during   the   difficult   period   when   hatred   and  violence  so   often 
,.;,  ided  opinions,  he  carried  with  him  to  his  grave  the  glory  ol  betng 
prais  d  as  an.  excellent  monarch  by  all  parties,  Catholics  as  well  as 

Protestants.  ■       ,^       \      \       •  1 

Ferdinand   lo.t   the   German  countries   of  Livonia,  Courlaiul,  a.  U 

Esthland,  which  were  conquered   in  .564  by  the  Czar  Ivan   1^  ■>  ^»r- 

n,me.l  tlie  Crn,  1.      F.'nlinaud  was  the  la>t  lunperor  crowned  at  Aix- 

,,.ri,:i..llo.       H.    u  ,.  buried  at   Trapu.      il-  -.fe  was  Anna,  sister 
aiMl  lu'ress  of  1-ouis  ii..  King  of   Hungary  and  Bohemia. 

CONTEMPOK.XRIF.S    OF    FF.RD1NANI>    1. 

Elizabeth  succeeded  her  sister  Mary  on  the  throne  cf  England  in 
j.-c;  m„,i.ron-.iercd  li.f  most  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  female 
,,';;\i.,  .,,'  ,!„.  1  ,illi:int  success  of  her  government,  during  a  long 
,,.,,„  \.,,,n,n  .l,.,i   Ik,-  „'..i-l.-n  di.doni  with  a  bln/e  of  glory  which  has 

,,„  „,,^.-  \v\^  ■'!  1  :'.!i"  -'l'"l'"-  '•■..i.rstood  C.iv.k.  and  spoke  French, 
],  ,l),n  ..;,!  rKir.iM,  «i:!:  tl.'  ^.unr  la,  i!.v  is  luT  .K,,i.c  tongue.  But 
slK-  iK-'.nvr,!  ni..rr  ol  l.M  ii;,n-  nn,!  attcntu.ii  >m  1.1^1.  r)  than  on  any- 
tlung  else.  S!u'  «a.  ,pal,;ai  i.aMr  Im  llu'  P'.rsnit  of  this  qtleenly  branch 
ol    ki)..ul...iuc.  to  win.  b  sin-  .ionir-!  ll.ree  hour.  a.  ,!av. 

,  ,„,  ,n  ,lK.  h.M  ,u  t.  ol  lur  ,v,.  r,  u  .,  lo  ..nd  ....nanres  to  ti.e  Kings 
„f  l)cnM,nka,al  .^uc.l.n  a-ai  V,.  IVacMaiU  ,  rinces  of  Germany  of 
be,  ,,na,  ian.ni  lo  the  r.tornaM  lauh.  In  ,:r,o  -h.  rastored  the  Ent;- 
l„b  rniariaN  to  .t.a!,n.  vah>e,-a  thing  v,ai,l:  n.a'n.cr  lauua.o  V  ,. 
„„r    Mn.    .In:,!    aMonaa.       Tin..    nn::!nv    a,ai    o.  ,a  ^Mal    change   was 


e!kH  led    bv  tl; 


f      Cli 


i^htnuti    ]■<'!■<}    < 


.!"    \\\/ 


i  hcl 


\\  1 


thout   causing   tlie 


sH.btc^t  in< oiivcinciu  c  ur  tii-n  ^^  t^-  individuals.     1  i-  r  queenly  talents 
,vJiv  >\v•^^^^  m  the  aniteness  oflu  r  i-cincptive  powers  and  the  unernng 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


297 


discrimination  with  wdiich  she  selected  her  ministers  and  great  law 
officers,  and,  in  some  instances,  converted  those  into  loyal  servants 
who  might  have  turned  their  abilities  to  her  anno\'ance.  The  im- 
provement of  manufactures,  and  the  establishment  of  crafts,  which 
gave  employment  and  prosperity  to  the  great  body  of  her  people,  were 
always  leading  objects  with  Elizabeth,  and  to  those  ends  her  progresses, 
as  her  journeys  through  her  dominions  were  called,  conduced.  Her 
policy  was  one  of  peace  and  economy.  When  she  came  to  the  throne, 
the  nation  w^as  at  war  with  France  and  Scotland,  and  one  of  her  first 
acts  was  to  secure  peace  upon  favorable  terms ;  and  no  war  was  under- 
taken in  her  reign  for  territorial  conquest.  To  strengthen  her  own 
throne,  she  succored  the  Protestants  in  Scotland  and  France  and  in 
the  Low  Countries. 

Henry  II.  of  Fnuice  w^s  like  his  flither,  Francis  L,  in  disposition, 
but  inferior  in  talent.  He  reigned  from  1547  tn  t^^q.  In  a  league 
with  the  Protestant  i)rinces  of  Germany  he  gained  many  victories  over 
Charles  V.  and  his  son  Philip  I!.,  and  recovered  Calais  from  the  Eng- 
lish, who  had  held  it  lor  mure  than  iwo  Lcntunc-. 

Catherine  de  Medici,  grand-niece  of  Pope  Leo  X.,  and  only  daiiLrhter 
of  Lorenzo  de  Medici,  was  born  at  llorence  in  1510.  In  1 5;,3  -lie 
was  married  to  the  young  Duke  of  Orleans,  afterward-  IIenr\  II..  and 
her  uncle.  Pope  Clement  VIL,  con<iu(ie<l  her  to  Muxilles,  where 
the  ceremony  w^as  perlurnied,  and  pre:^ented  h.r  <  ai  tlie  occasion 
with  a  dower  of  tliree  Inindred  thousand  crown.:^.  Tlur,  tj'Keri  is 
equally  celebrated  lor  h.er  talents  and  for  her  (rimes.  l^)eamiuil  as 
were  the  ladies  at  the  court  of  iMaince.  Catherine  ont^iione  iheni  all, 
not  onlv  hv  tlie  hiveliniess  of  her  features  and  the  da/zlin-  whiteness 
of  her  complexion,  but  .ilso  b\  tlie  eU--aai(X^  of  lier  inoxerneiitN  her 
forni  l)eing  exreeibn-iv  majestic,  thcjugh  not  tall.  Siie  politually 
a\--)ided  all  a})pe<iirince  of  ambition  in  a  (X)urt  already  o< cnpied  ]\v  the 
two  ri\als,  Diana  of  ro!tier>,  the  lavorite  of  her  hn>band.  and  llie 
Dat-liess  d'Etanipc-.  lavorite  of  Francis  L,  with  botii  of  w'honi  >he 
contrived  to  bve  in  the  greatest  liarmony.  She  also  disphiycd  ua-eat 
tenderness  for  fraiuis  I.,  wlio.  Lja-atified  by  the  andal)le  manners  and 
a'^reeable  conversation  of  his  d.iULilUer-indaw.  fre(jnentlv  renrirked 
that  she  was  ina.'ie  to  command.  Henry  11.,  wlio  was  killed  i-\'  tlie 
Count  of  Montiioin.eri  ai  a  tt)urnament  in  honor  of  the  marria-'e  ot 
Ids  daughter  Elizabeth  with  Philip  11.  of  Spain,  let't  the  regency  lo  liis 
wi.l-'W.  T]ie\-  h-ad  ten  children,  tliree  of  wlK)m  were  succe.^sivel v 
kings  of  br.ince.  Catherine^  first  act  of  power  was  to  dismi^^  lier 
ri\al,  towards  win  an    it  was  lu-  longer  necessary  for  lier  to  assume  tiie 


29S 


JIOCSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


,,■  •!■;  ..    liii.'doin  w;;^    !ovn     ,v  'Strong  factions 

^rP-'—  "'   '"^-"'-'IV  ;        ::^",    „.l   ..■  Manikürendes,  be- 


,„,,  ,_a>,!,!,-|.ions,ahvays  attaching  herself 
;■•   |\   ....   .,.,v,.,-;,.Mv  ...r.iounacdintlieendby 


tivcii.  «hoiii  -h...  un(casii>.LM\  '  '< 

umUr   li.nu;>  II.,  C  ,i,M.-~  1.N--  „,    i„,,.  ,  .  ,uo- »avcrcl  ; 

'-■  ''■'•    '^'"-  ''^"'  "':",":■  ^;.-        ,;:.,,., .u,w.  ..-   tl^.  affect.un  Ol 
ren.l.rea   all-powci,:!    ,n    I  ..a.>.     n,         ■  "   ■    :        ^^  ^  ^,^,^,^^.a  ,,  „,,, 

,e,ency.  t.>  .a..:un  .huh  ra,h..,.K.  ..u;..:    •-  -,^     ^^^  '^^  ^  ,^„,; 

aainua   bv    the   >tatcs   a~>cn,hlol    a.    U,ha,,  .      1.      .  .^^^^^^ 

Nav.n-e  a 'am  revultcl,  ,n  win,  h  he  wa.  junu.l    h>   a„    ....       .  Uu  , 

Duke  of  >:iv()v,  restoring   to    him  al   tii.   .  ..n  ^ 

whuhhnuuibccnacprncahv.l.Mr.atw     Uu.au.     a     .^^^    ^^^_^^_ 

Kiim  ot  Navarre  was  kiilea  at  IHL  sit ^^e  ,     ,      ,     ,        .,t"tb<' 

Sv,.hopc.shean.,hch.uac.M.,-ca.nnn.       K.^^1^.^^^^^^^^ 

;:a::;::::a,:;n,s.a,  a.,  vnanon.  >,......>. a.^ 

,tranu    t..   her.      Although  ionv-.hvce  vc   ,.  o,    ■'-   •   ,       ;  ' 

g.eat,Ka,n.v.ot-.lnM,ui.a.cnca     ,a,^.-nuae^^^^ 
norcliuiou.ta,thohc|ati-on,/caastiologc,>  .m.l     el.  ;        ,.  j 

she  nnielMaiv  assisua  al  ihe  s,ej,e  oi    Kou   n,  n,   ,  ^  ^^^  ^_^^^^ 

„,,  .oiau a,  ,n  .he  nna.t  oi    the  nau.  hee.Ue^.  oi   tlu   o„l,      " 

■        ,1   w   ananul   her;   vhe   alteiuara,   t.)oU   i>o»e.»iun  ot    llaMe 

(;,-:.  .,  wbH  h  wa.  oc-cupuHl  bv  the  Kn.h.h,  ■^^^A^..^.  a  '- ^ " 
.abethot-lM^.h^ml,    bv    which    that    l.>werlul    queen    oa^ 

r   \    rmanclv    whieh  had  been    ceded  to  lur  by  tha    1  i-u^tai,  . 
7""^|      ;  '     -XMh.  tune  all  lau-opewa.  governed  b.w.nKm, 

'^^K::'Hd  k1^  Gotland,  bvMarv  smart;    bonngal       v 

;;:liult.;^bu-v,dat.,hterot^:lvanor:Navarr.    bv^ 

1-  <VnnUrle.J>y  Margaret  c>r  Parma     ^.^^^^ 

of  iM-anee  :  ami  lM-aru:e.  bv  (  atlu:rnuMle  M.dn  n^^  ^^  ^       .^^ 

the  bruue  de  Conde  ot^  his  i-o.t  ot  Ueulenant-^eneial  ol  k.    .. 


CONTEMPORARIES, 


299 


ilie  queen-regent  offered  to  divide  the  government  with  her  son,  Charles 
iX.,  then   fourteen   years  of  cige.  and  had  "ner  project  declared   by  tiie 
])arliament  of  Rouen.      'I  he    Irritated    Conde   again    revolted,  and.    at- 
tempted  to  seize  tlie  king  and    tiie  (jueen-mother  at  Meaux,  in  1566; 
but    tlie   defeat   of    llie    Protestants   at   Saint-DeiMs,    by   the   ('unstable 
ISlon.imorenci,  strengthened  her  power  and  gave  her  tlie  leiMH-e  to  iorm 
and  the  me.ms  to  carry  out  her  projects  of  vengeance.     At  Payonne, 
conseciuenLiv,   :^he   re^,olved,    m    <  (auert   with   the  Po])e's   agents  and 
rhibhi  of  Spain,  assisted  by  the  Duke  uf  Alva,,  to  attempt  tlte  destruc- 
tion ^{  the  Pn  »levant-,  and  was  freriueiuly  accompanied   in  h.er  inter- 
views by  the    \oun.g    King  of  Navarre,  to  wliom  she  was   partn  ularly 
attached.       This   prince,   who   all    his   life  watched    over   the   intere-ts 
of  iran.e.  hiliv  mulerstood    the   nature   of  these  plots,  and   informed 
his   naahner.  ul'io  warned    the  Prince  de  Conde  and  Admiral  Coligny  ; 
m  coiiMOjuenc  e  of  which  the  massacre>  were  ])ostponed.      'Phis  youth 
was  afurwards  Meriry  the  Cireat. 

Francis  II.  came  to  the  throne  in  1559,  and  reigned  less  than 
eigh.teen  months,  during  which  time  the  jealousies  of  the  (bhses  and 
^bmtmorenc  ies,  and  violent  religious  dissensions,  created  great  mis- 
erie>  in  tlie  kuigdom. 

Mirx  Stuart,  wife  of  Francis  IP,  was  allied  to  the  Houses  of  Bour- 
bon and  Medici.  She  was  the  niece  of  Henry  VIH.  of  England,  and 
daughter  of  James  V.  of  Scotland  and  of  .\hiry  de  Porraine-Cuise. 
She  wa.s  married  to  the  dauphin  in  155.S.  He  became  king  in  1559, 
and  Ax'.-kX  m  1560.  After  his  death,  >Piry  wouhl  gladly  have  remained 
in  k'ram  e  ;  but  the  jiolitic  and  suspicious  Catherine  de  Medici  opposed 
her  wihhe.-,  and  she  went  to  Scotland  in  1561. 

In  \-^().\,  Mary  sent  Elizabeth  of  England  a  superb  diamond,  accom- 
l)anied  b\-  a  letter  written  in  Eatin,  in  which  both  these  cpieens  were 
well  versed.  Mary  encouraged  the  Catholics  in  Phigland  ;  PTizabeth 
excited  the  Protectant  faction  in  Scotland;  and  thus  religious  differ- 
ences pri)duc-ed  dissensions  between  these  two  queens.  Mary,  instead 
of  conirai  ting  an  alliance  with  a  i)rince  who  could  have  sustained  and 
jirtiteried  her  against  the  ambition  and  jealousy  of  Elizabeth,  married, 
in  i;6:;,  her  cousin,  Henry  Stuart,  Eord  Darnley,  a  young  man  nine- 
teen \  ears  of  age,  grandson  of  Henry  VHP,  and,  li^<e  Mary,  a  Catholic 
and  aspirant  to  the  throne  of  Paigland. 

Charles   IX.,  brother  of  Eranchs,  succeeded   to   the  throne  in  1560, 
and  was  governed  by  his  mother,  Catherine  de  Medici. 

Ulricti  Zi.^/j!^/!,  or  Z///V/-///CS  the   Swiss  Reformer,  lived   to  fix  tiie 
Reformation  on  a  hrm  basis  in  his  native  land.      In  general,  he  agreed 


300 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


..,  ,„„„i„„  ,.;,,!,    ,1.    German   reformers.      In    ,.,-.  a  war  broke  ou. 
;;  ,;,,„,,,,  on  ,.,c  one  side  and  the  Cathohc  cantons  on  the  o.he, 
/  v,n    1,  wa.  cununandod  to  ,Ae  the  fiehl,  bear.ng  the  bamicr  of 
he  ,  .      :;:    .1.1.1,  l.  was  usual  fo,  ,n,  ecclesiastic  to  support.     A  battle 

Refo  nur    «ho  cM:.l.l.,lua  Inin.ll  ü'.  C    ncv.i  ,n    .^i.      \h^ßcc/>0>t 

■^■'■'"'■- ""' .  ""    'V     ;,,(■'>■,-....     n,d  all  who. l;nV..!l,-on>hnnn,  doc- 

^     ,-    .,M..,'  tir  Iniii.iirt!  tiMin  that  (  iiv.     It  ^cc-nu.l  ti.a  bliK«. 

.,,tl,ca.,ouldl,cnon, on^  in,  ,.,  .n.unua,,    n.   Mun-  ,  ,   /.A, 

^;.;..han„K.,n.u.,-l„u,.l '  l''^  ;-'";"'' "n,'''?;-  i^. 

e.ho.lua-       Calvni.l.c.nn   ,50,.  uh,K../.-.v.A...v.  alu,>,    (n,,M     n 

:;:  a, K.VC   people,  ,nrn..cvc,.vonu.d.^ 

v:,fln.tcnl.er.and    h^^    .calon.   nUolcran.  c,  wa.    hca,  n„   o..      - 

!      -^   U     1.  what   manner  of  .,--  ''->■>   -■-■  "'•■■  -'en    they  were  .0 
Ju.  to   "command   hrc  to  come   d..wn    from   heaven   to   eon-un,e 

''^i:n:w'"t,::::;:::^..-ne.nwi,n.htl.  rearmed  rel.,on. 

Am.mu-  .he  C.ern.an   prmces.   iMede,  H   ••   ^1^  ,,aceol   n- 

year    ,  ;6o.  snl.,.un,ed    !oll„wer,  o,   C.r.^  s  doe  un..     n   ,.ace  o     t 

^-•----"'■■-^■'-■•■•'^■T;:;::-en;:":^'':::J::.^^ 

;'::,:r;.ri^i.--.-erd,,n,.andandaa,n..     The  Ta,  .  In  ne 
.e        :■     .Ll'drn-revohnionsinreh.a.n.    ^V  nhln  ;ne  ,.„  e  of  stx  y 
---•-eaoctrineso,l,n.arl,adhe...wae.^^^ 

relimim.hed    h,r   CaUn.Mn    oy    n.    rale...      (..Kno  ,n     U 

'       ,,      ,;i, .,,,„■   Irederi.    I\'.  wlier,  oidv  nine   Near.  nul.  , ni  \ 

'""'■"  »-''-■'■'"'"    ';'^^  ,,,,,,  ,l,e  Lutheran  neresv  on,  of  the  sou! 
.vereor,lered    ,lneee.sa,>,to  ^^^^^^.^^^   ^_.^.^,^_^^^ 

of  iheir   pnpil   witn   hlo«-.      1  le'hiM     lu 

.    „  '    rtl,eolo..va,    UeuUroera.lo.lvawn,,      ca.e.  .n.m.  calU  o  ,.e 

:dX''  u;-"-'.  «--'>- >-''''^^      ^^'^^  ■'■'>^-'^'^-"7;; 

."     :        U  who  abandoned   the    Ko-nan  Cathoiu:  rebg.on  were  cdlcd 

Llraus  by  the  wrtter.  of  tho,e „ ;;   /'■>-/•-;•-;-:.;    ,, 

T  .     .,,,,1    nilua-    calle.   wilell    einbiaieo    lite    l^ai\  iiii3i.i<.- 

Geneva,   Laustinnc,  an'l  oliiei    c  nit. 


CONTEMrORARlES. 


301 


systetn  of  doctrines  and  discipline,  and  the  astonishing  zeal  o    Calvtn 
iS  1,  Beza,  and  others,  in  fostering,  encouraging,  a,al  n.u  ttply.ng 
oppoJers  of  the  Romish  See  in   France,  induced  ^^^^^-^^t^A 
n  icldle  of  the  century  arrival,  to  profess  themselves  the  ,  ,  .  d,    n 
brethren  of  the  Genevans.     By  thcr  enem.es  they  -';■  ""«  ^;"'\ 
temptttously  Huguenot..      fhe  Scotch  Church  honors  John   Kn.s.  a 
disci   ,e  of  Calvb.  as  its  founder;   :atd   trotn  hnn  ,t  -etved  from  ,. 
commencement    the   doctrines,   inst,.ntu.n.    and   ^■"-    '-       "         .^ 
Genevans.     England,  however,  never  ronld  Ik-  ,,er.nade,l   to  m  bm, 
e^'  irelv  to  the  decisions  of  Geneva  ;   nor  ,bd  it  long  rCatn  nnalte  ed 
i     .b,i    re,  e.ve.Votn    that   ,,-.->-■■       The   Kngllslm.en   w   ,>     trs 

,,„„,„„,,,  „,  .„.ersttfot.  of  thetr  fatlters  were  more  "->-;'-'; 

„„„.onsot    laatlua-  rcpce.ing  the  fa,,  hari.t,  the  mode  "f  1-b  .-■  r- 

.,i0    nal   th,-   uovern.nent  ,.f  the  Ghnrch.  than   to   tho.e  ol   the  ^u us 
;;■„..  .ieat'h  of   llenrv  ^dIl..  hi.  >on.   Kdwar.l  VI..  -|abb,hed 

,      „.y    an,l  tho^e  who  eelebrate.l   the  public  wor.h,-,,  accordtng  to  t, 
,.^:  ■  were  cabe,,  Cf.nn.n  :  tirose  who  preferred  the  .w,.s  mode 

desir,a     .o-eat,r  pur.tv   tn  worship,  an.l  d„l  not  regard   the   btu,g>    as 

?,       ,  o,n    U  the   Ire.s  of  superstitton.      < -ueen  Fdizabeth  d,d  not  con- 

ortnat.on  to  the'  rigorous  primiples  of  the  Genevans  ,a„ 

._.  .^,„,.^^.^.,.^  ,,,  p,„,„„„  „m  she  enjoine.1  on  those    o  whom  t. 

;„.,ness  was  intrn.ted  to  follow  the  pattern  oi   the  early  ages  rather 

"  ;   ;,..  ,,„.,n,.es  of  the  Netherlands,  the  B.kU  C^-/-- ^J  .J  ^: 
,■  ,,    ,   „   '  --,     .ivitn'  the  preference  to  the  :^wlss  mo.le  ot  xxordip 

e  :  t       ,'^:    :.   -^void   ,n..,!-ring  odium,  the  Belgian  Reformers  stvled 
tl         ,'.lves  ^.vv/./,.  rf.kc  Au,.l.ur,  C..ß.i.n;   because  the  .pantsh 
,„  Ue,!  npo.r  bu.lteran,  a.  far  better  .itizens  than  the  d.scples  o 
C        a    who.   tfon,   ,he,r  eo,n,no„ons    ,n    France,  were  deemed   .note 
L  p..  ',1   to  .clition.      m   Saxony.  Poland,  and    Hungary   there  we, e 
:    L  Cahantsts,  and   the  Bohemian  bretl.en,  or  M,,rav,ans,  who 
;       ,,,,  ,p...endan,s  of  the  better  sort  of  Hussites.     Futherantsm     t.o 
,    ,„,  ,„  n,,„,ark  an.l  Sweden.     This  latter  <ountry  had  revohe.l 
:;    .i,,.,an  11.,  who.e  crueltv  forever  dissolved  the  bonds  between 
:,„-U   an.l    S.vclen,    att.l    the    Um.-n    of    Calmar  was   irreparably 
...Uen   bv   the  Swe.les,  who   recovered   their  ancient   »'   epen   .  c  • 
Voune  CoHtavus  Kri.->on  Vasa  escaped  fr.im  his  prison  in   Denmark, 
a    n;    welcomed   to  S.o.Tholm,  where  the  words  "Savior  and   De- 
,   ,"  ..reeted  him  from  every  .piarter.     Gustavus  Vasa  retgned   in 
peace  f.,r^nanv  years,  and  was  the  founder  of  the  House  of  ^  asa. 


CONTFMPOIxAh'/KS. 


303 


,1^  - 


HOUSE    01    AVsTKIA. 


,,  M  ,     ,v  M.-n  to  .n-'V..-^    r'"i^"'^  ront.nr.or.uv  of  the   I^npcrur 


r 


^^-'''■'■;'"' rr'%.    '.  .X.  :-.!    1.     nu  o..i  win...  n..  ,  on.-n.  ..I    ..n 
1  f       Tl^.-v   \vcrr    car  v    lamilain/ca    to    il.^    oaa.^ei 


witn  wiurn  nc  i'--- .    -  -     ]  ^^^.^-^at  ion    anal 

,.un.i..l    .omnu-n-o   oi.r.ol  „.    .nnaw    k     a  .,.      .  ,^^  ^, 

..   .,n,l  to  llic  l.oia  ai'.a  li.ir(h  (  uaraiUT  .'I   H.^    •x«-'" 

,vas  a.l.K.l  a  s,.r,t  ot   c.t.c>,.,-,-c    u.th  ^" '\  '       .  ,,„„„„,,ni,v. 

a.  n„.,l  him  for  tak.n,  ,un  .,,  the   ,rca,   , .»       ,  ^^^^^-  ^ 

]Vi,vMeo,.lca  hvaillVtvttt  ra.v...,.caK>,,u.hlM^n.  l.n.,--.  ,- 
U.-,:.a,,,thea,.,,,otina,v,a,:a,,tv,,rd,e,^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

,-,,.„  aft.r  ,hcv  uete  all  bro„,h.  ^nuKr  .Ik  m  •  ^       -  ^_^^^, 

thcf.U.c,uh.c,U,,rv.it«a.      .v,,Kl,t,n".sM.W  .-  .^,_^^ 

/M       1    .  A^      u-i'h    ill     lis  luuviT  aral    pci^oiu.i  nuiu.  i 
•"'■'""•     ''"'r      ,;  ,        .1   va.oMi..a.  toc.m.ta   hi„.-Ji   wuV, 

hi,n>.!l    v.lH-qi.al  to  Ihr  ta^k.  a.al  v  a  ,-  ^,^^^__,|^^^ 

.-.-tiono,hcaao,a.on,..a.,-a..-o      ..!  -^ 

ao,K-  in  a  mcHltlK-a  lonu.      A,„u..pat,.,  ^^^^^^ 

,  ,  ,■  ,.,,.   iH-iiuT.iU-    TrotcMaiit^  wlio    Um\   ,-01.,    lo   1,  ^ 

rit.r.  on   amount   ol   tt.a-.       hui.    .^  ^     ^     ^^   ^    ^,  ^^_^j 

.,„,,o,,a.s,nat,c.>tocx,u.>nr,H.       11.-.^         J:,:,,,,  ,v  to   ,n,t    it   in 
'^•'Vea.al,KM.-the,aa.,,.n,vo       t       .|.        ;^^^^ 

peril,  even    tor   ,-ons<icn.  c    ^aK. .      m 

hiu-i  and  Piiilip.  _  _,.  ,        v,'OM-n  to  Spain  ;  but  it 

AfK-r  the  acathof  CharU.O'raniM-ravca  to  ,    ,  a       ^  ^^^   ^^ 

gov.rnn.entnuglul..intn.u.l.       ^  "^  ^  ;  "  ,  ,^, ,  ^^,^^^  ^,,,,  ,o  reUra 

'    ofSavov,  wboluahciatlH-i.o>toirc..nt.i>..  -u^ 


to  his  own  .b.niinions.  wlii(  h  bad.  been  restorer!  to  bim  bv  the  treaty  of 
Chäteau-Canibresis.  There  wa>  banrorab  Count  E-mont,  the  hero  of 
St.  Oueniin  ana  (Iravelines;  tliere  was  Christine,  Philip's  cou-ni,  who 
haa  ai.nvn  luT  takau  for  political  affilrs  l)y  the  part  she  bad  taken  m 
ehVcting  tlx-  arrangements  of  the  treaty  of  Cbäteau-CambreM>  :  ana 
there  wa.  ih...  Prince  of  (grange.  Put  Phili].  bad  no  mind  to  confide 
tlu'  ivcncv  of  the  country  to  any  of  it>  poucrfil  nobles. 

TIh'   indivi<inal   .n^  whom   the  king  at  length  decided  to  bestow  this 
vnark  of  his  contblenec  was  bi^  half-sister,  ^birgaret.  Ducbos  ot  Parma, 
— tiic  natural  dau-bter  of  Charles  V.,  born  about  faur  years  before  bis 
marria-c  with  Kalxdla  of  Portugal.      Her  mother  was  Margaret  \  ander 
Gbeenst    of  a  nol)le  Flemish  hou.e.      Charles's  aunt.  Margaret  ot  Aus- 
tria  and    Duchess  of   Savov,  tlien    Regent  of   the    Netherlands,   took 
cIku-'c  of  the  inlant.  and  on  the  death  of  that  princess  she  wa^  taken 
into'ihe  tamdv  of  tlie  Emperor's  sister,  Mary,  Queen  of  Hungarv,  who 
s„<,  eeded  in  (be  re-encv.      Margaret's  birth,  unlike  that  of  l).)n  John, 
did  not  Ion-  remain  a  secret  ;   and  she  received  an  education  suited  to 
the  hidi  station   she  was  to  occupy  in   life.      When   only  twelve  vears 
of  n-e.  the    Ibnperor  gave   her   in    marriage   to  Alexander  de   ^badlcl, 
(H-and  Duke  of  Tuscanv,  some  fifteen   years  older  than   herself.     The 
ill-fated  (a)nnection  did  not   last  long,  as,  before  twelve  months  had 
elapsed,  it  was  terminated  by  the  vi<_)lent  death  of  her  husband.     When 
she    had    rea(-bed   the    age  of   womanhood,   her  hand  was    bestowed, 
to-etber  with  the   duchies  of    Parma  and   Placentia  as  her  dowry,  on 
Ouavio  iMrnese.  grandson  of    Pope   Paul  IIL     The  bridegroom   was 

onl\'  twel\-e  \-ears  old. 

In   her  demeanor  and  gait   ^Largaret   ])ore  great  resemblance  to  her 
aunt   Marv.  the  regent.      Like  her,  she  was  excessively  tond  ot   bunt- 
in-,    and'toUowed    the    chase   with    an    intrepidity    that    might    have 
damited.   the  courage   of    the  keenest  sportsman.      She   bad   but    little 
of  the  natural   soUne^s  that   belongs  to  the  sex,  but  in   her  whole  de- 
portment   was   sin-ularlv  masculine.       As   if   to   add   to   the    illusion, 
naaure  bad   given   her  somewhat  of  a  beard  ;   and  to  crown   tlie  whole, 
the   m  dadv  to  whi.  h  she  was  constitutionally  subject  was   a  disease  to 
which  women  are  but  rarelv  liable.-tbe  gout.     Put.  though  masculine 
in  hca-  appearance,  she  was  not  destitute  of  the  kindlier  qualities  which 
are  tiu'  ulorv  of  her  sex.     Her  disposition  was  good,  her  understanding 
excellent,  and   her  apprehension  quick.      She  showed  much  versatibtv 
in  aceommod  itinu  herself  to  the  exigencies  of  her  position,  as  well  as 
adroitness  in  the  management  of  a(f.iirs,  which  she   may  have  a(  .pnred 
in   the   s(  bool   Ol"  Italian    politics.      Unlike   her  aunt   Mary,  wao  was 


t  tl 


;o4 


tolrnnt    truvini 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CONTEMPOR.  I  Kits. 


ö^S 


>     I  i  i  I 


„tcstants,  in   religion   she  was  as  orthodox  as 


fear   of   HUM:-!' in 


svnuic 


,  ,    ,  ine  f.mnn.  l-na.ins  l.ovola  had  been  hereon- 

fes.,:   :.  her        .     ->   ■  .  ^^^^  ^^^,._.  ^,^„,,  ,^  ,  ,„,,t  cruu-al 

''-»'-''-    '^''     ;':',,,■,,,,,.    N.therlanas.     F,  ,rlv  in    lane,  150V. 
1KM-..1   to   ,..U.      :u     -.    .  r.n.ssels.  t..  be   made  regent, 

M--'-'-"^'''    '-■'"-"■■;'      ,        ,^.     „„-she.-,.   .he,r  eountry- 

"!-—-"   '''^''T  '.    '"— i   -„...   .hem.     Philip 

wom.in.  ,>n.l    h-.T   ^-'-Iv   ...n~    1--'.      '     ■      '  ,       ,,,,,,1  „,,s  held  with 

per,  ■.,:....„„  KM-  thnv,.,n^     In,      -  .,,.•,,.■,■..  .v  held    in   the 

iroivi     r  ian<  t .  ;      ,,    -i      in 

.:■  (.u-n,.  -Mh.u  w.   fnM   u.K-un   ..Mu..  M--..-   ;   .^^^     .  ^^^^^ 

r,     ,-n... -^       \rc    la.t   cur  own  lioup.  a.»...   o>  jiu 

tee,  n~lr.n,  .nva^nn,  .  •^"'^'"V  J  ,„,.„„  ,,„,,,,,,01  w.tb  .iu'  -.n.nn.e- 
"'■'''>^---  -•'•'--'^•\',':  ';-::,;,:.  :,.,,n:vniin.to..,,n,e,,lh.aw;,!,.M,ve 
mtn,enfthenMnw..r>        ^  "'''''^      "  ,..„1,,,  ac^eended    Ir-.n.   his 

a,bn,u:„e    he  w,,s  .0  un,>v,K,rea    "■'■"■  ^,,„„    ,,,„,,,    ,,,„ 

throne    an,l    ahn„.lv    leltthe    ^-^;:^'^^ '    ^^'^   .^,^^,^   ,,,,,:,.,,.  ^.n^. 
a,,oue,Uo,ounharnK.a0.ee,n,.-l'hn,,Uu,U      .t^.^^^^^^     ^^  .    ^ 

ni(,!v  worthv  ot   hi.   ani^.r.  William    of    Oranu.'    w-.>    iv^i 

si-i'-''-  -'--'V"  ''^'  ''r.^e    n  .  inn  ,.r  n^^^^^ 

l>---''->^r      "'TT       n     ;-Ouh,e.s,anawi.iie.iu-,vhe 

learned    lh,U   a   >e<  let   tuat\   l>,..i  ,■    h..,..^v    th.oujioni    liuir 

the    K,n,    of    Spain,    lor    the    ex.npau„      o     h  ^^        _^^  _  ,^    ^_^ 

_thc  spira  ot   toleration.  appoinlin,  as  as.i^t.nts 

;:IX;.:::nor.tanee.h,rtheaa,n,n.t,..t,o^ 

ti--  hnvvcouneih  for  affair,  o.  .,1.   -  e   '  ;  •;.,,,.,,^   ,,  ,,eace 

tUe  eountry  ;  ana  the  eouneil  o.    ^t  u,  ^         ^^  ^^  ^^^^^    ^^^.^.  ^, 

ana  war  a,td   the  foreign  p     i;      -       ';  p,-,„,.  of  Ur.ntge, 
Flemi.h  nobles,  among  them  Count  l-.mont 


—  I'iiilip  nyipointed  three  more  aids;  Connt  IJarlalmont.  ijres'dent  of 
finance;  X'lgiius,  president  of  tlie  ])rivy  coiinril  ;  and  the  noteil  (iran- 
velle,  Bishop  of  Arras.  'rhese  three  composed  tlie  Coitsiilt,u  «i'Ji 
whom  .Margaret  w.i.  to  ,i,h-;>e  in  tlie  more  imijorlant  matter.. 

Before  leaving  the  Xetberlands,  Phili'iJ  named  tlie  governor^  of  ilie 
several  provinces,  the  nominali(.)ns  for  tlie  most  part  only  confirinnig 
those  already  in  offirc.  ELgmont  liad  the  government  of  Flander>  and 
Artois;  the  J'rin(  c  of  Orange,  tliat  of  Holland,  Zealand,  Utreclu,  and 
West  I'^-ii-laaid.  ]^a(  li  of  these  nobles  had  also  the  command  (jf  a 
l«aitalion, — a  poor  contrivance  for  reconciling  the  nation  to  the  con- 
tinnaiK  c  of  the  detested  Sp^anisli  trooi)S  in  the  country.  Having  (  om- 
])lcted  all  Ills  arrangements,  I'hilip  took  with,  him  the  little  son  of  the 
l)u(  luN^  of  Parma.  Alexander  h^irnese, — a  name  destined  to  become 
in  later  times  ^o  renowned  in  the  Netherlands.  The  avowed  purpose 
was  to  L:i\e  the  bov  a  training  suited  to  his  rank,  under  the  eve  of 
Philip;  and  nothing  was  said  of  holding  him  as  a  hostage  for  the 
fidelity  of  Margaret,  and  of  her  husband,  whose  dominions  in  Italy 
lay  contiguous  to  those  of  Philip  in  that  country. 

In  the  port  of  .Mu>hing  lay  a  gallant  fleet,  waiting  to  take  Philip  to 
Spain.  A  (in-ious  scene  is  reported  to  have  taken  place  as  he  was 
al)out  to  go  on  board.  Turning  abruptly  to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  who 
attended  him  with  a  large  body  of  Flemish  nobles,  he  bluntly  accused 
him  of  being  the  true  soiu'ce  of  the  opposition  his  measures  had 
encountered  in  the  States-General.  William,  astonished  at  the  sudden- 
ne.ss  of  the  attack,  replied  that  the  op])osition  was  to  be  regarded  not 
as  the  a(  t  of  an  individual,  but  of  the  states.  "  No,"  replied  the  in- 
cen>ed  monarch,  shaking  him  violently  by  the  wrist,  "not  the  states, 
but  \ou.  vou,  vou  !"  AVilliam  did  not  think  it  prudent  to  reply,  nor 
did  he  care  to  trust  himself  with  the  other  Flemish  lords  on  board  the 
ro\al  stjuadron.  On  the  20th  of  August,  1559,  the  fleet  weighed 
anchor,  cUid  Phili[)  was  soon  wafted  from  the  shores  to  which  he  never 
was  to  return. 

Philip  had  not  been  many  days  in  Valladolid  when  his  presence  was 
celebrated  1)\-  one  of  those  exhibitions  which,  unhapi)ily  for  Spain,  may 
be  called  national.  This  was  an  auto  ilefi,  not,  however,  as  formerly, 
of  Jews  and  ^blors,  but  of  Spanish  Protestants.  The  example  at  Valla- 
dolid was  soon  followed  by  aiitos  dc  fc  in  Granada,  Toledo,  Seville, 
P>arcelona.  in  short,  in  the  twelve  capitals  in  which  tribunals  of  the 
llolv  Oflice  were  established. 


20 


3o6 


HOUSE    Ot    M'STRIA. 


MAXIMILIAX    IL 


307 


MAXIMILIAN    IL,    MAXIMILIAN    DLR    ZWLIiL. 

•   ixus  providebit."     (God  will  provide.) 


.\.[>. 


T  ;7Ö- 


T\  i;r)0.  l\T(Lr.:in(l  1.  |'iv>- 
|.,o.ol   ni>  r!<lest  son.   M-xi- 
inP.iin,    as   LIn   MK'cessor,  at 
the     a>>cinLlv     of     cL.  mral 
prin(^es     in     l-i  ankhTt .    r.nd 
^'n,.v   ;!(k!. (UN  leaded    Lnn    as 
^^,,1,.       Uis     father    remm- 
mendcMl   inm,  saying,  "  Kn- 
,h,xs,a      with      considerable 
intellectual       powers,    great 
address,  mildness,  and  good- 
ness of  heart,  be  is  likewise 
gifted    witb     all     the    otber 
princely   virtues    and    good 
morals;  possessing  a  dispo- 
sition   open    to    nil    tbat    is 
triilv  just,  good,  and  honor- 
able, together  witb  a  sincere 
love  for   the    Holy   Empire 
of  the  German  nation,  the 
glory  and  prosperity  of  wbicb 
it    is    bis    earnest    desire    to 
promote.     He  is  master  of 
the   six  principal  languages 
usuallv  spoken  in  Christen- 
dom, and    is,   consequently, 

,        •  ^n  nil  trinsactions  with  foreign  powers." 

able  to  regulate  m  per.on  ^11-"-^^^^^  .^commended  bim  to  the  Poles 
His  Bohennan  sul.ec  s,  .henMi^e^  ^  ^^^^^^^^  ^,^  ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

-  ^^-^^  ^"^-  "^t  u  'M.er  L.:n  among  us;  our  rigbts,  our 

than  if  it  ^^■'•'■•'  ^"''^'^^  *^^^^^   ^  •        -   ^.-,.fK;,.rT  to 


MAXlMll  n:N  u. 


L 


Li  rties. 


ul 


OT 


.v/'"Miro;er;ed  by  bun,   he  nllows  everything  to 

,  nnv  rh^nce  •  an.l  wl,:U  we  justly  regavd 
,,U-  .IS  course  wu"..-,,  mak.ng  '^">  ' '^"^S"  :  ,  ,  ^„,,  .oleranre  he  shows 
.s  ah.ostn.irncn,ous,,s  the  generous  ,nn.r,.ah^  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^ 

towards  : 


n 


mony. 


» > 


''!":V'le   efe  :  n     .Hen.  io  n-,ntun,  love  and  har- 

'^  "embered  that  he  displayed  this  sptr.t  at  a 


\\]i  \    It    i>    tu    L^C    ! 


K-n„i  u-lu-n  the  word  tolerance  was  hardly  known;  avow.ng  publ.dy 

that  God  alone  could  hold  doudnion  over  the  conscience-     .,    h 

»■-  d.c  adunn.IOe  ,:haracter  of  thi_s  Emperor,  who,  bv  his  meritorious 

:"-;".  a  .er  ,he  exan,ple  of  hi.  ,ood  fuher,  succee;jed  in  esü™ 

.       J-ou,   out   ,;ennany  that  tran,p.i,„t,  which  it  had  not  en,   ^i 

r    n   "^^'"7;''^''-°-'  -  ein  .„..stance  still  more  striking  when 

.  e   d,e,-ed  that,  on  a,  eo.,nt  of  religious  differences,  violent  ,.nd 

.,   a        eenes  were  tak.ng  plaee  in   the  Netherlands  and  F,-ance. 

;."'■;"  ""''^'  '"  ^"'""'"   '"  '■■''^■'  '  ^^  ■■--Kiliation  .n  the  Low  Co.n- 
r*  '•■  7""'-:'™"V^  «ith  Plnl.p  II.  against  his  proceeding,  in  tho^e 

The  laM  effon  u.ul.  ,o  exercise  the  power  of  the  /v.,,V.vvvV  Oaw  of 

lo  .r.l    "      ■      ■■   %'■';""  ""^■-'   '^-^^'".    ^Vniiam   of  (;r,„nl,:uh. 

'''■""'    '''^'   '-""^»t  of  the   horde   formerly  collected   by  Albert  of 

..naenburg   resun.ed  ope.tions,  and  n,ade  an   attack  on   .he  t"    i- 

iw  t^^^^  ?;:' T  °'  'r'?'^'"^'  -'""'  '^^"'^">-  ^"°'  ^'^''''  -'•-  -  ■>- 

h    fled     o  Cotha  f'"      r    "'  "'T'  "^^^  '--"--'  a«ain>t  h„n.  and 
he  fl  d  to  Gotha  for  refuge  and  a.i   U.,n  the  son  of  the  „nf  „tnnate 

P^^ce  w  th   ;  T     """"'  '"'"-^  •""  >^""S  -^^  weak-minded 

prince  wuh   hopes  of  reconquering  the  electorate  of  Saxonv,  he  led 

Ma  tcl    n   S.  T  f """'"'  "'"  '"''  ■'"'^<^^^d<=<^  '"^  brother 

Maurce   m    Saxony,  marched  w,th  his  army  to  execute   the   imperial 

urrender       I  he  young  pnnce  was  carried  prisoner  to  Vienna    led 
through  the  streets  in  an  open  cart  as  a  show,  amid  the  mock"'  ad 
dertston  of  the  populace,  and  then  taken  to  St  ria,  where  Te  die7af te' 
an   ,mpr,sonment  of  twenty-eight  years.     Grtn.bich  was  exe  uted 
once  ,,y  be,ng  torn   into  quarters  by  four  horses,  after  having  pre 

;vh?s:,rtT  nSvetto^r  ;t;;erbK  iderr'^' "'  '"^^^^"^^^-  '^"-- 

recnnVinn-  nnH  .      V  ,    ^  "''  ''""''"S  """'erous  depots  for 

recnut.ng  and  mustering  the  men,  and  who,  bv  marching  con  inuallv 
.0  and  f,^  through  the  land,  created  great  „„ta.ion  1.  thefr  In  "  2 
and  tnsolence.     Maxim.lian  made  more  stringent  law.; for  the   li         it: 

thew,.,l,k,   .p,r„  of  the  em,-.re  would  be  annihilated  at  on.  e    n.d  tht 
In  i,;.;,  .:..  Em,,.TOT  succeeded  la  ;„,:.,j  !,is  ,„,  R„j„||,i  ,|„„j 


3o8 


HOUSE   OF  AUSTRIA. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


309 


buried   at   Prague.      H>s  wife  «a     Mar>,         g  ^  _^^  ^^^ 

Charles  V.     He  ha.l  three  daughters  a. d  s  x  .  ^  ^^  ^^^^^._ 

eldest,  succeeded  hu.  -L??!.'   pre  s  M  r      after  the  death  of  her 
tary  estates  of  Austria.      1 1  e  ^'-17<^  J^\"     ';„  ,  ,,„i„er  in  Madrid. 

„..band,  went  to  Spain    -^^^ -^;^f^^t .      .n   with  her,  and,  as  Sister 
Her  daughter,  the  Archduchess  ^-^r^ar  t  ^,^^ 

Margaret  of  the  Cross,  was  famous   or  ^^^^  ^J^,^,,  Charles 

vestals  of  Madrid.     Maximd.an  s  f  «»g'^'«'-^;™   „    „f  gpain. 
iX.  „:    1  ranee  ;  and  Anne  married  her  uncle,  1  hd.p  1 

CON'TEMPORARlF.S    OV    .MAMMU.l-VN    II. 

^...,./.  was  still  .■ei67"v^''"'r;rdD.tnl;::Cri!d°tth- 

-"•  ^^f'^'-  "''■'  "  ""   '";  '         "seize  her  m,.1  iniprison  her  in  the  castle 
and  M  Icngtl,  uvnt  so  far  as  to  ^«='^'=.'"  '  „„,  the  loyalty 

,r  T„.  1,1... :,.      r.eorge  Douglas  assisted  '^  ^ -'^^^^'^  ,^.,,,,f  „^  „.e 

of  sonu-.lli.n '>":'-■  """  "  ,  '  'V'.i  ,,,  she  fought   the  insurgents  at 
head  ni   -ix  ti:.i:i~.n".   i"'-ii;         '  ;'   '  '  .  ,        ,-      attendants  to 

Lang-.io.  i,.   ,.^..^.  l-  =  t.  l.-ng  ''^-f^. ■:;,,,,,,.  ,„,ead  of  pro- 
England.  l..pn,U  for  V-'- •;-'''•'-  ^.1;'  ^_,.^^.^,,,^.,,u,,with 

,11  ,,.n|Kr  marks  ..f  rvM-Tt. 

(Mu-nf  the   pro.d.Md.n...!    Elizaln.  n 

,  .  1 : , , , ,   V  V  •  1 1  M 


qiuvnU   ]\\c  ^^-'^<   i^^    ^^7^' 


WIUMI     >lu'    WC'llt      to 


l,.,n(l'>ii    l<>   «iii'^"  ^^''^'^ 


11. !l 


])nn 


(  r  ( 


l^niilish   nicr- 


lU,n.-..,wh,..hhe.,„dl...„.,bw ;M  — _         •         :^__,.,.,. 

..rnK.r,h.ndi.c.th:U.b.:-av.M,tlu.,...uo  K    ^^^  ^^^^^ 

,,„,,,  ,,,err.a...lSn-\V,ll,,nn  I  cc,ll...Hn..,.u,,-n., 


l,i,,l,'„va.nr.-r;  I'.u,  k  i.uh.  1  .eicestor,  W.ii 


isinul'.nii.  a 


n.l  Ni.  1  lilt-  liacon. 


,.      ,        ,n    ,--'    -l-r    lonn.l   itu',n,<   l.v<-.n..n,y  „...a), 
,,.„,,„,,,..,,, u,.  only  l.r.."na.'nt^,l.utth...,.t  Ik, 

and  iHT  lister  Marv.                                           „,,,t,T  t!u-  -ov.vnmcnt  -f  his 
ntoth.r,  Catherine   dc    NUalna.  in   .,,o.vn:n-,  Kl^^_^^  ^^ _,^^^. 

,,,,  Uer  at  Me.ieu^,  tin      M  ^    ^^^.^^^  ,,„„„,  .f  ( 'atbeiane. 

an  .■nchantmg  re.tdenee  1>>  tlu     a,,  an  ^^^^^^^.^^ 

Eli.al,eth   entered   Me.ieres  ,n  ---'-^        '■;,;    ,.„,,,„    ,,,nner 
decorated  with  rieh   housings,   and   ,n    the    same    man  i 


'fHt 


she  passed  all  through  France,  receiving  pompous  entertainment  at 
every  town,  and  in  15 71  was  crowned  and  made  her  solemn  entry 
into  Paris.  At  the  period  of  their  marriage  Charles  was  twenty  rears 
of  age,  and  p:iizabeth  sixteen.  Educated  by  virtuous  parents  in 
principles  of  the  most  rigid  morality,  Elizabeth  found  herself  isolated 
in  the  corrupt  and  infamous  court  of  her  husband  and  the  queen - 
mother. 

Catherine  had  been  pursuing  her  sanguinary  projects  for  some  years, 
but  could  not,  however,  succeed  in  alluring  either  Conde  or  Coligny 
to  Paris.  In  1567,  Catherine's  redoubtable  enemy,  the  Constable  dc 
Montmorenci,  was  killed;  and  in  1569  occured  the  battles  of  Jarnac, 
in  which  Conde  was  slain,  and  of  Moncontour,  in  which  Catherine 
had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  her  son  Henry,  though  only  sixteen, 
crush  the  Protestants  without  destroying  their  hopes,  and,  although 
there  was  mucli  carnage,  her  resolution  to  subject  tliem  to  a  more  com- 
plete massacre  remained  unshaken.  Hitherto  it  luid  been  (lifficult  to 
attract  a  great  !iinii])er  of  I'rute^taiits  to  Paris;  it  wn  necessary  to 
inspire  them  with  confidence.  Slu-  invited  tlie  Queen  of  Xavarre  and 
Admiral  Coligny  to  the  capital,  hut  both  liad  the  prudence  to  refuse; 
she  then  sent  Biron  witli  a  proposal  of  marriage  betweeii  her  own 
daughter,  Margaret  eie  Vaioi..  and  tJK^  Queen  of  Xavarre'<  vouncr  son 
Henry.  Pnnec  of  Beam.  After  >on]e  hesitation.  iJiis  apparentlv  frank 
and  cordial  offer  was  accepted,  and  tliey  arrived  at  Blois,  where  ii.e\- 
were  welcomed  by  tlie  king  and  tlie  queen-rnotlier. 

The  court  a-s^endijed  at  Paris  to  make  |.)rei)aratiün,-.  for  the  inarriai^e 
I'Ut  Jean  Tie  d  Aihret,  QueePi  of  Navarre,  wa^  so  disgusted  at  tlie  corrupt 
manners  of  tlie  inmates  of  tlie  royal  dwelling  that  she  was  desirous  of 
l]\-ing  from  it.  but  was  ])revcnted   by  lu-r  death,  she   having   been    jr/i- 
soncd    by   Catherine's    ].erfuiner:       l]y    her    deatli    Henrv.    l^-ii^c    ,,f 
Bear!],  became   King  of  Xavarre.      Xeither  this  event,  nor  a  thousand 
otlier  secret  indicaiions.  seemed  to  awaken  the  su>|)icions  of  the  I'rot- 
estants.      'I1u;   massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  which  took   ])lace  on  the 
2.|th  of  August.  1573.  was  arranged  in  the  Tuileries  by  Catherine  and 
tile-  Dukes  of  Anjou.  Xever.s.  and  Angouleme.      Admiral   Colii^nv.  the 
fatherdndiw  of  William,  Prince  of  Orange,  was  to  be  the  first  victim, 
and    the   general   massa(U-e   was   to   follow.      All   was    determined   witii 
fearful  se(U-e(-y  :    the  barriers  of  Paris  were  locked  and  guarded,  and  tne 
signal  was  to  l)e  the  striking  of  the  clock  of  St.  Germain  I'Au.xerrois. 
Sad  and  anxious,  Charles  IX.  waited  in  secret  horror  for  the  hour  of 
the  massacre.      His  mother,  fearing    liis    irresolution,  passed  the  night 
beside  him,  reassured  him,  and  prevented  him  from  countermandin^r 


3^° 


J/L>L:^/-:    (>/'  .n\^TKi.i. 


1  i\ü-    whil.    h.r     .l.^l-al.hol    inin  with    many    M<nvs,  and    thrcu' 

^''^^'^*  ■     ,    U-.    ■uul    llK-n    lollowca    the   Mivam.  nt    the 

Inis    Ixulv  (Uli    (>t    tlu-  wnulou  ,    and    uuii    nn  -,1    i,,.,- 

111^    Dcui)  1.,-,,.-       CitluTinc   con^Klcrvd    lu-i 

(Ivm^^   and    the    s.u)ih>   oi  ],.-r  int ri-iK-  or  i>lnt>  to 

;::-':™:i:;,;;:;r';:::;::r;;:r:;;:;;.::',:  :::..--- 

,,on         o^.lv.  .il  an,,  voun,  .n.oU,  >.xc.  ^vl.>  l.ul  iK.n  ,,.,.Mn,ao 
,Vl   .a.an.l  .bn.vn  fn,,n  .Ik-  .v,n,i,.w..      Wlu-n  ,n.nun,  an.. 
,      n  the  fn.hU-ul  .en..  bln.M  .an  ,hn,u,h  ,he  .„cct.  and  .hoi 
''^^  ^  .  Ti      1-  in..  ..f  N  IV  irrc'^  -cntleuK-n  were  kilUd  m 

t"T''\.  ;:;mv,.  ^:  ;ua-';,u.atu....iu.,ri.,,..,...ann., 

'::;  to  t  vU.  e  ,h.,..  .>r  in.  ..wn  1.U....1  ;  an.n,c  als.. ,  arenmy  pn.U..U.,l 
'^•;:;"^^^''  ^^■^"\T;l'' -h"'"-,  an.l  as  .any  a.  MX,v  t,K,u.nnl   ail 

,,:;;::::  :;::;un;:v<-a,,u.nn.,  s,. s.u ...-.ics ,.. ai... 

,1    ,    ,11   the    lT..t.stant.   in   Fran,  e  might   W  exlrrnnnatd. 

'^'■^'■""'^^"  ""'  ,     hi.  „r.K-r  with  l..rr„r  wove   Dc  Tcn.lv. 

'rh,'   «Governors  who   rejected    tnw   oroti       i  >,       ,    i    ,      .,n,l 

.--'''^'  -  .  1  .  \',.n,'iir     (lori  e^,    Mandelot,    an<t 

rVthe    no    who.  after  attentively  cxan,inin,   .t  i..r  some   tnne.  ..nlue.l 
'h        a      ;...,.^v  ..f   lK.r  -rneltv   to  be   eml.ahne.l    an.l   sent   to   l'o,e 
v  \I1      'wh,.  retnrne.1  tlianks  pnl-li,  ly  tor  the  mas.a.re. 
rT       .        lea         raoi.llv   .le,  line.l   after   this   terrH-le   tnassacre,  no,- 

.      :;     :nff  n         <  f    is  ,»,,„1  K-ss  than  those  of  his  l.o.ly  ;   but  he    a. 
were  the  siUienn^.    ^  _  aijnroa«  lied 

one  fr  end  left,  and  that  ^\a^ill^^l^,c.  ,  .^  ai^ 

L  bed  and  gently  opene.l  the  enrtains,  he  ,roane      a   .    s  AU  . 

mtrse;    «hat   blood  1    what   murder.       Ah,    I   h.ue 


B''«sHafflg.',-'j'aiiiüL  iji-'jji'jj  jiiji 


COX77<MrOK\Us!IES. 


311 


rouns(^']  !  O  my  Hod,  forgive  me!  liave  merry  i]|)on  me:"  When 
(lym-  lie  repulsed  his  mother  with  horror,  and  fell  into  convul>i()ns 
whenever  she  attempted  to  approach  him.  Catherine  experienced  little 
griet  at  the  lo.ss  of  this  son,  having  always  had  a  ])reference  for  the 
J)iike  of  .Anjou.  S  )me  chronicles  state  that  Louis  XIII.  often  repeate<i 
that  Ciiarles  IX.  was  i)oisoned  by  Catherine  de  Medici.  Charles  died 
May   -3,  1574,  in  the  twentv-f  >   rth  vear  of  his  aije. 

Tile  widowed  C^ueen   Elizabeth  left  France  the  following  vear,  and 
proceeded    to    A'ienna,   the   court  of   her  brother   Rudolj^h,   Emperor 
of   (iermany;   it  was   in  that  (  ity  that  she  founded   the  mona>terv  of 
St.  (  !ani,   where  she  afterwards  resided,   forming,    until  her  death,  a 
model  of  all  the  virtues.      Elizabeth  possessed  the  provinces  of  Berri, 
Bourbon,    J^'orez,    and    La   Marche,  which   she   governed   wisely;   and 
her  re\enues  were  devoted   to  acts  of  utility  and  charity.      Her  sister- 
indaw.  Margaret  de  Valois,  who  was  detained  at  the  chateau  d'U.-son 
in  a  state  ot   restriction  bordering  on   indigence  bv  the  severitv  of  her 
oßended   !iii>l)and,  Henry  W.,  owed  many  benefits  to  her  generosity. 
Eli/:d.eth  was  perseveringly  asked    in   marriage  by  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
and  her  brotlier-indaw,  Henry  III.  of  France  ;   but  she  refused  a  second 
marringe,  and  died,  at  the  age  of  thirty-eight,  in   the  convent  of  St. 
Clar,i,  in  \'ienna,  where  she  was  buried  in  1592. 

Cdrilnial  Grain'cl/r,  whom   Philip  IL  left  as   minister   unde  ■   Mar- 
garet   i^\    Parma    in   the   Netherlands,  had   been    in   the  service  of  the 
F^mperor   Charles  V.,  and  drew  up  the  conditions  of  })eace  wlien   the 
Protestants  were  defeated  at    Miihlberg,  and   in  doing  so  deceived  the 
Landgrave   of  Hesse,  who  remained  a  prisoner,  though  he  had  been 
assured  of  his  liberty.      About   the  same  time,  he  effected   the  capture 
of  Constance  by  sur])ri.se.     In    1550  he  was  made  counselor  of  state, 
and  had  charge  of  the  great  seal.     In  1552,  when  the  Emperor,  having 
been    surprised  by  Maurice    of   Saxony   in    the   Tyrol,   fled   from  Inns- 
prtick,   by  night,   in   a   litter,  Granvelle  accompanied   him  with   lance 
in  rest.     The  treaty  of  Passau,  concluded  soon  after  that  event,  cer- 
tainl\  does  honor  to  Granvelle.      \x\  1553  he  negotiated  the  marriage 
between  Philip  and  IMary  of  England;   and  he  was  a  paty  to  the  treaty 
of  peace  between  France  and  Spain  made  at  Chateau-Cambresis.      But 
the  post  given   him   by  Philip  wdien   he  left  the  Netherlands  brouirht 
upon   him  the  hatred  of  the  people,  as  all  harsh  and   forcible  measures 
were  charged    to    him.      The   nobility,   at    the    suggestion   of   Count 
Egmont,  caused  their  servants  to  wear  a  uniform  livery,  on  which  was 
embroidered  a  fool's  cap.     All  Brussels  interpreted  it  as  the  cardinal's 
hat,  and  every  api)earance  of  such  a  servant  excited   their  laucrhter. 


J 10  CSE    OF  ACSTKIA. 

™--.— ■ '-]::: -:::;^:tX^ 

into  a   b..n.llc  of  arnnv^.-an,!   llu.   Uu  ,    ^.v    1  .  ^^^^   ^^^^^^ 

he  was   ,v|.r.>c,uca   s.atc.l   „n   a   hap  <        ..  _  _^^^^^^j  ^^^ 

.-,.e  cra.ln.g  .an   aa.lui..nal   ,u:n,l.     <      b.-         "■         ^  ,,^^^^,^.,.^,, 

.e,.urc  the  allegiance  o.   the  r,cl,,an.  to  tin  .    ■  _^^  . 

^-"'  ^    ''^■■"'    ^\  ,■  ,,    .--o     I'h.lip  ^ent  hun  to  K..me,  to  eonrln.lc 

■■--:-■  '""^;.;:;;£'ro         ,>:.  uu.  Ve^.tla,.  a,a,n.  the  Tu,...     The. 
^^"  ''''■''''"  V    ,  whuhe.-    Cranvelle   was   sen.    a.   veerov.    and 

'^'^^   ''""'"";  '       ;  e le       ve..t,la,io,,siov  the  internal  welfare  ot 

^^•'^^•'■^'  '^'  ''^^^'rC^h  o     U.  antaapate  „vat  a.lv.nua.e.  when, 

the  state;  and  Napk       a     r  ^^^^^^^^      ^_^__^.^^^  ^^^^^^^._.  ^,,  ,,^,^  . 

in  1575.  1--  «-^  '■^-^^"^■'';"    '"  '"  :    ,        ,  („,,,,lle  tma-elv  the  tule  <.t 

When  the  inhabitants  „I  t  lu  Ne.he.lan  ,.,,,,iallv  a.uain^t 

,eeao,n,revoUeaa,ai,.tte  tyranny  Ol.   a^^^ 

the  hated    lnMtns,t,„n,  the   lhke.,1    Al  .,,,„^,,  .„„„„Uted 

in.urve.-.ion    lonahly  a,t,l  w.tn    n,or.        ,'^'"l'  ^^    ^  '    ;„   ,,<,-,„.„!, 

the  ..attet-to  hi>  hands,  and  ^enthnn  to    ne  N-  '  '      _,,;  ^;,.,^..„^ 

-   -   -'^'•''^'■'  ^"^iVr^itd  t       in.  h  he  artetavan 

hnn-lfat   hr>t    prestdul.  and   o  e  ,„„,,„„,,1    ,11    wnhont 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


m 


saimiiinarv    Juan   de  Varga- 


Tili,    trilianal    (otal 


sangmn.iry    iua„   ...     ......  .Uih-ons    or  w!a-e  wealth  ex<  iled 

ai.tin<tie,n  who>e   -1  — VT  1  e  U'vin..-   a,al    the  dead,  were 

cttpiditv.      The  present  and.  the  ab^uU.  .  a   "       -^  „te  . -utned. 

.nbieeted  abke   to  trial,  and  then-  l^'-'M-  >   <  ^    ;   '       J^,;.,.^    ^.„,,„,„, 

-"-^'rr"?'^"^rt;:;::d':;:::::r:;::..onedthe,r. 

to    Kngland;   above    one    '"  ^^     ^,,,^,,.  ^,,^.  .„„„,,.  „f  the  pre.,  rd.e.l 

'■-■'"■•^'r"'";nd''w:[n;        o      O;:,;;        Co,n,tK,n.ont.althoa,h 
princes,   I-oin.    and   ^^   '"  ;       ,_  ,,,^,,,,,  ,.,  save  !us  private 

entreated  tt.  leave  by  the  1  iin.e  ol  (an,. 

property,  thinking  that  his  return  ,0  "-  < "  '^  ^  ^  .  '  ^^,„,  ,,„,„  ,, 
\v,'en  .Mvaenterea  P.iaisseK  >■-;;-"•  ""^•'"  ',",,.,  ,.„  .  oniV 
secure  his  favor  bv  pre-ents.      1  k  appe  ^,^^_^^^^ 

aence,  when   suaaenlv.  after   a   sittm,   '"       ^  !     ■,^,,,  ,  .„■  <,,en, 

Hoorn  were  treacherotislv  sei/ed   and  cameo  >     '  -      '      ;     ^^,.,^.^,„ 
The  states  of  Brabant  songh,  ,0  withdraw  F.gniont  bom  the  ,n 


of  tlK'  ''l-5I(30(Iy  Council."  aiul  Egmont,  as  a  knight  of  the  Golden 
ldcc(c,  denied  its  c()nii)eten(y  to  try  liim.  ]]iit  all  \va^  in  vain:  he 
\va>  held  guilt)-  of  ( ontuniacy,  and,  along  with  Count  Hoorn,  con- 
demned to  death.  June  4,  1568.  they  were  both  beheaded  in  the 
niarket-i-hue  of  Brussels.  The  people,  in  a  i^aroxysm  of  svmpathv, 
dipped  handkerchiefs  in  tlie  blood  tliat  seemed  shed  in  martvrdom  to 
freedom.  J'igmont  left  eleven  chilch-en,  three  of  whom  were  son.. 
The  whole  of  his  large  proi^erty  was  confiscated. 

Alva  afterward.^  defeated    IVince  Louis,  and   compelled  William  of 
Orange  to  retire   into  Germany;   upon  which  he  entered   Brus.sels   in 
the  greatest  triumph,  in  1568.      The  Tope  i)resented   him  with  a  con- 
secrated  hat  and   sword,  as  defender  of  the  Catholic   faith;   an   honor 
which,   having   been    hitherto  conferred  only  on  crowned   heads,   in- 
crease<l  his  insolence  to  the  highest  degree.      He  caused  a  statue  to  be 
cast,  m  which  he  was  represented  as  trampling  under  foot  two  human 
figures,  representing  the  nobles  and  the  people  of  the  Netherlands ;  and 
this  he  set  up  in  Antwerp.     His  executioners  shed  more  blood  than  his 
soldiers  ;  and  none  now  withstood  his  arms  except  Holland  and  Zealand. 
Ihit  these  provinces  continually  renewed  their  efforts  again.->t  him,  and 
succeeded    in   destroying   the    fleet  which    had    been    ecpii^jped   by  his 
orders,      'iliis  disaster,  and   })erhaps  still   more  the  apprehension   that 
he  might  lose  the  king's  favor,  induced  him  to  request  that  he  mi'^lu 
be   recalled.      Philip  gladly   acceded,  as   he  perceived   that   tlie   obsti- 
nacy ot    the  rebels  was  only  increased   by  these  cruelties,  and   he  was 
de>irous  of  trying  the  effect  of  milder  measures.      Alva  accordingly 
resigned   the  (-ommand  of  the   troops   to  Don   Luis  de  Recpiesens,  in 
1573.   and   left   the  country,  in   which,  as  he   himself  boasted,  he  had 
executed    eiglueen    th.oiisand    men.      The   war   which  he   had   kindled 
burned    for  sixty-eight   year.-.,   and    cost    Spain    eight    hundred    million 
dollars,  her  flne^t  troops,  and  the  loss  of  seven  of  the  richest  provinces 
of  the  Netherlands. 

L  IS  related  in  old  (ierman  chronicles  of  the  sixteenth  (-enturv,  that 
Katharina  von  Schwarzburg  once  made  the  terrible  Duke  of  Alva 
tremble.  She  was  a  German  dame,  belonging  to  a  house  which  had 
been  noted  for  it>  heroes  from  the  earliest  times,  and  which  had  uiven 
the  Emperor  Günther  to  Ciermany. 

Li  1547,  when  the  I-hiiperor  Charles  V.,  after  the  victory  of  Mühl- 
berg, was  about  to  send  some  of  his  troops  through  Thuringia  to  the 
Netherlands,  Katharina  obtained  from  him  a  safeguard  or  warrant  that 
her  subjects  and  her  i)roperty  should  be  unmolested  on  the  march  of 
the  Spanish  troops   through   her  territories.      On  her  part,  she  was  to 


3^4 


JIOiSK    Of  AL'STK/:t. 


furnish  bread,  hc.r.  an.l   .uhcr   ,,roviM.,n.  U.r  a  fair  .au  .  at  ,hc    .r,a   e 
„r  Ruaoi.a,U,  over  whi.h  ,hc  ar,nv  wa>  u.  pas.      -^'     '.^'^   ^^,        , 

caution,   ,u.wever,   UM.".,   .^--r:^   ''•■•^-;;;'-;;^ 

nriulu   not   be  Icl   int..  tcn,,.t,u,on.      At   tlu    -nnc   tn.K 

to    her   subieets,  «ho   l.vecl   on   the   rca.l    tl,e   ,roo,.>  we,e     o    tak. , 

b  i        .11  tl  eir  treasures  to  the  ea^le  of  RtaloLtadt  .or  .alekeepn- 

:::.i;:: ;;;;: 'e^riir;:- '.ir;^  •--- 

S        a,vbtn-..       so  modest  a  rennest  fron,  tl,e  lu-a-l  of  a  .-owertul  ar,n v 

n  1    .veil  be  re.used     -  What  the  hou>e  alford.ed  wouUl  be  K-en, 
could  not  well  i)e  iLiu>c<i.  sinic 

,    the  .n.wcr       ''  Mi.  l-:x(  cllcncv  wouUl  be  wcUonu'.         At  the  >amL 
•;     ;::i;i.edh,ntoft,.esa..nard.andre,,ue..,h,,nto^ 

it  wa,  .tnetlv  entoreed.      A  fnen.lly   re-eption   and   a   w.  bhlled     a     . 
;  uLd       e  duke  and  his  stute  at  the  ,a.le.  and  he  eo,n,.bme,Ued  the 
Th       ;  an  danK.  on   her  ,ood   kuehen.  and   ,,^^^^ 

i  e^  .>..d  not  been   seate.l   Ion,  at   the  table  when  a  tne-^en,.,  o, 

S      iness  .ailed  lKa.<uU  of  the  rootn  and  n,unan,a,     or  that  o.n,o. 

.,U„,.     Ka.hanna  wa,  a  n.o.her  to  her  l-'l''^  "':■'""'";;  ■,„„^,„„  ,, 
th.  ,,,,orest  of  her  M.b,..  t.  ...u.  lu.l  iua-  abn        Kx„vn,..!>    n    l,-n„nt  ,  . 

thi>  brca.  h  of  faith,  vet  witlunii  i.-m.: 


iHT  velf-posscssioii.  >1h'  ordered 


her    servant,   to    arnt    in.antU,    an.l    bar    t!u.    ,  ,ot  1.-.  .;-.      >-    <  ^^^ 

'    „.reel    to   her    .ueM,    n,    tia-  hall,    i.^fnrn.e.i   then,    ..    tne    n  «s   she 
:  a    l.:^o.le.lanned.d.,..vnt)v.,.,nthe.li.-egar,o.UK: 

.,    b..,lw,a,l.,,tl,elan,.r.,r.      Sho  .  v.  an.u  er..! .  «  .n,  a  .v„b      hat 
^        ^^  1      ,n  >'■  '    M,ld'.-iN    oa-mi:    throiiL;h    a 

''^■''■-'•'-■'^"•::,;:;'rr.:::if    "We    Ln.ee,"    replied 

rr"-    "'ir'  -'Mvi .,bie.-ts  na.st  be    aaletaniftcd,  or, 

'^^"''■""'■'■^  •:         ,      „    ...rrne^.  ■  .la-,  o.pincr   tones,    "princes' 

h\    (br.L"   she    contieaa.i,    ii>    earner.    ..a.,..        ,,  i 

bioodioro.cn.Moodl"     ^Val-l-  explicU  declaration  s^e^- 

swords.  iK)lit'ai\  t-uk  d.ea  pinrts  it  ,        ,    ,    .,„,1    ,he   rruests 

.t    tabU-        \t    tiu^   tbc    Puk.  -t    Alvi.    .hanged   colui,  anu    Ml   ,ues 

'  '  ■    ,^    th.v  N.'pai   tl.,.„^.blves  obliged  to  accept  the  terms 

bv  stout  wanaoi.-,  tht\    ^^.a^-'i  _     ^  .  first  to 

(,itcR-d   bv  the   offeP.oid   oan...       ii        . 

,    -  »      1  i  1  I  n  (  !        ■  1  1  M  1        t )  U 1  ~"  I       '  L      1  1  1  t  '  '      Ulli-.''-  1 

re.ov.r  h..   pre.en.e  ..t    rnna.,  ai..l,  la  ^^     ^    ^    _ 

,vsensd,lewav,,f.ettn,,,aUof,h,.,^!ea.,.  ..-.^ 


jocosely.      rrai.mg    the   (aaunte^^  lur 


iua-  u.i 


oilu/rlv  rare  of  her   peuple, 


RUDOLPH  II. 


3^5 


and  tlic  admirable  courage  slie  had  sliown,  he  beiJircd  her  to  feel  no 
anxiet}-,  pledging  himself  to  answer  tor  it  that  the  Duke  of  Alva  would 
make  good  the  damage  her  people  had  sustained.  As  soon  as  the 
countess  felt  >ure  that  rei)aration  would  be  made,  she  j^racefuUv  and 
cordiall}-  thanked  her  guests,  who  took  leave  of  her  with  the  utmost 
courtesw  and  iumiediateh'  fulfilled  the  sti])ulations  thev  had  made. 


RUDuLi'il  11.,  RUDOLPH   DER  ZWEITE,     a.d.   1576-1612. 
"  Fulget  Caisaris  astrum."     (Caesar's  biar  bhines.) 

RuDOi  rn,  King  (jf  P.ohemia  and  Ilungary,  and  Archduke  of  Atistria, 

wa^   elected  an<l    crowned   at   Rati.-^bon    in    1575.      He  was   in  almost 

ever}"    re-^pect    the    opposite 

of  his  Puller.    He  had  >pent 

his    \-ouih    at     the    Sj)ani^]■l 

court,    and    been    educated 

b\-    the    Jesuits.       After     the 

discover\-   of  America,    tlie 

connnerce  of  the  world  had 

taken      another     diixTtion. 

and     the    Netherlands,    as- 
piring    to      indepen<lence, 

blockaded   tiie   Rhine,  tliiis 

destroying    tlie     i/ro>|.iLrity 

of  tlie  Rh-an'-h  towiis ; 
and  the  rising  })ower  of  the 
English  began  to  eclipse 
the  trade  of  the  Hanse 
towns.  Rudolph,  instead 
of  occupying  himself  with 
the  condition  of  commen  e 
or  the  state  of  affliirs  in 
the  empire,  spent  his  time 
conversing  witii  I'valio 
I^r.ihe  and  Kejjler  al">out 
astronomv,  or  absorbed  iii 
astroloL,^v  a.nd  al«  jit-inw 

His  long  reign  affords  a  melancholy  proof  that   in  stirring  and  diffi- 
cult  times  irre.-^olution   and   iiiiiifference  may  produce  as  great  evils  as 


RODOLPHE  IT. 


;  I  (J 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


.1 


;L, 


The  state 


t.'liuM!v,aK-«iiui-,  i.,i.,    IK...  ,.,,„,.„^,1,  ,,,-,,.„.lc.nn    iiu;:.  lor 

'^-'^■'-'■v''''.^7;;  :u;.>.--•■>^■''■'- 
.l-nlvllKUUu.vh,.ln,.u,  ^^^^^^  ^^^^^^  ^^^^    „.,,»1.   Uu.,,,. 
.,K.,uv,  an.l    ,ncn,Mn,.,.l    c.      ■»  .                 „„,,,,,,  „olv>n~t:>nre  of.he 

the  laiul.  .         .  ^^.;^|^  t^  cir  rrdle-^tiUU  inin- 

In   a.Mi.ion  to  thi>,  a  hodv  ol   euu.K.n  ^      '         ,      ,^„^._  „,„,,,,   „uir 

nu,nl.cr,  nvrcascl  so  ra,u  1     "         ';  ^      ^  ^     ,„  (,,,,„„,  ,„.  Kk.aor 
Cebbanl  iVU  n,  lovc«Ub  v.-  '-'-;;'       ,,„,,,,,„„._:..,■  l.o.lu.,. 

,„>i.in,g   on   Uus   vrood.n.u.  .''    ,,,,,1    ,„    K,,n,c   and    to   t'ao 

KnM.c.-or.anaola.anult.on  ^^  ^^      ^.^^^.^^^.^^    ^,,    ,„. 

(VUlutnl.      The    eha,,or    --';;;„,   ,,,,,„,,   „.„.,..   he   to„k 
--■-■'■••   -^'^   '•>:  "''■T;,:^:  -.UlKuVrn.  .ooU  K.fu.e   .n  the 

imme.liate   pos-esMon   ol   tHe    lan    .  m,,^,„,p,.  wluve  hr  la.  anie 

Nchedands,  an,l  ^--^fl-^"^'      u'v.'^.^.n.  pnnee- ,,nie.,v 
.lean  .■(  the  rhapter,  and  UumI  in  K.o.  ,,  ,,,,  ,,,,„iMtion  of 

s„..nntte.l  to  his  deposition  an,l  -'j'  ;;;;V     ;;''-,,  ,„  u!eni  of  va. 
,  new  vote   in  the  electoral  —''-,,  ,   ,„   ,„,   hint, 

eonsennenee.      The   Lutheran    l'^'-^^^  :,',„',,,;,,  ..  ,„hn  C'a.i- 

„i,,  Cotntt  raUttine.  advanced  .uh  a    .  s^  ^^_^^^^  ^^_      ^     ,_.^ 

■   the  return  of  the   I'-avanan  troop.,  and  the 

-•"•  -^>-  ^?""  '^"'  ':  ;'!:iL;';;:rti:;'n  of  hi.  Chtn.  h.  and  .-o„ld  hear 

John  Casnrt.r  was  a  ^'^  ""       '    \.^,,.,^;,^,,  ■,  ,a,nis-ion  al.opiher  tnto 

,,,Hi,g  of  the  Lutheran     "  !;',-;;.,  ,.,  „,„  „  f,on,  the  nuTn. 


RUDOLPH  H. 


1  ■%  " 


'ITic  r^lector  I'lcderic  III.  Ikk!  |)revious  to  his  decease  gone  over  to  \\\<z 
Calvinists;  aiui  oT  his  two  sons,  John  adhered  (o  hir.  fatlier'-.  principles, 
while  the  elder.  T^Duis,  the  elector,  was  so  stmng  a  Liuliuran  that  he 
would  not  even  alh)w  the  Calvinistic  ehaphiin  of  hii>  late  fatlier  to 
pronounce  the  inneial  oration  o\cr  liis  remains.  In  aajcordasice  witli 
this  hostile  lViin\u.  he  ck-pris-ed  the  C;d\-inists  of  all  their  churrh.es, 
and  -^ent  adl  their  (  leri:\iiien  as  well  a>  teachers  out  of  th.e  (  onntr\-  : 
tiieir  ninnher  aniount ini,^  to  more  than  two  hundred.  At  the  premature 
de  nil  of  Loui>,  the  guardianshi])  of  his  son.  Frederic  IV.,  devolved 
upon  John  (Ai.sinhr,  and  everything  underwent  an  entire  change  ;  the 
Luiheran>,  in  their  turn,  were  treated  as  his  l)rot]icr  had  treated  the 
C\ilvini>ts,  and  the  \()ung  i^rince  was  strictlv  educated  in  the  catechism 
of  Calvin.  'I'hrough  su(d-i  fanatic  zeal,  the  Palatinate  was  forced  to 
change  its  religion  tliree  times  in  the  course  of  sixty  years. 

'I'he  old  Cluna  h  ex(aised  itself  in  proceeding  as  it  did  against  the 
new  one,  sine  e  the  latter  showed  so  little  tolerance  towards  its  own 
di.^c  iples.  The  town  of  Donauwerth,  which  had  been  a  free  imperial 
town  wh.en  it  adopted  Protestantism,  brought  upon  itself  the  ban  of 
the  en.i[)ire  on  account  of  its  religious  disputes,  and  in  1607  it  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Duke  Maximilian  of  Bavaria,  who  executed  the 
senten.ce  oi  excounnunication  ])ronounced  again>t  it.  Austria  itself 
was  not  free  from  the  general  disturbance.  The  Protestants  were  in- 
(reading  in  numbers  in  Vienna;  and  com{)laint  after  comi)laint  reacdi- 
iug  Rudolph,  he  de})rived  them  of  their  churches  and  their  rights  cjf 
{  itizenship  throughout  all  the  towns  of  Austria.  In  Hungary  there 
was  great  discontent,  because  the  Em{)eror  paid  so  little  attention  to 
the  affairs  of  state,  never  even  once  visiting  that  kingdom,  but  j^er- 
mittiuLT  his  German  soldiers  to  commit  everv  sort  of  insolenc-e  and 
violeiK  c  without  control.  Sometimes  occui)ied  with  Tycho  brah  *  and 
Kepler  in  the  noble  subject  of  astronomy,  sometimes  reading  the  stars 
with  a>trologers,  or  busied  with  alchemists  in  his  laboratory,  trying  to 
manufacture  gold,  or  collecting  works  of  art,  statuary,  and  ])aintings, 
for  wlii(  h  he  })aid  immense  sums,  Rudoli)h  had  neither  the  time  nor 
the  iiu  lination  to  attend  to  anything  else.  This  inactivity  could  not 
be  re-arded  by  his  brothers  and  cousins  with  indifference,  especially 
:is  he  had  no  children.  Accordingly,  in  1606.  they  met  and  consulted 
toirether  about  what  was  best  to  be  done  for  the  weblire  of  their  house, 
and  rinallv  drew  up  an  agreement,  according  to  wdiich  Matthias,  the  next 
eldest  brother  of  the  I^hnjjeror,  was  empowered  to  restore  order  forth- 
with both  in  Hunuarvand  in  Austria.  Rudolph  was  at  first  mu(  h  dis- 
satisfied  with  this  arrangement  ;    but  after  a  few  years  he  yielded,  and 


I/iU'S/-:    Or 


J  I  S  I'J^Ll. 


RCDOLPII  IL 


319 


•         1    t.  M  uihM.  Ihc  uPP'^'i-  and   lower  i>orlion>  of  the 
Au>trian  lerntorv  alonu   tn.  Ln>,  t<  .a  UinvarN,  and   atier 

tne  aeaU.  of  the    Hun,anan    nolK    M^^^^^^^^^ 

with  the   I  uik^,  \\^\^^   ,-.'^'''^''    I 

subjeo.c!  „  .ho,.tl,cr  U;  ln>  au,h,.n,v  ^^  ._  ^^^_^  ^,^^  ^._^^^_ 

.V..^.^i  r.ohonna:  and  inc    l.oaun.  u    1  ;,^,,,.,.,r  ,hou-  rc- 

,,,;.    Oacv  ol.ta.nc.i    m.n   bun.  .u  .000.  tiu    „.. 


.„eir  ..wn  ,  oiiv.^toiy.  i1h'  -mrciu.cr  o 


flh 


li.lon.  thc.>;aM.>hmc.u  o,   men-...,,  --'•■-■-• 


clvvirc  !u>  in 


aihlitu> 


-ei 


1.      'X\\\>   unportaiit  aomnient, 


••■l-hirl)  VcaiV  War.''  „.,,•  .waval  ivli^io».  parties  in 

Surh  iVchn,-  oi   ,r,.t,  uM  a.a.  ..  kh  ,  ,,.,;,,„,    .„-opos..!.    ,n 

G..-nunv.  ,hat  UK.  Kicto,- 1- .vao.- ..  ^'^ '■"■;;;;:,.,,,., „, 

.Oo^.an,.,.u..an.,n,uu..VoKM,.mi....-.^ 

name  ^^i  v^^  "  /:  r^/^/C^'//' "■    ^    •■■'  '  '  /  .  ,      |,^.  ^'^,,,iu  I'ahi- 

l>'^"-^'  >"="■''  ^'^"^  .^"   h  ,^,,  IV.Uc  ..-  U-aruanl.:..  <n.  Margrave 

oflUacn.an.Uhc   ,u..o:X,-,.l.ur.N...    .  ..       ^  ^^,^^      ,,,.^^ 

nnron,..t,uM«-uon.on.u.annuo,      .  - 

Hl-ororiUanacnbur,w,.no:aa.,>aK.      .    .       ._^^^ 

l-t    the   KU-Cor...   --->---''''-;;,,,,,,.,:..,,,!.  nu-,.,l,i  be 

foun.!.  on  the  one  bar..,,  tna,  ..k    un  ,,;.„,b,.,inn  ..line 

on  the  oU,er.  ir,  re.,U.  woula  .e  n.llnn      K^.     -      ..  .  ^ 

reb-ion;   the  I'abuuie  xv,>.   to   hav.   .ureUi 

ancfit^  term  w.i-  to  extend  ten  year-..  ^  ,„„,,,,o,I  the  be.nuinil 

Int6o,.l>.kelohnWnb.tmo,     ;u,e.  1  ,      ,^    ,^ 

'■'"•'^  of  the  bower  1-U.ne,  ^^^^^X::'^^^-  - ■-■^-  ■>"  -•-'' 

°-  '--"^   ^->- •■'"''''■t.re tr    e:'  a,n,,etUor.  .,r  h.  nnK.,-uan..e, 

to  German  prntces;  -•■'----     -  ,,.    ,^^,^.   ^.,„,„-,.  „,,.le  the 

ana   Ruaol,,h,  regara.n.mt  .t.  ,    ^.u....         ^^„^,,^.,.„,,,,„„1   N.ubur.. 
"-"^-      '^-'-'-V^-^^^'T^^;'::::::;:  .i^ernionio.n.v.       in 


lic-s   or   il,c   I'rotestants,  was  to  be  strengthened   l>y  so   important   an 
accession.      Hollan.l,  England,  and   Henry  IV.  of  France  took  sides 
».th   the   I'rotc.ants.      The  Kmperor  sent  h,s  brother,  theAr.hduke 
Leopold,  Bishop  of  Passan,  to  take  possession  of  the   land  as  a  varant 
liel   Ol    the  empire,  but  gained  nothing  more  tlian  tlie  eitv  and   f  .-tre.s 
<'t     In  hers,    uhere   i,e   ua.    admitted    by   the  governor  ;    l,e,   however 
eanscd  Irol,  bo.bes  of  M.ldicr.  to  be  raised  in  Alsace,  and   resolved  to 
■»^'■»tain  the  rights  of  the  Emi.eror  by  force.     This  stej,  of  the  House 
Ol   .Austria  raised   the  ire  of  ,i,e  Evangelical   Union,  who.se  members 
suddenly  took  up  arms  and  marche.l  throughout  the  .sees  of  the  Kinne 
—  .Mayence,    Treves,    Coh.gne,    Worms,    Si,eyer,   and    others.— wiiere' 
ievving  ..ontributions,   and   exercising    tlie  greatest   violence   in   everv 
I  ireclH.n,  tlicy  raise.l  the  most  bitter  feeling  among  the  Catholics,  and 
delcrnuncd    lluan  likewise  to  tonn  an  alliance.      'J'he  ]!ishop  of  Wiirz- 
I'Mi-g.  ,n   ,0,0.   formed    the    -(Jatholu:   League,"  and   bishops   wce   ds 
!"'","'l';"'  ■'>-'"l"--'-     ■'•l>i^  was  iomed  also  by  the  princes  of  bavaria,-  and 
l>uke  Maximilian  \.  of  Havana  was  placol  at  its  head.      The  Em,,eror 
;"\"'''^''"''''  ""  ^'>^""^-  '"  ""^  eonfe,lerac^■.     The  League  conten.led  s»  far 
lor  Austria  as  u  ,.,uglu  liie  I'rotest.tiu  ,,rinces,  but  .-\ustna  ilself  soon  had 
cau.e  to  tremble  before  ,1.      The  amis  of  the  Union  ha.l  been  tolerable 
s.uae-sful  in  jiiliers  an.l  Alsace,  but  no   French  armv  came  to  their  aid 
on  tue  R!nne,-(i,e.laggerof  Ravaillac  sto|.ped  them.-and  the  Union 
was  i,„ved  to  conclude  a  pe.u  e  with  the  Archduke  Leopold.  ISishop  of 
■Nr.isburg  and   i'assau.      Jloth   parties  agreed  to  withdraw  their  troops 
liom  Als.iee,  ex.  hange  prisoners,  an.l  burv  the  past  in  oblivion 

Ku.lolplrs   remaining   3  ears   were  embittere.l    bv   vexati.Kis   ,,uarrels 
with  his  famil)-.      He  w,,s  mu,  h  .lissatisfied  with  his  brother  .\L«thias 
and   Leo,,ol,l  was  the  only  one  of  his  relations  for  whom   he  ha.l  anv 
alhvti.,,,.      He  felt,  therefore,  .b.sirous  of  giving  hi.n  his  kiiK'.Iom  ..f 
],ohemia._the   last   ,n    his   po,sse.ssion,_and   in    the   vear  ,611  he  em- 
powered  the  ar,-hdt,ked,ish.,p  to   march  with   his  trooi>s  fro:n   ]>ass.u, 
nn.i   enter    liohemia.      The  liohemians,  naturallv  imagining   that   these 
hostile   pr.M-ee<iings  were  dire.te.l   against  their  reli-ion,  fiew  to  arms 
ma.le  the  l-.mperora  prisoner  in  his  own  castle  of  Prague,  and  summoned 
^b.tthias  t.)  their  aid.  wlio  obeve.l   the    call   at   once,  entere.l    IVa-aie 
.imi.lst  the  a.alainationsan.i  rei.,i.ungs  of  the  l.eople.  and.  alter  a  biuer 
an.l  m,,rtify,ng  negotiati.m.  forced  Rudolp,h  to  yield  him  the  crown  of 
Bohemia. 


■;20 


HOUSE    Of  ,irsTA'/.l. 


I,  is  .ai,l  that  aurin,^  tb.s  time  of  .rot.Me.  a.u!  in  tlu-  irri.at.on  ol  tb.c 
,,omcnt.  Ruaol,.h  ln„.t  „pen  the  w,n,h.v.„.  h.  n.nn  -;•-'';;";■;• 

,,„    ,,e..ame   eleva.e.l.    an.l    to.lay    von    un,,ate.ull>    .le.a      an,!    .an, 
;,„,    baek    n,.a,   sourhenefaet.,,-:      Maw.a,    he    ,..M,e,      l'>>--'    " 
:,,anee  .>.  CnKl.  an.l  may  11,.  eur~e  lall  ,.,H,n  v,n,  a,ul  l-l-">'a.         lU 
ri.ed    a,    Pra.ne,  ,n    ,  ,„  ..  aue.l  »x.  v.      He   neve,"   ,n  ,r,ao..       lae   A. 
y,,/.;,...,.   /::AW.  eaU  ulatea  In  KeHe.- ana  Ty,  h,,  Iha^e  J>a^ 

.„■■,-e>,,t  .a,  e,a  ,n  the   annaU  ...   a.t,onn,nv.      K„.a.:,l,  wa.  bu,,ea   ,„ 
Prauuc. 

F,„,,,M    was   still    L'Ove,ne.l  hy   (.'nee,,    !;ii/abe,h,    a,ui    the   ..Hn'.t.'V 
,,a-    in'a   ,l,.a,a~l,in,  V.,mi,.,.a,.      In    ,577.    porkel  wat.  he,   we,e    tn-t 


broii-iu    iVoin   (Icnnaiu-  to  l-ji-land.      'I 


'he    -lobe  was   lir-^l  rircmnnav- 
;.  :au:a  hv  an  Kn,l,>hn,an-^„^   Vr...  ,,  L.ak;^-  an  ,..=        In  the.  yea,. 
bo    ,he-„,e..e.,a,l,e,wa,   ,n„-.,an,e,i    in,. ,  Kn.lan.ll  .v  ,1k.  Ka,  I  .. 
\,-nn.lel.       In    .^SU.  \A.i    .^»e,-    ph-t    -a,    .o,anea    hv    the    .a,h.,l,,s    ,., 
a,,,,,,,,,,   l-li.ah'eth  an.l   ,.la.e   Maryv.  ( -ueen   .,f  Se...,.  un    ,ne   „nnne. 
-\-  U-n.lh  ia,/al>e!h's  s,a,eMnen  in.ln.  ea  laT  ,o  rons.-nt  to  Ma,-y  .  exe- 
;,;.,„;:  ,n,.S:.      ,t,,,a,.l.i,a,,fiaizahe,hhaa,h..enle,t,o..x..r,<e 
her  ..wn  nnhia-e.l  jn.l_,nen,,  he,-  annaU  uo.sa  have  ,e,na,nea_nn-al,u  .1 
,.v  the   eseeu„on   of  .Nho'v.^a  ,  ,  „ne  wln.h  .ann.a   he  jn.fhe.l  e„her 
onm.nal.,ron,...l„i,a!,ur.n,n.i,.      in  ,  .^.S,  I'l-ni'  H-  ';'   Nya,n,  .h. 
wa>  he,,,   t.,..m    ,he   aeM,n..t,ea,  ,,,M.:n,lana,.  f.tt.a    ,an   tne  l,na,,pl.^^ 

.\nnaaa,  uhi.h  .amMM.a  o,"  ..ne  hnn.hva   ana,   ,h„avani.       All   tn 
I'n.teMan,    l..we,-.   in    lanoye   ,e,anie,i   .in,   en,e,T,-i.e   a.   the   .  r,,,.  al 
even,    wh.eh   wa.   ,o   .!e.  ,ae   havver   ,he    la,e   ..t^    ,h,a,-   ,ah,.,on.^      1  he 
s.nnia,   a.l>nl,-al   an.l   v,.e-aa,nn-a   hn,h   .l,e,l   he.o.e   ,!„•   a.anaoa   «as 
'J.a.lv   to   leave    Li^hon  :   ana«l,en    „   -lal   leave,  a   vi.len,   s,or,nn,e, 
it    on    lea^,n^    the    po,,,    ^nkin.u    Mane    ol     the    Mnaih,-    shi^s    ■r^^■ 
f.n-.in,     ,he\.thers    to    ,o    ha.  k     a,nl     reut.       When    a,     hav.th    ,he 
arma.l,  api.ea.e.l   ,n   ,h,e   I'n.hsh   ( -hannel,  the  a,!,.,  ...ve.e.l  .t^l^ue 
Ol-  seven  „„!e,  in  ex,ent.      IVlw.en  tlnrtv  an.i   lortv  M„a,ll  ve^s.-K  «.-re 
■ill    the    Fn.aia,   ..,nM    ,nn-,e,-.       I  .o,-a    Howai'.l  .a'  Kft,ngha,n    -.vas    ,he 
a.lmi,-a    aial    Drake.    Mawk.n,,  an.l   r,-nhis!,er  Mfv.al  nn.Ur  hnn         n 
'oracr',.;  uet    the  news  m.ae  ex,...l,t,.a,av,  Kh/aheth  an.l   I'.nrle.gh  ,  e- 
vise.l  an.!  l.nhlishe.l  the  in-t  a,te,ni.t  a,  a  i,a,vern,nen,  „eu>|.ai.er.  .alle.l 
the  "  \r„.a.ia  Men  nrv."     H,.wa,al  sent  tlre-sh.i.^  ,n  a,n..n-  the  enemv  - 
ves.cl.,  npon  whi.h   thev  se,.a,-ate.l,  an.l   the   F,n,uh>i>   -'h'-nb   »"■^■'^■^ 
of  them       The  Spaniaras  then  nnaerto.-k  to  sail  a,-.a,n.l  l-a,da,Kl,  an.i 


COXr£MI'OIiAA'/ES. 


321 


Howai-.j  with  his  ships  followed  them.  At  Flamborough  Head,  the 
.Spanish  vessels  were  terribly  shattered  by  a  storm  ;  seventeen  of  them 
were  wre.  keil  on  the  Western  Isles,  and  the  coast  of  Ireland  ;  and 
only  fifty-three  of  the  whole  armada  reached  Spain,  in  a  miserable  con- 
dition. Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  under  a  patent  from  Elizabeth,  planted 
two  (oionies  on  Roanoke  Island;  and  the  queen  gave  the  name  of 
Virginia  to  the  country.  Sir  Philip  Sydney  lost  his  life  in  helping  the 
l'rolestan,s  in  the  Netherlands.  Shakspeare  lived  in  the  time  of  Eliza- 
beth. iMighui.l  now  asserted  its  strength  in  turn,  and  became  terrible 
to  its  invaders.  Elizabeth  .lied  in  1603,  at  the  age  of  seventy,  after 
a  reign  of  forty-five  years,  which  had  been  one  of  the  brightest  periods 
in  the  historv  of  Eii'dand. 

Janirs  /T.  of  Scotland  and  I.  of  England,  son  of  Mary,  Queen  of 
Scots,  came  to  the  throne  in  1603.  In  the  very  beginning  of  his  reign 
the  Gunpowder  Plot  was  formed  to  blow  up  the  parliament  and  the 
ro\al  family,  and  thus  bring  the  kingdom  back  to  the  Pope.  James 
discovered  it,  and  the  conspirators  were  punished. 

Jl'ouy  III.,  King  of  France,  another  son  of  Catherine  de  Medici, 
was  even  more  weak  and  frivolous  than  his  brother,  and  abandoned 
all  affairs  to  his  mother  and  her  favorites.  The  ambition  of  the  Duke 
of  Giuse  was  so  great  that  Henry,  becoming  afraid  of  him,  determined 
to  have  him  assassinated.  Henry  sent  for  him  on  pretense  of  having 
some  affairs  of  im})ortance  to  communicate.  Henry  had  chosen  nine 
of  his  guards  for  the  purpose  of  killing  the  duke,  and  he  put  a  poniard 
into  the  hands  of  each  of  them,  ordering  them  to  strike  quickly.  As  the 
duke  entered  the  king's  antechamber,  six  poniards  were  pUinged  into 
his  breast,  so  that  his  death  was  instantaneous.  When  this  horrid  deed 
was  done,  Henrv  went  to  his  mother,  and  said,  ''  Now  I  am  a  kine 
again,  for  the  Duke  of  Guise  is  dead."  Catherine  cooll\  reolied,  '*  We 
shall  see  what  will  come  of  it."  The  duke's  fate  was  scarcely  lamented  ; 
for  he  was  a  rebel  to  his  sovereign,  and  had  taken  an  active  part  in  the 
massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  and  even  trampled  on  the  dead  body  of 
Admiral  de  Coligny,*  whom  he  ordered  to  be  thrown  out  of  the 
window  after  he  was  murdered.  His  brother,  the  Cardinal  of  Lorraine, 
a  man  as  ambitious  and  haughty  as  himself,  was  also  assassinated  a  few 
dav>  afterwards. 


*  The  first  attcinpi  at  permanent  colonization  in  the  United  States  by  the  French  was 
made  l)y  I-'rcncli  Huguenots,  under  the  patronage  of  Admiral  de  Coligny.  Jean  Ribault, 
in  I5'a2,  Willi  a  company  of  French  emigrants,  entered  Port  Royal  Harbor,  where  he  built 
a  fort,  named  the  c-juntry  Carolina,  and  claimed  it  for  Charles  IX.  of  France. 

21 


3-2 


no  CSE    OF  ALS  TRI  A. 


In  1573,  tlic  Duke  of  Anjou  w.is  clcctcil  King  of  Poland.  He  was 
at  Cracow  when  he  heard  of  the  deatli  of  his  brother,  ("hailes  IX.,  and 
was  so  impatient  to  reac  h  I'Vance  that,  \vithi)ut  takmi:  any  niea^nrer. 
for  tlie  L^overnnient  of  hi^  king(h)ni,  he  set  off  sO(  retl}'  in  the  night, 
and  never  stoj)i)ed  till  he  arrived  in  Paris.  The  Poles,  finding  tliat  he 
did  not  retnrn,  chose  another  king. 

When  Henry  foinid  that  the  cvds  by  which  he  had  been  snrronndeil 
'were  all  owing  to  the  intrigues  of  his  mother,  he  for])ade  her  to  apj-ear 
in  the  council,  and  loaded  her  with  bitter  reproaches.  The  r.ige  to 
which  Catherine  gave  vent  in  conse(|uence  brought  on  a  \  ioK'ni  W\^\, 
of  which  she  died  at  lilois,  in  15S9,  aged  seventw  PK-r  (  liihhi  n,  be- 
sides I'Vancis  IP,  Charles  IX.,  and  Henry  IIP,  were  Pouis,  X'k  toria, 
and  Jane,  who  died  in  their  infanc}' ;  Pdizal)eth,  wife  of  Pliilip  W. 
of  Spain  ;  Prancis,  Duke  of  Alen(,-()n  and  Ih-abant  ;  Cknide,  riKinied 
to  Charles  IP,  Duke  of  Lorraine;  and  Margaret  tie  \'alois,  {\x>\  wife 
of  Plenry  the  Creat. 

The  onl)-  thing  that  does  honor  to  Catherine  de  Me(li(  i  was  her  love 
for  the  arts.  Besides  the  'Pihleries  and  the  Hotel  de  Scji^sons.  whit  h 
she  built  at  Paris,  she  erected  the  beautiful  (  häteau  de  CIkmujik  CcUix, 
in  Touraine;  she  also  enriched  the  royal  library  of  PariN  with  a  great 
number  of  Greek  and  P.atin  manuscripts,  and  with  a  portion  of  the 
books  which  her  great-grandfatlier,  Poren/o  de  xMediei,  inuchased  from 
the  'Purks  after  the  taking  of  Con^tantinople. 

The  same  \ear  his  mother  died,  Henry  was  stabbed  b\-  a  monk  named 
Jacques  Clement.  He  sent  at  once  for  the  King  of  Navarre,  det  hired 
him  his  successor,  and  (-onjured  him  to  renounce  the  Reformed  religion. 
In  Henry  IIP  the  House  of  Valois  became  extinct,  having  o(  <  n])ied 
the  throne  two  hundred  and  sixty-one  years.  Heni\'s  wife  wa->  the 
eldest  daughter  of  Louis,  Count  de  X^audemont,  Duke  de  Mercieur,  of 
the  House  of  Lorraine,  and  of  Margaret  d'l\gnu)nt.  'Phe  i-norance 
of  the  age  was  sucdi  that  the  whole  of  the  education  of  Poni^a  of  Lor- 
raine consisted  in  her  accpiaintance  with  the  Lives  of  the  Saints.  'Phe 
marriage  was  celel)rated  with  great  magnificence  in  the  <  atludral  of 
Rbeims  in  1575.  Henry  was  so  capti\ated  by  Poui->a's  appraran*  e  in 
her  ro\-al  robes  that  he  ])assed  the  greater  part  of  the  day  of  lur  con- 
secration in  assisting  at  her  toilet.  .At  this  ei)och  luxury  made  great 
innovations  in  the  style  of  dress  worn  at  court.  Catherine  de  Medici 
had  brought  from  Italy  false  hair,  paint,  ])atches,  and  perfumes.  Henry 
himself  covered  his  face  with  a  cosmetic  prej)arati()n  at  night,  which 
in  the  morning  was  washed  ^){{.  Pie  declared  he  had  ne\er  seen  any- 
thing half  so  beautiful  as  liis  ro}al  spouse  ;   l)Ut  her  manners  were  (  old 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


323 


Xm 


and  reserved,  and  the  novelty  of  her  beautiful  fiice  soon  wore  off,  and 
he  ne-dected  her.      On  receiving  the  news  of  Henry's  assassination  she 
fainted,  an<l  wa.  for  some  days  dangerously  ill.      When  dying,  Henry 
traced  with  a  feeble  hand  these  lines :   -  My  dear,  you  have  heard  how 
badly  wounded  I  have  been  ;   I  hope  it  will  be  nothmg  ;   pray  God  for 
me;  adieu,   my  dear."      Louisa  was  in  Touraine  Nvhen  she  heard  of 
her  husband's  death  at  St.  Cloud.      This  catastrophe  aroused  a  degree 
of  energv  in  the  heart  of  Louisa  of  which  she  had  hitherto  appeared 
incapable.     She  conceived  a  detestation  for  the  League,  and  the  falla- 
cious principles  which  it  advocated  under  the  veil  of  religion.      \\  hen 
the  luthoritv  of  Henrv  IV.  was  established,  she  entreated  him  and  the 
parliauKuU  'to  punish  her  husband's  murderers.      Her  latter  days  were 
devoted    to   ])ious    foundations    and   pilgrimages.       She   died    at   tue 
(  hateau  of    Moulins  in   1601,  and  was  buried  in  the  convent  of  the 
Capuchins,  at  Paris,  which   Henry  IV.  built  at  her  request.      She  had 
but  one  (hild,  which  died  at  its  birth.     The  streets  of  Paris  were  first 
li<dited  bv  order  of  this   queen,  who  established  the  custom  of  hxmg 
the   images  of  saints  at  the  corners  of  the  streets,  in  honor  of  which 
statues  lamps  were  burnt  near  them  throughout  the  night. 

Ilcurx  //:,  the  first  of  the  House  of  Bourbon,  %vas  frank  and 
cheerfiil,  brave  and  generous,  active  and  sincere,  and  became  the 
most  popular  monarch  tlie  French  ever  had.  Seeing  that  it  would 
restore  peace  to  the  contending  factions  in  his  country,  he  Decame  a 
Catholic,  but  m-anted  the  Edict  of  Nantes  for  the  protection  ol  the 
Hu-uenots.  He  promoted  arts  and  manufiictures,  founded  the  silk- 
tracle  at  Lvons,  and  studied  in  all  things  the  interests  of  his  people. 
The  Duke'of  Siillv  was  his  faithful  friend  and  able  minister.  Henry 
came  to  the  throne  in  1589,  and  was  assassinated  by  a  crazv  monk, 
named  RavaiUac,  in  1610.  'Phe  great  memoir-writers  of  his  time  were 
the  Duke  of  SuUv,  De  'Phou,  and  Theodore  d'Aubigne,  halt-brother  of 
the  kin<s  and  grandfather  of  Madame  de  Maintenon. 

Maruvrt^k  Valois,  first  wife  of  Henry  the  C^reU,  and  daughter  of 
Henryk  I.  and  Catherine  de  Medici,  was  celebrated  for  her  beauty, 
talent's,  and  vices.  She  was  married  to  Henry  in  1572;  but,  as  their 
temi-ers  were  quite  incompatible,  and  their  marriage  was  entirely 
pobtic-al  it  was  not  long  before  their  mutual  indifference  became 
mutual  aversion.  At  length  her  conduct  was  such  that  she  was  com- 
mitted to  the  fortress  of  Usson,  where  she  wis  condemned  to  drag  on 
a  life  of  captivitv,  although  only  thirty-five  years  of  age,  and  still 
beaut ifiil.  Certainlv  Margaret  had  had  much  to  complain  of  m  the 
infidelity  of  her  husband,  who  was  never  without  a  favorite  until  the 


3-4 


nOi'SE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


day  of  his  death.  The  most  famous  were  tlie  Countess  de  (jui(  lie, 
known  as  Z^z  belle  Corisaiuir,  (iabnelle  d'l-'.strees,  and  Henrietta  d'l^n- 
traigues,  who  was  his  \ery  scourge.  Margaret,  after  >lie  (  unMiited  to 
a  divorce,  left  I'sson,  and  a]>i)e.ired  at  the  (  ourl  of  l-'ranc  e  in  1605, 
after  a  captivity  of  twenty  _\ears.  She  ilied  at  the  Hotel  of  \\w  l\ui- 
bourg  St.  (ierinain,  in  1615,  aged  sixty-three,  and  wa.^  huned  at  the 
cathedral  of  Saint  Denis. 

Mary  lie  Mciliti,  '~,(!Vo\v\  wife  of  Henry  \\ . ,  was  thedauglucr  of  I'ranc  is 
n.,  (Irand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  and  ot"  jane  of  Austria.  Slic  was  twcnt  \ -^i.v 
years  of  age  when  she  wa^  married  to  Henry,  m  1600.  Mar\  \\a^  tall  and 
handsome;  she  had  a  kind  and  generoirs  heart,  and  an  intellec  tual  cUid 
penetrating  mind;  but  she  had  an  inordinate  share  of  vanitv  and  an 
excessive  degree  of  obstinacy.  Her  father  gave  her  as  her  dower  six 
hundred  thousand  crowns,  and  a  (piantity  of  superb  diamond^  and 
precious  stones,  and  all  tlie  debts  owed  him  bv  Henrv  I\'.  'i'he  king, 
who  was  an  object  of  veneration  to  all  Juu-()i)e,  and  who  had  restored 
peace  to  France,  coidd  not  find  it  in  the  bosom  of  his  famds' ;  but  it 
was  his  own  fault.  His  nimierous  infidelities,  and  the  (pieen's  jealous 
and  haughty  temjier,  were  the  causes  of  hi>  domestic  dissensions.  'I'he 
dauphin,  afterwards  Dotiis  XHI.,  was  born  in  1601,  and  gave  great  joy 
to  Henry  and  the  nation,  as  fifty-eight  }ears  liad  ela])Ned  >in(  e  the 
birth  of  a  dauphin  had  oc(  urred  in  l^ant  e,  the  hist  having  been 
Francis  H. 

Mary  had  never  been  crowned,  and  in  t6io  she  demanded  that  the 
ceremony  should  be  performed.  She  ap])eared  at  this  solemnity  bla/in'^ 
with  jewels,  and  Henry,  who  was  gratified  at  beholding  her  in  these  ri(  h 
ornaments,  heightened  her  glory  and  vanity  1)\'  declaring  in  his  enthu- 
siasm that  he  had  never  seen  so  handsome  a  woman  as  his  (pieen.  d'he 
ceremony  was  ])erformed  at  Saint  Denis  b\-  Cardinal  b)\ciise.  Ma\-  j  : 
1610;  and  the  cpieen  was  to  make  her  granil  entr\  into  Paris  on  tiie 
15th.  On  the  [4th,  the  king  started  for  the  arsenal  in  his  ( oa*  h,  the 
curtains  of  which  were  drawn  up,  that  he  might  see  the  preparation^  for 
the  reception  of  his  queen.  At  the  (  rossing  of  a  street  his  ( oac  h  was 
stopped  by  a  throng  of  vehicles  passing  in  a  different  direction  ;  and 
at  tliat  instant  Ravaillac  jumped  on  the  wheel  of  the  (oacli.  and 
stabbed  the  king  twice  in  the  breast.  d"he  general  jov  was  turned  into 
universal  mourning,  and  the  voice  of  all  I'VaiK  e  exclaimed,  "We 
have  lost  our  father."  d'he  courtiers  at  once  assembled  in  haste  to 
determine  what  should  be  done.  The  cjueen  was  dec  hired  re^eiit. 
Mary  dismissed  Henrv's  faithhd  friend  Sull\ ,  as  well  ;is  jeannin  and 
Villeroi.      The  discarded    miidsters  were   replaced    b\    father  Cotton, 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


325 


the  Pope's  nuncio,  and  the  ambassador  of  Spain,  all  of  whom  were  sus- 
pected as  accom[)lices  in  the  death  of  the  king,  but  who  were  never- 
theless loaded  with  fiivors.  The  queen's  friend  and  confidante,  Leonora 
(ialigai,  and  her  husband,  Concini,  obtained  entire  influence  over  her. 
Leonora  being  asked  how  she  had  oh)tained  such  influence, — ''  Have  you 
not  employed  i)hilters,  magic,  and  supernatural  means?"  "None,''  she 
re|)lied,  "but  that  ascendency  which  strong  minds  possess  over  the 
weak."  While  the  husband  regndated  the  affairs  of  state,  the  wife 
oc(  upied  herself  with  all  concerns  of  a  lucroative  nature,  and  sold 
favors  and  privileges.  Henry  IV.  left  a  flourishing  kingdom  ;  he  had 
l)aid  twenty-five  millions  of  debts  out  of  a  revenue  of  thirty-five  mil- 
lions, and  left  thirty  millions,  the  fruit  of  his  economy,  in  the  treasury; 
and  the  (jueen,  after  having  dissipated  this  treasure,  burdened  the 
nation  with  taxes,  and,  placing  France  under  the  yoke  of  Spain,  con- 
firmed the  general  opinion  that  she  was  not  a  stranger  to  the  conspiracy 
which  had  compassed  the  king's  death. 

William  /.,  the  Silent,  Prince  of  Orange,  was  born  in  1533,  at  the 
castle  of  Dillenburg,  in  Nassau.  He  was  educated  in  the  Roman 
Catholic-  faith  by  Mary,  Queen  of  Hungary,  sister  of  the  Emperor 
Charles  V.,  and  spent  nine  years  in  attendance  on  the  person  of  the 
Fh-nperor,  who  had  so  high  an  esteem  for  the  spirit,  prudence,  and 
intelligence  of  the  j^rince  that  he  asked  his  opinion  respecting  the 
most  important  matters,  and  when  he  was  but  twenty-two  years  old 
intrusted  him  with  the  chief  command  of  the  army  in  the  Nether- 
lands, in  the  absence  of  the  Duke  of  Savoy.  He  also  recommended 
him  to  his  successor,  Philip  H.,  who,  deceived  by  the  calumnies  of 
the  Spaniards,  regarded  him,  as  we  have  seen,  as  the  cause  of  the 
resistance  he  met  with  in  the  Netherlands.  After  Cardinal  Granvelle 
was  succeeded  by  the  Duke  of  Alva,  Count  Egmont  was  the  only  one 
who  advised  his  friends  to  trust  to  tiie  grace  and  clemency  of  the 
king.  "This  grace,"  replied  the  sagacious  Orange,  "will  be  our 
destruction,  and  F^gmont  the  bridge  by  which  the  Spaniards  will  pass 
into  the  Netherlands,  and  wdiich  then  they  will  destroy."  When 
Granvelle,  ai'ter  the  execution  of  Egmont  and  Hoorn,  asked  whether 
Alva  had  taken  the  Silent  One,  meaning  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and 
was  told  that  he  had  not,  he  said,  "If  this  fish  is  not  caught,  the 
duke's  fishing  is  good  for  nothing."  Alva  summoned  William  and 
other  nobles  to  appear  before  the  council  of  twelve;  and  when  William 
refiised  to  api)ear,  he  confiscated  his  property,  and  removed  his  son 
Philip  William,  then  thirteen  years  of  age,  from  the  University  of 
Lou  vain   and   sent   him   as    a  hostage   to   Spain.      However,   he  was 


32Ö 


HO  CSE    or  AC'STI^/A. 


ovciit'i.'lh-  rc'cM-cJ.  .uiil  (Hrd   !:i   ir.iS.       W\\\'m\\  {ou'zhi  \\v.\   siiccess- 
^■'''}-      Ia)i:>  i>r  Ziiniga  and  Retiucsens  succectici  AIwi    \\\    i;;^  .:im1 
the  \c.ir  h>lK>\ving  tieleated  Louis  an«!   Hlim   .  :    Nassau,  tiic  bi.  thcrs 
of  the  prince,  wlio  both  tell  on  the  field  of  battle.      A\'il]lain  rai^^rd  tie 
siege   of    \x\i\-\\   l^y  brr.ikin-   d(M\;;    the   ihkr-.       /i:ni,..i   >oon   aücr 
died:   bnt    tiu'  Spanish  soIdiei>,;t    Aniutii     ((^niiniiud   ->iu  h  outra'^es 
that  all   the   ]  r^.vinces  <^f  the   Tuw  iVnintnes,  excej-ti!  -   I.iixemburg, 
r.nited   at    (;:ient.    in    157^.    m    expel  the    \ori'\^\\    troops  and    relieve 
themselw-  i"; .  111  religious  restraint.      Philip  row  appoii  le.l  ".^  1  .uiaal 
brotli.r.  1)  )n  John  of  Austria,  to  succeed    Reo^ne-ens.      l)v\\  lolip,  \io- 
lated  the  privilege-  granted  the  states  of  An:\\  eri'  bv  tbe  edict  o{  i;;;, 
and  thev  (.died  W'dliani  >.f  Ora-ge  to  ti:eir  aid  :    hat,  a>  ^e\eral   nobles 
were  oj.po^ed  to  'aim.  he  proposed  Matthias  of  Austria  as  stadtholder, 
while   ]:e   hini-eif  should    lia\  e    :ke    r.n^k   of  iieiitenant-<>-eneral.       Don 
John  <!v;ng  suddenly  Alexander  hArne-^e.  Trin-ei^f  rann.i.  -on  o\  M.ir- 
garet.  Duchess  o\  P.irnia.  u.;>  appointed  Ay  ri-bp  m  t.^ke  ,  nnmiand  ir 
the   Ne:neriand>.      Alexander  \\  ,k   a    |-.ra\e.  abka  and    I'olitic    "cncTaL 
who   knvw  iiow  to  win    tiie   lavor  of  t!ie   Belgians,  di-^ati^u'd  witii   the 
religious  peace  or  t:;e  political  etpialitx-  ^f  the  two  Chiuiviu'-.  and  (a>n- 
verted  to  the  Spanish  interest  t!:e  nobh-,  who  wca'e  d^aik^  ted  Iowar<ls 
the  V[\\\i:v  Mf  (  )ra!^-e.  and  tl^:-  the  elYe^  t  of  the  \  i(  torv  at  (leniMoar-. 
won  b\^  I)on  Joii-.  ^^•h!c]l  iiad  e>t.;"AAud  the  SpaiAAi  ^nper'(Mh:\'  m  tiie 


Walloon  i>ro\'n(o 


-.  \va-   wreath"  -trenuA:er 


^^A'ia^ll   tlien    brouLtht 


;?' 


-e\-en  !-;ortaern  ]tov::^^c>  into  closer  connection.  h\- the  lAdon  i){ 
Ltreciir.  m  1570.  and   t:uN   hiid  tiie  tAmidation  of  :i:e   republic  of  tiio 
L  nited  Netherhind-.        He   t:;en    -^troxe   to  er;ter   into   negotiations  for 
peace  at  Cologne:    hat  they  were  fruitle~<.       dhie  -tates.  at  tl^e  proposal 
o:    Whham.  (  oniArred    t'le   -m-erei^ntv  lai    Franc's.   Dake  of  A;encon. 
brotiier  of  Henrv  III.    <A    Franoe.   and    renonn<  ed    tlieir  a]k-ian(  e   to 
Philip  of  Spain  a-  a  t}aa-n.      Philip  liad  :Ar<:?A\  der  lared  tiie  Prin.'e  oA 
raran^e  outlawed,  a-  -'a   ]:eretic  and    lAAe  (hiri-thai.  anotlu-r  Cain  and 
Jnda-.   a   (  on^niitter  of  .ara-ile-e.  a   perjnrer.   an   instigator  of  tiie  di?- 
turban^es  in  t'le  Xeti^erlan« A.  .W:']  a  real  pe-t  of  lininan   so,  ictv."  and 
li-d  <et  a  price  of  two  ]a:ndred  and  uhy  tiionsand  <1(, liars  r,n  ]^i.  juaid. 
Whoever   dioald    de]i\er   Inn..   Pviag   or   dead,    into   the   liands    of  tiie 
Spaniards,  was  t(;  rcf  cive  a   j-ard!,n   lA)r  all   crimes,  and.  witli  Ids  ])o>- 
tefity,  be    raised  to   the  rank  ra"  no:)ility.      Ihie  sauc-s  in  eoi^sennence 
gave  him  a  l)od\--gnard,  and  tiie  priiK  e  replied   in   a  violent  nnniAA-to. 
in  wlA<h   he   ac*  !:se(l   Pinlip  of  h:-t    and    ninrder.  and  of  having   been 
[aivy  to    tile   deatli  of  his   son   D-n  Chirh^s   and  of   ids  \\hte  Kli/abeth. 


Meantime,  the    Dake  of  Parana,  who.e    lAther  had  died,  and    t 


o  whose 


COXTEMPOR  ARIES. 


,27 


title  Alexander  succeeded,  wa.  obliged  to  raise  the  siege  ot   Cambray, 
when  die  Duke  of  Aleiu/.n  a.lvanced  with  an  army.    The  hren*  h  prince 
wa.  hereupon  pro,  laimed  Duke  of  Ural>ant,  in  ^Pirch,   1582,  on  which 
occ>sion    the    brin<-e  of  (,)range   presented    him   the  ducal   coronet  and 
publalv  administered   the  oath  thai    he  would    reign   agreeably  to  tne 
e,_,Mnoet       d'nis    event    took  i>lace    at  Antwerp,  where  an    attempt  was 
soon  aber  made  to  a.^a.>inate  the  i>rince.      A  Spaniard  shot  him  under 
the  n Alt  ear,  and  the  ball  pas-e<l  out  through  hi.  letl  cheek,  <le.troying 
several  ol  his  teeth,      ddie  perpetrator  wais  cut  dcnvn  on  the  >p<n  by  the 
<.uiid        V  Spaniard  and  an    Italian  were  likewise  apprehended  tor  re- 
ceiMia.-   monev  Irom   the   Duke  of  Parma  to  make  way  with  the   Duke 
of    \Am(,on   an.l  William  of  Orange.      Both  were  convicted  :    one  wa. 
torn  to  pieces  bv  four  hor.es,  m  Paris,  and  the  other  put  an  end  to  his 
own  life     dAe  Duke  of  Alen^on  now  began  to  aim  at  unbmiled  power; 
but   his  design  of  making    him.elf  master  of  Bruges  and  Antwerp  w:is 
frnstraie<l  bv  the  citizens,  an.l   he  returned   to   France  m  1583,  where 
he  died  tlie'  .ime    year.       In  1584  tbe  Prince  of  Orange  wa.  .hot  in 
his  palace,  at  Delft,  by  a  young  Burgundian,  named  Balthazar  Gerard, 
,vho  h  Ml  insinuated    him.elf  nuo  hi.  confidence.      He  wa.  ri.mg  trom 
td)le    when    the    a.sa.sin  fired  a  pi.tol   at   him   containing   three  balls. 
He   led,  and  died  with  the  word.,  -  My  God  1   my  God  !      Have  pity 
on  me   and  on   thy  poor  people  :"      His  murderer  was   not   more   than 
twentv-two  vears  old.     On  his  examination,  he  confessed  that  a  tran- 
o.c  an  of  dhmrnav  and  a  Je.uit  of  Treves  had  persuaded  him  to  commit 
the  deed  bv  the  assurance  that  it  would  .ecure  his  eternal  salvation. 
Willi  I'u  was  fiftv-two  vears  old,  was  well   formed,  had  chestnut  hair, 
and   a  browni.h  complexion.      He  spoke   bttle,  but  what   he   said  was 
judi<  ious  and  pleasing.     In  the  art  of  winning  the  good  will  ot  men 
he  wa.  a  master.      In  his  house,  he  was  hospitable,  a  lover  oi  splendor, 
and  liberal  of  evervthing  but  his  confidence.      He  was  not  anxious  for 
his  own  exaltation,  but  lor  the  interest  of  the   people.     The  treedom, 
therefore    which  he  established  did  not  perish  with  him,  and  his  name 
has  a.  .piired  a  permanent  place  in  the  history  of  Europe.    He  was  four 
times  married.      His  son  Maurice,  who  succeeded  him  m  the  ottice  ot 
stadtholder,  wais  one  of  the  greatest  captains  of  his  age.     His  other  son, 
Frederic  Henrv,  grandson  of  Admiral  de  Coligny,  succeeded  Maurice, 
and  died   in   1647.      William   III.,  King  of  England,  was   Frederic  s 

grand.ijii.  ^  .  , 

AUxandn-  Farnes,;  Prince  of  Parma,  served  his  first  campaign  under 

hi.  un.  le   Don  lohn  of  Austria,  and  distinguished  himself  at  the  battle 

of  1  ci.anto.      He  afterward,  followed  his  mother  to  the  Low  Countries, 


32vS 


//ors/{  tv-'  jrs/-A/.L 


COXTEMPORA  RIES. 


329 


and  aiiK'd  m  obtaiiiiii-   the  vuiory  at  ( iianMoux.      He  \va>   made   i;ov- 
ernor   of    the   S|)ani-h    Netiierlan.ls  aiur   tlic   dLMthi-f   I  )oi^  J^hn/aiid 
earned  ow  tlie  war  a-aiii>t  William  otOran-e.      He  uoii  -reat  lame  in 
the   Mege   a\\k\   (  aptiire   of  Antwerp,   in    15S5.      TIk-    di    vjua  e>-^   el"    ihe 
Spanish  armacLi,  and    trie  pan  he  was  to  take  in  the  expcditiMn  a-anist 
Enghmd.  grieved  him  tlie   more   tVem    tile   (ontraM  11  pre>ented  lu   hi:^ 
lormer  sueecsses.      He  was  aj.pomtedt  (a  anmander-in cliiet' ot'  the  :aan\-. 
sent  to  the  a^sJManee  ot~  tlie  Tatliohi  s  m   I-'ninee,  and  eompelled.  HeP.ry 
i\\  .  to  raise  the  sie-e  ot"  Paris.      ^,einL,^  hinvever,  ill  supplied  with  ja'o- 
visions    and    money    bv    I'hilip.    an<l    insaftic  jentiv    supported    l)\-    tlie 
Lea-ue,  lie  was  forced  to  \ield  to  the  superior  power  r,f  Henrw  and  died 
soon    after   at    Arras,  in    \y)2.       He   was    i-,all\^    an   able  warrior,  aaid, 
thou-h  severe  in  liis  discipline,  was   almost    worsliiped    b\   his  soldiers. 
The  Farnese  family  became  extinct  in   ij^n      d'lie  name  of  ihi^  famiily 
has  lieen  bestowed  upon  several  celebrated,  works  of  art.      'I'iie  Farnese 
Palace  at  Rome  is  an  edifice  erected  by  Pope  Paul  HI.  before  his  acces- 
sion to  the  FIolv  See.  after   trie   desi-n  i.f  Antonio   ,\a   San   (hdlo.  and 
completed  bv  Michael  An-elo.     The  i-arnesina  ]s  a  verv  ek-mit  palace 
in  tlie  Trastevere.  celebrated  (  hiefl\-  t'or  tlie  frescoes  of  Rapliaeh      The 
rarn.ese  Pull  and  the  Farnese  Hercules,  antiijue  s(  ulptures.  wlm  h  were 
formerly  in  the  Farnese  Palarc,  are  n..w  in  the  museum  at  Naples. 

TJir   Dukr  r/\-l/r<7.   on    leavin-    the    Netherlands,   was    receiwd    at 
Madrid  with  the  highest  distinctior.,  but   shc.rtly  atler  was   banislied  to 
his  c-a.stle  of  Tzeda,  for  assisting   his  s>)n,.  who  had  l)een   arrested    for 
mi^demeanor  at  court,  to  escapee.       Ucrc  he  remained  two  years,  when 
the    troubles  in    Portugal,   the  crown   of  which   Philip  claimed   as   his 
hereditary  right,  induced  the  king  to  draw  Alva  from  hi>  retreat.    The 
duke  accordingly  led  an    army  into   Portugal,  anrl  drove  out  Don  An- 
tonio,,   who,  as  grandson   of   Johm    HP.  Iiad    taken    possession    of  the 
throne.      The   whole  country  was   specdilv   concpieiecP   in    15S1,   and 
Alva,  with  his  accustomed  crueltv  and  nipacity,  seized  tlie  trJasures  of 
the  capital,  while   he   allowed    the   M.ldiers  to'  phmder   without   mer<  y 
the  suburbs   and   the   surrounding  c ountrv.       Phili|,.,  dissatisfied    with 
these  proceedings,  desired  to  have  an  investigation  of  the  (onduc  t  of 
the   duke,  but    the   haughtv   bearing   of  the   latter,  and    the   ft-ir   of  a 
revolt,  induced   him   to  aband..n   liis  design.      Alva  died  at  Fisbon,  in 
15S2,  at  the  age  of  seventy-hair.      He  had   a   hne  c  r-untenance.  with  a 
haughty  air  and   a  robust   frame  :    lie  sK-pt  little,  wlrile  he  Imtli  labored 
and  wrote   much.      It  has  been    sai<l  of  |,,m   that   during  sixtv  vears  (.f 
military  service  he  never  Icjst  a  battle,  and  never  allowed  hinisJlf  tc;  be 
surprisecl. 


f 


* 


Canlinal  Cnmvellc  still  retained  his  post  witli  Pliü.p  ;  negotiated 
the  union  of  Portugal  with  Spain  ;  and  concluded  a  marriage  between 
the  Infanta  Catherine  an,l  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  which  was  a  master- 
stroke of  policv,  as  it  counteracted  the  plans  of  France  with  regard  to 
Milan  In  the  midst  of  this  incessant  occupation  he  die.l,  m  1586, 
of  consumpti.,n.  Whatever  opinion  may  be  formed  of  Granvelle,  all 
will  agree  that  he  was  indefatigable,  firm  in  his  resolutions,  irreproach- 
able in  his  administration,  and  steadily  active  in  the  cau=e  ol  Spam 

and  of  his  religion.  ,  ,    ,  ,         r  .1 

muruc  of  Nassau,    Prince   of  Orange,    and    Stadtholder   of  the 
United  Dutc'h  Provinces,  was  the  youngest  son  by  a  second  marriage 
of  William  I.,  Prince  of  Orange,  and  was  studying  at  Leyden  when  his 
father  was  assassinated.     The  provinces  of  Holland  and  Zealand,  and, 
soon  after,  Utrecht,  immediately  elected  the  young  prince  Stadtholder, 
and  his  talents  as  a  general  surpassed  all  expectations.     In   1590  he 
took  Iheda  bv  surprise,  and  delivered  Guelderland,  Overyssel,  tries- 
land,  and  Groningen  from  the  Spaniards.     With  the  chief  command  by 
land  and  sea  of  all  the  United   Provinces,  he  also  received  the  Stadt- 
holdership  of  Guehlerland  and  Overyssel  ;  that  of  Friesland  and  Gron- 
ingen being  conferred  on  his  cousin  William,  Count  of  Nassau.     Pre- 
vious to  the  tru.:e  of  twelve  years,  in  1609,  about  forty  towns  and  several 
fortresses  had  fallen  into  his  hands.    He  defeated  the  Spaniards  in  three 
pitched  battles,  at  the  same  time  that  naval  victories  were  gained  by 
the  vi<  e-admirals  of  the  republic  on  the  coasts  of  Spain  and  1- landers. 
Thus  become  the  object  of  the  general  affection  and  respect  of  his  coun- 
trymen, his  ambitious  spirit  now  aimed  at  sovereignty,      lo  effect  his 
purpose,  he  took  advantage  of  the  religious  quarrels  of  the  Armm.ans 
and  Gomarites,  or  the  Remonstrants  and  Counter-Remonstrants 

Jacobus  Anninius  studied  first  in  the  University  of  Leyden   and  after- 
wards went  to  Geneva,  where  he  received  the  instructions  of  Theodore 
B«a,  the  most  rigid  of  Calvinists,     On  his  return  to  Amsterdam    m 
,,88    he  was  appointed  minister,  and  was  commissioned  to  defend  the 
doctrine  of  Bez.a,  regarding  predestination,  against  the  charges  which 
the  ministers  of  Delft  had  proposed  to  make.     Arminius,  alter  care- 
fuUv  examining  both   sides  of   the   qt.estion,   at   last  came   to  adopt 
the'opinions  h^  had  been  commissioned  to  confute;  and  asserted,  in 
substance,  that  God  bestows  forgiveness  and  eternal  life  on  al    who 
repent  of  their  sins  and  believe  in  Christ ;  he  wills  that  all  men  should 
attain  salvation,  and  only  because  he  has  from  eternity  foreseen  the 
belief  or  unbelief  of  individuals  has  he  from  eternity  determined  the 
fate  of  each      The  greatest  enemy  of  Arminius  was  Francis  Gomar, 


00° 


i/i'i's/-: 


-U's^lAJA. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


h.s  rollcagu.   in  ,!„■  Vu\..r.a.  ,„   l.o.I..,,  aiul  l-uic,- ,1;..,  „es  be-^in 

'^^■'""■"',  '''""■.    ^--'-  "-  'i--  ^■-•-  /':v./,,vW.„  .xhii.iu.i    n,   „,ore 
"■">""..lc,l   puntv  ,h.,„  i„  ,lu  ir  iKn  ,-  .l,.,,„.„i,  „..       ,■;„■.  ,  ,  „ .  ,,-„,ep,,. 

'■';"""""'  '"'"■'  •"■■<■  "''-1  ti.c  .:.>.csof  Holland,  a,  nn,  under  the 
:"'^'"""'  ""i;'^-"  '-n>ev,.M.  a. enator.a.dilu-  !.„:,...!  1  la,,,  Grotius, 
'■"'""'  ;'"  "''"  "'  '"''  '-!>'ation  for  both  parties,  prohibiting^  nt  the 
-m,.  ,„„>.  ilu.  ,  „„t.ni.ance  ol  -he  ,  „un,ncr.y.  The  Countc-r-Remon- 
'"■■"";"'■  '  ■■■'^"^^^'^J  '-■'"-''  ">  -"'""if  to  this  cd.ct,  and  the  strife 
7""  '■;'""'^-  ^"  """'""^  "^^'^  ■^>>   Ara.unans  Icmd  it  necessary  to  guard 

tl'.<'n-l'.>-  l|..n,  personal  violence  by  appointing  a  safeguard  of  militia- 
'",'"•.     "'^'  '-■'"""■^^'■v   '.-V  merged   in   the  strife  of  party  politics 

-\l."ince  took  ,i,h  a..,,,,,,  of  this  to  crush  hi.  opponents  of  the  republican 

•'■'"■   " •■  '■'"''■■"  "■'■^''  ^"ll^erentsof  thc-Arminian  doctrines.    Several 

,:"""■■'•'";  "^•'^'  1'^'   '"  ■'•"^-among  them  the  aged  senator  Olden 
:"""'■'■■",■    "'""■   '''"°""«  ^™s   iM,,,risoned.      In   ihese  circumstances 
;.  ■-■  ■^■'";:  ";    """   "-'-'S  "lle,l,   :n    i6i,S,  attended  by  representatives 
^:"""""  ■^^■-'^■■^•""1-  i:ngland,  Scotlan.l,  Va.  I'alatinatc.  Switzerland 
,,  :^:"'''    '   "'     l'"-'^''Ti'l-   •■'"'!    iiiemcn.       This    svno,!    conhrme.l    the 

,^'-''8"V  ""T'""  ■""'  ''''  'f<-''''-"'<-^,-  Catech.sm  as  authorities  for 
the  refnnn,..l  .Imr.lu.  „i  ,!,.  N.,  i,.,  lands ;  and  three  htmdred  Ar- 
■ninian..  <  Incilv  preariu-r~.  uv:c  .xmü,,!  ,,,,„,  .„ire.  The  .lefeated 
P.TIV  M.n^hi  rclu^c  n,  f  ,-,,n,  .,  l!,>i,,e;n,  and  la.J.uul;  but  after- 
"an...  und.r  hrck-n,  IK-nr),  Maurice's  successor,'  ih.v  w,re  a.^ain 
tuleratcd  in  Holland.  '  "^ 

■        Notu-in„.,n,d„,g  al!  .Nranricc'.  efforts,  lu'  was  con,,.  IKd  to  abandon 
his  a,nl„t,n,i,   proje.-t.      IK-  dial  a,   ih,    li,„nc    in   ,„-..  a:i,l  was  suc- 
ceeded In-  h,s  brother  l-Ved.,-i,-    IK-n,-v.      Ti,>-   1,,.   ,,;    .\,,„„i,,  ,,,,  ,„ 
almost    „nI,,-ok,.-n   series  „I   b.inles,  sie,^e^,  and  vi,  tori,-..      Wa-   lu-  --,. 
derstoo,!  .,s  a  master,  and  c,.n,l„>-u-d   like  .,  hero.      lli.  -.nv-.y  wis  con- 
s.dercl  a.  the  be.t  .s.hool  of  the  ,n,li,a,-y  ait.      The   u,iu-,-al'-.  ,-,hi,ated 
under  him   have  contribute,!  to  his  fanie.      l,ik,-  .Mnn-o  „. -I,    j,.-  pos- 
sessed  the  rare  art  of  conducting  a  nunh  an.l   p,„  l„n,-  :,  ,:„„,--   like 
,\'auban,  the  genms  of  lorlin.ation  an,l  defence  ;  like  l-;,i^,-ne,  tlu-  .kill 
to  .support   the   most    ninnerons   anni,-.   i„   (Ik-   ,no.t   „ni.'ro.ln,  live   ■-,.! 
e.xhau-sted  ,-ountry  ;   bke  Ven,Ion,c,  the  g„o.i   lortnne   i„  „laain   „„.re 
from  the  soMiers  than  he  had  a  riglit  to  expel  :   l,ke  Cori.le    tha,  nn.- 
erring  ,v',//-,/'„7/ which  determines  (he  i^sue  of  the  b.iti  K- :  like  Ciiirles 
XH.,  the  l.ower  of  rendering  the  tn.e-ps  insensible  to,. ,1,1    jnin-er    .,„1 
suffenng,s;   like  Turenne,  that  of  sparing  human   lile.      In  ,l,e',,„in;„n 
of  I-olar.i,  iMaunce  was  the  greate-,!   infmtrv  ueneral  that   l,a,l  Jxi..e,i 
since  the  time  of  the  Romans.      He  had   learned  the  art  of  w.ir  irom 


^1 


,        .    .  1    1    M   ',v  r-ie  results  of  liis  own  and  others' 
the  ancients,  ami   cMended   ,i  .,)   i-ii-  resuus 

experience.  ,  .    ,  .-.,,,   i". anfror 

,      ,j   I        f     ),, -/,-.-r     was    the    t  iir,      son    o!     il',^    l.iii"-i^Or 
Albert,  Archduke  of  Aii>t'>'U  "-is   me 

x,r     -     T        11       He  WIS  brou-du   ni-attlie  Spanish  court,  an,l  ,.e,., 
Maximdiai,    11.      He  «as  brou,         1    _        „.,,,' „,„,e  ,ardinal,  in  15-'^+ 
cated  himsell  !,■  the  Church,      h,  1 , ,  ,  ii^  »■>■ 

Archbishopof  doie-lo.  an,l  ,!unn-  the  years  •594-9'^  >^''  '^\";^^ 
of  Viceroy  of  Portugal.  PhiHp  r-ext  appointe-l  him  Madtholder  m  „c 
t^l^.  Albert  now  .ban,l„nc,l  >-^-'-^--  f  ^i;^^;;;  ,V  ^ 
„   ,,,.,  married  the  Infanta  Isabella,  who  re.eived   the   ^^"         '" 

,r  her  dowry        ^H'en .  innnediately  ..uc,-  hi.  marnage,  proceeded    to 
^   t   ri:i;ds,-ana  discharged  the  duties  of  '^^^^  ^^^ ^^^^^^ 
and  dignity.     Cardinal  Beuinoglio,  who  reside,!  a  .onM,.e,..le   .me 
a   ii     o2  praises  his  uprightness,  hi.  moderation,  his  love  of  scaou 
I'y,  his  i;<Jnstry,  his  pe,.everar,ce,  and  his     ,scr..n,  thoug^  1.  does 
not  conceal  the  fact  that  he  was  a  i-nn,  e  ba,e     atte  .  i 
Z  war       i  Ic  displayed  at  fust  both  courage  and  enthusiasn  ,  but  .,. . 
ward    he  was  accused  ot  dilatoriness  ami  tinn.üty.    >'---'"--■  j'- 
o    receive  from  Spain  the  promised  help  ;  an.l.  moreover,  affau    h  d 

Iched  su.h   a  pit...   that  ''-■ '--'V■■'""^  ■' "T,3..nfe        .'l 
1,   wever   ,!a!  the  in-.t  that  ,  .-uM  he  done.     His  m.Ul,  moou.u  ,  .-n, 
unirecuting  character  contrihaited  essentially  to  the  re-e.abbshment 

of  the  Spanish  authority  in  '^^  f^;^''^:^^^^^^^  ^,  spain.  than 
/'/;///>  //  no  sooner  returned   ir..,m  the  Nctlierlanus  u)     1 

he^ll.  u.  hilhh  the •  he  made  if  v.torious  at  ^  e  .reat    K   d 

,■  ..    ,  n,„u,n.  whi,  h  took  place  on   St.   Lawrence  s  ,„>,  to  crec     a 
p  lace   u    honor  -f  that   saint.      Thi.  "  eighth  wonder  of  ^•--rU 
r  the   Spaniar.U  proiully  ^tyle.l   it.   situated  twenty-two   miles^  fion 
M     1-  ,l'  was  built'  in  thJ  form  of  a  gridiron,  because  the  samt  is  saia 
ve  suffere.1    n,artyr.lom   by  being   broiled   on   a  S-  '-n  " 

.0  1  ^v■v■  tt.  c;prve  the  threefold  purpose  ot  a  palace,  a 
TTcr-nr  -il  to  be  erectcc    wa-^  to  serve  luc  im^^^         i      i  ,     .      ,  i 

!    .        -  V,      .1  a  tomb  for  Philip's  parents,  as  well  as  for  their  des.end- 
-  ,       ,-  ,val  line  of  \,.^tria.     This  edifice  was  begun  m  1563.  -'"d 
;"'-^'''    '::;    ■    4  o  1  s  a  huge  rectangular  parallelogr.am.  sevet. 

;::;:       ;    a  ?,' tv-rour  feet  from  north  to  south,  and  hve  hundred  and 
;;  teet   from  east   to  west,  and  divi.led    into  long  courts,  .11 
■,      ,  -  the   interstices  of  the  bars.     Towers  at  each  angle  of  this 
;:::;„:,   1'  ;:;ient  the  .et  of  the  gridiron,  ^-^jclj  'S  supp^^^ 
I.  ivMv/un.i.ie  down  ;  and  from  the  centre  of  one  of  the  sides  a  rat^  e 
;       .Uli      ins,  forming  the  royal  residence,  and  -P-setrtrng  the 
tn.lle       it  is  an  immense  building,  having  fourteen  thousand  doors 
,       e  :-yen    thousand   windows,  and   its  cost  was  six  mrlhon  ducats. 


•^  ■■>  -^ 


/ior\sj-    or  .tcsvriA. 


A> 


given  a  degree  of  attention   m  tlu.  MM.iyui   ihc  nuc  arts 


Philij)  hai 

'^^'^'^!"   ^''^""^   "^  1*^''"-'  =  ^^  -'"  hiscon.lition.      lie  was  a  connoisseur  in 
^''■''^''^^"'  '''^'^   ''^"'^■^'  ''^'  ^'i  ^irchiiccluiv,  an. I  iio  prinre  of  hi.  tnnc   has 
Icit  bdiin,!  h,ni  M.  many  proofs  of  his  taste  and  ni,y,nincence  in  build- 
ing.     Philip  u-as  des?rnns  that  as  m.inv  of   t!u    materials  as  possible  fbr 
the  stiiK  tmc  of   ihc  I-srorial  should    he  collected  iV-.m  ids  own  domin- 
ions,      lia    uTiy   stone   of   its  walls   was   drawn    from    a    neighboring 
quarry,  the  })lo(  k.  .n   which  required  from  foiiv  lo  fifty  yoke  of  oxen 
to   draw.       The    jasper    came    from    tlie    neighborhood    of   Burgo   de 
Osma,,   and   ii,e  more  delicate  marbles,  of  a  great  variety  of  c'^olors 
from  the  mountain-ra' ges  in  the  south  of  the  Peninsula.     The  damasks 
and  velvets  were  supplied  from  the  manufactures  of  Granada.     Madrid, 
Toledo,  and  Saragossa  showed  the  proficiency  of  native  art  in  curious 
manullictures  of  bronze  and  iron,  and  occasionally  of  the  more  precious 
metals.     Yet  Philip  was  largely  indebted  to  his  foreign  possessions  for 
the  embellishment  of  the  interior  of  the  edifice.     Milan,  so  renowned 
at  that  period   for   its  fine  workmanship  in  steel,  gold,  and   precious 
sti^nes,  contributt  d.   many  exquisite  specimens  of  art.     The  walls  were 
clothed  with  gorgeous  tapestries  from  the  Flemish  looms.     Spanish  con- 
vents vied  with  one  another  in  lurnishing  embroideries  for  the  altars. 
Pvcn   t'lc  iddo  colonies  in  the  \(>w  Wor],!   i,,,]  jp,,f,  p,,^   j^^  the  great 
''''''^^•/'■''^   ^'^^  American   forests   their  cedar,  and  ebony,  and   richly- 
^y^^^^nU^    nidrli   displayed   all   their  magical  brilliancy  of   color 


t;nr, 


""''^■^'   '''-'    '''^^^'-^   "^   ^-'   ^-^^^''-    -.kinon.      TiK^   oil-paintings  and 

i>ciN  (kM,.r,ihM|  fhcw.di.  and  oodinirs  of  the  Escorial 
were   executed    ])VJTti->ts   <  rn'ciJv-  fVoni    \\a\v    ul,,....   ^-i-.-oLs   of  desirm 

die 


\'  ironi 

^i'  *'^'  .dl  li\!n-  j.ainter 
dfliuhlod    to  honor. 


\\ 


ving  s 


frescoe^  wliich  pro)t"'i 

'    I 
were  stiU  in  ad  their  t:]or\ . 
one  whom    Philip,  like   lii\  tatiua 
generous   patrona-e  the  wor]<l    i.  indel^ed    tor  s<,me  ot"   th"u  urearinL 

^'■''".^'"^^^^'"^   productiijns,  which   luuiid   a  llttin-  phiee  on  die  wad^  of 
the  Escorial. 

Philip's  first   wife  wa,.   his  cousin.    Marv  of  Portuued  :    hi.  second 
IMarv  Tudor  of  Knghmd  :    h,.  tliir.i.   Ladeda    or  Kd/aheth  ^  of  la-aice- 
and  since  the  death  of  Don  Carlo,  he  had  onlv  dau^liters  uuKumJ 
Ihe   Spaniards   longed    for  a   nude    lieir    to  the  crown-    he    tkeretdre 
married    again.       His    h.urth    witV    wa>    his    niece,    Anne    of    \„.mm 
daughter  of  the  Emperor  Maxi.ndian  II.,  who,  a>  well  as  Kh/d-eih  of' 
France,  had   been  i)lighted  to  the  unfortunate  Don  CarK.s       In    t^-o 
Anne  bade  a  last  adieu  to  her  father's  court,  and  witli  a  statelv  rciniue 
set  out  on  her  long  journey.     On  enterin-  FLniders,  she  wa>  received 
With  great   i)omp   by  the    Duke  of  Alva  at   tlie   head   of   the   Idemidi 


I 


CO.XTEMPOKARIES. 


333 


noble.      Soon  after  hev  arrival  Queen  Elizabeth  dispatched  a  squadron 
,,f  ,,  h,  vcscN.  with  offer,  to  transport  l-.er  to  Spai.i,  and  an  nn-,tat,..n 
|-;,/C,-   ,.,  v,Mt    l-:n.!:ti.d   on   iK-r  way.      The.e   offer,  were  courteously 
declined,  an.i  tfu;  Cennan  prnicess,  escorted  by  Count  ISo.^n,  .ap-tatn- 
general  of  the  Flemish  na.vy,  with  a  gallant  sqttadron,.  wa.  ^-^^^ ^ 
reaching  ibe  place  of  !ut  destination  i.t  le^.  than  a  week.      1  he  Atcn- 
bishop  of  Seville  and  li.e  Duke  of  Bejar,   w,ti>  ..  hrtlhant    tran.   o 
followers,  were  waiting  to  receive  her  as  she  landed  at  bantander,  and 
conductek  her  by  the  lay  of  Burgos  and  Valladobd  to  ''-  anctent  cty 
of  Segovia.     She  went  first  to  the  cathedrab  a:ai  after  the  lcD..m 
had  been  chanted  the  splendid   procession    took  its  way  to  the  far- 
famed   alcazar,  that    palace- fortress   originally  bu.lt   by  the    Moots 
Here  she  found  the  good  Princess  Juana,  Philip's  sister,  who  received 
"r  .dth   the  same  womanly  kindness  which  she  had  show^  twelv. 
years  before  to  Elizabeth  of  France  on  a  similar  occasion.     Phihp    it 
is  said,  obtained  his  first  view  of  his  betrothed  -'-■"^'7-'''"f  '"  ^i^; 
guise  among  the  cavalcade  of  courtiers,  he  accompanied  '«^  ^ntra   re 
fnto  the  capital.     The  marriage  took  place  the  next  day  m  the  ca  he^ 
dral,  the  Archbishop  of  Seville  perfornui^g  the  service.     As  soon  as 
the  building  of  the  Escorial  was  sttfficientlv  advanced  to  afford  stntab 
accommodation   for  his  young  queen.    I'nil.p   passet!  a  part  of     ^er^ 
summer   ...   its  cloistered   solitudes.     The  presence  o.  ^n.^.c  ,a.     .e^ 
cour.lv  tra..,  a.,Y..^ed  .n,neth,.t,  b.ke  an  air  ol  gayety  over  the  grand 
but  gloo.ne  p.le,  .o  whi,  h  it  b.td  been  bttie  accustomed. 

Her  we.lde,!  b.c  was  destined  not  to  be  a  long  one,-only  two  year. 
longer  that,  that  „f  Elizabeth.      She  wa.  blessed,  however  with  t  , ..ore 
nu.  erous    pro,e,.>-  tha.i    e.ther  of   her  predecessors.       N.e  h  d     o 
sons  a.id  a  da..,hter .  but  all  died  ...  ...fan<:y  or  early  childhood  e        , 

„H.  ,h.,d  .on,  who,  a.  I'hilip  111.,  lived  to  take  h.s  place  .n  the    o  a 
av.n.tv  of  C..t,le.     Anne  d.ed  in  158°,  >"  the  th.rty-f.r.t  year  ol   her 


1  was  buried  in  the  royal  chapel  of  the  Escorial. 


diverse,  an.l  disea.se  at  length  broke  Philip's  spirit.     In  ij^S  ^^e  h,.l 
,^,,,;,„,   „„.,,f   -Protector  of  the  League,"  in   France    m   t   e  w 
.died   the  War  of  the   fhree   Henrys;  that   is.  Henry  IIP,  Hcm>  of 
Navarre,  an.l  Henrv,  Duke  of  G.ii.e.     After  the  assassination  o    Henry 
II       I'h  lip  wa.  anx.ous  to  obtain  the  crown  of  France  for  his  daughter 
C-1 .'.' .  Fu-enia.     The  Protestant  princes  of  Europe,  dreading  the  power 
Uvu  w.ä.ld  thus  be  addetl  to  the  Spanish  monarchy,  resolved  to  st,,.port 
He.irv  IV.,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England  especially  assisted  h.m 
"uh  -.nonev  and  warlike  stores.     Henry  soon  got  t-  better  of  h.s 
l^en.e.,  antl  forced  the  Spanish  army  to  retreat;  and  Ph.l.p,  des.rous 


-t  ■>    I 

Ö  J  -f 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRLL 


of    ristorni-    tiMniiuiUa  \-   \■.^   h;^   ih)liliillüIJ^,   cuiRiiulcd    the  treaty  of 
A'cr\ii!s  wuh  VxAwvK.-.    lie  <lic.i  \\\v  lu-xt  vcar,  Septcml^cr  13,  1C9S.   The 


i^oiit,  dropsy,  and  .1  \  ioici: 


;     I . .<  ^,  .  1 


r   h.K 


alVlicted  niiii  (iiirinL;  the  last  two 


year.  Ol  ill.  ]ii(  ;   Inii  In    retained  his  senses  aia!  liis  activity  to  the  last. 
Sores  on  li;>  breast  and  knccs,  the  consequence  of  his  early  debaucher- 


ies, tli->turl)e( 


ia:>t  iia\>,  and  Ironi  their  (  on-u-ii  mailer  issued  swarms 


oi  !ue.  whu  li  the  j-h)  sirians  were  unable  to  d.estrow  Ho  bore  his 
snllerniij>  with  L^reat  inaiine'^s.  ■av^s.X  piinrtilion-h  ob-erxed  all  the  rites 
ot  the  railioiic  t'lHir<  in  Phnin  wa^  a  jaanee  «4"  (aniMderable  ca})acitv, 
and  he  entered  with  ha  ilit\-  into  tlie  details  of  aildir^.  Hi^  jionip. 
-enero^ity,  aetivitxa  and  just  adnnni>irat  ion,  wlien  it  did  nut  iineilere 
\\\\\\  his  own  jaavate  plans,  ^.a^X^.'  a  stron^^  inipies^ion  (ai  ti;e  minds  of 
men.;  but  his  boundU'ss  ambit  ion,  hi>  severitv.  and  lii>  -'u<^m\  saper- 
stition  made  his  rei-n  at  peritnl  (.t' wa.r  and  bad  pai.^siniis.  and  exhausted 
the  immense  resources  oi"  ]ii>  tanpire.  Amoni^  In.^  instninienis  wa  ^ 
poison,  wliich  he  familiarly  «rilkd  hi>  /v.//v/a.w-<// /// /</aa  (rest  in  peaee). 
With  his  reign  began  the  decline  of  the  Spanidi  monari  h\a 

ARTIsTS. 

A  revival  of  art  was  attempted,  in  Italy  by  two  classes  of  artists  .-  tlie 
Eclectu-s,  who  eiuleavored  to  select  and  unite  the  be.st  (jualities  of  each 
of  the    i^reat    masters,    combined    with    the   study  of   nature;    and    tlie 
Naturali^ti,  who  aimed  at  forming  an  independent  ht\le,  distiiK  t  iVom 
that  ot   the  earlier  masters,  ba.sed    on    the    in(li^<  riminate    imitation   of 
common   life,  and   treated   in   a   bcdd   and    lively  manner.      The   most 
celebrated  eclec  tic  S(diool  was   founded  at  P>ologna  by  Ludoviio  Car- 
racci,  who  lived  1555-1619,  and  who  was  assisted  by  his  two  nepiieus, 
Agostini    and    Annil)ale,    the    latter   the   most    eminent    of   the    three. 
Among   the   arti.-.ts   reared    in    this    school,    Domenidiino    and    (baido 
Reni   were  by   far  the   most  endnent.      Mi(  hael    Angelo  Ameriulii  i\x 
Caravaggio  (1569-1609)  was    the   founder  of  the   naturalistic  s(  hool  ; 
he  resided  ])rincipally  at  Rome,  but  at  a   later  i)erio(l  went  to  Naples, 
Malta,  and   Sicily;    the  greatest   slren-th  of  this  school  was  at  Nappies, 
where  they  ])erseveringly  ()i)posed  the   f  )llowers  of   the   Carra« a  i.  their 
leader  being' Giuseppe   Ribera,  a  Spaidard,   hence  called  Spa-noletto 

(1593-1^5^^''-      ^^'it^^  \\\\\q\\  of  the  force  of  Caravaggio,  he  united  more 
delicacy  and  greater  vivacity  of  color. 

Torquato  lasso,  the  Italian  ])oet,  e([i]ally  remarkable  for  his  genius 
and  his  misfortunes,  went  to  Rome  in  1594,  and  was  receixed  with 
great  distinction.  Pope  Clement  VIII.  overwhelmed  him  with  praises, 
and  said  to  him,  ''I  give  to  you  the  laurel,  that  it  mav  rec  eive  as  mn<  h 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


a  o  0 


honor  from  you  a<  it  has  conferred  ujion  th')>e  who  liave  had  it  l)efore 
you."  The  solemnity  was,  liowever,  dela\ed  until  ^pring,  in  order  to 
give  it  the  greater  splendor.  During  tlie  winter  Ta>so's  health  tailed 
more  and  more,  and  he  died  April  25,  1595,  the  very  day  which  liad 
been  appointed  f  m  liis  coronation. 

James  Crichton,  a  Scotli.di  r>cliolar,  was  so  remarkable  for  hi.,  mer.tal 
am<l  bodily  endowments  that  he  was  mdversally  entitled  the  Adiu:rable 
Crichton.      At   twenty  he  could  s}K:ak  ten  different   language^,  and  was 
perfe.  il}  versed  m  all  tiie  lighter  accomplishments  of  fencing,  dancing, 
.i«p[   niusi.-.      He  traveled  inKJ  diiTerent  countries,  and  charmed  every 
one  bv  his  prowe-.s  and,  lil)erality.      The  Duke  of  Mantua  engaged  him 
to  ])e'tnaor  to  his  son,  Vincentio.      During  the  carnival,  Crichton  was 
walkin-   m   the  streets  of  Mantua.  ])laying  on  his  guitar,  when  several 
persons  disguised   in  masks  attacked  him;   but   he  repelled   them,  and 
disarmed  their  leader,  who,  pulling  off  his  mask,  pleaded    tbr  his  life. 
It  wa>  Vincentio.      Crichton,   apologizing  for  his  mistake  with  more 
-dlantrv  than  propriety,  fell  on  his  knees,  and,  giving  his  sword  to  the 
prince,  'bade   him  take-   his  life  if   he   pleased.      The   base  Vincentio, 
actuated  bv  mean  and  paltry  passions,  profited  by  his  tutor's  generosity, 
and,  seizing  the  offered  weapon,  stabbed  Crichton  to  the  heart  !     This 

was  in  1581. 

Mi^^uclde  Cervantes  Saavedra,  one  of  the  greatest  imaginative  writers 
of  Spain,  was  a  contemporary  of  the  Emperor  Rudolph.  He  published 
his  immortal  work,  Don  Quixote,  in  1605.  The  first  part  of  this  great 
satirical  work  appeared  in  Madrid,  and  was  received  at  first  coolly,  but 
soon  afterwards  with  loud  applause,  which,  at  a  later  period,  was  echoed 
from  all  iKirts  of  educated  Em-ope. 

East  India  Company.— Y^om  the  time  when  Vasco  da  Gama  effected 
the  eastern  passage  to  India,  by  doubling  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  in 
1497,  the  Portuguese  carried  on  an  extensive  trade  with  that  country, 
unafll'cted  Ijy  rivals  until  nearly  a  century  afterwards,  when  the  Dutch 
and  English' began  to  compete  with  them.  In  December,  1600,  a 
charter  was  grained  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to  a  number  of  London  mer- 
chants, undeT  the  title' of  "  The  Governor  and  Company  of  Merchants 
of  London  trading  to  the  East  Indies."  Their  principal  settlements 
were  made  at  Bombay,  Madras,  and  Calcutta. 


SS^' 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


MATTHIAS,  MATHIAS,     a.d.   1612-1619. 
"  Amat  victoria  cura?."     (Victory  loves  trt)iil)lc.) 


MASH  IAS, 


^Fai'ihias,  tlie  eUkst 
brother  of  Rudolpli,  was 
elected  by  both  Catholics 
and  Protestant^.  The  for- 
mer relied  on  the  viuorand 
activitN"  he  had  tnrnierlv 
displayed  :  the  latter  on  his 
present  :-eeininL;'  weakne>s. 
He  was  (  rowned  -at  l"r;ink- 
tcjrt,  June  :..\,  i  61  2,  The 
ceremoin'  (T  hi>  <  oronation 
was  performed  with  ureat 
splendor.  M.itthias  had  \\\ 
his  suite  1 1  rec  t  liou-;ir;d  p-er- 
sons.  two  ilinusjud  liorses, 
anil  one  laandrcd  can  kilxcs, 
drawn  each  1)V  lour  hordes, 

arnl  iDii-igntrs,  witnt-ssing 
tl  .■  grand  anil  I'lilliant 
scenes.  ii;i  i:lJ;I  (Jv. many 
unu  1)1  till'  first  countries  in 
t!ie  \v.>r!;!.  'I  lie  Catholics 
iTitertaincd  liigli  hopes, 
\\lu  II  ihey  remembered  the 
ii^riüi  1  .•>  livitvand  firmness 


1 


(.1    ;  ill-  ii«   I  i:i|>eror,  while 
lu'   ^iiiiiL'd    in    health. 


the  Protc^t.ip.t-i  took  i  oiir:ii;c,  -iiinu  ln'W  ill 
rriiiie  Chri^li.in  of  Anhah,  on<- of  ihi'  most  .uti^' of  t!ie  Protestant 
part)',  luimori}r,^lv  oliM-r\cd,  "If  il  ^luiuld  i  unu-  to  ,i  (l.ui.  ,>.  our 
I'!niperor  Matthias  will  make  lui  very  lii,L:h  ■~|iriii,L;^." 

It  was  not  long  before  ^tatthias  appeared  as  if  he  had,  oiilv  i  iiiniolled 
his  late  brother  to  resign  his  <  rowns  in  order  to  ]>eipelai!r  his  indo- 
lence and  irresolution.  The  religious  jiariies  in  ihr  .Vusirian  terniu- 
ries,  e.xeited  by  their  |ireaehers  from  the  l>iilpit,  resiiimd  their  \  iohiiee 


MM  runs. 


3j 


37 


towards  eaeh  other  with  redouble.!  fury.      .\nd  now  fresh  disturbat.ees 
brok.    out    between    the    governors  of   the    territory  ot   Juliers.  _   1  he 
prin.e-ialatme,  Wolfgang  William,  had  been  aeeepted  as  the  tutt.re 
husli.ind  of  a  primess  of  the   House  of  Brandenburg,  and  had  paid  a 
visit  to  the  eourt  of  berlin.     One  day  while  at  dinner,  and  heated  with 
wine,  ,1  ilisin.te  arose  between  him  an.l  the  I- lector,  who  gave  the  pnnee- 
palatine  a  bhnv  on  the  ear.     The  in<lignant  prince  quitted  berlin  ,m- 
Inediatelv.  and.  out  of  hatred   to  the  House  of  Brandenburg,  a.iopted 
the  Catholi.   religion  and  marrieil  a  princess  of  Bavana.     1  he  Ele.tor, 
to  seein-e  his  portion  of  Jnliers  by  getting  the  assistance  ot   the  Netner- 
laiids.  alvmdoned   the   Lutheran   Cln.r.:h  and  became  a  Calvinist.      In 
,v.a.  dispute  between   parties  of  dilTerent   faith,  Matthuvs  decided   m 
f.voi  of  tiie  Cathodes.     And   now  the  uneasiness  and  anxiety  ot  the 
Protestants  were  greatly  increased  by  the  selection  which  wa,  made  of 
a  successor  to  tiu-  imperial  throne. 

The  mah-  hno  of  Maxiindian  11.  having  ended  m  Matthias,  and  his 
brothers,' .Mavimiban   and   Albert,  having  no  chihlren,  the   succession 
,„  ,he  hereditäre  dominions  of  Austria  in  Germane  might  have  been 
clainud,  on  plau'sible  grounds,  l.v  Philip  111.  of  Spain,  son  of  .\nne  of 
Austiaa,  daugnter  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian  II.      But  a  natural  love 
„f  f,,„.s„i„i.v,  the  desire  of  preserving  in  his  house  the  imperial  crown, 
and 'the  dread   ot   that   d.gnitv   d.cvolving   on    the   head   ot    a   h.ret.c 
determined  Philip  to  complv  with  .lie  request  of  the  Austrian  pnnees 
to  yield  his  pretensions  in  f.ivor  of  Ferdinand  of  Gii.t.   great-grandson 
of  the  Emperor  Fenlinand   I.,  and  distinguislied    lor  his  /e.d    lor  tae 
Catholic  religion.      I'inli,..  accordinglv,  made  a  solemn  cession  ot  a. 
h"  iglns  to  The  .^ns,ri  o,  provnices  to  Ferdinand  ami  his  brothers  and 
their  m.ale  issue.      But.  .    that   shaaild   lail.  it  was  stipulated  t   a        e 
provinces  should  return   to  the  iiousc  of  Spam,  of  --.  h   tue  ,.a  ales 
were  to  be  preferred  before  those  born  in  C.ermany.      1  :niM>  ano  i  ..- 
dinand  entered  into  a  famÜN  ,  omp.act,  and  made  a  league  olfensne  and 

...    ,1s  .;,-  vf^ct^pcrive  ri^dits  and  Claims,  ana 
defensive,  engaging  lo  .suppoit  tlu  ,,  respe.  tut  ii   nts  , 

to  prefer  the  general  interest  of  the  Austrian  race  before  any  paincular 

or  transient    advantage   to  anv  of  us  members.      The  date  o.   tuese 

trans.actions  was  the  year  ,o<7.     !•>  tlie  same  vear  l-erdmatid  was  raised 

,^,  ,■,  .  ,rown  of  P.olic.nia.  and   in  the  year  following  to  that  of  Hmi- 

garv,  with   tiiis  reservation,  that  the  regal  power  should   remain  wua 

Matthias  during  his  life.  ,      ,       ,  ,   ■  ., 

The  mir,  oa  whose  inin.l  these  ,,roceedings  made  the  deepest  im- 
,,r.ssi,,n  was  l-r.-deric  V..  elector-palatine,  a  young  and  high-spirued 
'  -ni.e,  and  m  ,,ower  not  interior  to  any  of  the  Protestants,  the  Duke 

22 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA, 


o\  Saxonx-  prrliiiiw  cxccpfol.  Wc-  rhon-Vit  iIkii  the  present  state  oi 
ailiir.  pix'M'iitcd  .1  \.\\oxAAc  opportiinit \  to  check  tin'  progress  of 
\^^.u\M^  .iinbit  !< >!i ,  aii.  1  viMh/d  .ill  the  electors,  entreating  thmi  to  help 
liiin  click  ilu'  urou-th  of  an  .luiiioriu  uhich  must  otherwise  become 
inv^i^tiblc,  and  bv  a  spinU'd  ,iiui  jutiiciou^  exercise  of  their  privileges 
j)cri)ciuatc  thcin  in  tluar  taniilas.  Tie  found,  a^  he  liad  cxpeeled,  ail 
the  C'ath^.lie  elector^  aita*  lied  to  llie  llousr  of  Austria,  and  tliese  were 
f;)ur  m  number,  while  the  Protectants  were  only  three.  With  liie 
consent  of  his  Trotestant  brethren,  Frederic  offered  llie  nnj.erial  <  rown 
to  the  Duke  i^i  liavaria,  not  doubting  tlial  his  brotlier  I'aaiest,  Arch- 
bishop of  C;ol()gne,  one  of  tlie  C:aLholic  electors,  would  interest  hiuiself 
in  the  fortunes\)f  his  brother,  Duke  Maxinnlian.  This  plan  was  th.e 
more  solid  and  judicious,  be(  aaise  it  was  obvious  and  natural,  d'he 
Duke  of  bavaria,  however,  rejecte.l  the  proffere<l  dignity,  and  all  ill  it 
the  poli(  y  and   zeal  of  Frederic  could   effe(  t  was  a  short  delay  m   the 

election  of  the  Fhnperor. 

Meantime,  matters  in  l^ohemia  were  hastening  to  a  (uusis.  The  Letter 
of  M<i/\st\\  which  the  Protestants  liad  interpreted  in  its  most  compre- 
hensive sense,  led  them  to  begin  and  build  their  chun  hcs  on  the  lands 
of  the  ecrlesiastics,— a  freedom  which  appeared  to  tlie  whole  C'atholic 
l)arty  an  intolerable  outrage.  C:<.mplaints  of  these  encroaelnnents 
having  been  carried  to  ^Latthias,  he  instantly  issued  a  letter  of  autk.ority 
prohibiting  the  Protestants  from  building  on  lands  belonging  to  the 
Church.  In  consequence  of  this  pro(  lamation  one  or  two  meetmg- 
houses  were  demolished.  The  Protestants  were  thrown  into  a  ferment, 
their  resentment  against  the  Fhnperor  being  exasperated  by  the  recol- 
lection of  the  deceitful  i)romises  with  whic  h  he  had  beguiled  them 
when  a  candidate  for  the  imperial  throne.  The  Bohemian  Defen.lers, 
whose  business  it  was  to  wat(di  over  the  interests  of  the  (dnuah,  to 
spread  an  alarm  in  time  of  danger,  and  to  concert  measures  for  com- 
mon defense,  were  enabled  to  combine  m  any  effe)rt  that  nnght  be 
deemed  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  true  religion.  Henry, 
Count  Thorn  or  Thurn,  perceiving  the  force  of  this  great  ma(  hine, 
and  how  easy  it  would  be,  at  this  present  June  ture,  to  set  in  movement, 
conceived  the  bold  design  of  turning  it  against  the  House  of  Austria. 
Deprived  of  his  paternal  inheritance  bv  the  tyrarmy  of  the  Arc  hduke 
of  Grätz,  on  account  of  his  steulfist  acFuerence  to  the  doctrines  of  the 
Reformation,  and  driven  from  his  native  country,  he  found  rehige 
among  the  Protestants  of  Bohemia.  His  zeal  and  what  he  had  suffered 
on  account  of  his  faith  gained  him  the  favor  and  confidence  of  this 
people,  and  the  superiority  of  his  genius  won  their  esteem.      ?vFitthuis, 


MATTHIAS. 


:>ö 


9 


when  he  thought  it  good  policy  to  court  tlie  Protestants,  affected  a  desire 
to  re-establish  the  fortune  of  the  count,  and,  accordingly,  when  lie  seized 

the  crown  of  Pohemai,  invested  him  with  the  command  of  Carlestein. 
a  fortress   in   which   were   deposited   the   regalia  of  the   kingdom:   l)iit 
wlien  tlie  power  of  Matthias  was  established,  by  the  death  of  Rudolph, 
lie   threw  off  tlie   mask  and   openly  patronized   the   faith    in  which   he 
had  been  educated  and  which  was  most  tavorable  to  regal  power,    d'iie 
F'niperor   regarded  the  independent  jirinciples  of  Count  'Fhon.  witii 
ieadousv  ancl  distrust.      'Fhat  nobleman  was,  therefore,  deprived  of  tiie 
government  of  Carlestein,  which  was  bestowed  on  Count   Martinitz.  a 
devoted  instrument  of  ecclesiastic  and  regal  authority.      Count  d'horn 
ha^tened    from    plac  e   to   place,   laboring   in  public  assemblies  and   m 
private  societies  to  rouse  a  sense  of  danger  and  a  spirit  of  freedom; 
and  at  his  instigation  the  Defenders,  or  chiefs  of  the  Protestants,  called 
a  Lzeneral  assembly  of  the  states   of  the  kingdom.      Matthias  forbade 
them  to  assend)le-   but,  notwithstanding  this  prohibition,  they  met  in 
Pra-ue,  and  mutually  pledged  themselves  to  defend  their  religion  and 
thei^r  churches,  not  only  in  Prague  but   in  every  part  of  Bohemia.      It 
was  also  resolved  to  iniblish  to  the  world  an  account  of  their  present 
conduct    and    future   views.       The  exordium   of  their   manifesto   con- 
tained the  strongest  exi)ressions  of  loyalty  to  the  Emperor  as  King  of 

I)ohemia. 

In  the  midst  of  these  transactions,  an  order  arrived  from  the  impe- 
rial  ministry  commanding   the   Protestant   leaders  to  disperse  and  to 
retire    to    their    rcsiiective    habitations.       Upon    this.    Count    Thorn, 
attended  by  a  number  of  other  barons  on  horseback  and  in  armor,  rode 
up  to  the  castle,  and,  having  secured   its  gates,  proceeded  immediately 
to  the  hall,  m  which  the  ministers  of  Matthias  were  assembled  in  coun- 
<  il   on   the   present   important  emergency.      Invective  and  altercation 
were  soon  followed  by  blows;   and  the  Counts  Martinitz,  Slawata,  and 
Fabricius,  who  held  the  principal  offices  of  government,  were  thrown 
headlong  out  at  the  windows.     Though  they  fell  from  a  height  of  sixty 
feet,  and  several  shots  of  musketry  were  fired  at  them  as  they  fell,  they 
escaped,  not  only  with  their  lives,  but  free  even  from  any  material  harm. 
d^he  Catholics  considered  this  remarkable  preservation  of  these  three 
men  as  a  miracle  wrought  by  Heaven  in  support  of  the  Romish  t^iith. 
Minute  (lese  rip.tions  are  accordingly  given  in  the  writings  of  those  times 
of  the  wall  of  the  castle  of  Visigrade,  and  of  the  tremendous  precipice 
which  intervenes  between  the  bottom  of  the  wall  and   the  ditch.      But 
Protestant  writers  say  it  was   not  a  miracle,— that   the  spot  on  which 
these  Catholics  fell  was  covered  deep  with  dung,  mud,  and  the  leaves 


340 


norsK  OF  .u'svAv.i. 


of  trees.  This  singular  mode  of  execution  naturall\-  astoni>lR"(l  (  i\-il- 
ized  nations;  but  the  IJohenuans  justihecl  it  a^  a  national  (  u^toni.  aiui 
saw  nothing  remarkable  in  the  whole  aftair,  except  that  any  one  sliould 
have  uot  up  airain  after  su(  h  a  tall.  The  Arc  luluke  Ferdinand  of  (Iratz 
conLM-atulated  Matthias  upon  an  e\ent  whi(  h  would  iu>tif\-,  m  the  eyes 
of  all  Kuroi)e,  the  most  severe  measures  against  the  Doheinian  Prot- 
estants. 

The  r.ohemians  now,  involved  in  the  guilt  of  rrbcllinii,  determined 
to  per>evere  and   restore    their   ancient    laws  and    c  c)n>titulion.       1  hey 
drove  out   the  old   garrison  from   the   castle,  whii  h  w  a->   abo   the   roNal 
palace,  and   re[>laced   it   by  another   in  which  they  could   confide  ;    and 
then  they  a])i)ointed  thirty  directors  to  govern  Dohemia.      'i"he  Ur^t  ac  t 
of  their  power  was  to  banish  the  Jesuits  and    confi>cate  their  property. 
Tlicv  raided   an  armv  of  two  thousand    horse  and    twelve  regiments  ot 
toot,  and  L:ave  tlie  NUi)reme  c  ommand  to  Count  Tluu-n.     I-aiKst,  Count 
of  Mansveldt   or    Mansield,  was   the  hrst  who   espoused    the    r>ohemicni 
cause,    and    the    last    of    its   adherents  who   abandoned    it.      He   was  a 
natural   son   of  that  Count    Mansteldt  whom   IMuli})  II.  api)ointed  gov- 
ernor o[  the  Netherlands.      In  his  early  years  he  attac  hed  himselt,  like 
his  tather,  to   the    Hotise  of  Austria.      The   court   of  \'ienna  was   tilled 
witli   just  admiration   of  his  talents  and  virtues,  and.  m  a  transient  tit 
of  favor,  promised   to  invest  him  with  a  right  of  legitimate  birth,  and 
to  ])ut  him  in  possession  of  the  estates  of  his  family,      l^it  a  regard  to 
interest  violated  a  promise  that  had  been  made  merely  from  generosity  ; 
and  as  tlie  most  violent   resentments  are   those  which  arise  from  disap- 
pointed  confidence.    Count   Man^veldt's    hatred   of   Mattldas   was   im- 
])lacal)le.      His  aversion  to  the  House  of  Austria  extended  even  to  their 
relifdon,  and    he   renounced    the  Catholic    faith  and   opeidy  professed 
tlie  doctrines  of  Luther.      He  abandoned   the  service  of  the  I'hnperor, 
and  entered   that  of  Charles  Immanuel   of  S^ivoy,  the  mo.st  ac  tive  and 
enter|)rising  of  all  the  enemies  of  Austria.      liut   the   i)resent   situation 
of  atlairs  in  (iermany  opened  so  tull  a  career  to  the  genius,  the  ambi- 
tion, and   the  vengeance   o(  Mansveldt,  that   he  could    not  forbear  ex- 
ijressing  to  the  generous   prince  whom  he  now  served  an  eager  desire 
of  oftermg  his  sword  to  the  revolted  states  of  IJohemia.      The  Duke  of 
Savoy,   who    considered    the    disturbances    in    Cermany  as    the    surest 
i)led<''e  of  his  own  securitv,  not  onlv  ap])lauded  the  \iews  of  the  count, 

1  Js  '  " 

but  permitted  him  to  levy  two  thousand  men,  and  also  engaged  to  keep 
them  in  pay  for  him  tor  several  months  ;  and  with  this  small  tbrce 
Mansveldt  marched  into  Bohemia,  where  he  was  rec  eived  with  the 
utmost  joy,  and    instantly  honored  with  the  charge  of  general  of  the 


FERDINAND   IL 


341 


ordnance.  Thtis  the  forces  of  Bohemia  were  i.. .rusted  to  two  for- 
eigners, both  breathing  vengeance  against  the  House  of  Atistria.  Count 
Tliorn.  who  had  the  talent  of  rousing,  uniting,  and  wielding  the  minds 
of  men,  was  the  best  fitted  to  govern  a  nation;  Mansveldt,  brave, 
enterprising,  inventive,  and  refined,  the  best  qualified  to  conduct  an 
armv.  'Idiese  fierce  commanders  took  the  field  at  the  head  of  separate 
armies,  and  the  Hag  of  rebellion  was  displayed  throughout  all  Bohemia, 
and  by  a  powerfid  contagion  excited  a  general  insurrection  in  Silesia, 
Moravia,  Lusatia,  Himgary,  and  U])per  Austria. 

Matthias  was  distracted  with  o])i)osing  passions.  He  was  not  able 
to  take  the  field  in  ])erson  :  the  command  of  the  army  would  be  claimed 
bv  Ferdinand;  and  this  would  i)lace  in  the  hands  of  that  prince  the 
whole  authority  of  the  government.  At  length  they  agreed  to  intrust 
the  famous  Count  IJucquoy  or  Brecquoi  with  the  command  of  the 
forces.  While  fortune  was  inclining  sometimes  to  the  one  side  and 
sometimes  to  the  other,  Matthias,  who  had  labored  long  under  bodily 
infirmities  and  anxious  cares,  died  on  the  20th  of  March,  1619,  and 
was  buried  at  \denna.  His  wile  was  Anna  of  Austria.  They  had  no 
children. 


FERDINAND    IL,  FERDINAND    DER    ZWEITE.     A.D.  1619-1637. 

"  Legitime  certantibus."     (Lawful  combatants.) 

Ffrdixaxd  n.,  nephew  of  the  Emperor  Maximilian  U.,  son  of 
Charles,  Archduke  of  Styria,  was  born  at  Gratz.  His  mother,  Mary 
of  Inavaria,  inspired  him  with  hatred  against  the  Protestants.  He  was 
educated  at  Ligolstadt,  by  the  Jesuits,  along  with  his  cousin,  Maxi- 
milian of  Bavaria.  He  went  to  Loretto  after  he  had  finished  his  edu- 
cation, and  took  a  solemn  oath  before  the  altar  of  the  Virgin  to  rein- 
state Catholicism  as  the  sole  religion  in  his  dominions.  As  soon  as  he 
suc:ceeded  to  his  own  duchy  of  Styria,  he  set  about  putting  down 
Protestantism,  compelling  those  who  would  not  join  the  ancient  faith 
to  leave  the  country.  This  created  much  disturbance;  yet  the  young 
jirince  showed  such  resolute  determination  that  he  succeeded  in  qiiell- 
inif  the  discx)ntent  almost  before  its  outbreak;  and  although,  as  a 
warning,  he  caused  to  be  erected  in  various  parts  of  his  dukedom 
places  of  execution  tor  the  most  turbulent,  he  was  not  obliged  to  shed 
a  drop  of  blood.  Thus  in  a  few  short  years  not  a  single  Protestant 
church  was  left  standing,  nor  a  Protestant  left  to  preach  throughout  the 
wdiole  of  his  dominions,   in   which,   until   then,   the  majority  of  the 


342 


J/iH'Sr.    OF  .irsTKi.t. 


Fcrcliir.uul    II.  was  (  lu^scn   l-.mi-crur 


inhabitant,  had  been  ]'rotestant>.  Such  i-crsevcrinK  energy,  (bsphived 
bvso  vounL;  a  pnnrc,  very  naturally  .xritoi  great  h^i..  among  the 
CathoHo,  while  it  produced  >eru.u.  alarm  among  tlie  brole>tant..  ^ 

Au^u-^t  2S,   1619.        1  lie    Inihe- 
nnan>,  kriowing  his  h(.>stilit\- 
to     J'!-oteManti>m,     liad     al- 
ready.   Augn-t    I  7.    de(  lared 
In.    title    to    tlK-     I'.olieinian 
(  iHuvn    \-uid,    and    (  onterred 
it   upon    the   palatine.    iM'ed- 
eric    \".,    who,     after     se)nie 
lu--!tati()n,     inially    at-eepted 
it,  eliielle  th.rough  the  urgent 
per>t!asi(>n^  ol'  hi--  rimlatiou^ 
w  it'e.   the  dianghter  ot    James 
1.  u!'  l-aigiand.      d"hu^  I-'erdi- 
iKind     (ame    to     the     throne 
under   th.e    mo-t    ]>erplr\ing 
,  !!•(  lun^tanees.      Bohomia  in 
arm-,  and   thiaMlening  \  i^n- 
mi  it -elf  Willi  in\',i-ion  ;  >d(.- 
sia   and    .\b)r;i\  ia   in   ailiaia.e 
NMih    tluni  ;     Austria    some- 
what   disalTected  ;     llnnearv 
\^\■  WO  means  fn  nil>  attaelied: 
and    externallv    nuna«  cd    by 
till-  d'ark-.  .n.d  ciu  (airilcring 
(ji;    r\er\     -:de     the     hatred 
of    the    Protestants,    against 
■...     /(  al     w.i-    undi-- 
( 'omit    d'hiorn    -al- 


1  \  l.l.iN  AND    H. 


\\  la  an 

V  ui-edi. 


1  ..,1  res]K"rting 


,:,.  .M.c,luu.n,   n,.iua.    -O    ..,n    •,„  u-,  bn„    :n   .■,.,!,   u,   any  ..ho  ua 

fuuuc  Ih.rc  n.,s.  iM.a-a, a  o,:K-,!uy  bc,w..n  (  a.l.ua  .   uM  1  .,u  .       . 
aiul  t!u-  lwrni.a-nin-,1  n.it.as  luionlou,  hax.   >.A  a  , 

,.,..,,...  Hkc>au,.,a,.h.. una,  .a      11.  ,„a,au.,!  n.,„n, .a,,,,.  a,a. 
hi.„KaO.cgan.0Urcu,„n.,hc,a,,cvia.a-;a    «a.av   laaan.anu,  .a. 
rou^<!La  l.v  open  an,l  -...axa  nusaia.l  taken  ni.hw.|a, 
not  leave  hi.  eaiaial.Kst  Angina,  an,lcventia-ci  ,        ,- 

r„ea.     lli>  ene.nie.  looked  upon  him  a.  U>U  an.i  already  .poke  oi  .  o, 


•   rTii-..     He  dare  1 
npiia\  neuht  be  >.u  i'  - 


FERDIXAXD    II. 


343 


finin-  him  in  a  convent  an.l  ednrating  his  children  in  the  Protestant 
faith"    'llv  whole  garrison  of  Vienna  amonnted  only  to  fifteen  hundred 
ü,„t  ,:nd  two  hundred  horse.     This  small  force  was  under  the  necessity 
of  ..,,  ualini;  the  citv  not  only  from  outward  attacks,  but  also  trom  inter- 
naf.cdition  •    for  Count  Thorn  had  a  numerous  party  within  the  walls 
of  Vienna,  who  had  engaged  to  facilitate  its  reduction  by  securing  one 
„r  ,he  prinripal  ^ates.    Had  that  coniman.ler  advanced  on  this  occasion 
wi,l,  hH  n.ual  <aeritv,  he  would,  in  all  probabi  ity,  have  captured  the 
.  ,,v      ISut   iru.iing  to  the  terror  of  his  arms,  he  summoned  the  Lmperor 
to  surren.ier.  and  lav  two  whole  days  inactive,  waiting  for  an  answer. 
Meantime,  live  hundred  strdents  in  the  university  armed  themselves  to 
.Icfend  FerdinaiKl,  and  a  reinforcement  of  several  companies  of  cmras- 
siei.    having  passed  under  fal>e  colors  through  the  midst  of  the  Bohe- 
,n,.n  .oua.lrons,  arrive.1   from  the  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,     .y  this 
instant    some    zeaots  were    in  the  act  of  shaking    Ferdinanu    by  the 
doublet,  and  deman.ling,  with  many  imprecations,  liberty  of  conscience 
\,  ,h,i  .  riti.al  moment,  a  tlonri.h  of  trumpets  and  the  trampling  of 
horses  wa.   heard   at   the  castle  gates,  and   the  sight  of  the  cuirassiers 
,n,l  .lie  glittering  of  their  swords  and  spears  relieved  Ferdinand  trom 
,lH.  iniiiortunitie^  of  his  rude  petitioners,  and  filled  them  m  their  turn 
.v,th  eon.ternation  and   terror.      Count   Thorn   was  obliged   .oon   to 
,-c„M-n  to  I'.obemia.  as  Prague  was  menaced  by  the  armies  of  .\ustria. 
Ferd:nand's  friends  ha<!  not  been  idle,  an.l  his  own  native  courage  was 
supported,   bv  the  irea.ures,  the  arms,  and  the  authority  of  spam.     A 
budvof  eidu  thou.,in,l  men   maiOud   from  the  Low  Countries  to  re- 
inforce the'  ,„ip.ri.,l  ariuv  un.ler  Pmcquoy :   and  Spinola,  with  an  army 
of  ihirtv  tiio-a-au,l,   composed,  ,.f   Italians,   Spaniards,  Walloon.,  and 
hi,',    prepared  to   invade  tlie   Palatinate.      The   powerful  aid  of  Spain 
^,„,.„„  ,,„,,,1  ,!„.  F,U.t.,r-.  .h-  .Saxonv  and  Bavaria  to  a,.pear  on  that  side 
wl,  ,  1>  ii.uv  seemed  the  .Irongest,  and  by  adhering  to  which  tlrey  might 
look  l,u  liie  hieltet  advantage  to  themselves.      The  Elector  of  Saxony 
ne-er.a  iinn-elf  that  the  Emperor  would  leave  htm  unmolested  in  the 
nuiet  adutini.inttion  of  his  own  internal  affairs;   while  the  Elector  of 
B,v.ria    Maximilian   1.,  was  promise.l  the  estates  and  the  dignity  ot 
his  kmht.ni.  ilie   Elector-palatine.      The  example   and   influence  ot 
M,xnnr,ian   ,.1    Ikivaria,  the  authority  of  the  whole  House  oi  .-ViMria, 
nn,i  the  ,-,uninon  interests  of  the  Romish   faith,  united  all  the  princes 
„f  the  Cathoii.-  League  in  a  res,.lution  to  support  Ferdinand  with  their 
live.  aiKi  forttme..      Philip  HI.  of  Spain,  who  had  married  Margaret  of 
\u.iri  1    sister  of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand,  was  to  furnish  monthly  forty- 
five  !lioii.and  guldens  .;   Pope  Paul  V.,  besides  his  spiritual  benediction, 


34'. 


J/Orsi-:    Ol-    ACSTKIA. 


was  to  give  eight  thousand,  and  several  e(cle..ia>ties  as  well  as  i)rin(-es  of 
Italy  fotlowed  his  example.  An  army  was  (luickly  raised  tor  the  defense 
of  the  ancient  faith,  and  the  connnand  ^L;iven  tu  Maxinulian  of  Ibvaria. 

The  Bohemian  states  formed  a  lea-ue  offensive  and  defensive  with 
the  provinces  Count  Thorn  had  annexed  to  lk)hemia,  and  another  of 
the  same  kmd  with  Ikthlehem  (labor,  who,  from  the  raid;  of  a  private 
gentleman,  had  been  exalted  by  the  favor  of  the  Porte  to  the  sov- 
ereignty of  Transylvania.  This  i)rince  the  Hohemiaiis  en-aged  to 
support  in  an  effort  to  mount  the  throne  of  Hungary,  as  he,  on  his 
part,  i)romised  to  maintain  their  right  to  elect  a  king  of  r.ob.emia. 
The  i)rotection  afforded  bv  the  Ottoman  Empire  to  (labor  interested 
the  King  oi  Poland  also  in  tlie  prosperity  of  Ferdinand,  and  m  an 
instant  ten  thousand  Cossacks,  fierce  and  savage  auxiliaries,  overran 
Moravia  and  joined  the  imperial  army  under  Pik apioy. 

The  eyes  of  all  luirope  were  now  turned  to  Ilnglan.vl  and  France. 
The  first  was  interested  in  the  fortune  of  Frederic  from  the  connection 
of  blood  as  well  as  sympathy  of  religion  ;  tlie  second,  boun.l  by  the 
strongest  ties  of  policy  and  aad)ition  to  o-,  pose  the  progress  of  a  liatc-d 
rival.^  llie  mere  good  offices  of  England  were  a  general  subje*  t  of 
derision;  and  Ferdinand,  by  tlie  policy  of  Spain  in  bribing  tlie  Duke 
de  Luynes,  the  favorite  of  Eouis  XIII.,  felt  secure  from  the  attac  ks  of 
France.  Emboldened  by  these  circannstances,  the  Emperor  thundered 
forth  against  Frederic  the  ban  of  the  empire,  and  < ommitted  the 
execution  of  that   decree   to   the  Archduke   Albert  and   the  Dukes  of 

Bavaria  and  Saxony. 

Before  we  i)roceed  further  it  mav  be  well  to  notice  brieHy  the  chief 

actors  in  the  "Thirty  Years'  War." 

THE    I'KOlF.S'l'AN'r    UNION. 

Freddie  V.  succeeded  to  the  Palatinate  in  1610,  was  King  of 
Bohemia  from  1619  to  1620.  and  died  in  1632.  His  comi-lete  defeat 
at  the  battle  of  Prague  terminated  h  s  shortdived  enjoyment  of  the 
regal  crown,  of  whicdi  he  retained  no  other  memorial  tlian  the  m*M  king 
tit'le  of  ''The  Winter  King."  Ridicule  and  contumely  followed  him 
wherever  he  went,  and  the  rest  of  his  life  was  spent  in  exile  under  the 
ban  of  the  empire,  and  with  no  resourc^es  beyond  tho.e  whi(  h  he  <  ould 
obtain  from  the  generosity  of  his  friends.  In  1623  he  was  de(  lared  to 
have  forfeited  his  electoral  title  and  his  dominions  in  the  Palatinate, 
which  were  conferred  ui)on  his  cousin,  Maximilian  of  Bavaria,  the  head 
of  the  Catholic  League.  In  1613  he  married  Elizabeth  Stuart,  daughter 
of  King  James  L  of  England.     She  was  born  in  the  p/.la.  e  of  1-alklaud, 


FERDIXAXD   IL 


345 


twentv-two  miles  from  Edinburgh,  in  1596.    In  1603  her  father  became 
Kin-  of  En.dand,  and  she  w^as  educated  in  England.     In  1613  she  was 
marned  to  the  l-lector-palatine,  and  lived  in  the  castle  of  Heidelberg. 
In   1 61 9  thev  removed  to  Prague,  and  occupied  the  throne  about  one 
year       After^  being  driven  from  Prague,  they  fled  with  their  little  chil- 
dren into  Silesia,  where  their  abode  was  as  short  as  it  was  comfortless 
.\t  Ih-andenburg,  whither  Frederic  retired  from  Silesia,  he  was  reminded 
how  much  his  familv  had  suffered   from  their  imprudent  ambition  by 
the  birth  of  a  son.      Some  years  after,  on  a  journey  to  Amsterdam,  m 
crossing  the   Harlem  Sea,  in  a  dark  and  tempestuous  night,  the  light 
vessel   in  which  he  sailed  foundered  on  another,  against  which  it  was 
driven   bv   the  fury  of  the  winds  and  waves.      Before  the  ship  sank, 
Frederic  'and  some  other  passengers  made  their  escape  to  the  other 
vessel  ;   but  the  prince,  his  son,  was  unfortunately  left  in  the  foundered 
vessel,  which  thev  durst  not  approach,  though  they  heard  the  cries  of 
the  bov  calling  out  for  the  help  of  his  father.      The  next  day  when  the 
tempest   abated    they   found    him   frozen    to  the  mast,   which  he   had 
embraced  as  his  last  refuge.      While  Frederic  was  thus  wrestling  with 
adversity,  his  friends  and  allies  left  him,  one  after  another,  and  sought 
to  reconcile   themselves  to  the  Emperor.      He  had  thirteen  children. 
The  eldest  perished,  as  we  have  said,  going  to  Amsterdam,  and  three 
others   died   young.      The  others  were  Charles   Louis,   Rupert,  Eliza- 
beth   Maurice,  Edward,  Philip,  Louise,  Henrietta  Maria,  and  Sophia. 
Charles  Louis  was  a  selfish,  calculating   person,  with  low,  disreputable 
habits      Rupert,  the  -  mad  cavalier,"  and  ^Liurice  fought  m  England 
duriiv^  the  civd  war,  and  after  the  loss  of  the  royal  cause  at  the  battle 
of  X^sebv  thev  betook  themselves  to  the  sea,  where  they  were  little 
better  tlian  pirates.     Edward  became  a  Roman  Catholic;   l^hilip  com- 
mitted an  assassination  at  the  Hague,  fled  from  justice,  became  a  soldier 
of  fortune,  and  was  slain  in  the  civil  wars;  Elizabeth  became  superior 
of  the   Lutheran  abbey  of  Hervorden  ;    Henrietta  Maria  married  Ra- 
LMitzi    Prince  of  Transvlvania,  l)ut  died  shortly  after;  Louise  went  to 
France   and  became  abbess  of  Maubisson.     The  Queen   of  Bohemia 
settled  at  the  Hague,  and  in  1632  her  husband  died.      In  163S,  by  the 
trc-aty  of  Westphalia,  her  son  Charles  Louis  was  restored  to  the  Palati- 
nate'and  all  that  he  would  do  for  the  lamily  was  to  give  shelter  to 
his  vounuest  sister,  Sophia,  until  she  was  married  to  Ernest  Augustus, 
of  the  House  of  Brunswick,  who  afterwards  succeeded  to  the  electorate 
of  Hanover.      Her  son,   shortly  after  her  death,  was  elevated  to  the 
throne  of  England.      The  Queen  of  Bohemia  having  resolved  to  leave 
Holland,  her   nephew,  Charles  H.,  invited  her  to  visit  England,  but 


34^ 


J/Ol'SE    or  .Il'S/'A'/-! 


he  vr.vA  her  little  :mention  when  there.  She  was  oMi.^e.l  to  .e.l  ,ie, 
jewel.,  an.l  then  the  Hri.i.sli  I'..:  h.uuen.  v..ie.l  her  :.  -,.1.m,1v.  Sne.l.eu 
in  i66^  and  »...  Imrie.l  m  \\\>.n.,nMer  .\bbev.  CiK.rlot'e  l.li/.il.eih, 
,l,„..hter  of  (■h.trle>  l.ouis,  n.arrie.l  Philil.  of  <  »r'.e.u.,  brother  ot 
Loui>  .\IV.      Her  son  w.i^  the  nolorioiH  Re-eiU  ol    f  ranee  duriL^  tnc 

minoritv  o(  I.ouh  X\  .  ,  ,,   ,        r  o  i  i   - 

(V;;-\7;;,v  //•..  Km-  of  Penn.ark  an.i  Norwav.  an.l  I'nke  of  S,-liles- 
w-lIoUtein.  born  in  /ealan.l  in  ,577.  and  ele.ae.l  su,.e.,..r  to  ti.e 
thR.ne  .n  .^So,  a.^nnu,!  the  seeptre  u,  .59,?-  '■•>■">  ""-^  ';^'  ^■"'■':- 
on  a  .ucee^M\,l  war.  known  a,  the  Rabuar,,,n  \V,,r.  a-a.nM  C  liarle.  1\. 
of    Sweden    .uu\    h,.    mu  ee^-or,    Cba.tavu.    .\,!oli,l,n..    whu  h    ended    Ul 

,  ,,.,,.   ni    nil'         \s  lea.Ua-  of    l!ie    I'roU-tant^   in    tile 

an  advantaueons  pcai  e  m  101,.      -v>  k.ioh 

•1-hirty  Ve.Vs'  War.  C'iiri.t.an  was  not  s.i,  .  e^-:nl.  11, s  l.ibors  lortne 
inuir.'ivenient  of  1h>  .  onntry.  .n  whni,  he  wa.  nulelan.able,  were, 
however,  most  beneniaal.  He  stren.uthened  U.  nuualnne  i«e.er 
extended  ,ts  eonuneree  a-,  tar  a,  the  Ka^t  Indies,  where  l,e  obtanied 
the  IHM  iHW-.es,.ons,  and  bv  re-trielions  uiuni  tile  Han^e  town,,  -reaiiv 
inerea.ed  tlie  inUual  trade  of  the  .onnirv.  His  le^m^lative  and.  Iinan- 
eial  retornw.  together  witi,  l,i>  love  and  j.atrona.ue  ol  ,he  art,  and 
seienee^.  ^anied  for  iiini  tlie  e.teen.  of  the  lieo,.le,  e^l.e,  lally  llie 
learned,     'christian    married    tlie  si~ler  of   Frederie   \.   ol    tile   T-dati- 

nate.      He  died,  in   if>4S.  ,  ,      . 

J'./rr    l:r.u>t.  Cc:,ul  e/'   yr.v,<:-:Ut  or  mn<ÜI.<.  wa,   a   ,lesrendant 
of  oiie   ox  the   nio^t   aneient   f.iuid.e,  o{  GernKin  <  onnts.      His  lather 
w,s    -ove-nor   of    l.nxemlmr.u    and     Ihus^els.      He   w,,>    bronelu    n,,   a 
Cuhi'"l..    •    but  when    tile  di.^entv  and    estates  of  liis    lather  were  denied 
hne    he  j.e.ied  tile  I'rote.tan!..  and  beeaine  one  of  the  ino.t  lorniidable 
en'emie/of  the  Hon-e  ot  .\.i.tr.a.       He  w-a>  one  of  tiie  ,.:re,ae-.t  generals 
of  In.  tune.  ,.nd  rose   more  forniid.d.le  alter  everv  dele.U.       W  ith  K'V.U 
und.er.t.iidnm-   lie   united    overpowerinu    eh.|,ienee    and    inexlian.tio.e 
onnnin-       Not    lar  irom    Zara    he   fell    ill    and  died..  ,n    ,(..0,  and  w.ts 
Inined  a.  M.datro.      .\t  the  aii|,roaeh  .,i  ^.^A^  he  ordered,  i.;,  armor  to 
l,c  on'  on  him.  and,   -tood  nn.  le.ui.nu'  on  two  o!   hi.  aid...  to  await  t,i( 
1  ,.t  eneiiiv       He  maintained  liis  trooj,.  by  ^binder,  and  was  ,  .niii.ared 


"ill 


'  ^Bn-nnarJ.  Duke  d  //'vw,^/-,  the  younirc^t  of  the  ci-ht  son.  ol 
lohn  thin!  Duke  of  Sax.- Weimar,  wa^  one  of  the  mo->t  <  .h-hrat.-l  ol 
\\.^  Prrc^tant  leader.,  an. i  hr.t  di.tm-ui.hed  Inni^elt  at  tlie  l>h)u(]v 
bude  nt  Whnn'tl-n.  Snl-e^uenllv  he  he.anie  roh>nel  in  tiie  arniv  ot 
C'.ri^t^Mi  IV  of  Denmark.  He  took  part  in  the  hohl  cx|.c(litiun  ot 
Count    M.n^veAlt    thrunuh    Sile.ia   and    Hunj^ary.      In   1O31    he  joined 


FERDIXAXD    IL 


347 


Clustavtts  Adoli-hus,  and  was  with  him  in  the  battle  ^f  I^j^zen  ^^d.e^. 
he  aveP.ged  the  <leath  of  the  Swedish  hero.  Bernhard  died  at  Ncu- 
bm-L:,  on  the  Rhine,  in  1639. 

(;.,./„.-..  .-l.Mphus,  the  greatest  mottarch  of  Swe.  en,  grandson     f 
(hM.tv.is  X-a.i,  was  liorn   at  Stockholm   in   ,594-      He  sueeeeded  his      . 
father  at  the  age  of  eighteen,  and  when  Denmark,  Poland    and  kns.ia 
..,,  ,n  w.ir  wdh  Sweden.      Unable  to   eope  at  onee  with  three  such 
,„.verf,il  .adversaries,  he  pai.l  Denmark  one  million  del  ars,  but  reeeive 
„nkall   that   had   been   conquered   from   Sweden       After  a  success, 
.ampaign,  he  shut    Russia  out   from  the  l^tUic.   ^^^^'^""TT^^ 
a.ailist  him.  made  a  truce  for  six  years.      Alter  the  1-^--  "^  '^^ 
.-Umned  Wallenstein   Duke  of  Mecklenburg  and  admiral  "^  ^       '     t  c 
and  North  Sea.  Custavus,  seeing  his  country  in  danger  =-  ."  '^  " 

,,,nt   Chunh  threatened  with  annihilation,  resolve.l  to  ^^  '        >^       ; 
He  was  a  Lutheran.      In  ,630  he  landed  on  the  coas     o"-       -"' 
,.,h  thirteen  thousand  men,  and,  although  he  met  with  chft|cid      s  on 
,he  part  of  those  prmces  whom  he  had  come  to  ai.l,  yet  his  u.sdom 
gen   rositv,   and   perseverance   triumphed   over   inconstancy,   mist  ts 
d  weakn'ess.       He   performed  deeds  of  heroism   at   t^e     -.         h. 
.run-    and  fell,  an  nnconquered  and  utisull.ed  general,  at  the  ba  tie  o 

;uJn,  November  6,  ,63.      He  .as  killed  by -Austria,  ba        h. 
l„nT  eoat  was  carried  to  Vienna,  where  ,t  is  st.U  kept       -      ein 
of  \Veimar  .atrried  the  body  to  Weissenfels,  to  give  it    o    h     Qt    en 
of  Sweden.      There  the  heart  remained  in  the  land  lor  which  ,t  bled 
-    Iv, /,  CO.,.  of  Osn^turn,  an  illustrious  Swedish^  ^^;^;^^ 
in  ,  -S-     In  1608  he  was  admitted  into  the  senate,  m  which  hi,  t   i.teen 

■  ?•■  o.,-    had   held  a  seat      He  was  made  chancellor  on 

immediate  ancestois   had   lieia   a  seai.      1  ^ 

t,„    ...ession  of  Gustavus  Adolj.hus,  and  accompanied  ^ '^  ^o  Oer 
n  Vfter  the  death  of  Gustavus,  and  the  defeat  of  the  Swedes    . 

N   I    imgeii,    he   transferred    the   leadership   of    the  f™---;  -;- 
to  Duke  llernhard  of  Weimar,  went  to  France  and   Holland   lo     aid 
ind    iblv  .lirected   the  policy  of  the  Protestants  in  Germany  until  the 
V  Westphalia,  in  ,648.     His  son  was  one  of  the  Swedish  envoy, 

viTsigncl  tli.  treaty;  and  it  is  in  a  letter  .0  him  that  the  amo  , 
sentence  of  this  statesman  occurs,  "You  do  not  yet  know,  m>  .0  , 
lith  how  little  wisdom  men  are  governed.''  >^^^^; ^f^^^f;^^ 
cated   the  tiiroiie  of  Sweden,  lie  with.lrew  Irom  public  lile,  and  died 

shortlv  after,  in  1654.  ,. 

J.conard  TonUnsoku.  a  Swedish  general,  was  one  of  the  n  o.t  d.,- 
tin.mished  pupils  of  Gustavus  Adolphus.  He  served  under  tk  t  king 
and   under  Ik  ner,  and  was  made  prisoner  in  the  attack  on  ^^  alien- 


34S 


I/OL'SJ-.    ul-    Ai^JA/.l. 


FERDIXAXD    //. 


349 


stein's  camp  at  Xiiri'inbci;^,  \\\  \()}^-.  Ow  tlu-  cicaili  uf  Ikiiu'i.  ii.  I'l-ii, 
he  was  made  <ümmaii<}er-in-(  liief  cf  tlu-  Swedi-ii  forrx^s  iii  ( Imii.iiiN . 
He  suffered  so  mueli  from  tb.e  gout  tliat  lu'  was  u^iia!!}-  olsii^^cci  u>  be 
carried  in  a  litter.  A  rupture  ot  (  urrinu  between  1  'cnniai'k  ai-d  Swrden, 
he  marched  witli  ^rcit  rajudiitN  fi^üii  Silc-ia  to  Ilobtrin,  a  distance  of 
four  hundred  nidc>,  eunqueix'd  ileil  proxiiae,  and  made  ail  a'jvan- 
taiieou-^  peace  for  Sweden.  lie  tiien  reiuiüed  ;m<l  dirt»\e  tb.e  iniperial 
General  (lallas  fiom  Bohemia:  tiien,  nniiiiiu  \\\>  arm\  weh  thai  of 
RaL^oi/i,  Prsnee  kÄ  dh"an->\  1  van;a.  lu-  i~o;iU;d  the  imperial  lorces  at  Jan- 
kowit/.  in  164:;,  and  tiireatemd  \  u/nnj.  In  in,|6  Ids  liealih  eom|)eiled 
him  to  re-agn.  He  uais  a  great  and  .^U(ee.>>tul  general,  and  a  p.itrun 
of  the  arts  and  s(  iences. 

•\\\V.    (AllliJlJe    i.LA(a  E. 

^faxi})ii'idii  /.,  E/i'i-tcr  cf  lunuiJ-/,!.  succeedu/d  liis  fatlier,  AVilli.un  \h 
the  rious,  wlio  resigned  in  15(^6  and  retired  into  a  monaster\  .  Alter 
Maxinnlian  liad  studied  Latin,  Italian,  Iren«  h,  and  Spani>h,  hi^  father 
sent  him  to  the  Iduversity  of  Ingolstadt,  where,  with  \\\>  t  ousir,  l\  r- 
dinaiul  of  St\-ria,  lie  w.i-^  cairefulK-  educ.ited  1)\-  the  Jesuits.  In  1593 
he  traveled  with  the  Jesuit  (iregory  of  A'aleiK  ia  to  llie  ( ourt  of  \hc 
Emper(jr  Rudolph,  at  Pragtie,  then  to  Loretto,  Rome,  and  \aple-.    (hi 

Lor- 


1  K(  '    01 


his  return  he  went  to  Nanc\ ,  to  \i-^it  hw  mule  I'raia  1-^, 
raine,  where  he  became  a((juainted  with  his  (^ousiu  Idh/ahieth.  wliom 
he  married  in  1595.  On  coming  to  tiie  throne,  he  direi  ted  liis  atten- 
tion to  the  laws,  the  finances  of  his  (  ountr)-,  and  the  .irm\  ;  anal  he 
was  economical  and  prudent  in  Ins  go\ernmeiU.  He  wa^  a  man  of 
distinguished  abilities,  and  tlie  soul  of  the  Catholic  League.  In  1623 
tlie  Emperor  invested  him  with  the  dignit)-  of  LKa  tor-palatine.  d'h.e 
Peace  of  West])halia  confirmed  ALiximilian  in  the  eka  toral  di^nit}-, 
and  the  possession  of  the  L})per  Palatinate,  in  return.  h)r  the  remm- 
ciation  of  I'pper  Austria,  whic  h  had  been  pledged  to  him  tor  thirteen 
million  florins,  the  exi)enses  (.)f  war;  and,  on  tlie  othei  hand,  a  new- 
electorate,  the  cigJitJi,  was  established  for  the  Palatinate  line,  and 
its  succession  to  the  title  and  territor}  of  the  original  eha  torate  was 
settled  in  case  of  the  failure  of  the  line  of  \Villiam.  Maximilian,  wluj 
is  called  the  Cireat  in  the  history  of  Pavaria,  died  in  1651,  alter  a 
reitin  of  fiftv-five  years. 

Johann  Meiner  Tzerklas^  Count  7)'//\,  was  born  in  Walloon  Ihabant, 
and  was  in  his  youth  a  Jesuit.  He  first  entered  the  S])anish  ser\i(e, 
then  the  Austrian,  and  lastly  the  J')a\arian.  He  received  his  military 
education  under  the  Duke  of  Alva.      lie  distinguished   haruself  uiuler 


Maximiiiati  in  t'ne  battle  of  the  White  Mountain  at  Pracrue  :  and  bv 
degree-  rose  to  the  command  of  the  Catholic  League.  When  Wal- 
lenstein was  forced  to  resign  tlie  command,  in  1630,  ddll\'  was  a|)p>ointed 
generalissimo  of  tiie  imperial  troo})s.  His  most  celebrated  exploit  was 
the  bloody  sack  of  Magdebiu'g,  in  1631  :  and  history  has  icw  |)ages  so 
black  as  those  on  wIih  h  the  atrocities  of  Isolani's  Croats  and  Pa])pen- 
heim's  Waiajoiisare  recorded.  Tilly  wr(,.)te  to  the  Em])eror,  ''Since 
the  destruction  of  Jerusalem,  no  such  victory  has  taken  place."  d'llly 
had  been  victorious  tlnrtN-six  times;  but  when  lie  met  dustavus 
A'l.lphus  at  ]]!-eitenfeld.  he  was  deteated  and  wounded.  In  a  subse- 
quent engagement  w  ith  the  Swed.es  on  the  Lech,  a  cannon-ball  shat- 
tered his  thigh,  and  he  died  in  Ingolstadt  in  1632.  As  a  soldier  he 
was  promjU,  c  unning,  and  (  ruel. 

Godfrey  II ill  J  \\  C'Mini  ]\ippruJieii)U  an  imperial  general,  distinguished 
him-elf  fir^t  at  the  battle  of  Prague.  In  1630  he  joined  Tilly,  wdioni 
he  e\-en  outdid  in  (  ruelt\"  at  the  siege  of  Magdeburg:.  Tilly  ascribed 
the  lo->-,  of  the  battle  of  Leipsic  to  his  impetuosity.  At  Eiitzen,  eleven 
miles  soutiiwe-t  of  Leipsic,  November  6,  1632,  he  was  mortally  wotmded, 
and  sent  wajrd  to  Wallenstein,  ''  I  de])art  with  joy,  as  I  know  that 
tlie  imiaac  al)le  enem\-  of  mv  faith  has  fallen  with  me  on  the  same  day." 
Albert^  duiiit  of  W'a/Istcin,  usually  called  Wallenstein,  Duke  of  Fried- 
land,  was  born  at  Pr:igue  in  1583,  of  a  distinguished  Bohemian  Protest- 
ant fiaiiha  His  youth  was  restless,  impettious,  and  hostile  to  discii)line, 
and  in  all  mis(  hievous  ex[)loits  he  was  the  leader  of  his  fellow-scholars, 
o\er  whom  he  exercdsed  a  certain  sr.j)remacy.  He  behaved  in  like 
manner  at  the  Cni\'ersit\'  of  Altorf,  where  the  commission  of  an  offense 
brought  him  into  the  academic  prison.  Afterwards  he  entered  as 
a  page  into  the  ser\ice  of  the  Margrave  Charles  of  Burgau,  a  prince 
of  the  Austrian-T\rolese  collateral  line,  wdio  resided  at  Inns|)ruck  ; 
and  Ivaie  he  became  a  Catholic.  He  received  from  the  margrave  the 
mean-  of  traveling  in  (xermany,  Laigland,  France,  and  Italy.  During 
liis  traxels,  military  and  financial  systems,  statesmen  and  generals, 
were  tlie  onl\-  objects  of  his  attention.  He  then  studied  for  a  time 
mathemati«  s  and  ])olitics,  but  especially  astrology,  at  the  celebrated 
Ldii\  ersitNof  Padua.  In  1606  he  distingtiished  himself  in  a  war  wdth 
the  d'urks,  and  on  his  return  to  Prague  he  married  a  rich  widow,  wdio, 
dying  shortly  afterwards,  left  him  immense  wealth,  wdiich  enabled  hini 
to  })la\-  a  splendid  part  at  the  court  of  the  Emperor  Matthias  at  Vienna. 
In  1617  he  raised  at  his  own  expense  a  l)ody  of  two  hundred  cavalry, 
and  led  them  to  the  assistance  of  the  Archduke  Ferdinand  of  Styria, 
afterwards  the  Em})eror  Ferdinand  IL,  who  was  engaged  in  a  war  with 


35° 


JIOL'SIC    Of  AI  SfKIA. 


Venice,  and    tlnis  aciuire.l   a  lii-li  I'l.i.  e   m  ilio  arrii.lu'Ke'>   fav..r.      At 
the   enil    of  this  war  he  niarrie.l  iV.r  hi>  secon.l  uilc   I.ai.ella,  lia.r^hier 
of  Count  llarraeh.  a  lavonte  iA    Fenlmand,  and  wa.   raiM-.l   l.v  liini  to 
the  rank  of  <ount.      On  the   lavakni.u  o.;t  of  the  Irouhle-  in  r.oheinia, 
lie  joined    tlie  Au-^trian    panv.       Fortune   .  onlinue.l    to  fav,.r    linn,  and 
after  the  fall  of  I'.uc  .[uov  he  was  created  major-^eneral,  and  lon.^hl  wuh 
siKxess   ai^ainst   liethleheni    Ihd.or.        lie    recovered    l)is   .slater-  win.  li 
had   been   confi^eated   l.v  the    I'n.te.tant    r.oluinians.  an.i  ni    if.J-'   tlie 
Kmi)er,.r   investe.l   hurt   will,   the   U-nl-hip   ol    Fr.e.llan.l.  an.l    m    16.-3 
ereated    him  I'rin.e  ..f   Kric.lland.      When    the  war  , ounnen.  e.l    n.  tb.e 
north  of  Cermanv,  where  Christian  IV.  of  Denmark  cr,.-se,l   the  Idbe 
with  an  armv  of  twentv-five  tlu.usan.l   .nen,    i..ine.i  bv  ^eveu  tlu.u^and 
Saxons,  to   lea.l   the  l■rote^tants,  the  Ihnperor  f..und    h,n„ell    m   ,^reat 
embarrassment   from  want   ..f  n.oney  and  tr....,.s.      \V,,llcnste)n  ollere.l 
to  rai.e  at.  armv  of  f.flv  th..nsand  men  at   his  own  expense,  an.l  wuh- 
out  the  least  contributi..n   .,n   the    part  ..f  the  l-anperor.  on   .a.n.luion 
that  he  should   be   its   e.anman.ler-in-.hief  an.l   shoul.l   be   alh.we.i    to 
retain  the  ,  ontributi.ms  ,>blaine<l  fr.nn  tlie  cn.iueie.i  ...nntrie.^.       1  he 
Emperor,   bavin-   no   alternative,   a.ax-pte.l   the  propoMlun.,   and  >.ion 
after  i;ave  him  the  title  of  duke.      In  ,6.5,  he  starte.l  lr.,n,  K;:er  wuh 
an   armv   of    tw.ntvd-,ve    thousand    men.   an.i    mar.iu'.l    t..   Iran.. .ma, 
thr.,m;h    Snabia,   the    Upper    Rhme,   an.l    Lower    Saxo.n .  evervwhere 
.„mpehin-  the  inhabdams  t.)  supp.n-t  his  tr..op>,  the  n.nnber  ..I   whnh 
continue.rto  in.rease,  an.l,  en,  ..unterin,.'   the  celebra...!  C.unt  Mans- 
vel.it  with  an  inferior  armv,  totally  .leleate.l  him.      The  .  ..nr.t,  .  ..be.  t- 
in..  fresh  trcps,  proceeded  thr..u,^h  Siloia  towar.ls  Hnn.uarv.  U<  i..ni 
Bethlehem  Gabor.    Wallenstein  foll..we,l  him  rapi.llv.  an.l  ,  ..n.  In.le.l  a 
truce  with  C.abor,  which  oblige.l  Mansvel.lt  to  with.lraw  t.,   Dalm.Uia, 
where   he   <lie,l.       Wallen.tein   now  relieve.l    .N.nagra.l.  whuh  was  be- 
sieged  bv  the  Turks,  con.iuere.l    Wait/en,  and,   return, n-   spee.blv  to 
Lower  säxonv,  compelle.l  Chn,tian  IV,  who  couhl  n.,t  .  ..pe  w,.h  b..th 
him  and  Tiu'v.  to  retreat.     S....n  after,  Wallenstein  ,.,n.|ucre.l  NK.  k- 
lenburg.and  part  of  Holstein,  levying  heavy  eonlributi..ns  wlurcv.r  he 
went       'Lho  fortress  of  Stralsund  alone  withstood  hnn,  bemg  ai.hal  by 
Swe.len  and  Deimiark.     After  h.sin-  twelve  thousan.l  nun  m  th.s  s,.  e„ 
he  withdrew.      Attempting  t.,  take  the  iV-rtress  two  nu.nll.s  ain  rn.n.U, 
he  said    "The  citv  shall  be  mine  were  it  fastene.l  bv  .hams  lo  heaven. 
ISut'in'vain:   a  second  tmie  he  was  ..bliged  to  raise  the  suge.      .\Uer 
taking    Rostock,   and   .lefea.tmg    the    Danes    at    Wolga.^t,    his    Un.her 
pro.'iasswis   cheeked   by  the   pea,;e   between    the    i;inper.,r   an.l    Den- 
mark, at  Lübeck,  in  .63,j,-a  pea.  e  whi.h   he  him.elf  ha.l  pr.nnoted. 


I 


FERDINAND   IL 


351 


\ 


because  he  cxi)crte(l  ])y  it  the  (luiet  possession  of  Mecklenburg.  But 
ha\in<^  iLnioniiniouslv  dismissed  the  Swedish  ambassadors  from  the 
con-ros  of  Lübeck,  and  sent  his  confidential  friend  Arnheim,  with 
twelve  th.ousand  men,  to  aid  King  Sigismund  of  Poland  against  (nis- 
taviis  Adolphus.  he  gave  occasion  to  a  new  war  with  Sweden. 

The  fear  of  the  Emperor's  designs,  as  well  as  the  overbearing  con- 
diK  t  of  Wallenstein,  and   the   inn^iense   extortions  which   he   and  his 
Trooi)s  ])ractice(l,  even  in  neutral  countries,  having  within  seven   years 
rai>ed  naore  than   four  hundred  millions  of  dollars  by  exactions  in  the 
north  of  (iermany,  led  the  German  princes,  at  the  diet  of  Ratisbon, 
in  i6;o,  to  wrest   from   the    Emi)eror  a  promise  to  diminish  his  army 
to   thirty  thousand   men   and    deprive  Wallenstein  of  its  chief  com- 
mand.     In   order  to  i)romote  the  election  of  his  son   to  succeed  him 
in  the  empire,  Ferdinand   II.  agreed  thus  to  disgrace  a  general  who 
had  saved  Austria  and  raised  it  to  the  summit  of  power.      With  the 
comuiand    of   the  army   Wallenstein   was   obliged   also   to   resign    the 
duchy   of    Mecklenburg.       He   seemed,   however,  to   bear  with  indif- 
ference this  degradation,   and   lived  from   that   time   in   Prague  as  a 
l)rivate  man,  but  with  the  pomp  of  royalty.      He  spent  a  great  deal 
of    money    in    splendid    buildings,    and    pulled    down    one    hundred 
houses    to   form   a   court-yard    for   his   palace.      His  antechamber  was 
l)rotected  by  fd^ty  life-guards;   twelve  patrols  went  their  rounds  about 
his  palace;  sixty  pages  and   twenty  chamberlains  waited  on  him;  six 
barons  and  as  many  knights  attended   on   his  person;    his  table  never 
consisted  of  less  than   one  hundred  covers;  and  the  pomp  of  his  liv- 
eries, the  splendor  of  his  equipages,  and  the  decorations  of  his  apart- 
ments were  in  keeping  with  the  rest.      He  traveled  to  his  estates  with  a 
train  of  one  hundred  carriages  drawn  by  four  or  six  horses,  and  always 
ac(x:)mi)anied  by  his  astrologer,  Battista  Seni,  and  his  court  followed  in 
sixty  carriages.    After  Tilly's  death,  the  military  successes  of  Oustavus 
Adolphus  in   Germany  forced  the  Emperor  to  the  humiliating  step  of 
conferring  again  on  Wallenstein  the  command  of  the  army.      When  it 
was  proposed  to  give  him  tlie  command  of  the  army  once  more,  it  was 
thought  ])rudent  to  limit  his  authority  by  the  presence  of  a  superior, 
and    Questenberg  and  Werdenberg,  old    friends  of  Wallenstein,  were 
emi)loved  on  this  delicate  mis-sion.     They  were  instructed  to  propose 
that  the  Emperor's  son   Ferdinand,  King  of  Flungary,  should  remain 
with  the   army  and  learn  the  art  of  war  under  Wallenstein.      ''No, 
never,"  he   exclaimed,    ''will   I   submit  to  a  colleague  in  my  office! 
No;     not    even    with    God   himself   would    I    share    my   command." 
However,  after  some  hesitation,  he  accepted  the  office,  but  on  terms 


352 


IIOL'SF.    or  .1  ('S TA' /.I. 


/7-;a7>/a-./a7;  //. 


353 


I 


very  derogatory  to  tlu-  Kniperor.      He  received  absolute  j.ower.  almost 
nidependent   oV   the    Kmperor,    not   only   over    the  arniy,    hut    also   to 
treat,  confisrate,  punish,  and   reward,  at  will,  in   the  eonntne.  ot    the 
empire.      1  le  stipuhited  t'or  an    indemnification    for   Me«  kKnhur-,  and 
also  for  the  grant  of  an  imperial  here<litary  pr.>vinee.      In  an  in*  re<lil)ly 
short   time   he  assembled   an   army  of  forty  thousand    men   ;it    /navm, 
drove   the   Saxons   from   Bohemui,  who    had    taken    Prague   an.l    other 
cities,   formed  a  junrtion  with   the  troops  of  the   Kle(  tor  of  Havana, 
and   marched   to   Franconia,    against    Nuremberg.      liut   (bi^tavus   had 
already  hastened  to  the  aid  of  the  Protectants,  and  Wallenstein,  though 
his  troops  were  superior    in   number  to  those  of  the  king  bv  onedialt, 
avoided    a    battle.      P>oth    parties    intrendu-d    themselves.       Cbi^tavus 
waited  tor  his  api)roaching  reinforcements;    Wabenstein   undertook  no 
attack,  and  nothing  but  insignificant  skirmishes  oc  curre.l.      A-  W  alK-n- 
stein  could  not  be  made  to  risk  a  battle,  (b^tavus   attempted    to  stonu 
his  camp,  but  his  assaults  were  repeatedly  repelled.     The  Swedish  armv 
now  turned  to  the  north  of  Snabia  and  made  new  (  (.n<|ne^fs.  while  W  al- 
lenstein  suddenly  invaded  the  uno.  <  iipied  Saxonv  to  compel  thr  b.lector 
to  secede  from  his  alliance  with  Sweden.      (bi^tavus  Adolplui^  tojlnwec 
him   thither,  and   the   battle   of    l.ützen    took    pla<e.      WalleuMein   wa^ 
compelled  to  retire  with  great  loss.      He  hiuiMjlf  w;h  wounde.l.  Papp-n- 
heim  was  killed,  and  all  his  ariillerv  was  taken.      The  Swede  althou-h 
their  great  king  had  tallen,  maintained  the  field  under  P.endiard.  Duke 
of  Weimar.      Wallenstein    now   withdrew   to    P,ohemia.    and    (  au>ed    a 
strict  court-martial  to  be  held  at   Prague  over   the   oiVu  ers  and  -.Idiers 
who    were  accused   of   not   having  done    their   duty  in    the   l.Mttle:    all 
tlio^e  who  were  found  guilty  were  executed. 

Walleustein's   inactivitv   after   the   battle  of  Piit/.en   shook    the    Ian- 
peror's  belief   in   his   invmc  ibility.      Paviria   and   Spain    remon>tratr.l 
with  the  ITnperor,  and  induce.l  liim  to  watch  Wallenstein,  and  acN-  ord- 
inglv  spies  were  sent  into  his  camp.      In  order  to  hohl  some  <  lie-  k  over 
him!  a  Spanish  army  was  raided  m  Milan  under  a  Spanish  ^ueneral  an.l 
marched  into  Germany.      Wallenstein  saw   m   this   pnx  eedmg  a  blow 
aimed  at    himself,  and,   fearing   that  he   miuht  again    be   dismissed.,  he 
secured  the  attachment  of  his  trooj^s,  discharged  all  his  doubt  tul  ofticers, 
and  bound  the  others  to  himself  bv  his  libembtv.      At  Miiusterburu  he 
met  the  Protestant  allies,— Ca,unt  Thorn,  tlie  ol<l  instigator  of  the  wa--. 
on    the   part   of  Sweden;    Arnheim    and   the   Duke  of  l.auenbur-   tor 
Saxonv;   and  P>ergesdorf  for  Prandenburg.     Wallenstein  invited  Count 
Arnhehn  to  a  conference,  and  told  him  tliat  -  he  was  come  to  < onchio.e 
a  lasting  peace  with  the  Swedes  and  the  princes  of  tlie  empire,  to  pay 


1 


■  r  ,^     .    .1-.T   -f  ih>e   Austrian   court,  hesi- 

llK-  M.iaiers,  an,l  to  s:U.sfy  every  one  ,,    .1«.  ^f  U-  Aa  tr 

■->--;" '":-'-r;;;«;;:i:;:'^:;u\: ..;;;:» r:t 

shouh    be  (  (in  irmeO   anew  ,    tue  cvoc. 

.  .    the     lesuits   bani.lK.l  ;    the    Swe.U>h    <nnvn    ,n<lem,„fied    In 

;•  ,,    .    ,n.l   ai   the  sunernuous  troops  on  both  s,.les  em- 

;;;';::;:::::  u;  •;■;.;.:  If  I  sh^^ua  obtain  the  cro.^ 

^ie>r  -a.,  the  e.i.e,  wU,   have  reason  to  a.^l-.a  .ny  ^ne, 

k,„,-v  ,hai!   be   reinstated  in   the.r   rights;   and   I  wdl   aeeept   Motax  . 
^":\          „,,,„„   f,„.  Mceklenburg.     Then  the  alliec    arn.es  won 
,;,.".„    X-,e„na,   swora   ,n   hand,   and   conrpel   the     --Peror 
:      'L     reatv  -      To  be  beforehand  witl>  the  Fanperor.  he  spoke  to 
:::.:::  ^U:-. i".'n.h,sconr.an,,.vhenanniv^^^^ 

:'-"adhe,.etrn,yanahrn,K..ohi,n,andtoshe     the,rk^^^^ 
„  i,v„„i  ,„,  ■„„  delen.e,  so  U,ng  as  l-e  should  employ  the  a>nn   „       e 
Kn;;:-.-...--^-'-^-e-      ■n^.sao.,.n.nt.v.p,.l.avrea     at. 


,„.,„    „een  Üv  F.^ld-Mar.hal   lUo.  and  U  was  to  be;!^-'  ;>''"  ;;-> 


'"•"'.''"■","■  nn  o      d   hi!  utmost   to  stupefy  his  gue.is  with 

rose  n-om   the  tabk         '       '>       ^'^  ^^^^.  ,,^„^,  .ff,,,,,.,  .1th  the 

.tr.MU   pot.aioa.,  an.l  it  «a.   not   untn 
„,„,  ,1  ,t  he  presented  the  pap.er  for  s.gnature.      Most  of  ^h  "     m 

.       ■     ,        -heir   names-    a  few,  more  curious,  or  more  (n^t.u~t^ul, 
::;;';^:i;r    :;:::::::  and  a,,  overea,  with  astonishment,  that  it. 

rt;:d::r';:::::a::ri:L;m:uheKmpe.a.ofau,hep^^^^ 

;      li„.s       Fer.lmana   immedia.elv  ,,laeed  Wallenstem  under  ,ne  ban 
oftc  em„:re    and  uave  orders   that   he  shouhl  be  taken  ,iea.l  or  a  I.e. 
W        ,   '     ,        eref,;e  proceeded  to  K,er,  in  order,  it  was  suppose      to 
^'nearer  tiie  frontier,  and  the  Swedish  tr^.p.     VU    -ng  -^l  -  ' 
„,   ,.^„,.,:„  ,.,,  pi„  Init  to  .eize  on  >ome  fortified   pla<  e    nk.    1.   .  ra>U 
^^     ',,„.„■„-  .,ith  the  enemy.     Some  officer,  of  the  garrison  at  1  ge  , 
Co loMcl  1  ea,e   an  Irish  Catholic,  to  whom  Wallenstein  conhded  e  e,>- 
U,,;  er    the  .-ommander  of  the  fortress,  and  I.ieutenant-Colone 
CoXl   ,,„ih  Scotch  l>rote>tants  tas  every  moment  of  delay  seemed    o 
p     <lan.^er,,    conspired   ior  Wallenstein's   .lestruction.      On 


23 


354 


//('L's£  Ol  ,irsy /•.•/- 1- 


thU  imv|.o.c,  the  mo.f  conM.nU:i]  (vu-mh  o(  Wall.'nMc.n,  111...  W  ,1  , 
C0..1U  Km.kv,  \V,ilK„>tcinV  bmihr.-in-l.uv.  T,v/k,,.  and  In-  aul, 
Neumann,  .a, .tain  o(  hnr-c,  uaav   .,„-,„,-.,1   a,al   nnnaUav.l  bv  I'aul,.-.  s 

dra.. ,-.  k.l  bv  .\la,o,(;cr,,M.n.     IHvcvnx.  an  Iii-lunan.a,  tn.  h.M-l 

,„■  M.   halbcraK-r,.  w,w   nUrn-tcl  with  the  .no  ntn.n  „1    the    lai.iHn-r  s 
order   or,  W.ülcn.tcn,  who.  Mnpn-cd    in    lu.  be.bli.nnber,  r>■,v,^e..    ,n 
silenrc,  u  bh  outstretched  aru„.  the  ibru-t-  ,.1  the  halberd..  ,n  In-  bre.M 
and   exp.red   without   a   groan.      lie   wa.   not   vet    blty-two   vear-    o- 
Not  au  aru,  w.is  raised  to  avenge  h.-  deatb.      He  w,,s  nuanaieo  onlv  be 
his  WHlow  and  .hild.*     His  rohl.  inipcnon-  temper  b,„l  prevented   nnu 
from  uammg  Inen.ls.      The  Ihninror  ordered  three  .bou-.md.  ma-se>  to 
be  said  1-or  ihe  repose  of  his  soul,  but  tx^warded  Im  as-a-sms  wuh  gold 
chains,    .lignities,    and   estate-.      C.alb.s    re,  eive-l    the   dnehv   ot    hnol- 
lan.l;     I'i.eolomini    had    the   prin.ipahtv   of   Naehod  :    bm    the   ULijor 
part  of  W.dlenstein's  possessions  was   retai,>ed   by   the   f.mperor   hnu- 
;eir      -l-he  value  of  Wallensteni's  landed  laoperly  alone  w.is  e-timate.i 


se 


at   fiftv   millions  of  Ih.rins.      H,-   widow    reecaved    the    pnneipabtv  ..I 
Nettsehloss;    ami   his  onlv   survoing   ,bild,    Mana   h.lizabetb.    beeame 
shortlv  afterwards   the  w,fe  of  Count    Kannit/..      d'he   dramaüe    p,e.  es 
of  Schiller,  Wallenstein's  Tamp,  Pieeolomirii,  and  W  .dlenMein  -  1  )eatn, 

are  anun.g   the   fmest    prodn,  l.ous  of    modern    poetry,      ^ome  ol    the 
personages,  however.-as  Thekla  and  Max  -are  mere  creations  ol  the 

poet's  fmc\.  .    ,        ,  ,  , 

a-A,,-ve  /'/V,v./<W/// was  a  descendant  of  one  ol    the  ..Ide-t  :md  most 
distingnishe.l  families  in  Ualv.      He  belonged  to  the  tannlv  ol    .\mall,, 

an.l  w-as  born  in  .S99-      H^'  ^■•"■1^^  -^^'i'^'''^'''  '^''  ^''""'^'^  ""'""■'  "'",'"' 
an.l,  after   taking    part    in    the    .Milane-e   campaigns,  wa,   -ent    with    a 
Florentine  .avalrv  reuimcnt  lo  aid   the  Kmperor  Ferdinano  11.  agunsl 
the  l!(,hemiaus.      From  the  regiment  of  cnica-siers  un.ler  hw  coinmand 
issued  the  <leath-dealing  bullet  to  Cii-tavus  .\dolpli.is.      In   U.y.  he  wa- 
nla.ed  under  the  or.lers  of  W.dlen-tein.  who,  taking  a  gie.it   lanev  to 
him,    confided    to   him   his   most    secret    de-igns   aga.ns,    the    f.inper.r. 
Pic.olomini   revealed  these  secret-  to  the  F.inper.u'.  and  re.eived.  a- a 
reward   for   his   fidelitv  to    Fer.iiuand.  a    par.    of  W.dlen-tein'-  e-lates 
and  was  also  created  Duke  of  .\n,alf,.     I'iceolomini  greatly  d.stingin-hed 
himself  in   the  first  battle  of  Nordlingen.      The  next    vear  he  w.w  -eiit 
^vith   iwentv  thousand   men   to   .od   the   Spanianls   in   the  Netherlands, 
and  speediiv  <lrove  out   the   hivnch   from  that   countrv.      In    ,n.,o  lu 
w.as  sent   against   the  Swede-,  .ind  w,„  defeated   bv  Tor-'en-ohn  ;    bnt 
he  was  successful   in    I'.ob.eima  and    the    I'alatina.e.      Return, ;.g   tn   ,lu- 
Netherlands,  he  w.ts  not  so  succes-fil  a-  at  first,  be.  ause  the  pre-iige 


FEKDIXAXD    H. 


^     '^     ^ 

3:):) 


o\  the  Spani^h  intantrv  had  been  completely  destroyed  by  the  great 
C-o.^.lc  at  Koeroi,  m  1643-  Stdl,  he  recovered  himself  again,  both 
a"  liiist  the  Fren(  li  and  the  Swedes,  when  he  was  summoned  to  (rcr- 
inan V  to  eu,  ounter  the  victoriotis  armies  of  the  Protestant  L  men.  \  he 
Peace  of  We>ii.]Kdia,  in  1648,  put  an  end  to  his  service  m  the  army. 
lie  was  made  held-marshal,  and  sent  as  plenipotentiary  to  the  Con- 
.  re.s  of  Nuremberg,  in  1649.  ^nd  soon  after  created  prince  ot  the 
cmMire  The  King  of  Spain  conferred  on  him  the  order  ot  the 
(h/uien  Fleece  and  the  fief  of  the  duchy  of  Amalfi,  which  had  pre- 
vit.u>ly  belonged  to  his  family.      He  died  at  Vienna  in   1656,  leaving 

'''And'now  to  return  to  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  IL,  at  the  beginning 

of  the  Thirtv  Years'  War. 

From  the  beginning  of  this  war  to  the  Peace  of  Westphalia  scarcely 
anytl^ing  -reat  or  remarkable  occurred  in  the  i)olitical  world  of 
Ihiropem  which  the  Reformation  had  not  an  important  share. 

Had  not  Charles  V.,  in  the  intoxication  of  success,  made  an  attempt 
on  tlie  independence  of  the  German  states,  a  Protestant  Union  would 
Irirdly  liave  rushed  to  arm.  in  defense  of  freedom  and  belief;  but  tor 
tiu-  ambition  of  the  Guises,  the  Calvinists  in  France  would  never 
h  ive  beheld  a  Conde  or  a  Coligny  at  their  head;  without  the  exac  tion 
of  the  tenth  and  twentieth  penny,  the  See  of  Rome  would  never  have 
h..t  the  United  Netherlands.  Then  there  was  no  unanimity  among 
tiie  Protestants,  for  the  Futherans  and  Calvinists  disliked  each  other 
ahnost  as  mu(  h  as  they  did  the  Roman  Catholics.  The  Austrian, 
l.nnceswere  all  Catholics,  but  the  great  nobles  and  knights  ot  Ger- 
HKiny  were  chiefly  I-:vangelical,  and  in  the  cities  there  were  far  more 
Protestant,  than  Catholics. 

1-iederic  of  lk)hemia  was  in  a  difficult  situation,  because,  either 
from  i-norance  or  from  indifference,  he  failed  completely  in  gaming 
the  (  (mhdence  of  his  new  subjects.  The  Bohemian  nobility  availed 
tlicm.elvcs  of  their  preponderating  influence  for  their  own  advantage, 
throwing  the  burden  of  taxation  upon  the  citizens  and  the  rural  di>- 
irui..  There  was  one  general  complaint  against  the  imposts,  and  the 
nppresMon  of  the  soldierv  ;  the  Calvinistic  party,  by  their  ecclcMatical 
domination,  annoved  the  Lutherans  no  less  than  the  Catholics.  Ired- 
eri(  wa.  unable  to  govern  these  conflicting  elements,  and  this  weakness 
eiTe.te.l  liis  nun.  When  Maximilian  hastened  with  Tilly  and  his 
,nny  to  Praume,  the  Poliemian  forces  entered  the  city  and  intrenched 
fncm.eives  on  the  Weissenberg  (White  Mountain)  near  the  city.  But 
before  the   intrenchments  were   finished,   Maximilian   advanced,  gave 


35^^ 


iior^r.  or  .trs/'/^/.i. 


1  Mil  IK' I" 


iKiltlc    at    ourc,   and    in    Ir^^   than    an    liuiir    tlu'    Lur    o, 
dcculcA.    'Vhv  philov.pluT  K.nc  IVMaru-  UuvM  urwUTTill) 

At    the   comnuMu  rnicnt    .U"   thi>    battle    iToirfic    w;n 
IniiRM-taläo,  u-hi(  h  he  <li.l   n.a   leave;   l-nl  uheu 
and   >a\v    it>    tenuin.ilion    tr» 


in    tii!>   a>'>ar. It. 

q-isctlv  seated  at   ie.-^  dinner-taiae 

a   ..,u-    n.   tenum.ilu.n    tVuni    the    rainparN,  lie    lost   ah    the 


h 


AVO- 


iiiaa  liner,  iie 


little  iv.olutu.n  he  Mill  ivl.uuol.  Wlu-i.  Mi.unu.nol  lo  .: 
,km,n,.lol  twcuv-r.ua-  h...u-  to  .U-lilu-ralc :  M.xnn.b.n,  .,.^.;  l.nn 
,...]>.  a,ul  FroUTH-  >ci/ol  ihi>  oPi-Hunitv  to  .-,,,,,0  witl,  h,~  «,1c  a,..! 
,.lh,l,cn  an.l  othoc,-,  m  tlu-  ,„;,h-.  H.^  lii.att  wa,  ^o  hun  ,..1  ilu.  l>c 
Ka,    h„  M-own   bcht.i.l   hun.  a,al  the   I'nu.a-  of  Anhalt   lor.^oi  h,s  ,no,t 

•  •1  know  no-.vwhat   1  am."  e\i  lanneil  the  iiuloriunate 


"      On 


V 


xn'w  ate  papers.  -  - 

Freaerie:   -there  are  v,rtne>  whieh  nu^lortune.  onlv  .an  teaeh  u~.  an.l 
il   i.  ,n   a.lve,>itv  aU.ne  that   lain.es  learn   t..  kn..w  iluan-eKv      ^ 
\Iax,n,,l.an'>retarn  t.,  Muni.h.  he  ur,,te  t..  the  I'.-l.e,   •■  1  .  a,n,-.  .  .a 
Gol.-on,,nere.l."     Tniv  loll.me.l  alt.a-  If  e.leri.'.  an,l.  ,n   ......  ^..nne;! 

an.l   took    Hei.lelhe,-.  an.l  sent   it>  uh.,le  hhrary  to  IV-pe  (,re;;..ry  \\  . 
■J-hi-  librarv  was  rettirn.'.l  l.y  r.-l-e  I'i.is  \'ll.   in  1S15.  ,     .       ,    , 

Ven.e  w...  not  irretrievaMv  l.,.t  when  1- iv.Uaa.'s  ,,nM!lann,„t  v  Ual 
hin,  to  leave  it.  The  li.uht  tro.,,.s  of  ManMel.l  -.r  Mansvehlt  .  were 
.till  in  l>,Uen.  a,Hl  I'.ethlehetn  ( lab.T  nnghl  have  atta.ke.l  llun.arv. 
lU-  Fre.len.-  ha.l  lle.l,  Pra.un.-  surren-lere.l  the  next  .lav.  an.l  that 
de.a.led  the  fate  ..f  I'.oheni.a,  ,.n,l  ,.nt  the  Km,,er..r  Fer.hnan.,  in 
,,os-.essi.,n  of  all  hi.  .h.tn.n.on..  The  ftte  ..f  C.aananv  w.w  ^now  ,n 
the  J-nM-Tor--  han.ls.  If  he  wa>  ,.,>t.  there  was  an  en.l  .,1  tne  war; 
if  l,e  w.is  both  ma-nanin,ons  an.l  jnst.  i..ni.sh,ner,t  was  at  an  en.l 
Never  was  s.,  threat  a  .lc.isi,)n  restin.u'  on  ..ne  s,n,^le  nnn.l  ;  n.'ver  .1,. 
t'he  blintlness  .'.f  ,.ne  tnan  ,.r,..lu.-e  so  n,n,  h  ruin.      Ker.bnan.lwa~  stnl 

Protestantism  ;   an.l  w,u-  be-in  a-aiii,  win.  li  wa.s 


It  is  eauailated    that   the   number  ol 


resolveil  to  put  d.)wn 

coon  to  spreail   all   over  I'airope. 

,;tmilies  w^ho  were   lor.-e.l    t.,  leave    Dohemia  at  ,h,s   tnne   anv.nnv.al  to 

,l,,i,,v   thonsan.l.      They  for   the   tnost   part  lle.l   t..  S,.xo,ty  an.l    bran- 

'''Thri':ie,tor  of  Saxony  stor,,l  at  the  hea.l  of  the  C.erman  l>r..te.t- 
,,ns-  but  he  .autiouslv  avoi.le.1  ...mtnitting  hintselt,  aral  turne.l  h.s 
;,ten'tion  to  the  impr'oventent  an.l  interests  .,f  lus  ow,>  ...untrv. 
C-<,unt  Matisfeld  soon  ha.l  a,,  army  ..f  twentv  ihousan.l  nten.  an.l  .  .- 
.lare.l  that  he  would  sttll  tnamtaitt  the  cause  ..f  Kredcnr  agan.sl  the 
Emperor.  He  was  f.rst  joine.l  bv  Ceorge  Fre.len.  .  ^argrave  .,1 
Ba.lenTh-.rlaeh,  an.l  then  by  Unke  Christian,  brother  ol  the  re,,n,n, 
Duke  of  lirunswick.  who  cante  to  his  ai.l.  wul,  tlu'  m.,tt.,.  --(.o-l  s 
frien.l    priests'    f.^'."      IVthlchetu   Gabor,  the  old   enen>y  ..t   .\nsina, 


1'I:KI)IX.IXD    //. 


in 


ag.Tin  atta.  k',.i    Hungary  with  success,  and  was  rrowp.e.l   king  at  Prc?- 
burir.      The   imiJenal    L/ener.il.   Puc.liiov.  was  forceil   to  lea\e  Pioheai  a. 

an<l   \va>    killed    at    th.e    .siege   of  Xeiihauseh      Frederic's   courage    now 
revived  ■    he  left   il(dland,  and  joine<l  Mansfeld  :  l)Ut  Man^tcld  and  tiie 
IMarirrave   of    Ihiden    had    sei.arated,    and   the    latter  was   defeated    at 
Wiinj.fen.    in    1622,    l)y   Till}-.      The    Duke    of    Iham^wick   was   driven 
l).i(  k  to  AKa.(  e,  then   to  Lorraine,  and  finally  went   to  Holland,,  wiiere 
he   fell   in   Ionc  with   the  l^lectress-palatine,  and,  wearing  her  glove  in 
hi>  hat,  returned  to  tlie  war,  after  changing  his  motto  to  ''  All  for  Ood 
and  her."      The   lMn[)eror  nc^w  gave   the   Palatinate   and   the  ele<  tural 
dignity  to  Maximilian  I.  of  Pavaria.    This  opened  the  eye-,  of  Jame>  I. 
of  iMigland,  and  the  Protestant  princes,  aroused   from   their  slumbers, 
entered   into  a  confederacy  with  the  King  of  Denmark,  Christian^  IV., 
clu)o>ing  him  for  their  leader.      Count  Tilly,  in  the  service  of  Pavaria, 
was   on    the    frontiers  of  Lower   Saxony,  depriving   the   Protestant>  of 
their  (■hur(  hes,  driving  away  the  Lutherans,  and  committing  other  acts 
of  vi()len(  e.      As  soon   as   lie   learned   that  the   King  of  Denmark  was 
to  take  the  field,  he  continued   bis  march  along  the  left  bank  of  tlie 
Weser,  and   made  himself  master  of  all   the  passes  as  far  as  ^Lnden. 
PA-rdinand  now  began  to  fear  that  he  was  too  dependent  on  Bavaria: 
he   therefi)re   had    recour.se   to   Wallenstein,   who   raised  an   army,  of 
whi«h    he   took  the  command.      Now  for    the   first   time   there  was  an 
imperial   army  in  the  field,  and   this  army  marked   its  course  with  th.e 
mo>t  friLditfid  devastation.      Wallenstein  did   not  join  Tilly,  becau-e 
he  was  jealous  of  'Pilly's  fiime,  but  simply  made  himself  master  of  t'ne 
Pdbe.      Mansfeld   kept  Wallenstein's  army  at  bay,  while  Christian  IV. 
watched  the   movements  of  Tilly,  who  had  taken  Göttingen,  tlie  key 
of  P»runswick  and  Hesse.      At  the  village  of  Putter,  on  the  Parenberg, 
in   1626,  (1iri>tian  was  com})letely  defeated  by  Tilly,  and  ].ur>ued  into 
LP)l-aein  ;   and  at  the  disgraceful  peace  of  Lübeck,  in  1629.  he  was  (  om- 
])elled  to  i)romise  that  he  would  never  again  interfere  in  the  aflairs  of 
the  German  Emi)ire.    The  P^mperor  now  was  more  p)Owerfud  than  ever, 
aral   the   Protestant   cause  was    in   extreme  jeoj^ardy.      A  })roof  of  this 
was  the  edict  of  restitution  of  1629,  by  which  the  Protestants  were  to 
give  up  all   the   church  estates   which  they  had   confiscated  since   tiie 
religious  peace  of   1555.      Meantime,  Wallenstein  went  to  Berlin,  re- 
du(-ed    the    Llector  of  Brandenburg  to  submission,  overran    Mecklen- 
burg, sub-i>ting  his   trooi)s  on  the  places  he  concpiered,  and  laid  siege 
to   Ma-deburij,  which  he  was  unable   to   conquer  after  .seven   montii^' 
hard  fighting.      However,  his  general  success  induced  the  Emperor  to 
'dve  him  the  title  of  Admiral  (j^  the  North  and  Baltic  Seas. 


35^ 


JIOi'SK    OF  Ai'STKIA. 


\t  this  crisis  appeared  Gustavus  Adolplms,  King  of  Sweden,  to  whom 
Stralsund  had  applied   tor  protection   in    .628,  when   beMeged    hv   an 
army  ot"   one   hundred   thousand    n.en    under   Wallenstem,   and    where 
the  latter  was  humbled   tor  the  first  time   in  his  life.      T\^.  (  lamurs  ot 
the    Catholic    leaders    now    became    so    loud    that    the    l^n.pcror    was 
obli-ed   to  dismiss  Wallenstein  from   his  service,  and   appoint    1  illy  to 
takJ'his   place.       When    Gustavus   Adolphus,    exasperated    bv    various 
iPJuries  rec-eived   from   the    Kmperor,  and  lull  of  zeal    !br   hi>   rcbun-n, 
responded  to  the  call  t;)r  as.,stanc-e  from  the  Protectants,  and,  m   i^p, 
landed    in    Pomerania,    with    an    ar.ny   of    thirty   thous.nul     men.    the 
Catholics  ridiculed  the  -  Snow  King,"  as  tliev  called  him,  ^:^y.ng  that 
he  and    his  armv  would   melt    betöre   thev  could    rea<  h  \  icnna.       1  li  v 
besieged  and    took  Magdeburg  betöre  (bistavus  could  co.ne  to  it>  aid; 
but    having    increased    his    strength    by   an   alliance   wuh    Iran.e    and 
several    (ierman   princes,  .ome  of  whom,  a.   the  Klector.   oi    l''^^;!^;';- 
kn-  and  Saxonv,  were  c ompeb-l   to  accede  to  it,  he  overtook   1  illy 
and    Pappenheim    at    Peip.ic-    m  16.,,,  and   destroyed   their  armv    ami 
then    town    after    town   surrendered    on    h.s   wav  until   he    re:,  hed    the 
centre  of  Pavaria,  where  he  again  nu't  Tillv  m  battle  on  tlie  l.ech.      A 
ball  struck  T.llv,  c  rushing   his   right   leg.  and   he  wa.  c-,nr,ed   to  Ingol- 
stadt, where  he'died  at  the  age  ol   sevent v-three.      (bi^tavus   ,  ontmued 
to  traverse  the  ccmntrv,  with  tin-  sword   ,n  one  hand  and  men  y  m   the 
other.      Maximilian   began    nc.v  to    tVel    the    miserie.    he   had    infbc  ted 
,,pon  others.      Munich  it.elf  opened  its  gates  to  tlie  invincib  le  monarch 
of  Sweden;   and   the   fugitive    Frederic  in   the  tV>rsakcn   i^da.e  c.    Ins 
rival,  consoled  himself  lor  a  time  tor  the  los.  of  hi>  domnuon..     Maxi- 
milian, however,  had  carried  awav  nearly  all  h.s  treaMire.       1  iw  m.g- 
nihc-enc-e  of   the  palace  astonished   (bi.tavu.,  and   he  a^ked   wno   was 
the  architect.      "  Xo  other,"  he  wa.  answered,  -  than  tlu-  Pie.  tor  n,m- 
self  "      -I  wish,"  said  Gustavu.,  "that  I  had  this  arc  Into  t  to  send  t.) 
Stockholm  "      '^'i'hat  the  architect  will   take   good   cue  to   ].revent, 
was  the  replv.      On  examining  the  arscaiab  nothing  was  iuimd   but  car- 
riac^es  stripped   of  their  cannon..      'Phe.e   had    been    so  c  aretnilv  enn- 
cealed  under  the  tloor  that   thev  would  not  have  been  tnnnd  h..d  ,t  not 
been  for  the  treachery  of  a  workman.      -  Ri^e  up  trom  the  d..o,      .nd 
Gustavus,    striking    the    floor,   -and    c  cm.e    to  judgment.  1  he    lhu,r 

was  pulled  up,  and   one   hundred  and    tortv  pu.  e>  ot   .  annnn  were  dis- 
covered, whic-h  had  been  taken  .  h.etlv  from  the  Palatinate  and  bohem.a. 
\   treasure   of    thirtv   thousand   gold   chicUs,    cc.mealed    m    one   ot    the 
liro-est    pieces,   added    to   the    i>leaMnv   whn  h    (bistavn.    re<  eivol   trom 
this  valuable  accjuisition.      Meantime,  the   Elector   ol   Saxony  was  on 


\ 


FERDIXAXD    IT. 


359 


his   way   to   Prague.      Wallenstein   never  troubled    himself   about    it, 
offering  neither  the  least  advice  nor  the  aid  of  his  military  experience, 
but  cpiielly  left   the  city.      Prague  was  captured  without  a  blow,  and 
John  (leorge  placed  guards  over  Wallenstein's  palace  that  it  might  not 
be  plundered  ;  and  his  estates  were  also  left  unharmed.     The  distressed 
condition  of  the  emi)ire  was  such  at  this  period   that    the  p:mperor  was 
forced  to  humble   himself  to  ask  W^allenstein  to  take  connnand  of  the 
armv  again,  and  to  give  him  almost  unlimited  i)0wer.      No  class  in  all 
the  Austrian   territories  was   exempt   from   heavy  taxation   in   order  to 
raise  and  eciuip  an  army.      Philil)  HI.  had  died  in  1621,  and  was  stic- 
ceeded  by  his  son,  Philip  IV.,  who,  with  the  Emperor's  son,  Ferdinand, 
King  <Ä  Himgary,  agreed  to  furnish  a  large  suiri  :    and  Wallenstein 
himself  gave   two'  hundred   thousand  dollars  from  his  own  income  to 
hasten    the  armament.      Wallenstein  won  over  to  his  aid  the  Duke  of 
EcM-rame  ;    l\)land  was  to  furnish   him  with  Cossacks,  and   Italy  with 
warlike    stores.      Pefore   three    months,    the   charm   of   his    name   had 
enabled  him  to  collect  an  army  of  forty  thousand  men  in  Moravia, 
with  whic  h   he  recaptured   Prague  and  marched    into  Saxony.       Max- 
iniilnin  waited   in  Ratisbon   for  Wallenstein  until  he  entered  Saxony, 
and  then  jcuned  him  with  twenty  thousand  men.     Gustavus  was  in  Nu- 
remberg, and  sent  word  to  hasten  his  allies,  the  Duke  of  Weimar  and 
the  Landgrave  of  Hesse-Cassel,  with  all  his  generals,  to  bring  forward 
tluar  troop.,  for  he  had  only  sixteen  thousand  men.     Wallenstein,  on 
reviewing  his  army,  said,  "In  four  days  it  will  be  seen  whether  I  or 
the   King  of  Sweden    is  to   be  master  of  the  world."      When  Wallen- 
stem  was  urged  to  attack  Gustavus,  he  replied,  "Battles  enough  have 
been  fought:    it  is  now  time  to  try  another  method."      Meantime,  he 
fortified  his  cami)  on  the  Pegnitz,  opposite  Nuremberg,  in  order  to  cut 
olT  supplies  from  Gustavus's  army.      Gustavus,  on  hearing  that  supplies 
were  coming  from  Bavaria  to  his  enemy,  sent  out  a  regiment  of  cavalry 
in  the  night,  whic  h   deteated  the  imperial  escort,  and  captured  twelve 
thousand  c  attle  and  one  thousand  wagons  loaded  with  bread,  which,  as 
the\   were   not  able  to  carry  off,   they  burned.      Soon  after.  Gustaviis 
attac  ked  Wallenstein  in  his  camp,  but  was  unsuccessful.     Wallenstein's 
inactivitv  before  Nuremberg  excited  a  suspicion  that  he  was  unwilling 
to  measure  his  power  with  the  hero  of  the  North.   Gustavus  left  Nurem- 
berg, and  Wallenstein  broke  up  his  camp  and  followed  him  into  Saxony. 
At  b'iit/en.  November  6,  1632,  their  armies  met.    Wallenstein  had  forty 
thousand   men;   the   Swedes  and  Saxons  only  twenty-seven  thousand. 
''(;od  with   ns,"  was  the  war-cry  of  the  Swedes;    "Jesu  Maria,"  that 
of  the  imperialists.      Wallenstein's  generals  were  Pappenheim,  Piece- 


r  JIClSJ:    Ol-   ,irs7'u/.t. 

360 

lomini.    Isolani,   with   l,i>  Coa,.,   Tnvka   ..r  TcrAy.   C.o./.   nn.l    CI- 
lercJc.     (lus.avu.  Adolpiu,.  l.u!  l',crnhanl  of  W.unar    (,r,-,avn.  1   orn 
the    Duke    of    SaNe-Laucnl.urg,     an,l    Central     Suaubo.  k.        .uMa     >s 
Adolphus  and    l'a,u>enhcnn   l.,M    Uuar    Ines   u,   ,bi>  ba.,..      A,K,-      je 
fall  of  C.u.tavu^,  l!err,har,l  „.„k  .onunan-l  ol   the  ..00,,-.  an,l     e   ,1    11 
ave.vaal  CustavusV  death.      Wallens.ein.  hy  the  ha.te    u,  win.  in,e  lelt 
the  t^ext  dav.  openly  eonlVs-ed  h>.  defeat,     (.xen^tien,  ,,ow  ,o,.k  .  on,- 
,„„,,   „f  the   Swede,;    and   a   few   week,   after   the  deal,   o,   (,uM,n  „ 
Vdolt.hu,,  sorrow  ended  the  days  e,f  the  unfortunate   frener,.  ol   I„.,k- 
„ia.      <o<m   alter    the   vietory   of    l.mzen.   the    I'roteMan,,   drove    tue 

iin])crialisls  out  of  Saxony.  .  ,1^1     ,,.,„ 

It  was    now   a   religtous   war   no   longer;    everv   erea.    lead.er    ,  >  uan 
to   fight   for  his  own  a,,randi/euK-nt.     'nte  Saxons     to   prote-t     he,r 
own  Country,  nurr.:hed  towar.ls  Sdesia  to  aid   Count    llu.rn  ^'^-';-'      » 
Anstrians.     A  part  of  the  Swed.sh  arn,v.  led  be  r.ernhard,  wen,      uo 
Franeottia,  where  he  would  be  near  enough  to  delend  h.  own  du,  In 
an,l  the  other,  led  by  Ceorue,   Ihtke  of   Itrnnswnk,  to  be  wu lun   na, 
of  his   hon,e,  went   itUo  Westpltaba.      The   eouMU-ts  .m     he     ,u  h  and 
the    Danube  were   de.ended   by  the   I'alatnu-of   Ihrkenleul  :    ,    e   Swe.b 
„h  General   Uaner  was  to  keep  the  Ikuarians  in  .he.  k  :  and  (,er,e,a 
Horn    went    into    Msa.-e.       There    were    three    arnnes    n>    ^^'>-'-      ■ 
Sweab^h,    un.ler   Count  Thorn,   a    Sax..n,    nn.ler   (  ,.unt_  .Arnh.an,   an.l 
theDukeof   I.anenbtn-,,al)an,sh.ltt.hv,.an,l.uK.  o,    brandee.l.    ., 

,,aer  Uer,es,lorf.     The  Saxons  a.t.l  Swe.les  hate.l  ^"•^^;l';;!^l 
•Vrnheitii  and  Th.-rn  eonten.le.l  lor  the  .Inel  ,  ..nunand  ol  ad  t  k  1  on 
'estant   tr.u.ps,   whieh  nuntbere.l   aU.,,e,her   onlv  twenty-l.an-  thou-and 
„en.    Wallenstein  .aune  t.,  tn.et  then,  with  an  artny  o,  lortv  thot.an.l. 
The  Kn>pcr..r  sent  hnn  wor.l  t..  hgb.  ;  InU  Walleus.enr  rep.a.e,,,.  .b^- 
.egankal     or    ,!is.,beve,l,    the   Fanperor's    e.unn.an.ls.      l-.r    nnt.    -l-.y 
th:.se   ,w..  arnnes  ren,a,ue,!  w.th.n   gunshot  ..f  ea.h  .ulur.      .\t    len.Utl 
Fenlinan.l's  suspieious  being  ex.ite.l,  a  Spanish  arnn  "-';"-    -'j' 
„,,,,,,.,   into  Gern,any,  thus  for.  ing   Wallen-,..;,,,   ...  s.^n.!  h,.  g.  ,k   ,d, 
•Mtr.n.a.r,  wath  a  reinlo-'eenrent  ...  j..,n   it.      \\allens,.un.  -u,  h,s  -„  .. 
;n,pe,  Un     that  he  ntight  again  be  .Uspla.e.l.  .alle.l  a  n,.a.,n,e  .u   l-w 
offi   ers  at  P.Uen,  in  liohen.ia,  fif.y-two  n.iles  soutl,we.:  ..f     r,:gu..  :  an. 
here  the  paper,  of  wh,.h  we   have   al,-ea,!y  spoke.r.  w...  .bawn  ,,,.  I.u 
then,  t.,  s!g,!.      .Mtringer,  on   hearing  a  rn.nor  of  the  .hung.  a.    1  d.en 
fe,..ne.l   si.Tness.   an.l   st.,,.pe.l  at   the  f.>rt,-ess  ...    lrane,d,e,-g.      (.a  las 
and  l-nrolonriniioine.l  Wallensteu,  n,  or.ler  to  be  ey.-wnne.s.s  ...  l„s 
pro,ee.lings  and  'rep.-r,  then,  .0  .he  hanp.  n.r.      Fer.lnun.l  ■""--■■>; 
se.n  inst,a.etu,ns  to  se,.e  W,:Uens,e,n,  lUo.  an.l   Uavkv.  an.l  keep  the. 


FERDISAyD    IT. 


361 


• 


n 


.;^,,,,,.,  .   ,,,  ,r  that  eoul.l  not  be  .lone  w.thout  '1-  ^'- ,  "^     ;  ;       ; 

,,   taken  .lea.l  ..r  abvc.      Wallenstein  wa,  anxrons  fo,   ^^^^^^ 

Mtnn.'er  •   Callas  offe.'e.l  to  go  for  hi.ii  an.l  br>.ng  h,n.  to  1  .l,.n.     He 

w  b  ,  .'  in.ea.l  ..f  returning  w,th  hi,.,  sent  hin,  fa  V.a.na    t.,  repo,. 

,.  the  F.uper.u-.      l',c.-olo,n„„  now  ...Tere.l  t.,  go  and  nasten  tue  ,etu,u 

,  .       ...  l,i,n  ,-lf  at  the  hea.l  ..f  an  aiaiiv  ,..  march 

of  Callas,  but  went  to  plaee  him.elt   at  inene.  ;  ,:„  ,hp 

on  l>d,en       Wallenstein  was  only  waiting  for  the.r  retur,    ...  ....n  tit 

P  eLstant   .ro..ps   an.l   figlu  the  K.nperor.     At  '«"^l'^>^=;— ^^ 
.„,pe,  t  sonKthntg  wrong,  he  left  Pilsen  w.th   lerzky  .  -^^u     >    ->  «^ 
haiuK..!  to  l-:gra,  on  the  frontie.-s  of  Kohen,,a      An  tn.pc     I         ■ 
ha.l  proelain.e.l  hi,n  an  outlaw,  an.l  did  not    a,l  of  -     ff"    '     ^^  ^  ; 
aven   ing  Xen.esis  ordained  that  the  nng,-atefnl  one  should    ■'     ''--^  ' 
the  bh.w  of  ingratiltt.le.     An,ong   his  omeers  was  one   Le.lu.  wboe 

tune  he  ha.lma.le,  who  was  now  called  upon  to  cxeeute    he  .e   t  n 
a..a,nst  Wallenstein,  and  to  earn  the  priee  ot  blo.,.l.     No  soone,  ha.l  h 
:     1  e  1  l^:.ra  than  he  .liselose.i  t.,  C:olo,tel  F.utler,  the  com.nan.le,  of 
rtre.:,  the  treasonable  desig.ts  of  Wallenstein,  an.    tue    .u,pcror  s 
„„nnran.l   to  seize  hi,«.      Wallenstein  e.uered  the  cast  e  o        gr^^.or 
,.■.,,,,  feeling  s,.re  that  he  was  an,.,ng  hi,  best  tr.ends;  btt    u.v.  tea,- 
;,:  o,ne  ,n,:.han..e,  re.olve.l  to  assa.inate  hin.     Colonel  l„t ler  ga  e 
a,;  entertainment  for  all  the  o^cer.  a,,d  .      te^nest.  Zr:^::!^ 
stein,  ,na.le  their  appearance.      lUo,    le./.kv,   K  nsk>. 
,b-a„k  Wallenstcn's  health,  not  as  a  servant  o.   the  Empeto,.  but  as  a 

^"T;:^:,n;";:,::..ed   .heir  hear,s,  and  Illo  boasted   that   Walleustein 
w..uhl   soon  be  at  the  hea.l  of  an  army  larger  than   any  th.ey    ,a.     e   e 
vet  seen       -  Ve-,"  crie.l  Neumann,  -  and  then  he  hopes  to  Oatue  h,s 
-,,an.ls  i,;  Austrian  blood."     The  dessert  was  now  brought  ,n    an.,  at  a 
,„ven  signal   the  .Irawbri.lge  was  raised.      In  an   „tstant  t.,e  h,,,    w   s 
hUe.l  wi  1,  arme.l   nren.   who,  with  the  unexpected  greet.ng,       Long 
.er.bnan.l  :"    placed  themselves  behin.l  the  cha.rs  o,    tue  .!.,ou..l 
'   ,,.ts       K.nskv  and  Terzky  were  killed  on  the  spot  ;   Neu.nan.t        s 
e„..h,wn  as  he 'attempted  to  escape  ;   lUo  killed  two  oi   h,s  a^sanant, 
:;ö!-:  l,e  .Vn   p.erce.,  with  ten  woun.ls.      Wh.le  the  ^-M-  J-^;'-; 
,„-,,.in.^  Wallen.tein  was  .-ea.ling  the  stars  wnh  Sent.  Ihc  ..a,^. 

r..    :  .  passed."  sai.l  the  ast.-oh.ger,  prophetically.    "  It  ,.     ,v,.l.e.i 
V '1  ,t  •       ,  •  '•  ■  =.t  thou,  fr>end  Seni,  thyself  shalt  soon  be  tln-.,wn  „,to 
ri  .  a;   is  als.,  written  ,n  the  stars."      The  astrologer  took  h,s 

;  ve    an.l  \\-allens.ei,r  retire.l  to  his  room.     Soon  alter,  a  c  ,pta„,  of 
,  vu'-ons    bn,-st   open   his  .loor,  saving,    "Art   thou   the   vdla.n   who 
;  :  "  t' t.>  delive    tlte  E.nperor's  troops  into  the  hand»  o.  tne  ene,ny 


302 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA, 


FERDIXAND   III. 


363 


and  to  tear  the  crown  from  the  head  of  his  Majesty?  Hiou  must 
die!"  Wallenstein  threw  his  arms  wide  open,  received  tlie  halberds 
in   his  breast,   and,  without   uttering   a  groan,    fell    weltering   \\\   his 

blood. 

The  Emperor's  son,  Ferdinand,  was  now  made  generalissnno,  and 
Cotmt   Ciallas    commanded    under    him.       Ratisl)on    was    taken,    then 
Donauwerth,   and  at    Nurdlingen,    in    1634,    the   imperiah^ts  gained   a 
great  and  decided  victory  over  the  Swedes,  who  were  connnanded   by 
General   Horn  and  Duke  Hernhard  of  Weimar.      Twenty  thou^and  of 
their  trooi)S  were  either  slain  or  made  prisoners,  and  among  the  latter 
was  General  Horn  himself,  wlnle  Duke  liernhard  with  the  remnant  of 
his   armv  retreated  towards   the    Rhine.      This  defeat   (o^t   the   ("lian- 
cellor  of  Sweden    the   second  ^leeple>>   ni^ht    he    had    passed    in    Ger- 
many:   the  hrst  was  caused  by  tlie  death  of  (bistavii^  Adolphu>.      And 
now  the   moment   had   arrived    whu  h    Richelieu   had   been    impatieniiv 
awaiting.      He  knew  that  nothing  but  tlie  impo^>ibilitv  of  ^a\irig  them- 
selves could  ever  induce  the  Protectants  to  support   tlie   preieiiMnns  ot 
France   ui)on   Alsace.       Tliey   had   already    taken    por,.^e.-.Mon    of    Mel/. 
Toul,   and    A'erdun,    d'reves   wa.    gammoned    bv    brench    sohber^.   and 
Lorraine  was   in  a  manner  coiKpiered.      The   ol>jevi   o!    liv.nce  w,,^   to 
make  tlie  Rhine  the  natural   boundary  between    liicir  <  ..unirv  an-l  r.cr- 
many.      After  the  great  l>attle  of  Nordbm^eru  tiie    brotr.tants  sent  an 
emba^cv  to  Ri(  heben,  ur-mg  hiin  to  take  Abace  and   ab    the  places  on 
the    I'pper    Rhine,  whi<  h  were    tin-    k-v.   of  (;ernianv.  maier   liib   pro- 

|.,r,ii  ;   ,ind  the  Span- 


ns 1 


tectioii.       In   return  Fraiu  e  w.ic  to  make  war 

iards  soon    -ave   them   a   good    pretext.       Makm-    :v^    iin-.id    from    the 

Netherlands,    thev    tell   ni-on   Treve.  and    (  ul     the    breia  ii   garrison   in 

piece.,  after  wluch    Rk  heben   biec  lared  war,  ami   began   operations  on 

the  Rinne  m  1635.      Alter  tiie  battle  of  Nordlingen,  which  seemed   to 

have  annihilated 'the  ^wedi^li   oowrr  m   (brm.uiv.  the  Saxons  seceded 

from  the  Sue.bs.       i'iu  ir  l-U.  t-n,   b'lni  (leorge,  tearing  that  he  might 

never  re<  over  his  proviiu  c  u!    bn^atia.  MxCx  nhuhl   even  lose  Still  more, 

made  pea<f  with   the  Knipma-  at  biMuue   in   .03;.      He  received  back 

Fu.aiia  Willi  a  portion  i^\    ihr  provin.  e  of  Magdeburg,  and   full  libertv 

for  rebgiouc  worship  for  fortv  year..       The  c^'cn  part  that  France  now 

took  iiMhis  contest   brought   back   the  balance  ot    vat-u-v  ^o  far  to  the 

Protestant  arms  that  ulicn  benbn  nd  lb  died,  m   luy,.  he   hab  given 

up  the  hope  of  ever    attaining  hi.  objects.      Hi.   rei,.n.    :.    (-ne   ot   the 

most  disastrous   in   hi.tory,  for  Germain'  owe.  him  uotliin-  but  bhuxl- 

shed  and  misery  and  desolation.      A(  cording  to  hi.  wilb  lie  wa.  buried 

in  the  cathedral  of  Grat/,  in  which  he  had  erec  ted  In.,  own  nMU-Menni, 


near  those  of  his  father  and  mother.      His  first  wife  was  Mary  Anna 
of  Bavaria,  the  mother  of  Ferdinand  HL  ;  his  second  was  Eleanora  of 

iMantua. 


FFRDIXAXI)  III..  FERDIXAND    DER   DRITTE.     A.D.  1637-1657. 

"  Pietate  et  justitia."     (Piety  and  justice.) 

Fi:ki)!XAX1)  III.,  King  of  Hun- 
gary and   Bohemia,  and  Archduke 
of  Austria,  the  concpieror   at    the 
battle  of  Nordlingen,  was  elected 
and    crowned    I^mperor    at    Ratis- 
bon,   m    1636,  during  his    father's 
life.      He  was  less  bigoted  than  his 
fuller,  for,  having  accompanied  the 
arinie.  after  the  death  of  Wallen- 
stein.  he  had  witnessed  the  miseries 
ot  war.  and  was  therefore  inclined 
fur  peace.      Ibit  the  (onflicting  in- 
terests of  the  belligerent,  hindered 
any  unitN' of  view.    Duke  Bernhard 
wished    to    enlarge    iii.    duchy, — 
perhaps  to    make    it    a   kingdom  ; 
Sweden  wanted  pos.e.sion.  in  (jer- 
many  ;  and  iMMuce  wanted  Alsace. 
Thus  wa^  this  miserable  war  pro- 
tracted,  extending  in  circ  nit   and 
increasing    in.    devastation,   owing 
to   the  growm^:   licentiousness   of 
the  soldiery. 

The  activitv  of  iJuke  lujrnhard 
began  again  in  1638,  wlien  lie  left 
his  u  inter  cpiarters  >it    Ba.le,  took 

uie  forest  towns  of  EautV^nburg,  Waldschut,  and  Sickingen,  and  began 
the  sie-e  of  Rheinfeldt.  The  imi)erial  general  Savelli  hastened  to  the 
relief  c'.f  that  important  i>lace,  and  forced  Bernhard  to  retire  with  great 
loss.  However,  the  duke  returned  the  third  day  afterwards,  defeated 
the  imperialists,  and  tc3ok  four  of  their  generals  prisoners,— Savelli. 
John  de  Werth.  Enketord,  and  Sperreuter.  De  Werth  and  Enketord 
were  sent  bv  Richelieu's  orders  into  France,  to  flatter  the  vanity  ot  the 


FEKUINANU    HI. 


1 


54  JlOl  SK    OF  AUSTRIA. 

French  by  the  sigln  of  ^iich  (listin-ui^licd  priM.ncr^  ;  arid  tlic  Hags  cap- 
tured   were    carried    in    procession    to    Notre    1  )auic.       P.niihard   nuw 
captured  Rotehi   and    Frn)ur,L;,  and  then  Liid   >ic-e  to  lhvi^.ir]i,  <.n  the 
Rliine.      This  phicc  was  the  key  of  Al>a(e,  and  tiie  Ilaii  in  ariiiv.  nn(KT 
the  Duke  of  I'V'ria,  ha^tened    to    it>   ai(L      d'ne  nnperial    uener;i!  (ioetz 
also  hurried  on  with  twelve  tliousand   men  and  tiiree  th,on-aiid  w,i-on- 
loads  of  provisions,      liernhard  attacked   him  with  >u(  h  \  i-or  at  Wit- 
tenweyer  that  he  lost  all  his   provisions,  and  all    hi^   for(  e  e\(  e].t  tiu'ec 
thousand   men.      A   similar  fate  at  Odisentl'ld   overtook  the   Duke   ot 
Lorraine,  who  with  five  or  six  thousand  men  advaneed  to  the  relict   of 
the  fortress  :  but  the  fortress  surrendered,  in  163S.  to  its  ].er>.everni-  and 
humane  concpieror.      Bernhard   liad    no   intention  of  >nrrendering  his 
concpiests  to  France,  but  was  about  to  join  Dauer  and  carr>  the  war  into 
Austria,  when  a  sudden  death  (ut   short   his   heroic   career,  in   \(>y).  at 
Neuburg,  on  the  Rliine,  and  when  he  was  only  in  the  thirty-sixth  vear 
of  his   age.    He  was  the    youngest  of  eight   e.iually  brave    and  warlike 
brothers!     He  himself  declared  hi>  belief  that  he  was  poisoned,  and  his 
chaplain  confirmed  this  suspicion  in  tht' sermon  he   jireaelieil   over   Ins 
remains.      If  this  was  the  case,  it  nm>t  be  attributed  to  the  interference 
of  France,  for   immediately  after  his  death    French   agents  visited   his 
army,  whose  services  they  ^jurcdiased  with  large  sums,  together  with  all 
places  in  its  possession. 

The  present  Fmperor  was  le>s  influenced  by  the  Je-uit^  and  Spam 
than  his  father;  more  liberal  towards  the  religious  views  of  other-,  and 
therefore  more  bkely  to  listen  to  reason.  Mis  father,  during  a  reign 
of  eighteen  years,  had  never  laid  aside  the  ^word  or  tasted  the  bless- 
in«^s  of  l)eace.  l^ndowed  with  the  (pialitio  of  a  good  soxereign,  and 
bv  nature  uentle  and  humane,  we  see  him,  from  an  erroneous  idea  ot  a 
monarch's  duty,  become  at  once  the  instrmneiU  and  the  vu  tun  ot  the 
evil  passions  of  others,  his  good  intentions  tVustrated,  and  the  Irieiul 
of  justi(-e  converted  into  the  oppressor  of  mankind,  theeneinvot  peace, 
and  the  scourge  of  his  peoi)le. 

In  the  beginning  of  his  reign  fortune  favored  Fenlinand  III.  ngainst 
the  Swedes.  ]'>aner,  the  Swedish  general,  was  nearl\  s-irrouiided  l)y 
the  imperialists,  from  whom  he  es(  ap.ed  b\-  pretending  to  ui.nvh  to 
Poland,  but  on  a  sudden,  under  cover  of  the  night,  turning  toward-  the 
Oder,  which  he  crossed,  and  readied  Ponurania  without  lo-s.  biiur 
at  length  terminated  his  career  at  Halberstadt,  in  Mj.w  i6|i.  lb  was 
fertile  in  expedients,  whidi  he  planned  with  se(  re(  \-  and  executed  witli 
bolcbiess  ;  greater  in  adversity  than  in  pros])erity,  and  ne\a-r  more  lor- 
midable  than  when  upon  the  brink  of  destruction.      Nearly  eigiit\  tliou- 


FERDIX.lXn    III. 


365 


sand  ineii  kdl  in  the  numerous  battles  whi.di  he  fought  ;   and  about  six 
lumdied  liostile  banners,  which  he  sent  to  Stockholm,  were  the  trophies 

of  his  victories. 

N,.u-  appeared  the  new  Swedish  generalissimo.  Leonard  Torstensohn, 

a  ouial  nf  (lusiavus  Adolphus.     Though  a  martyr  to  the  gc^it.  and  con- 
fimMl    10  a    litter,  he  surpassed    all   his   opponents   in   activity,  and  his 
enterprise  had  wings,  while  his  bo<ly  was  heul  with  the  most  jnghtiul 
iVuci-.      He   -tarted    to  carry  the   war  into  Austria,   in  1642, 'and   the 
Arciiduke    Fee)pold    and    Piccolomini    hastened    to    intercept    him   at 
Leip^ic.      bv  a  strange  coincidence,  the  two  armies  met  upon  the  very 
spot  win  re.  eleven  vears   before,  (bistavus  Adolphus  gained  a  decided 
vi(  torv.      The   Swedish   generals   threw  their  divisions  with  such   im- 
petuo.'itv  upon  the  let't  wing  of  the  imperialists  before  it  was  completely 
forme<l.'that  all  the  (-avalrv  whic  h  covered  it  were  dispersed  and  ren- 
dered unserviceable.    'Hie  leu  wing  of  the  Swedes  was  threatened  with 
a  similar  fate,  when  the  victorious  right  came  to  their  assistance.      The 
Au>trians  were  taken  in  tiank  and   rear,  and  the  Swedes  gained  a  com- 
plete vi(  torv,  though  with  the  loss  of  three  thousand  men  and  two  of 
their  be-t  generals.      ^b)re  than  live  thousand  imperialists  were  left  on 
the  field,  and  as  manv  were   taken   prisoners.     They  lost   their  whole 
artillerv  of  fortv-six  field-pieces,  the  silver  plate  and  portfolio  of  the 
arch.luke,    and  'all    the    baggage    of   the    army.      Leipsic    surrendered 
three  weeks  after,  and  was  obliged  to  clothe  the  Swedish  troops  anew, 
an<l  to  i)ur(  base  an  exemption  from  plunder  by  a  contribution  of  three 
hundred  thousand  rix-dollars. 

R,(  heben  (bed   in    1642,  and  ALazarin   succeeded    him.      Richelieu 
ha<l  emi.loved  his  armv  mostly  against  the  Spaniards.     ALizarin  turned 
his  against\he  Fmperor.     Conde,  who  had  besieged  and  taken  Thion- 
ville,^lnd  defeated  the  Spaniards  at  Rocroi,  in  1643,  ^vas  now  sent  into 
'\Ka<  e.  an<l,  going  into  winter-quarters,  was  surprised  and  vanquished 
witliout  ririn£r\i  cannon.    As  Denmark  was  in  danger  of  being  sacrificed 
to  Sweden,  t^he  Fmi)eror  sent  (Lillas  to  its  aid;   but  Torstensohn  met 
hiui  and  drove  him  along  the  whole  course  of  the  Elbe.     He  retreated 
t(,  Maudeburus  and  the  cavalry,  trying  to  escape  into  Silesia,  was  over- 
taken and  routed  bv  Torstensohn  at  Jüterbog.      From  this  expedition 
Galhi-  brought    ba(  k  but  a  few  thousand  of  the  formidable  force  with 
wlii-  li  he  had  set  out,  and  the  reputation  of  being  a  consummate  master 
iu  tlie  art  of  ruining  an  army.     Torstensohn  followed  up  his  successes 
until    Denmark  was  compelled   to   make  peace  and   Saxony  to  sign  a 
true  e.      In  1644,  Conde  and  the  great  Turenne  appeared  before  Frei- 
buru,  which  tlie  Bavarian  general  Mercy  had  taken.      Li  vain  was  all 


366 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


the   impetuous  valor  of  the  Frencli,  and   after  a  loss  of  six  thousand 
men  they  were   for(-cd   to  retreat.      Ma/arin   shed   tears  over  this  ^nx'at 
loss,  whi(  h  Conde,  who   had  no  feelin-  for  anytliin-   but   L^lory.  disre- 
garded.     The   Bavarians,  however,  were  so  disabled  by  this  murderous 
battle   that    they  were  unable    to   i)revent   Conde  from    takini.^  Sj^eyer, 
Worms,  Mannheim,  and  Mayen(  e.      Tlie  iMiiperor  now  offered  i^reater 
concessions;  France  became  more  manageable  ;  and  Sweden  ^rew  more 
bold  towards  these  two  crowns.      Torsteusolin  retired  to  i)rivate  lite,  in 
order  to  restore  his  .shattered  health,  ami  (iustavus  Wrani^el.  a  worth.y 
successor,   was  appointed   < onmiander -in-cliief,  in    1Ö46.      Conde  and 
Turenne,    now   vi(  torious    and    now   defeated,    held    also    in    ( hec  k  l)y 
Mazarin,  who  was  jealous  of  their  hune,  at  leni^th  re<  eived  ])ermi>sion 
to  unite  tlieir  forces  with  W'rangel's.     They  marched  into  l>a\aria  with 
the  intention  to  conquer  Maximilian  and  thus  de])rive  the  I'hnperor  ot 
his  first  and  last  ally.      lirandenburLT,  under  its   L^^reat  l^lector,  de(  i<led 
to  remain   neutral;   Saxony  had  been   forced   into  neutrality  also  ;   the 
war  with  France  })revented  the  Spaniards  from   assistiiyu^  the  l^mjieror  ; 
tlie   peace  with  Sweden    had    removi-d    Denmark  from   an\-  part  in  this 
war,   and    Poland    had    been  disarmed    by  a  loni,^   trm  e.      Maximilian 
could  not   help  himself:   and,  when    he   found  they  would    not  include 
the  Km|)eror  in    the   truce    he  was    tr\  in-    to   make  with  them,  lie  was 
obliged  to  comply  with  whatever  terms  the\  proposed.      The  lanperor 
had    bouglit   off    Ragotzki,    the    successor   of   liethlehem   CjIxm".    who, 
with  his  troops,  had   been    plimdering   in  Austria.      Tiu-ernie  man  hed 
into  Wiirtemberg    and    forced    the    Landurave   of    Darmstadt    and   the 
Elector  of  Mayence  to  remain  neutral,  while  \Vrant:el,  with  his  Swedes, 
went    to  Bregenz,  on   the    frontiers  of  Suabia,  where    all    the    peasants 
and   the   inhabitants  of  the  stirrounding  villages  had   taken   reluge   in 
that  natural  fortress  and  the  ke\  to  theTxrol  and  Italy.     The  lumper*  r 
had  only  twelve  thousand  men  ;   and   his  two  best  generals,  Werth  and 
Mercy,  having  been  killed,  he  was  obliged  to  intrust  the  (onunand  of 
them  to  a  Calvinist,  the  Hessian  deserter  Melander.    I'eter  j^ppelmann. 
Count  of  Holzapfel,  who  took  the  name  of  Melander,  first  entered  the 
service  of  William  of  Hesse-Cassel.    When  asked  to  enter  the  l^mperor's 
service,  he  replied,  ''  I  cannot  do  it  now,  for  I  h.ave  gi\en  my  word  to 
another;   and   I  am  a  Cierman,  and  a  Westerwalder  to  boot,  whu  h   is 
as  good  as  two  Germans."     Although  a  Protestant  and  a  ])atriot,  when 
he  saw^  the  real  aim  of  the  ITeiich  and  Swedes  in  1645,  he  went  over 
to  the  Emperor. 

This  war  had  been   from  the  beginning  remarkable  for  the  sudden 
changes  it  displayed;  so,  too,  now  when  it  seemed  nothing  could  save 


FERDIXAND   III. 


367 


the   Emperor,   state   policy  came   to  his   relief.      France,   jealous  of 
Sweden's  predominance  in  Germany,  which  would  be  destructive  to 
her  own  interests,  declined  to  take  advantage  of  the  distresses  of  Aus- 
tria, and  therefore  sent  Turenne's  army  to  the  Netherlands.     Wrangel 
marched   towards   Bohemia  and   laid  siege  to  Egra.      To  relieve  this 
fortress,  the  Emperor  put  himself  at  the  head  of  his  last  army,  but  on 
his  arrival  tlie   fortress  was  already  in  the  possession  of  the  Swedes. 
Ferdinand  had  for  some  time  been  trying  to  seduce  the  generals  of  the 
Bavarian  armv  to  enter  his  service;   but  Maximilian  discovered  it  in 
time  to  prevent  it,  and  as  the  truce  had  not  afforded  him  the  advan- 
tages he  had  expected,  and  as  he  was  also  too  wise  a  statesman  to  listen 
to^the  voice  of  passion,  he  again  joined  the  Emperor,  and  compelled 
Wrangel  to  leave  the  kingdom.     The  ruin  of  the  Swedes  would  have 
been  inevitable  had  Maximilian  overtaken  them  before  they  reached 
Turenne;  but  the  same  considerations  which  had  just  saved  the  Em- 
l)eror  now  proved  the  salvation  of  the  Swedes.     Amidst  all  the  fury  of 
conquest,  cold  calculations  of  prudence  guided  the  course  of  the  war, 
and  the  vigilance  of  the  different  courts  increased  as  the  prospect  of 
peace  a])proached.      Maximilian  was  afraid  that  if  the  Emperor  should 
gain  a  decided  advantage  it  might  delay  the  chances  of  a  general  peace, 
and  for  this  reason  ceased  to  pursue  the  Swedes. 

Melander,  prevented  by  the  Bavarians  from  pursuing  Wrangel,  went 
into  Hesse  out  of  hatred  to  his  former  sovereign,  but  soon  had  reason 
to  rei)ent  that  he  had  listened  to  the  dictates  of  revenge  rather  than  of 
l)rudence,  for  Wrangel's  forces  had  so  exhausted  the  resources  of  that 
countrv  that  he  was  obliged  to  retreat  to  the  Danube.    France  ordered 
Turenne  to  remain  on  the  Rhine,  and  Wrangel  revenged  himself  by 
drawing  the  cavalry  of  Weimar  into  his  service.     After  this  Turenne 
was  permitted  to  join  the  Swedes,  when  they  drove  Melander  along 
the  Danube,  and  at  Susmarshausen  he  was  mortally  wounded.      Grons- 
feld,  the  l^avarian  commander,  posted  himself  on  the  Lech,  but  he  was 
as  unfortunate  as  Tilly;   for  Wrangel  and  Turenne,  choosing  the  same 
place   to  cross   the   river  which   Gustavus   Adolphus  did,   obtained   a 
glorious  victory.      Bavaria  was  a  second  time  overrun,  and  Maximilian 
withdrew  to  Salzburg.     The  river  Inn  overflowed  and  saved  him  and 
Austria.      Ferdinand  had  no  longer  a  general  to  be  matched  with  a 
Wrangel  or  a  Turenne,  therefore  recalled  Piccolomini  from  the  Nether- 
lands.    Koenigsmark,  a  Swede,  with  his  flying  corps  advanced  tc  wards 
Bohemia,   where  Ernest  Odowalski,   a  disbanded  captain,   who,   after 
being  disabled  in  the  imperial  service,  had  been  dismissed  without  a 
pension,  laid  before  him  a  plan  for  surprising  Prague.      Koenigsmark 


•68 


IIOrSF.     OF  .irS7'h'!J. 


accouM-H-bcl   thi.  bnl.l  .nten-ri^e,  an.l  won   .lu-  ,v,.u.:,..n  ,.    ao.u  g 
the  Thirlv  Years'  War  hv  Uns  la^l  1m-,11,  nu  a,  iucvcn.  ;u.     1  .i-  .I.t.m   e 

stroke,  ..vlu.h  van,u,.lu..a   the   lanvcorV  irre..i,u,on I    '-■^-•^;^ 

the  lo>s  of  onU  one  man.      The   Uoo,.  on  l.o.h  m.U.  wen,   n.n,  wn,. 
.juarters,  an.l  soon  alter  intelli,.enee  arr.ve.l  >luU  l.^Ke  ha-l  been  s.gtXMl 
at  Münster,  October  2-),   1O4S. 

I'KXeF.    or    wr.Sl  I'H AI  lA. 
Negotiations   for   ,,ea.-e  were   be.nn   in    ,64..an.l   the   prebnnnaries 
were  nureed   upon  at   Han.btn-,  ;    nevertheless,  the   a.  tnal    neuoiufu.s 
did   n.:.   beuin  tnUil    .644.      Tl-'  -uubassadors  of  .Ans.ru,  ,he  (.ernu.n 
Empire,  and  Sweden  met  at  Osnabrnek  ;  those  of  the  la.pero,     !■  ranee 
and  other  powers  n,et   at   Münster;    but   the  ,u-t„  les  adop.ed   n,   both 
formed  one  treaty.     -riHs  d>v,s,on  was  intended  partly  .0  prevent   dis- 
putes  ,.n   etiquette   between    Fran.e   and   Sweden,   and    partly  be.ause 
Swe.len   refused   to   have   anything   to   .lo  w„h   the   ,upal   nun,  ,0,  who 
was  sent  t,.  assist  in  the  neKOtiations.      (Jnarrels  on  points  ot  .•nouetle, 
carrie.l   to  the  most  ridieuU.ns  extreme,  prevented   the  openn.g  ol   the 
con.'ress  for  a  long  time.      The  ministers  of  prinees  elanr.ed   the  tule 
of  ,W/,7/n-,  like  those  of  the  ele.tors;  and  a  round  table  was  auop.ed 
for  the  session,  in  order  to  evade  other  pun.  tdios. 

lie  th,s   peace,  the  sovereignty  of  lite   n.,en,bers  ot    the   empue   was 
acknowledged,   and  they  could  conclude  .reuies  an^ong   ''>-;'-;-- 
and  with  foreign  powers;   but  nothing  was  to  be  done  ,0    he  detnnun 
of  the   Kn,pcror  or  the  en.pire.      The,r  consent  was   also    necess    . 
to   enable    the   Kmpcror    .0    put   any   n,en,ber    under    the    ban    ot    the 

'"-n'e  electoral  family  was  restored  to  the  I'alatinate,  and  the  eighth 
electorship  was  created  for  it,  w,th  a  proviso,  however.  tluU  th,s  shou.d 
be  abolished  in  case  the  I'.avaruu,  hottse  should  become  extn.t  ,  as 
actually  happe-ned  in  .777).  s.n<x-  the  Palatine  house  would  then  recover 

the  r.civarian  electorate. 

Sweden  received  Hither  Pomerania,  -Bremen,  ^  er,len,  Wismar,  and 
five  mdbon  Oerntan  dollars,  as  an  indemnifuation  tor  her  expenses  ,n 

""Ft^'nce  received  the  bishopri.s  of  Metz,  Toni,  and  Ver.lun.  as  n.nch 
of  Als,rce  as  had  l,elonge,l  to  Austria,  the  Sun.lgau.  and  .be  nnpotta,,, 
fortresses  of  P-reisach  an<l  Phihpsburg  ;  bes.des  wh,c  .  '-;->•;>-;: 
forced  to  destrov  a  great  nttmber  of  lonth.attons  ..long  the  I  ppc 
Rhine,  in  order 'that  the  French  arnn-  nright  have  atr  ''l-'  -'■;;;; 
passa-e    into  Germany.      The  French   envoys  declared    opetrly,  ,u  tt.e 


FEKDIXAXD    III. 


;69 


s 


excess  of  tlieir  jov,  that  France  had  never  concluded  a  peace  upon 
buch  a<l\  antaLTcou^  terms, 

Ihandenh'irg  received  the  secularized  bishoprics  of  Halberstadt, 
Minden.  Carnin,  and  the  rever>ion  of  Magdeburg. 

Me«  klenhurL--   received   the  secularized  bishoprics  of  Schwerin  and 

Ra: /.cbmu:. 

ilaiio\cr,  alternately  with  a  Catholic  bishop,  received  the  bishopric 
of  ( )>nal)rii('k,  and  some  convents. 

Hesse-Casseb  wliich  from  the  commencement  of  the  war  had  ad- 
hcrcMi  hiinl\-  to  Sweden,  and  who.^e  beautiful  and  talented  landgravine, 
Amelia,  ,Mi(  ceeded  in  captivating  all  hearts,  received  through  the 
mediation  of  Sweden  and  France,  although  it  had  suffered  no  lo^s,  the 
abbe\-  oi  liir.-^chteld,  and  six  himdred  thousand  rix-dollars.  Bernhard 
v)\    Weimar  would  gladly  have  married  Amelia. 

The  Inited  Netherlands  were  acknowledged  independent. 

Switzerland  had  maintained  a  prudent  neutrality  throughout  all  this 
war  ;  and  in  this  i>ea(  e  the  comi)lete  separation  of  Switzerland  from 
tile  (ierman  Empire  was  solemnly  acknowledged. 

The  Calvin ihts  received  e(iual  rights  with  the  Lutherans  ;  the  princes 
t)f  tiie  empire  were  bound  not  to  prosecute  or  oppress  those  of  their 
subjects  whose  religious  faith  differed  from  their  own  ;  and  the  Prot- 
e-^^tants  were  allowed  to  retain  all  the  ecclesiastical  property  they  had 
possessed  in  1624  in  land  and  churches.  After  all  impediments  in  the 
wav  of  the  svr^tem  ^yi  toleration  had  been  overcome,  the  ambassadors 
embraced  one  another  with  tears  of  joy. 

Pope  Innocent  X.  in  vain  protested  against  the  secularization  of 
bishoprics  ami  abl>e\'s. 

Jjut  this  peace  gave  the  death-blow  to  the  political  unity  of  Germany. 
Everv  Cerman  prince  and  petty  monarch  now  thought  only  of  his 
own  house, — and  there  were  three  hundred  sovereigns  in  Germany. 
d"ne  empire  lost  a  territory  of  forty-five  thotisand  square  miles,  and  four 
million  five  hundred  thousand  inhabitants. 

The  Emperor  Ferdinand  IlL  lived  nine  years  after  the  Peace  of 
Westphalia,  and  presided  over  the  diet  of  the  empire,  1653-1654, — the 
last  diet  {^resided  over  by  an  Emperor  in  person, — and  made  many 
beneficial  and  im[)ortant  alterations  in  the  administration  of  justice. 
He  had  already  prrx:ured  the  decision  of  the  princes  in  favor  of  his 
son  Ferdinand  as  his  successor  on  the  imperial  throne,  when  unfor- 
tunately the  young  prince,  who  had  excited  the  most  sanguine  hopes, 
and  tow^ards  whom  all  eyes  were  turned  in  confidence,  died  in  1654  of 
the  sn:iallpox.     'Idie  Emperor  then  tried  to  secure  the  election  of  his 

24 


0/ 


o 


/iocs/:     (>/'    .-IfS/ /•.•/.! 


scon.l  .on.  I,co,h.1<1.  ahb.nigl-  W  w,„  lar  fr.,n,  |H,.>c>.in,u'  the  ra|.,u  :tv 
of  his  ,k-,va.c-a  brother.  iMU  -liol  l-Wurc  he  h.ul  all.niKa  thwuhjol. 
Shortlv  after  .onrltuUnu  an  all.an.  e  with  IN.lan.l  a,.a,n>t  >»-e,lcn.  n. 
,657,  Fcnlinan.i  d.cl  an.l  was  bun.-.l  at  \ienna.  \h>  InM  wu-  wa, 
Marv  .\nna  of  Austria,  of  the  Si-anish  line,  the  mother  ..t  henliiun,! 
anai-eol-ohl  I.:  h,s  se-on.l  was  Mary  I  ,eoi,„l,in.e  of  Au^trKK  ami  a,s 
third,  Kleanore  of  Mantua. 

C-0NTF.M,.OKAKU.:S     VV    TltK     IMftKOKs     MAT  .„MS,     KEKflNANt.     O.,    AN!. 

IT  K01.NAM-'     I"-  1612-165,. 

/„///,T-    /    of  FiKhuul    hail    saga.itv    en<n-h    to   .lis.  oAer    the    Ctii- 
pow.ler  I'h.l.  whi.h  raise.l  the  olTn>.T>  ..f  h.s  wis.h.tn  an,..n,u^  tlie  penpl,-; 

but    the    f.mv  with  wh„:h    he    -,.ve    hun^ell    no  to    h,s    l,tv„r,te, kly 

unde.ATVe.i  the  nation.  DnrinK  his  leign  ...uiniene  in.rease.l  ,ure.,llv, 
many  vova.es  of  d>s,  ..verv  were  tna.le.  and  ,i,e  Urs.  i: nult-h  e„h.n,es 
were'  establ'ishe.l  in  Amer..  a.  A  new  tiansl.tinn  ol  the  H.ole  Iron,  tne 
original  text  was  ma.le  by  hfty-t..m-  Uartied  men.  aiM  ,.  snll  re,_ar.l.d 

as  the  standar.l  lidjle.  ,  ,     ■    r    ■        11 

Anne  „[Denmark,  wde   .)f  Ja.t.es    1..  wa,   nti.len.ably  n  =  fenor,  bo.h 
in   e,lucation   and    nuelle.  t,  to  most  of  tlie  queens  who   ,.re.  .-.kd    her. 
She   had   been   (J.ieen   ..f    S..Tlan,l    f.nnteen    vears  belore   sne   be.  ..me 
Queen   of   Great    I'.rttatn.       Her   .h.ef    f.nh  was  a    pas.:,.n:,te   Uinper, 
vvhieh  rendere.1   Iter  liable  t..  fits  ..f  ,.etnlan,e.   bk.^  a  sp..de,l   .  n.l.l. 
Her  affeetions,  however,  were  en.lunng  an.l  tena.  iotis.  an.l  wl,en  .ai.e 
she   formed   an   esteem    f..r  any   one.  she   never  .leserte.l    that    person 
She  dte.l  in  the  fortv-sixth  year  of  her  at:e.      Her  ,tt..s.   tal.T,.e.l   ,  InU 
was  Prin.e  Henrv  of  Wales,  who.  if  lie  lu.l  live.l,  wunl.!  have  iT'ev.TTe.l 
the   excemion  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  lor  wlmn.   he   ha.l   g.eat   estee.n. 
Anne  left  but  two  living  ehiUlren,  Charles  1.  an.l   l-b.abeth.  (h.eett 
of  Bohemia,  both  singularly  imtortnnate. 

Charles  J.  was  distinguished  for  tlte  virtues  wimh  ornament  an.l 
dignify  private  life.  He  sought  onlv  to  retain  what  h,s  j.re.le.  e^^ots 
had  possessed.  It  was  his  misfortune  t.,  ..<en,.v  tlie  throtie  at  a  tnne 
when  the  representative  system  necessarily  ,  lashe.l  with  the  (lanns  ..t 
royal  prerogative,  and  he  fell  a  victim,  if  not  a  martyr,  to  the  <  r,Ms. 
He  was  beheaded  in  1649.  .. 

Henrietta  Maria,  daughter  of  Henry  IV.  of  France,  was  the  wTle  of 

•Charles  I       She  gave  offense  not  only  on  account  ot  being  a  C  atholu  , 

but  also  by  refusing  to  be  crowned  by  a  Protestant.     The  king  was 

therefore  crowned  without  her.      Her  happiness  with  her  husban.l  and 

children  was  of  short  duration.      Rebellion  drove  her  to  the  Continent 


r().\"/7-;.v/'()A'.;AV/;.s'. 


0/ 


for  men  and  money  to  assist  her  husban.l.  Being  .lefeate.i  on  lier 
return,  she  lied  t.i  France,  an.l  took  refuge  in  Paris,  where  some  of  her 
cliil.lren  joined  her.  During  the  .lislurbances  of  a  poliii.al  fi.  tion 
called  llu-  Fronde,  they  were  in  the  greatest  destitution.  Siie  died  at 
liiT'  tavi.riie  resi.ience  at  C.loinbe.  ill  1669,  age.l  sixi\-one.  Her 
chil.lren  were  Charles  II.;  James.  ]  )uke  of  York,  al'terwards  Tames 
Jl.;  the  Princess  I'di/aheth,  who  die.l  of  grief  at  Carisbrooke  t'astle. 
in  1650,  aged  fifteen;  .M.iry,  who  married  the  Prince  of'Orange;  ]lenr\, 
1  'like  ..1  <  iloiK.ester,  who  die.!  of  the  smallpox,  in  1660  ;  and  Henrietta, 
wii.i  marrie.l  her  c.iusin  Piiiliiipe,  Duke  of  Orleans. 

Olirer  Cronii^ell,  l,..rd  Prole,  tor  of  the  Commonwealth  of  ICiiLdand. 
govcrnod  JOn-laiid  after  the  execution  of  Charle.s  I.,  and  sprea.l  Ins 
amlicniy  overall  the  JJriiish  dominions.  He  levied  armies,  maintained 
fleets,  contril.med  to  the  prosperity  of  the  (ountrv  bv  manai^inLr  t!ie 
iinaines  with  e(.-onomv  .md  exactness,  and  under  his  rule  swift  retri- 
butiun  jollowcd  any  indi-nit}-  or  injtn-y  to  b^nglishmen.  no  matter  ])v 
whom  (H-  where  ]*erpetrated.  His  foreign  jiolicy  secured  to  TaiLrland 
a  ])<»>iti()n  among  nation^  more  commanding  than  anv  she  had  e\er 
before  occupied.  He*  died  in  1658,  having  ruled  England  nine  vears. 
Hi>^on  Ri(  har.l  resigning  the  protectorate,  Charles  Stuart  was  recalled 
to  tile  throne  (»f  his  ancestors  in   1660. 

Müf-y  Je  AL\//\-i\  wlien  she  became  Regent  of  France,  allowed  Con- 
cmo  (^oncini  and   his  wife,    Eleanora  (ialigai,   to   oljtain    ]'Ossesbion  of 
the  reins  of   government:    and   in    1613  Concini  was  made  a  mar^lial 
an<l    prime    minister   by  the    qtieen.      He    purchased     the   marrpii>ate 
o!    Ancre,  in  J'lcardw  and   took   t'rom   it  his  title  of  Marshal  d'Am-re. 
In  1615,  Loui^  Xin.,  wh(j  was   then  fjt'teen  vears  of  a^e,  went  to  Irjr- 
deaux  to   rec  ei\e  his  young  wife.  Anne  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip 
HI.    (jt     Spain,    accompanied    by   his    favorite    companion.    Albert    de 
Luynes,  who  pointed  out  to  him  the  errors  of  his  mother's  government, 
and  the  odious  power  of  Concini  and  his  wife.     Louis  replied  that  not 
a  word  could    be  said   agaiust   them  without   making  his  mother  angry. 
In  bu  t,  iVbtr)  de  Medici  would  never  suffer  remonstrance  or  opposition, 
without    flying   into   such  a  i)assion  as  rendered    her  capable  of  any 
extravagance.      In  161  7,  the  king,  weary  of  the  insupportable  despot- 
iNUi  of   the  Marshal  d'Ancre,  gave   the   fatal   order   for  his  fall,  and  he 
was  assassinated   in   the  Louvre,  in   open  day,  and   his  body  privately 
buried  ;  but  he  was  so  hated  by  the  people  that  his  body  was  taken  up, 
dragged  through  Paris,  and  l)urned  before  the  statue  of  Henry  IV.    His 
wite  was  al^o  executed  soon  afterwards,  and  her  son,  deprived  of  rank 
and  proi)ert\-,  was  driven  from  the  country.    The  queen-regent  was  then 


J/  - 


HOUSE  or  avstkia. 


onlcrca    to  wululrawrn.n>   court,  and   :niü..nnn:..r.M^ 
(\)n(iiis  i're(  il'italclv  retiivU.  fx^ri-t   Kuhuu.u.   im    ,    i 

wa^   llif   qnccn  >   (  hapiam.  ana    n  .       i  ^rrnm- 

taue  .WTUunca  to  ,cnu,n  w„h    M,,,.   „,   h..   nnM, .,  uuu  ,  .„.  a  con 
pi;..ai..    t.    m,,:.      H.wo.r,lK.    K...v.aan.Mp       ..p         o 

.x.lca  to  Av„n.,n,      'Hk.    lu.,.r   .1    .Ivin.nn,    t    e    M^-.  -. ...        a 
,,.,n-.a  ..V  one  o.    lu.,-  ...n  ,  ounn.nu:n.  nanua   Ru,  ,  .l.n.  .u,,i   M  ,.>   . 

,„,Ufu,    fncna.  ,,1K.    l)uUc  a-K,.nun.      WiKU   ti.c   ncus  .,,    n.-   .M,,^ 

K.ad,ol    .lK-.uut,..l..«a~suuuu.ncat.   ,:vc.n.Uu-anU  . 

,.c„l,c.a  tluu  .iK-  woul.l  »ever  al.an.l..n  a  n.an  wl,.,  haa  r,.kcu  all  u 

iKaMo  ia,env.  ana  Uuu  .IK.  wouia   K.U.   ,l,c  .lu.lc.va  ,,,,,.,,  iKa- 

Rulu.l,cuno.ofr.r.aiK.rl.>>en,..-.anaas,lu^.,,>nn,Ma,u. 

p'oars  to  have  been    known  ,o  the  U,n,.  ,t  prove,  that   Rn     eheu    n    . 
have  entertantea  soret   intelhgen.  e  u  „h    the   eou.f,    n.l   he   la.a     he 
?o.nuhuion  Ol-  h.   tortuuc  by  h,s  effon>  to  <  onea.ate  ,he   Un,,.  ana  h. 

"on'meetinu,  the  utother  ana  .on  cx,re>.ea  n,o,e  sun-i-  «Latt  af- 
fect on         ■'Mon>K.nv    nn-    son.    how    ,nn,  h    von    have    grown    Mn.c    I 
r^     vo'u!"     -M  have   grown.   nKuUune.-repUea    the   k,ng,  -  .or  yonr 
.  vn'e."     Thev  ,a»ea  three  aa^.  ,.,gethe,-,  but  Ma.v  en,,..!  n,ore  o 
,         ■'/     '       ,r...-.  thin  Other -on'sMxK'tv,  NvliiLh  >lie  wcHiid 
luT  (lun-htiT-in-Uiw  s  (  are>>f^i  tnan  Ol  nci  .  I  II  .  .  ,,.     , 

f  ,.r..a        -  How  "  she  one  .lav  a^U-.l  the  I'nnee  ol    I'.eamont, 
havepiefe.rea  Ho"-  ....  rephe.l      ••  1  ,ove  what  he  h>ve.  ; 

-  ran  1  obtain  h,s  goo.l  gra.es.-        He  uj  he  U  _ 

,„  Uu.se  two  wonls  eontant  ail  the  law  ana  the  ,,ro,he,s.        '^^f^^^ 
was   gooa,  an.l   tMaryowea  all  her  ,n,ha,rntess  ,o  .he   negleet  oi    t 
SI  ortlv  al  er  ibis  the  queen-mother  left  Tour,  tor  .Angers.  ho,.,ng  soon  to 
b    "     1  Par.s.      The  tanu.us   friar   Jo.eph   .in  Trena.lay  Inst  a,,- 

L  Ja  at  tb,s  tiute,  an,l  wa.  the  se,  ret  agent  between  De  Luynes  an.l 
R,   h     ,  Marv     t    length   re.nrne,!   to    Par,.  nnUea   her  eonrt   w.th 

A      e  of  Austru.;  ana   skaifnlly  re.cvere-a  her  .n.luenee  over  the  k,ng 
A    1    n^as  R.ehelien   baa   been  of  servue  to  ber,   Mary  b-.--<     -I 

as.,s,ea  >n  augran.b.ing  hun  ;    but  when  she  saw  the  ,,o.er  oi  th  .  Co- 
Ts     .slK.wa.afranlofherwork-.b,.nt,lnen.eexeUe     herresenn.e 

wh  ch  grew  at  lcngtl>  ,n.o  ba.rea.  ana  she  ae.ernnnea  on  l.s  .alb    1   er 

In  t  tv  bn,ke  out  i.n  his  return  .rout  l.a  Rochelle.  n.  .6.0;  but  K.ehe- 

rforc'    w  .t,  ana    Mary  ae    Meaua   was    the    onlv    vutna,    <,n    the 

'."  ,nt^  ties  äupes"  ulav  of  aupe.).      V.eUbng    to      er   sobeUa.u.ns, 

I  otns  on  leav.ng  Paris  lor  Versaaies.  ,,romisea  h,s  nn.ther  to  a.snn.s  the 

or    i  ;r!    o  foUowea  .he  U,ng  to  that  plaee,  ana  so  ar.fullv  ,nMnn..tea 

h^S         nto  the  gooa   graee.  of  the  k.ng  tluu  be  aeterntn.a  to  reta.n 


CONTEMPOPARIES, 


0/    v) 


\* 


him  311  his  service;  and  when  Mary  arrived  at  Versailles  and  was  in- 
formed of  \vli:i.t  had  t  !kt,:n  place,  and  also  re{u.>ing  to  he  recoiK  ik-l  to 
the  cardinal,  she  was  sent  to  tin-  rhateau  de  Cunij)ie-ne.  m  lO^i,  tVtjni 
whence  she  escapeti  to  tlic  Low  Countries,  where  she  \va>kindlv  received 
by  the  ArchdufOiess  Isabella:  hut  in  163.S  the  war  h^etween  Sjuin  and 
Franre  prevented  her  reniainn-ig  there.  She  next  sought  an  a-vlum  \\\ 
England  with  iier  daughter  Ilei:rietta.  Although  she  met  with  a  kind 
reception,  the  troubles  there  prevented  her  stay,  and  ^lie  went  next  to 
Holland;   l>ut  the  tear  of  disobliging  the  cardinal  rendered  tJie  <M)vcrn- 

V... 

nieni  deaf  t(»  her  prayers,  and  she  was  robbed  ofthat  retreat.  Ljst  of 
all  she  (hose  the  imperial  town  of  Cologne  tor  her  place  of  residence  ; 
it  was  Iree  and  neutral,  and  there  she  at  last  found  refu<'-e 

Tlie  king,  whose  heart  was  naturally  good,  but  weak,  would  not 
have  .suffered  his  mother  to  remain  in  exile  and  abandonment  but  for 
the  insinuations  of  the  ambitious  cardinal,  who  })ersuaded  him  tliat 
she  lavored  and  conspired  with  the  enemies  of  France.  Her  ^^txxls 
were  (  onh.scated,  her  remittances  stO}>ped,  and  she  was  obliged  to  dis- 
miss all  her  faitliful  .servants.  During  the  severe  winter  of  1642.  which 
was  the  last  of  her  existen<-e,  she  was  not  even  jtrovided  with  fuel,  but 
was  reduced  to  the  necessity  oi  burning  tables,  boxe.s,  and  chairs. 
'J'he  vexation^  [\m\  {jrivations  which  resulted  from  her  j)overty  brout^dit 
on  a  dropsical  complaint  in  the  chest,  which  terminated  her  de])Iorabie 
career  at  the  age  of  sixty-seven.  She  was  attended  in  her  last  moments 
by  the  Elector  of  Cologne,  and  her  body  was  taken  to  Saint  Denis, 
where  it  was  buried  by  the  side  of  Henry  IV. 

In  the  protec  tioii  which  Mary  de  Medici  afforded  to  literature  and 
the  fine  arts,  she  proved  herself  a  true  Medici.  Some  ]>roots  of  her 
portrait,  whi(  h  she  engraved  herself,  and  gave  to  her  j.ainter,  Philip 
de  Chami)agne,  are  still  in  preservation.  She  recompensed  Malherbe, 
encouraged  the  Chevalier  Marini,  and  built  the  beautiful  j)alace  of  the 
Luxembourg,  in  whi(  h  she  resided  until  her  banishment.  This  resi- 
dence, erected  after  the  plan  of  the  palace  of  Pitti,  \w  Florence, 
reminded  Mary  of  her  own  beautiful  country.  She  therefore  took 
delight  in  embellishing  it,  and  commissioned  Rubens  to  execute  the 
numerous  allegorical  paintings  which  have  so  long  decorated  its  gal- 
leries. She  also  built  the  acpieduct  at  Arcueil,  and  three  hospitals, 
founded  the  convent  of  the  FiUes  du  Calvaire,  and  j)Ianted  the  i)rom- 
enade  known  by  the  name  of  the  Cours  la  Reiiie.  She  had  three  sons  : 
.  the  eldest  was  Louis  XIII.  ;  the  second,  Gaston,  Duke  of  Orleans ;  the 
third  died  young;  and  three  daughters,  one  of  whom  married  Victor 
Amadee,    Duke   of  Savoy;    Elizabeth   was   the  wife  of  I'hilip  IV.  oi 


no  CSE  ('/■  ./r-s/Ai-/. 


•uiiuilc    Cliarlcr.   I.  ^'T 


374 

Spain;    and   Henrietta   Maria  marriea    tla^    uulur 

England.  /"/•,••/;. Vv/    re(eived    tlie  rardmarr, 

p.enncrsh,,,.      ■'■'-■>"'''' ^  "'''■■    ;^,;;;;'  L,.! ,    u,,    n.    .h■ve 

•'---'■''' ''^■^'^''^' ''it':;;-    K-  on.unu,.... .. ^ 


l^  and'i 
abU-    rival.      A^  a 


nim-h  nol.t.cal    as    religion.,  threatening    i 

stue  •    -    the  al.a^enlent  ot  the  Mou^e  ot  Au.tiia    i  >      !  1 

pro.c.tion.      TlK-  two   lca,kT>   nl    tU    1  .ou  h  ^_^ 

onlcr   to   ,K-,.oiKUo    a   .l.^c    alhan.  .     "Ü.  ^^ 

wh..n,    K,.7.1nx.ucato.h.n-Mnrona,l.a      :     ^^^^^      ^^^^^^^ 

wuh  a  lau.l  .o,-,x.  or  .-vcn   ,h.„.ana   nu-n.        ;'^,,^,^.^,,.„,„.    ,,,„,, 

,UHx-..arv  to  ra,>c   the  sk-,...      lau  ou  ,  .         .^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

,i,..,  .ictetauinol   to  .tr.kc   a,  on.c  a  a.-.   >n      M-      •  ^        ,      ^__^^^.,,^, 

ivoustant.  the-  .no.t   „apottan,    ^••-'■"■^'^'   ,';,/, ^„C  „  ,,■„„„   „,. 

p....n,eort,K..a.anu.n.,n.      .u   Wa^^ 

made   so  a.>l..rate   a    rrM.tan, .     that  1  ,l.onsana 

.edtuva  by  ua,-   ana    la.n.nc   .--on,    '••;■■•''';■:'''.,,,/_,,,,   Tol- 
soul>   when    thev   snrrcnaerea,    N;-'"'';'    '•       •-^.  „^.^  ,„   ,,„,  ,., 

,.,vca  l.v  the   treaty  of  Ah,»   ana   the    '•'"        "  ,^^        ,  ;„.  ,,,.-,,ehe,f. 

aes„n.  was  aceonn,!»--         '       "         ,V,;„.,^„  ,„  „„   ..tU-  of  Vn,- 

,eon  ^^>-  4-;-    r^  ;;   .Lluant  ana  .avon.e  of  (..-on  of 

rennes  of  the  Mar^nai  ^  measnre,  the 


Orleans,  l)rother  of  the  king 


lord 
card 


On   hearinuof  thi>  bold   measnre,  the  . 
■ans,  brother  ot   tne   ku.l;.      On    uai     .  ^  ^^^^^ 

.  hastened  to  Fontaineblean,  and  laid  a  plot  agam.t 
s  hastened  to  r  Jeeided  at  onee  to  make  sueh  an 

iinal,  who,  being   mtormed  ot   it,  dcciuc 


COXlliMPORA  RIES. 


375 


exam])le  as  would  strike  terror  into  the  hearts  of  his  enemies.  The 
VK  lim  was  the  Count  de  Chalais,  of  the  House  of  Perigord,  a  giddy 
\aanig  man.  led  awav  far  more  1)\-  his  love  for  the  Duehess  of  Chev- 
reu>e  tlian  bv  an\-  j)o]itical  hatred.  Chalais  was  arrested,  throwii  into 
a  dungeon  in  the  (a>tle  of  Amboise,  and  beheaded,  in  1626.  To  put 
a  stoj)  to  the  bloody  mania  which  threatened  to  de})rive  Franc  e  of  the 
flower  of  its  xoung  noblemen,  the  ])enalt\'  of  death  had  been  })ro- 
claimed  again>t  tho>e  who  should  fight  duels.  In  defiance  of  this 
ordinaiue,  in  1627,  two  \oung  nobles  of  the  highest  rank  fougiit  in 
Pari-,  in  the  Place  Rtjxale  itselt', — Fran(;ois  de  Montmorenci  and  the 
Count  des  C'liapelles, — and  both  paid  with  their  lives  the  penalt}'  of  this 
offen>e  ai-ain^i  the  roval  authority.  The  consolidation  of  the  g^overn- 
mein  at  home  did  not  divert  the  cardinal  from  carrying  out  his  plans 
abroad.  Charles  de  Conzague,  Duke  of  Nevers,  legitimate  heir  to  the 
(lu(  ir\  of  .\Lintiia,  without  an)'  help  but  the  protection  of  France,  was 
maint. lined  in  ]»os>e>sion  of  his  inheritance  b\'  torce  of  arms.  'Fhis 
w.ir  set  Mar\  de  Medici  and  Anne  of  Austria  still  more  aifain^t  Riche- 
lieu,  and  he  was  informed  of  his  dismissal.  'Fhe  courtiers  llocked  at 
on<  e  around  the  new  ])Ower,  zealous  to  be  the  hrst  to  insult  the  fallen 
mini>t'jr  in  tlie  saloons  of  the  Luxembourg  })alace,  where  both  (pieens 
were  exulting  in  their  triumph.  But  in  the  mean  time  Richelieu  went 
to  \'er^adles,  wliere  the  kini/  had  i/one  to  hunt.  An  immediate  re(  on- 
(aliation  took  place  between  the  minister  and  the  monarch,  of  wiiich 
ihe  report  spread  abotit  in  Paris  soon  terrified  the  overdiasty  flatterers, 
ami  made  them  vacate  the  Luxembourg  even  (pu'cker  than  the\-  had 
filhd  it.  This  event  is  known  in  the  history  of  France  under  the 
name  of  la  jt^iinicc  des  diif^cs. 

\\\  the  'I'hirty  Years'  War,  Richelieu  did  not  hesitate  to  take  sides 
witii  tlie  Protestants.  To  him  the  interests  of  the  Church  were  secomi 
to  those  of  the  state.  Fie  was  a  minister  and  statesman  more  than  a 
cardinal,  and  he  assisted  (iu^tavus  Adolphus  by  subsidies  in  his  war 
against  the  llou^e  of  Austria,  \\dien  Gustavus  fell  at  Liitzen,  in  1632, 
Ri(  h.elieu  contrived  to  secure  to  F'rance  new  possessions  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  and  the  services  of  Duke  Bernhard  of  Saxe-Weimar  and 
his  army.  Lidefatigable  in  his  vast  designs  so  long  as  anything 
remained  undone,  he  now  declared  war  against  Spain,  and  was  himself 
present  at  the  cap^ture  of  Per])ignan.  Austria  was  now  humiliated, 
Portugal  was  separated  from  Spain,  French  influence  predominated  in 
Catalonia,  England  was  in  tull  revolution,  and  France  quiet  and  pros- 
perous. The  last  conspiracy  against  the  cardinal  resulted  in  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  young  Marquis  de  Cinq-Mars  and  his  friend  De  Thou, 


JJOi'SK    Ol-    AlSJ'K/.I. 

''"'-'■'■•'"■■v%'''':r::::;::::;:::i::::.  :"-"'-"'-'-■'" ■ 

to  tic  present  (lav  lR■.^I^  t<-liiiinn\  1.  ~  ,,•  .  ,i   l,i,-i- u'V 

,■  Uirlu-licu    tlu-iK-n.Hl  Ol    hw  rule  «a.  one  Ol    uu  al  l-.i-ian 
siKces-rs  Ol   KulRhai.  1  u   i  ,  ,,nuan|.on,rK-, 

distim.u.n.     '■"—nU-,  lVMatu...au,l      a.aU.u    1.  1  ^^^^ 

foun,U-.l  the  J.uMn  ,/«  /o-  now  ,1h-./,pv/.  ■/■  ■>  /  ■'-"^>' 

/  v///  ,l,.l   not    l.'n-  MU-vivo   l,i>  amlnt.ou.   miniM.,.      A      -v 

'-- »» ;'r',::n;:';,  :,:;;::;■"'.:-.' ''n '"'• 

secure   a  <|Uiet   niinoiits.  -Il  .  ,\,.,rn,iiuc.l  m  < -'in.  li. 

,  ;  1  .,1  ilvii     ill    111  ur^  -.  houlil    l.c  ili  u  imnu  o  m 

recent-.   Unt  I'l'"^'"^''  "''"  '"'  '         .  ,,  ,   .     ,-  ,|,.u.,„-.   liic  .  !mcI. 

ofu-h,chhca,MKHnteaiu>lno,hcr(.a.,on    l.nkco.  .       .. 

Tins  lH,n., lone,  he  ,vc,arc.Uor,lca,hunh.on,,oM.. 
;,re.~c.l  the  .realcst  saü.la.  turn.      He  .lu-.l  Ma>    -4,  '"4.. 

-M;jXl.;:::s-nnn..crorj --•-;-::  :;:;;;;-;:;h::::: 

■    '       I.   ,.  >       Ih'  WIS  •!   (apt, nil    Hi   a  coip^  in    i-^^ 
^'-■"■"•^■"'    '"■'"'  uAenet.     -i-.-raalot-onn    10   n.^owale    me 

="^<'    -as   coinnnssionol    '»/-"^      '  ,..,,„,,  ^,,„n.h.  an.l    nn,.aaal 

truce  a.    Kivalla.  in  ,  r,;,o,  l-e,  weu,   Uu    1    >         ■     1       ^     ^      ^  ^  ,  _  ^^    ^^__^ 

«eneraK.      -n.e   nunco   Ca.n,   -l'';-''^'''  ''     ','   ,    -a  ,    w  n-   la-kcout 
'^      ,        ■      VIM      an.l    Canlinal    Ki.  hdieu.       When    tia     «a. 

'"   '•""  r.lH-  .Inchvol    Mantna.  Ma/arn,.a..   Tai^u 

..spectnn,    tlK.snc.e..oi...M  11  ,^ 

«■■'•1^   ^  ;'■•''"=''   '";\'u.       Tin.  VrenM.  .etc  on  thn^'-,.  01    renew. 
1,,,  Uo.ili,,cs,  when    Ma.arin   cllcctea   a     rn,  .J    .      .  1^1^       ^^^^^^ 

Span.sh  rorccs.  <'-'^^-  -''';;  -i;  j^.f;.:  u.,.,  ol,  ll.  har.ic. 
French  to  c<nisent  to  a  peace,  ^^  nu  h,  tu  N  >  ^  ^^^^^ 
,on,rmon.  Ho  in<iu,e.l  the  Mun.h  ,.  '-  •  ;,,,^,^^  „  ,„„  „,„, 
retnrne.1  „n  bor.eUack  a.  full  sped  belween  >'-'_;'  ,  ,__  _.  ,., 
„rea.lv   cn,aKea,   wavin,   his   hal   au.l   exc   on  1  ■  -  -^  I ^^^ 

.,,Ue   the  bullets  were  whi.^.n,   -;;;'■;  ;::.,„  ,p,„,,„  ,,„..., 

suspen.lcl  ana  peace  estabhshc.      '•>  ""^;^^   "'  „„,,„.,,,    p,,un 

thJ  triencl.hip  of  Rn  hdieu.  an,l    nt   ,6„    '^   '^  '^      ;     ;,,^.  , 

VIII    to  <  reate  hint  <ar.l,nal,  whereupon  he  «as  nninulia.cU     ,  1 


COXTEM/'OK'AR/ES. 


^77 


o 


a  member  of  (lie  ronnril  of  state.  Ri(-lielieti  on  lus  deatli-bed  recom- 
mcialrd  liiin  >(>  stroiiuh'  to  tlie  kin-'  that  in  hi^  will  Loui.-,  nominated 
liim  a  number  ot"  the  council  ot"  regency.  Alfter  the  death  o!  Louis, 
ill  1643,  (hieen  Anne  of  Austria,  as  regent,  gave  him  the  post  ot 
rir>t  mnii>icr.  'Jd\e  l)eginning  of  Anne's  regency  was  exceedingly  bril- 
liant, m  cunsc<]!ien(^e  of  the  victories  gaii^ied  by  the  Prince  of  Conde, 
|)arti(ularl\  tiiat  of  Rocroi,  in  1646.  But  thc^e  fair  days  did  not  last 
Mazann  was  hated  as  a  t'oreigner,  and  his  ])erson.  his  manners, 


ion 


ill-  proiniiu  iation.  were  made  subjec  ts  of  ridicule.      The  people,  more- 
over, groaned  under  the  bin-den  of  taxes.      These  circumstances  led  to 
the  tonnation  ot  a  political  faction  called  the  Fronde.    The  most  active 
in  exciting  diM-ontent  was  the  Ihshcj})  de  Retz,  aüerwards  a  cardinal,  and 
;i  writer  ( >f  memoirs.    He  was  a  man  of  a  restless,  bustling,  intriguing,  and 
seditinn>  character,  who  seems  to  have  been  actuated  solely  by  a  love  of 
mi>(  liiel' making.    The  ladies  took  the  lead  in  these  troubles.    Mademoi- 
selle de  Montpensier,  cousin  to  the  king,  and  the  Duchess  de  Longue- 
ville.  sifter  to  tlie  great  Conde,  were  the  active  leaders  on  the  part  of  the 
y->v;/,/V.    To  please  these  ladies  many  of  the  nobles  joined  the  Fronde. 
The  war  (ontiiuied  four  years,  the  nobles  changing  sides  as  interest  or 
inclination   prompted.      Conde  and  Turenne  were  constantly  opposed 
tr)  ea(  h  otiier.  and  yet  were  constantly  changing  side^.    ^Slazarin  at  one 
time  was  a.t  court,  and  at  another  was  in  exile,  yet  governed  the  (jueen 
(to  whom  it  wats  said  he  was  secretly  married)  as  absolutely  when  in  one 
place  as  in  the  other.      This  war,  which  began  in  1648,  ended  in  1654, 
when  Mazann  returned  to  Paris,  and  was  again  intrusted  with  tlie  reins 
of 'government.      Thus  the  roval  power  came  forth  victorious  trom  this 
long  (ontest.  which,  though   it   seemed   to  commence  for  the  i)o|)ular 
interests,  gradually  changed   into  a  miserable  party  strife  among   the 
nobles.    The  only  vestiges  of  the  troubles  that  remained  were  the  terms 
pft!t  jiuiUre,   api)lied    to    overbearing,    ill-educated    young    men,    and 
fro}hU'ii)\  applied  to  one  who  censures  the  government.      Conde,  who 
liad    hed   to   tile   Spanish  Netherlands,  was  declared   guilty  of  treason; 
and    Mazarin   prosecaited   the  war  against   Spain   with  red.oubled  zeal, 
and    for   tliat   end    formed   an   alliance,    in    1656,  with   Cromwell.      By 
this  means  he  obtained  for  France  an  honorable  peace,  concluded  by 
the   treatv  of  the   Pyrenees,  in    1659.      On  the  part  of  France,  it  was 
agreed   that   Louis   XIV.  should   marry  the  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Spain,  should  renounce  all  claims  to  the  Spanish  throne  in  case  that 
king  should  die  without  male  heirs,  and  should  pardon  Conde. 

Mazarin  died  in  1661.      He  had  done  little  good  for  the  nation  he 


go 


verned  :   but  it  would  be  unjust  to  refuse  him  the  credit  he  deserves 


•e 


37S 


JIOISE    OF  Ai'STKi-l. 


COX  TE .  UP  O  RA  A'  I  ES. 


379 


„,,Un-  .  a  ,lorK,u.  one.  an,l  tl.e  war  to  .    • ,   ,  '>  ;      ,,,^^^.,.  ,.^,  ,„  ,  „. 

„„,,,a  ,n,>e,-K...lcva>tati,.ns.an,    .na.sa,    ...    ^^  ^__    ^  _^^^^ 

„„U,,,,  „VC-  two  hunavcl  nullu.n  ''-7  ;"''-,^.  ,„,,.,,„  ,,.:,• 
„,aac  use  of  ,ncans  unua.nhv  o.  an  '-";;;■  ,  .,^,„^.,,  „,„..,„, 
UK.  Man,u,s  ,le  la  Mclleraie.  who  numcl  1    .  nu  ^^^^^  ^^^^^ 

wc-   not   >uf...,.n,hM."-nu.nt    .0        n.      1    ^^  ,„  ...  h.  ...i!  n. 

France  unuht  some  clav  unc  law>  '^^ ^^'"^'^  -^^^  ^^^,  ,y,,  ,,in. 

i>i  VA  ///     the  imbe.  ile  and  lanalu  al    Km.u  ''i   •  l'^^ 
yV/////  //^-T  Lilt  iniiK  ,        ,^    1        1.    I  ,.nrn     wiio    -uuaiuleu>l 

or.ov.n.n.Ut<,b:srav..n,et,K.        n..K^  ..-^^^^^J^ ^.  ^,^ 

the  revenues  of  ibe  state,  an.!  drove  . In   1-.  o<  ^  ,, 

hunatea  thot,.tn,l  n.  nnn..et    O.U  o.  ..u^^^^^ 

who  re,;,nea  from  .62.   un.a   U.6..  '"'"'-"       ,^  ^  ,^,,  ,,,,.  ^  „,  ,„u.h 
ence  ;  Cata.on.a  was  deva^atea  .or  .en  ye    >  .  n  .  ^^^^^^   ^^ ^^^ ^^ 

infestal   the   Span.sh  posscssums.   P"^" '■'"';,         ,,,   ,,.„..,ant 
aest,..ve<U.v  ,a,e.  a.ease.  ana   the  e,K         - 

Nethe,-lan.lswe,-eal.anaone.i  .orever  ,  '-  '>  ^^^,„^,,   ,„„,,,,,,, 

anasnaly;a,.atheen,nuvl.et.ee  ^.        .t^^       1     ^^^^^^^^ 

ana    K-ehel.en,    involve-a   ^nun    n.   a   "    '   ^  '  .^^,.^.^  ,„,„  ,„„„,,, 

footer  U,s,  Kouss.llon.  '--'-''-;-  \';;  .,.,-,  .i  e.n.on  of 
„,a..e,-s  to  a  er,s,s  .n  I'ortu.al  ana  ';';•;  7,^  ^^  ,,,,,,  „„,  ..„  . 
one  hu.uh-ea  an<l  s.xty  years.  l>..r...,al     -  "  „,„1 

cess.ni  eonspiraey  of  the  .toWes    "■;'-;;;^  ,„,„,..     la,  ea  on 

the  Dnke  a.e  Ura^an/a,  a  ae..  e.taan.  o.  the  oia  toy 

the  throne,  nnder  the  title  <,.   John  1\  . 

Aki  i>.s. 

,r  ,.,in.in"    in   Spain   re^anMe   in   st\le   .Ik- 
The   ea,-her  s,.ee„..ens  o.   ,M.n,.n       .  _      ^^^^  ^_.  „,^^.  ^,^,^,,„i, 

works  of  theoia  Ce.artan  yanUe.s        11...     ^  ,,^, 

«ntury  was  .no,iaea   o.t   -hat  o     ';•;■'/;,,„„.;.,  ,„  ,,„U.,,  o.", 
„asters  stt.aiea  ;   but  when  wo,k.  o,  '       '    ;'    ;  ,„„,^,.., ,  ,„ 

be  refen-ecl  to,  as  .t  was  then  tha.  .  pan  ■  ^^^^„.i^., 

.n   feel.n.  a.ul  s.vle.  an.,   that   ,s   .    e   pe,.,o  ^^^^.h,   1    ^_^^^^^^_   ^^^^^^_^^^ 

of  the  sehool   were   prcnhu'ea.       1  he      w  ^  ^^,,„,„.  ,„„1    P,a,-. 

.antters  :..  Don   D.e.o  X  e.a.p--    w   o  '  '              ;  .  ^^^^^^  ^^,.^.  ,,,.„,„ 

,0Unt.e  Ks.e.han  NUu.    ,.^^^^^^  ,_.„„„    of   a 
Cano,    iM-ancisco    /airbauan,    au^i 


Span'Mi  i.alnter  of  eminence  occurs  after  the  close  of  the  seventeenth 
cent  11  r\". 

A'ery  soon  after  tlie  period  when  the  Eclectic  and  Xattirallbti  schools 
aro.-.e  in  Italv,  a  revival  of  art  also  occuirred  in  the  Netherlands.  Two 
important  s<  liools  of  art  were  established  by  this  movenient,— the 
ricmi>li  and  llie  Dutch.  The  Flemish  school  tlouri>hed  in  lirabant, 
where  tlie  Koinan  Catht)lic  faith — theti  making  strenuous  efforts  to 
()iij)t)>e  tile  Reformed  religion — still  retained  and  actively  em])loyed 
an  \]\  its  scr\  K  e.  d^ie  Dutch  school  flourished  in  Protestant  Holland, 
A\!iere  t!ie  artiht.  havmg  U)  trust  to  i)rivate  encouragement,  jjainted, 
for  the  m«.)hi  part,  familiar  subjects  of  every-day  bfe  ;  and  in  i)lace  of 
altar- i-iece^  f.)r  <  nin-ches,  produced  large  historical  and  allegorical  pic- 
tures for  [lalac  e>,  portraits,  genre  i)ictures,  landscapes  with  and  witliout 
figures,  hea-pie<  es,  battle-jjieces,  compositions  representing  hunting, 
animals,  game.  fe>tive  ^,cenes,  etc.  The  catalogue  of  the  names  of  the 
al)le  artists  oi   these  two  schools  is  long. 

In  the  Flemish  sclioob  those  who  slaml  highest  are  Peter  Paul  Rubens, 
Ant'uon\-  \'an  Dv(  k,  David  Tenters  the  Younger,  and  F.  Snyders. 
All  tlKse  liw'd  between  1577  and   1690. 

In  the  I)ut(h  st  liool,  between  tlie  years  1605  and  1691,  the  most 
eminent  were  Rembrandt,  Vanderhelst,  Albert  Cuyp,  Terburgh,  A.  van 
(Jstade,  Ku\->.laeL  Hobl)ima,  Potter,  Du  Jarden,  Jan  Steen,  Metzu,  P. 
Mieris,  W.  van  de  Vefde,  A.  van  der  Xeer,  and  P.  Wouvermans. 

i'.unting  liad  l)een  practiced  for  a  long  time  in  France;  but  there, 
as  in  Spain  and  in  Pritain,  the  marked  i)reference  shown  in  early  times 
by  tiie  sovereigns  of  the  country  for  the  works  of  foreign  artists,  their 
nndervahiing  native  talent,  and  their  directing  it  into  a  channel  sup- 
plied from  a  foreign  source,  had  the  effect  of  neutralizing  it  as  the 
exponent  of  national  feeling.  Francis  I.  is  acknowledged  to  have  been 
a  pairon  of  ar'  :  he  had  a  desire  to  possess  fine  works,  and  he  liberally 
rewarded  able  artists,  but  his  patronage  was  confined  almost  entirely 
t<»  foreigners. 

SKT'ILKMKXTS    IX    AMERICA. 

In  1607.  under  James  P  of  England,  the  colony  of  Virginia  was 
fouiide<l  at  lamestown.  In  1614,  John  Smith  explored  the  coast  from 
Penob.^<:ot  to  Cai)e  Cod,  and  named  the  country  New  England.  In 
1620,  the  Plvmouth  Company  landed  one  hundred  English  Puritans 
wiiliin  the  l)ay  of  Cape  Cod,  and  founded  the  colony  of  Plymouth. 
Tite  oldest  towns  in  New  Hampshire,  Portsmouth  and  Dover,  were 
founded  by  (buges  and  Mason,  in  1623,  and  in  1626  the  first  settlement 
was  made  in  Maine.     The  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony  founded  Charles- 


♦    •■! 


38o 


jiüisF.    or  ArSTKI.-1. 


town   in   ,6:S.S.knn   in,6.„...na    r.nv.on    ,n,6,,o.    .  '  " V  '  ,  ,  • 

every  seen   ,.,,;.■.  ana   uua.  .her   hrM    .•ulcncn.    .    -'•     '^^  - 
i6m       S.xtv    ,K-r.ons   .nun    Ma.x,rhu.cn>   wc„-.    to    .he    valu>    ol    ..a 
Cotctuu.    ,n    ,6;,5,    where    >e„le,nen,.    haa    alrcaav    been    he,an    at 
Hartfor.1,    Wn.a.-r,    ana    We.her.uia,    r.A    .he   vear  '-"-;;-.- ^  ; 
emigrants  arvuan,.  a  ..rn>  „I  ,uovernn,en,  «a.  aa,.,ae,!.  aral    he  Colony 
of  Conne,  .ien.  wa,  es.abh.hea.       In    ,0;,S,  New  Haven  .as  ,...W.\.-^ 
tlieH.hle    . Mhe  perle..  rnU',. l..e,,nnnnn«ealth. '■'heir,,  !ne>.a.ulee,...k 
o    tie     o'ionv.       Rouer  WUhan.,  ,n    ,-,,..,  e.pelha  ,„.n  MassaUn.eU. 
tLh.n.nn.ver.a    ,,.Uaa,,on.-e,,le,!    Kh,.ae    l-l.e.a.      Pnnn.the 
Onnnu.nweaUU  ,n  Kn.lana.  , he  in,er,.e.e!Yae  ,.l..na.  .ere  guaranteed 

bv  C-re,nnvell.  .nnl  .uuvern.n,  «e,e  e!e,  le^l   1  v  liu-  .  ei.a.ie^,. 

•,■„,   ,.,„,nguese  Cal„,il...  ,n   the  .er.ee   „,   >w,n,  .h,.-overed  CaU- 
,;„,,;,,,,   ,,„  :    ivar,.  Mehaah/  fnnna.  a  >;.  Ancrn.tinc.  ,n   l.u.ada.m 


ir'j-  ;    ana    New    Nb  \ien    «IS  s,l 


t](,j    li\     l-,s|ir|o    in 


::  s 


HVnrv'Huasuu/.ennu.issioned   byVea-    l>u..'.  1  .:-.    1  naia  Con-r^n v^ 
,„,,„,,,1    ,he    roast    of    North    America,    en.e.a    the    Narrows,   and 

*■  --I'll'!.. 


n,,w  Xrw  \-.uk  h.rhor  m  1609.     Seeking  a  passage 


:„  e,,,,  ,.„  iuc,  he  ascended  the  r.e,   .'neh  now  bears  h.s  name   and 

1       ,    a   :n  :  b,en  above  the  present  s>te  of  Albany.     Dutch  trad.ng 

ia.'i.-ns  .e,e  es..a.Hshed  on  Manhattan  Island  in  1613;  at  Fort  Orange 

n.n-    Mi.un-.    in    ,6,,;  and   a.    I'.ergen,   New  Jersey,   ni   1618.      1  he 

,,.,,:  u,..    |.-,:,,.    r:nnpanv  was  chartered    in    >'...,    for  colontzang 

,,;,'■,,,„,.:      ,\nnebn-  Mcy  took  r-ssession  in  i.s  natne  of  the  country 

",b     l.el,wa,eR,ve,,,.nabnib    b.u  Nassau.     All  the  cotnUry  from 

,:  Cod   10   i.ela.:ee    P.av  received   the  name  „f  New  Netherlands, 

;  :  .^oldest  settlen.nt   that   of  Ne.    ^neaerdam.      To  encourage 

;,,„„,„;„,„.„„„..., .re  assigned   .0  tn.se  who  would  fo-ci  -"1- 

J.n,s'a.    >ia„ v,,cnse,   .nd    f.Uroonslups   .e.e   estabhshed  on 

e    :    -     iUv.  >,aKa,  Meal.  .ie.  .es.en,  .id..  „f  ,he  X.rrows,  and  ot. 
ndson.nearAlbanv.      , ,..  a  colony  ..:-u..U  s..s  panted 

,,,,.■         ,-,    ,].     Hid   fx'.Mi'if'     ii-    units  to  tne 
neu-   the   month   ot    Lhii.lMni    1  H.-a.   .i-m.    c\  <  n  ... 

se-ntsnbn,-bs,.ri>hi,aae,pin,.       In    r055.-n-; "' ;  '  ■i-''^;   , 

knv    Ne.lKTlanas.   eapnnea    ,he   ^.x.!es•    for.    and   e^.e.ubshed    iMaa 

supremac  y  over  New  SweiUn. 


LEOPOLD  L 


LEOPOLD  I. 


3S1 


LEOPOLD  L,   LP:0P0LD   DER    ERSTE,     a.ü.   1657-1705. 
"  Consilio  et  industria."     (Counsel  anü  industry.) 

Leopold   L   was    elected 
and   crowned   at   Erankfort 
in   s])ttc   of  the  counteract- 
in  l:  intrigues  ot'  I''rance  and 
Sweden.    Louis  XIV.,  upon 
the  death  of  the    Kini:  of 
Spam,    l:;id   (  laitn   to  Elan- 
ders    and    other    extensive 
territories.      Tiie   hhnperor, 
as   head   of   the    House  of 
Austria,  expressly  bound  to 
protect  the  interests  of  the 
infant  King  of  Spain,  con- 
sented   that    Louis    .should 
take  possession  of  Flanders, 
on  condition  that  he  him- 
self should   have   Spain  in 
the  event  of  the  death  of 
the   young   king.       Louis, 
with  excellent  and  well-dis- 
ciplined troops,  the  skillful 
Turenne   commandint/  un- 
der  him,  and  accompanied 
by  the  celebrated  Vaulxin. 
whose  genius  made  a  com- 
plete change  in  the  science 
of  engineering,  marched  to  certain  conquest.     The  rai)id  j.rogress  of 
his  arms  alarmed  the  other  p-owers  of  Europe.      En-land  and  iLlhmd, 
forbearing  their  quarrels,  united   with   Sweden,   to'^to],   t)ie  course  ol' 
the  youthful  sovereign,  and  peace  >^as  concluded  at  Aix-la-Chapelle, 
in    kVVs,      Irritate.]  at   being  stopped  sliort   in  his  career.  Louis  deter- 
mined to  break  the  alliance  between   England  and   ILjIiand,  and  this 
^^^^  ^--ih'^-'^'    ''*v   nieans    of  the    Duehe.ss  of  Orleans,  sister   of  Charles 
11.  of  i-ai-land.  w'no  ^isite(l   England  for  this  puri)ose,  after  which  he 
immediately  attacked  Holland.      But  the  Emperor,  the  Elector  of  Bran- 
denburg, and  S])ain  assisted  the  Dutch,  and  the  peace  of  Nimeguen 
followed,  in   1679. 


M"ifi,-^'n)H«>*!WP"'''* 


LEOPOLD   I. 


3S- 


imrsi-^ 


01-    -ILSTK/'- 


3S3 


11..  Km.nucl   Ol    IS.v.n...  evil.-    ')   ';■      ^^^    ^     _^     ,,  _,^,  ,^      ,„,     ,,„ 
.rculv    kan-.l    Uy  U.cu,,    the    M.>;^' 


J\  l' 


,11' 


,l\'(  »ic 


(\irmn,n!    ^\  • 


1  -.    I  i  1 '.  ■ 


\\\    I ) 


1     Iv 


PukoorSavoy),ana(.lvnnn:.Man.n.     -^^^    ..  U,e   1>mU-  aM.   .-f 

^^--••l-;^;'^^"^-';f,^^:'        ,     ::.n    an..    M.ayn,,   nui.an    uan,. 

an   al.l.ary   l.v   l.onis  M\..   -'na  ,,  1,,  an-cr  he  ..lUav.l 

,.wa.aU.refu.c.UheeomnKual...       K.  ^^^__^      ,.„.XIV., 

on   hearine  this,  a.kol  Ins  ,a,unKa.,     ^^^    ^^.^^   ^^^^^    Un„w  tl„„   ,n   h.MU,' 
that  I  have  sulfcR-cl  a  great   lo-s  .  ^^^^^  ^^^^^.^^  ^_.  ^^^^i^.. 

Eugene  he  uas  losing  the  lommc  Ol   l.an.e.t 

„anleatvlMall'la.i.iet.^  ^^^^^^    .^,,,        .,„   ,„,   „,n.lcr 

The   iM.M.eror   wa>    tn,h„  t.l    '^^]'  j_,,„'^.^,,^,,  ,,.  ,.,,,  .„,  .  e.>- 

crreat  <liffi.  ulties  to  maUe  war  on  i.  e  •  (■u,x\yM.\,  against 

^,1,  and  the  ür.t  of  h.  «-7— :;;;':    ,,..a,l,   ,l,s,n.n.iu.a 

t„e   innaels,   in  nhich  h,s  tamous  ^^^f,^  ^^„^^  ^,„.^,„    Kn,g  of 

,.,,,,,,     The   H;n^.ar,ans  r     e  ^^^^^^^^    ^  _^^^^  ^^^^^^^       ^^^^       _ 

Hungary  by  the   lurks  for  an  ann  ^         ^^^      ^^^^^^   ^.,.^,,  ,„ 

Tekc't   cailecl  the  Turks  .nto  ^h^'  -'•;'';.  ,,„„,,„,.   n.arles 

Venna.      Jttst  as   the  --'  "■■'V  ','>.,  n.l   eante   to  Us  rehel.      Tl,e 
of  Lorraine  and    joltn   >o1ueski   ol    1  o  a  .-^.,.^.,,  ,,,,.,  -uu-.r. 

Vnrks.vereattaeke.l  ,n  t»-' ;"-'";!",    ^V^lapha,  .le,l   a,ai    Un    h,s 
Seized  with  fnglu,  the  gntn-^^^^^ 

cami-   to   the  vutor.       Ih.     lu-t,  ^^^^^_,    ^^^j^.,.   ,,„,,   ,vas 

fn-teen   .nillion   dolktrs.  and    "-■   '^ "     ^^      ,,;^.   ^.n.  of  V-laral   ha-l 
vah.ed  at  iour  hundred    thousand      o  k.     ■  ^  ^^^^^^^   ^^^  ^.^^  ^^.^.,  ,^_.   ^^,„,_ 

four  n.iUicn,  dodars  f,.r  h>s  share      .^    ^  ^^^^^^  ^,^^.^__  ^^,.,,„^.,.^.  ,,„„, 

.The  whole  of  the  enen.v  s  ,  a>n    ,  .   .  ^^^^^^  _^^^^^  ^_^^^.  ,^^„,,,^      ,,,,. 

an   in.-alculable  amo.nrt  o.   ^-1-    -     '  ;    ,,^„,,,.  ,,,  arnen  away  ,n 

,an.els  an.l   mules,  together  wtth    he         t  ^^^.^,^      .,,,^^. 

Herds,  .hde  .  nryself  i;-e     -o-  ! '     ^„^^^,,,^  .,,,.  „.  ...n.lar,, 

banner  whieh  was  uMtalU    '^"•"  ^^,^,^^^.a  hi.n  tn  th,s  eauMKt.gn, 

of  Mahonret.withwhteh  t   e     u  U     h^^^^^^^^^^^^^        ,^^„^„^  ,^,  ,,,  ,,.^^^        ..n 

an.l  the  tents,  wagons,  =>'  -  ^^  ^^  ^^.„^,,  ,,,,,,1  thousand  dollars 

some  of  the  r,u'vers  «--'".;„  ^,,^  ,,,,,,  ohieet.  of  luxttrv  tou.rd 

It  would  take  too  long  to  '  ^     '    ;i  \o.mtan.s,  and  a  var.ety  of  rare 
in  bis  tent,  as,  for  .nstatue,  h  hs  ^^^^^_^^^  ^^^^^^  .^  ^  ^^^^^^,  ,^^^_._„^. 

anbnals.     This  .«orntng  I  was  >n  the  .  tty ,  . 


liave  held  out  more  t!i;in  five  days.  Never  before  did  tlie  eve  of  man 
see  a  work  ol  f<|'i;il  magnitude  dispatciied  with  a  vigijr  like  that  witli 
which  they  blrw  u|)  and  sliaitered  to  j)ie(:e>  huge  masses  of  stone  and 
rocks.  I  myself  ]i;id  to  sustain  a  h)iig  content  witli  the  vizier's  troops 
before  tiie  left  wing  came  up  to  niy  aid,  but  atler  tlie  battle  I  was  sur- 
rounded b\  the  l'dectc;r  of  Bavaria,  Prince  W'aldeck,  and  several  other 
])rinces  of  the  emi^ire.  who  embraced  me  with  warm  affection.  'I'he 
generals  took  hold  of  my  hands  and  feet,  the  colonels,  with  their  regi- 
ment>  of  hoisc  and  foot,  saluted  me  with,  'Long  live  our  brave  king  I' 
Til  is  morning  the  Idector  of  Saxony,  together  with  the  Duke  of  Lor- 
raine, came  to  me;  and,  finally,  the  Governor  of  Vienna,  Count  Stah- 
renberg,  with  a  multitude  of  tlie  ])eo})le,  rich  and  poor,  came  to  meet 
me;  nil  greeted  me  most  cordially,  and  called  me  their  deliverer,  in 
the  streets  were  loud  rejoicings  and  cries  of  'Long  live  the  king!' 
AVhen  I  rode  out  into  the  encampment  after  dinner,  the  populace  with 
u pi  1  tied  hands  accompanied  me  out  of  the  city  gate.  Let  us,  for  this 
mo-t  glorious  victory,  render  to  the  Most  High  })raise,  honor,  and 
thaiiksgiving  forever  1" 

The  war  with  the  Turks  continued,  with  few  intermissions,  fifteen 
years  longer,  ending  gloriously  for  the  imperial  arms.  The  very 
foundations  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  were  shaken  by  the  long  train  of 
defeats  and  disasters  which  followed  one  another  in  quick  succession. 
Transylvania  and  Sclavonia  submitted  without  reserve  to  the  Em})eror; 
the  Plungarian  insurgents  were  severely  punished  ;  and  Hungary, 
which  had  been  an  elective  monarchy,  was  declared  at  the  diet  of 
Presburg,  in  1687,  hereditary  in  the  Austrian  male  line,  and  Joseph, 
the  eldest  son  of  the  Em])eror,  was  crowned  King  without  any  previous 
election.  The  only  stipulation  made  by  the  Hungarians  was,  that  their 
an(  lent  constitution  should  remain  in  force. 

While  the  Emperor's  forces  were  occupied  in  defending  the  empire 
from  the  east,  Lotiis  XIV. — the  king  who  always  boasted  that  he  made 
/i(>//(^r  the  law  of  his  life — availed  himself  of  the  opportunity  to  take 
possession  of  Strasburg.  Li  1688,  Louis  issued  another  declaration 
of  war  against  the  empire;  and  even  before  it  was  publicly  proclaimed, 
his  troops  invaded  the  Netherlands  and  the  western  frontiers  of  the 
empire,  laid  waste  the  fields,  plundered  and  murdered  the  defenseless 
inhabitants,  set  villages,  castles,  and  churches  on  fire,  destroyed  the 
works  of  art,  and  broke  o[)en  tombs  and  scattered  the  bones  on  all 
sides!  Speyer,  with  most  of  its  funereal  monuments,  was  destroyed; 
Worms,  Ojipenheim,  Mannheim,  Ladenburg,  and  Heidelberg  were 
nearly  ruined  by  the   permission  of  Louis  XIV.  to  his  cruel  and  bar- 


I 


384 


norsE  OF  .ns'j'KiA. 


LEOPOLD   I. 


8s 


baro.,sn.ini^tcr,^,<mvois.  But  the  ;irrogance  of  Fran,  c  rou>c.l  l-,np,n,.l, 
Hollan.l.  Spain,  and  Sav..y  to  arrest  tlus  ■•  disturber  cl  ibc  j.ea.  r  an.l  the 
cunmu.n  cncn.v  of  all  Chr.slcndoni."  War  «a.  l.e.unn.  and  ...mn.K-d 
until  all  l.arlics  were  utterlv  «eaned  and  .m.erely  m.  lined  f  I'eire. 
Under  these   rir<  umstan<  e^,   the    IVare  of   Rvsw.ck   was   e,nuln,;e..    n> 

Se,)tend,er,  1697-      I'-v  '^^  l'^''"  ^^  '-"'^  '■^■^^'"""'  ""  '"^  -""■l"-'^  '""" 
Spain,  and   nearly  all  iVotn  Certnany.  the   ehv  of  Strad.iuv  anu  a  i^Ht 
of  Alsace  ex<r,.ted,  and  acknowledged   the  ..tie  of  W.ll.a.n  111.  io  .he 
crown  of  Kni;land.      'rh.,s  l.o.ns  consen.ed,  at  the  end  ol  a  war  uh.cU 
had  been  on  the  whole  M.cesslul.  to  terms  of  peace  wh.ch  could  scanely 
have  been   expected,  even    m  deleat,  from   the   .no.u.ich  ot   so   ,_ie..i  a 
countrv   as   Ki-ance.      Bnt   a   far   more   .empd.iK   proje.  I  was  mln^L;   his 
mind.  '   The  King  of  Spa.n,  Cha.les  II..  the  last  male  hen  ol   tne     an- 
per.,r   Charles  V.,  w,,s  now   on   the   bnnk  of  the  p'axe.      Me   !..d    no 
chiUben.  an.l  both  l.o.ns   XIV.  and    .he  K.nperor  l.c^H-hl   1.  w,  re   h.s 
brothers-indaw,  both  having:  marrie.l  danuhtos  ot    Tluhp  W  .      I.0..1S 
had    married    the    eUler    s.ster.    lu.t    she    had    by    a   solemn    ,  ovca.U 
reno.tnced   her   right    to   the   Spanish   succession.      '1  he   se.ond    s.^u-r, 
who  was  married  to  Leopold,,   had   nc.de   no  s.ich  ren....c  cUion.      Her 
d  ui'duer,  however,  wife  of  the  I'Jector  .M  .N.milian  Km.muel  o.  H..v,.,na, 
»as^obliged,   bke  her  an.,t.   to   ,e..onnee    .11   her   he.e,l..,irv   <  K.uns  to 
Spain.      Leopold,   who   ha.l   .narried    for   his   se.ond   wile   h.le.u.ora.   a 
princess  of  the  l'alati..e  House  of  Ne..be,-g.  ha,l  two  s.ms.  Joseph  a,.<l 
Charles-    Leopohl  .le.na.ided  the  <  .own  of  Spain  lor  h.s  so..  (  i.arles. 
on  the  UT0...KI  that  Leopold's  n.  -ther  w,,s  ,ni  aunt  (,f  Charles  H.    I  ran,  e 
and  B.ivar.a  reh.se.l  to  allow  that  the  renn.iciations  ol   tluse  p.n.ucsscs 
affecte,!  their  fa.nilies,  becutse^  they  had  g.ve.i  up  only  .he.r  own  .  l.n.ns, 
ami  had  no  power  to  reno.mce  the  rights  of  the.r  postentv.      Lad.  ol 
these  powers  now  endeavored  through  its  a.iib.iss.idor  to  md..ce  t  ha.les 
II  ,  during  his  liletime,  to  make  a  wdl  .n  its  favor;  a.id  (l.arhs,  w.th 
a  view  of  maintai.iing  the  in.lependence  of  Spain  as  mu,  1.  as  possd.le, 
named  loseph  l-'erdina.id  of  liavaria  his  s.tccessor.     Tins  yo.,.h.  lu.w- 
cver,  died  of  the  smallp   x  in   the  year  1699,  and  the  contest  belweeu 
the  Houses  of  Bourbon  and  Anstri.i  bega.i  anew. 

Leopold  could  easilv  have  obtained  the  victory  if  he  h..d  sent  a  ...ore 
able  envov  than  the  ha.ighty  Count  Harrach  to  Madn.i.  lor  bo,i,  .he 
Queen  of  S|,ain  and  the  Cardinal  Archbishop  of  Toledo  we.e  ...  I av.T 
of  Austria;  but  Harrach  was  no  m.itch  for  the  <  ratty  am!  capable 
Marcpiis  d'Harcourt.  Charles  was  induced  to  make  a  secret  wdl.  am 
when  he  died,  on  the  ist  of  November,  17=0.  it  was  lou,.d  tha.  he  had 
named  the  grandson  of  Louis  XIV.,  Phil.p,  D.ike  of  .\..jo.,,  heir  U,  the 


whole  Spanisli  monarcliy.  Leopold  was  utterly  confounded  by  this 
unexpected  l)l()\v,  though  he  had  only  himself  to  thank  for  it.  the 
S|)anish  court  liaving  repeatedly  })ressed  him  to  send  the  Ardiduke 
Charles  into  vSpain  with  a  small  army  in  order  to  be  ready  for  any 
emergciK-y.  On  the  other  hand,  Louis  XIV.  knew  that  it  would  be 
imp()>sii)le  without  war  to  place  his  grandson  on  the  throne  of  Spain. 
C'alling  his  (-ouik  il  together,  they  unanimously  concurred  in  his  ])ro- 
ject.  Louis  entered  his  cabinet,  and  returned  leading  the  ])rince 
bv  the  hand,  savinir,  with  the  air  of  a  lord  of  the  universe,  "  Mv 
lords.  )-ou  see  here  the  King  of  S{)ain.  Nature  has  formed  him  for  it, 
the  deceased  king  has  nominated  him,  the  people  desire  him,  and  I 
consent." 

All  luirope  was  soon  in  commotion.  Prussia,  Hanover,  the  Pala- 
tinate, aiid  a  tew  other  >tates  were  for  the  Emperor.  ALiximilian 
r^manuel  of  Ixivaria,  Governor  of  the  Spanish  Netherlands,  was  on 
the  side  o(  the  French.  His  brother,  the  Elector  of  Cologne,  fol- 
lowed his  e.xamjile.  Leopold  sent  an  army  into  Italy  to  take  possession 
of  the  Spanish  })ossessions,  Milan  and  Naples.  He  placed  at  its  head 
Prince  laigene  of  Savov.  Louis  tried  now  to  win  back  Eugene  by  the 
offer  o(  the  governorship  of  Champagne,  and  the  dignity  of  a  marshal 
of  France;  l)Ut  Eugene  re]jlied,  "Tell  your  king  that  I  am  an  imperial 
field -marshal,  whose  rank  is  quite  as  high  as  that  of  a  marshal  of 
France."  Early  in  March,  1701,  Prince  Eugene,  with  the  imperial 
army  and  ten  thousand  auxiliary  troops  from  Prussia  and  Hanover, 
marc  hed  into  Ital\-,  and,  before  the  enemy  were  aware  of  his  move- 
ments, his  army  poured  forth  from  the  passes  of  the  mountains  and 
encam])ed  on  the  plains  of  Verona.  By  two  victories  gained  at  Carpi 
and  Chiari,  Eugene  drove  the  Freiu-h  from  a  part  of  Upper  Italy  and 
ebt;d)li>hed  his  winter  cpiarters  there. 

In  the  autumn  of  i  701,  an  alliance  was  formed  between  Engkand, 
Holland,  and  Austria.  The  English  would  not  have  taken  so  active  a 
]tart  in  this  war  if  Louis  had  not  so  foolishly  and  arrogantly  provoked 
their  indignation.  Fie  not  only  recei\ed  the  exiled  family  of  James  IL, 
but  alter  his  death  at  St.  Ciermain,  in  1701,  he  recognized  his  son, 
bnnes  III.,  as  Kinir  of  Great  Britain.  The  Enc:Iish  were  so  incensed 
thai  a  stranger  should  thus  presume  to  dispose  of  their  throne,  that 
King  \\'illiam  obtained  from  parliament  a  vote  for  forty  thousand  men, 
instead  ot   ten  thousand,  as  had  been  at  first  intended. 

\\^illiam  placed  Marl])orough,  who  had  learned  the  art  of  war  in  the 
school  of  the  great  'i'sn-enne,  and  as  a  general  stood  second  to  none 
of  his  (!a.\-,  at   the  head   of  this  army.      In  March,  1702,  Marlborough 


25 


3SÖ 

lan*1cu 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


w 


ilie  Netherlands,  and  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  the 
Aimlu-Dutch  army;  his  first  object  being  the  expulsion  of  the  French 
li-uai  the  elcc  luiate  of  Cologne.  William  III.  died  the  same  month,  in 
consequence  of  a  violent  fall  from  his  horse  ;  but  his  successor.  Queen 
Anne,  faithfully  adhered  to  all  his  plans,  and  the  war  was  continued. 
]  ;,  in  tliis  time  to  the  year  1711  the  reign  of  Louis  was  a  constant 
series  of  defeats  and  calamities.  In  Italy,  the  imperial  forces  under 
Prince  Eugene  gained  such  decisive  victories  that  not  a  hope  was  left 
to  the  House  of  Bourbon  of  restoring  its  power  in  that  country.  The 
Elector  of  Bavaria  made  an  incursion  into  the  Tyrol,  and  ascended  the 
Brenner  to  make  his  way  into  Italy ;  but  the  Tyrolese  climbed  the 
rugged  heights  on  the  sides  of  the  passes  and  hurled  trees  and  rocks 
down  upon  their  foes  as  they  defiled  beneath  them,  and  the  Elector, 
finding  it  impossible  to  continue  his  march,  retreated  in  all  haste. 

The  greatest  battle  of  this  war  was  fought  at  Hochstädt,  near  Blen- 
heim,  a  village    in   Bavaria,    twenty-three    miles  north-northwest   of 
Augsburg,    on   August   13,    1704-       France   and  Bavaria   on    the    one 
hand  stood  opposed  to  Holland,  England,  Austria,  Savoy,  Portugal, 
and   the  German  Empire   on   the  other.     The  French  and   Bavarian 
army  consisted   of  fifty-six  thousand    men,  commanded   by  Tallard, 
Marsin,  and  the  Elector  of  Bavaria.     Opposed  to  it  was  an  army  of 
fifty-two    thousand    men    under    the    command    of   Marlborough  and 
Prince  Eugene.     The  French  and  Bavarian  generals  had  no  idea  that 
the  allies  would  act  on  the  offensive,  and  accordingly,  when,  about 
two  o'clock  in  the  morning,  the  line  of  the  allies  put  itself  in  motion, 
they  believed  it  was  about  to  retreat.     Even  at  seven  o'clock,  when 
the  heads  of  the  eight  columns  advancing  under  Eugene  and  Marl- 
borough became  visible,  Tallard  regarded  the  whole  proceeding  as  a 
stratagem  to  cover  the  retreat.     When  the  mistake  was  discovered,  the 
army  was  hastily  drawn  up  in  battle-array,  and  fought  with  dauntless 
courage;  but  at'five  in  the  afternoon  Marlborough  broke  through  the 
line  of  battle,  and  won  a  victory  most  complete  and  decisive.     The 
French  and  Bavarians  left  about  ten  thousand  killed  and  wounded  on 
the  field,  vast  numbers  were  drowned  in  the  Danube,  and  about  thirteen 
thousand,  including  Tallard,  were  taken  prisoners.     Altogether  their 
loss  was  estimated  at  between  thirty  and  forty  thousand  ;  one  hundred 
and  twenty  pieces  of  cannon  and  three  hundred  standards  were  cap- 
tured.    The  loss  of  the  victors  amounted  to  about  five  thousand  killed 
and  eight  thousand  wounded. 

In  the  following  year  the  Emperor  Leopold  died  of  dropsy  on  the 
chest,  in  the  sixty-fifth  year  of  his  age.     He  had  been  educated  for 


JOSEPH  I. 


the  Church,  and  his  reign  was  marked  by  attachment  to  the  clergy, 
irresolution,  and  indulgence  to  his  ministers,  to  whom  he  intrusted 
the  whole  management  of  the  government.  He  was  passionately  fond 
of  music,  and  was  himself  a  composer.  After  he  had  finished  his  last 
prayer  on  his  death-bed,  he  caused  his  !nu.^icians  to  enter  his  room, 
and  died  while  they  were  playing.  He  was  buried  at  Vienna.  His 
first  wife  was  Margaret  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  IV.  of  Spain ; 
his  second,  Claudia  Felicitas  of  Austria;  his  third,  Eleanora,  countess- 
palatine  of  the  House  of  Neuberg,  mother  of  Joseph  L  and  Charles  VI. 


JOSEPH    1.,  JOSEPH    DER   ERSTE.     A.D.   1705-1711, 
"  Amore  et  timore."     (Love  and  fear.) 

Joseph  L  was  crowned 
during  his  father's  lifetime, 
in  1690,  at  Augsburg.  In 
alliance  with  England  and 
Holland,  he  continued  the 
war  successfully  against 
France.  His  great  generals 
were  Prince  Eugene  of 
Savoy,  Leopold  of  Anhalt, 
called  in  Germany  *' the 
Dessauer,"  Guido  of  Stah- 
remberg,  and  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  who  led  the 
English. 

Marlborough  conquered 
Marshal  Villeroi  on  the 
plains  of  Ramiliies,  and 
made  Flanders  and  Bra- 
bant swear  allegiance  to 
Charles  III.  Prince  Eu- 
gene undertook  one  of  the 
most  daring  expeditions  to 
be  found  in  the  annals  of 
war.  With  not  more  than 
twenty-four  thousand  Ger- 
man troops  he  completed  a  joseph  i. 
march  of  more  than   two  hundred   miles,   ascending  mountains  and 


388 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


389 


crossing  rivers,  and  passing  through  a  country  wholly  occupied  by  the 
enemv   in  order  to  effect  a  junction  with  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  whose 
capital',  Turin,  was  besieged  by  the  enemy.     Eugene  armed  ni  time  to 
aid  the  duke;  and,  although  his  army  was  much  inferior  in  strength   he 
ventured  an  attack  at  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  was  received  by 
a  terrific  cannonade.    The  "old  Dessauer"  led  the  Prussians  on  the  left 
wing  against  the  intrenchments,  followed  in  the  centre  by  the  Wurtem- 
bergers  and  the  troops  of  the   Palatinate,  and  those  of  Gotha  on  the 
right  wing  ;  at  the  same  time  Count  Daun  made  a  sally  with  his  men 
from  the  citadel.     The  battle  was  extremely  obstinate  ;  but  after  two 
hours'  fighting  the  Prussians  succeeded  in  mounting  the  ramparts  first, 
and  were  soon  followed  by  the  others.     The  two  chief  French  gen- 
erals  the  Duke  of  Orleans  and  Count  Marsin,  were  severely  wounded 
and  obliged  to  leave  the  field  of  battle.     Marsin  was  taken  prisoner 
and  died  the  next  day,  at  Turin.     The  French  left  five  thousand  dead 
and  great  numbers  wounded,  while  the  rest  fled  in  such  disorder  over 
the  mountains  into  France,  that  of  the  whole  army,  originally  eighty 
thousand   strong,   scarcely  sixteen   thousand   men  escaped.     All    the 
immense   supplies   they  had    brought  with   them,    two   hundred  and 
thirteen    pieces  of  cannon,   eighty  thousand    barrels  of  gunpowder, 
and  a  vast  ouantity  of  ammunition,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors. 
Prince  Eugene  said,  in  a  letter  to  Count  Zin.endorf,  "The  Prince 
of  Anhalt   has  once  more  done  wonders  with   his  troops  at  Turin. 
I  met  him  twice  in  the  thickest  of  the  fire,  and  in  the  very  front; 
and  I  cannot  conceal  it,  that  in  bravery,  and  especially  in  discipline 
his  troops  have  far  surpassed  mine."     The  Emperor  Joseph  himself 
wrote  to  Prince  Leopold  very  honorable  letters  of  thanks.     1  he  result 
of  the  battle  presented  still  greater  advantages  than  the  booty  ;  for  the 
French  were  compelled  to  evacuate  Italy  and  pledge  themselves  to  send 
no  more  troops  there  during  the  whole  war.     The  heroic  conduct  of 
Prince  Eugene  filled  all  Europe  with  his  fame,  and  in  token  of  his  high 
regard  the  Emperor  presented  him  with  a  valuable  sword  and  appointed 
him  Governor-general  of  Milan. 

After  Eugene  had  regulated  affairs  in  Italy,  he  went  to  the  Neth- 
erlands, where,  with  Marlborough,  in  1708,  he  won  a  victory  at 
Oudenarde,  and  captured  the  citadel  of  Ryssel.  While  he  and  Marl- 
borough were  taking  one  town  after  another,  and,  in  1709,  gained  a 
victory  at  Malplaquet,  the  Archduke  Charles,  with  his  general,  Count 
Stahremberg,  gained  victories  at  Almenara  and  Saragossa,  and,  in  17 10, 
defeated  the  army  of  Philip  V.  and  made  a  triumphal  entry  into  Madrid. 
Louis  XIV  ,  already  old  and  feeble,  was  reduced  to  the  last  extremity. 


# 


and  was  left  without  one  resource.  But  now  three  favorable  circum- 
stances rescued  France,  and  gained  for  her  more  liberal  conditions  of 
peace  than  had  yet  been  offered  her.  In  England,  the  friends  of  Marl- 
borough had  governed  the  state,  but  upon  the  Tories  coming  into 
power  Marlborough  was  recalled  and  dismissed.  The  French  parti- 
sans triumphed  in  Spain,  and  the  Emperor  Joseph  I.  died,  in  1711,  of 
the  smallpox,  in  his  thirty-third  year.  The  Emperor  Joseph  was  far 
superior  to  his  father  or  brother.  His  mind  was  capable  of  entertain- 
ing the  most  noble  and  enlarged  ideas,  and  therefore  it  was  that  his 
penetrating  eye  selected  Eugene,  with  his  extraordinary  genius,  as 
worthy  of  his  entire  confidence.  Joseph  was  buried  in  Vienna.  His 
wife  was  Wilhelmina  of  Hanover.  As  he  died  without  heirs,  he  was 
succeeded  by  his  brother,  the  Archduke  of  Austria. 

CONTEMPORARIES    OF    THE    EMPERORS    LEOPOLD    I.   AND    JOSEPH    L 

Charles  IL  commenced  his  reign  in  1660,  amid  the  great  joy  of  a 
loyal  people ;  but  he  disappointed  his  friends  and  alienated  his  wiser 
counselors  by  his  careless  and  dissolute  life  and  the  corruptions  which 
he  permitted  in  his  court.  He  lost  the  respect  of  the  people  by  re- 
ceiving a  pension  from  Louis  XIV.  of  France,  and  by  his  subsequent 
subserviency  to  French  interests.  The  great  plague  and  a  very  de- 
structive fire  occurred  in  London  in  the  early  part  of  his  reign.  He 
founded  the  Naval  Hospital,  but  it  was  not  finished  until  the  time  of 
William  III.     Charles  died  in  1685,  in  the  fifty-fifth  year  of  his  age. 

Katharine  of  Braganza,  the  well-intentioned  but  ill-used  queen  of 
Charles  IL,  was  the  daughter  of  John,  Duke  of  Braganza,  who  freed  his 
country  from  the  dominion  of  Spain,  and  was  proclaimed  king  of  Por- 
tugal. After  Charles's  death  she  returned  to  Portugal,  where,  during 
the  illness  of  her  brother,  she  ruled  the  kingdom  well.  She  died  in 
the  sixty-eighth  year  of  her  age,  beloved  in  her  own  country  and 
revered  by  the  loyal  in  England.     She  left  no  children. 

James  IL,  brother  of  Charles  IL,  was  born  in  1633,  and  died  in 
1 701.  He  was  a  favorite  with  the  English  in  his  youth,  and  filled  the 
station  of  lord  high  admiral  with  respectability.  His  conduct  as  king 
was  neither  politic  nor  prudent,  and  he  was  dethroned.  His  first  wife 
was  Anne  Hyde,  who  had  two  children, — Mary,  who  married  William, 
Prince  of  Orange,  and  Anne,  who  married  Prince  George  of  Denmark. 

Mary  Beatrice  of  Modefia,  second  wife  of  James  IL,  was  a  descendant 
of  the  illustrious  House  of  Este,  which,  more  than  any  other  family 
of  Europe,  has  contributed  to  the  progress  of  civilization  by  liberal 
encouragement  of  literature  and  the  fine  arts.     Victoria  is  the  repre- 


39° 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


391 


sentative  of  the  elder  branch  of  this  ilhistrious  stock,  which,  A.D.  1000, 
divided  into  two  houses,  in  consequence  of  the  marriage  of  the  Mar- 
quis of  Tuscany  with  the  wealthy  Bavarian  family  of  Guelph,  when 
the  elder  of  the  two  sons  took  the  name  and  estates  of  his  German 
mother,  while  the  younger  reigned  over  the  duchies  of  Ferrara  and 
Modena.  Mary  Beatrice  was  exceedingly  beautiful,  virtuous,  and  in- 
telligent, but  very  unfortunate.  After  the  dethronement  of  her  hus- 
band she  went  with  him  to  France,  where  they  were  given  an  asylum 
by  Louis  XIV.  at  St.  Germains.  James,  Mary  Beatrice,  and  their 
daughter  Louisa  died  here,  and  their  hearts  were  deposited  in  urns  in 
t4ie  convent  of  Chaillot.  Only  one  child  survived  them,  James  Francis 
Edward,  styled  the  Chevalier  de  St.  George,  or,  as  he  is  more  com- 
monly called,  the  Pretender,— a  nickname  given  him  by  his  half-sister, 
Queen  Anne.  The  Pretender  married  Clementina,  daughter  of  the 
King  of  Poland,  and  granddaughter  of  the  famous  John  Sobieski. 
They  had  two  sons,  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pretender,  and 
Henry,  Cardinal  York,  the  last  descendant  of  the  Stuarts,  who  died 

at  Rome  in  1807. 

William  III.,  Prince  of  Orange,  was  elected  King  of  Great  Britain 
in  1688,  his  wife  Mary,  daughter  of  James  IL,  being  associated  with 
him  in  the  government.  The  Scots  made  a  brief  resistance  under 
Lord  Dundee,  but,  losing  their  leader  at  KiUiekrankie,  submitted  to 
William.  The  Irish  held  out  longer  for  King  James,  but  were  defeated 
at  the  battle  of  the  Boyne.  Immersed  in  politics,  William  had  neither 
leisure  nor  inclination  for  literature  or  art.  His  great  object  was  to 
preserve  the  balance  of  power  in  Europe,  which  engaged  him  in  the 
wars  against  Louis  XIV.,  and  to  defray  the  expenses  of  these  wars  the 
national  debt  was  funded.     William  died  in  1702. 

Mary  IL,  wife  of  William  III.,  was  unhappy  as  a  wife,— an  unduti- 
ful  daughter  and  an  inveterate  card-player.  She  really  reigned  alone 
the  chief  part  of  the  six  years  that  she  was  Queen  of  Great  Britain  ; 
for  William  III.,  with  the  exception  of  the  first  year  of  his  election  to 
the  throne  of  the  British  empire,  was  seldom  more  than  four  months 
together  in  England,  being  occupied  in  the  war  in  Ireland,  and  after- 
wards in  Flanders,  against  Louis  XIV.  Her  best  good  work  was  the 
foundation  of  Greenwich  Hospital.  She  died  in  1694,  in  the  thirty- 
sixth  year  of  her  age;  and  her  royal  consort  reigned  alone  until  1702. 
They  had  no  children. 

Anne,  the  last  sovereign  of  the  House  of  Stuart,  succeeded  her 
brother-in-law  by  virtue  of  an  act  of  parliament,  which  set  aside  the 
claims  of  James  II.  and  his  son.     The  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession, 


h 


designed  by  the  Protestant  powers  of  Europe  to  curb  the  ambition  of 
Louis  XIV.,  gave  ample  exercise  to  the  military  talents  of  the  Duke  of 
Marlborough,  Anne's  greatest  general.  Scotland  was  united  with 
England  under  one  parliament  during  her  reign.  Anne  married 
Prince  George  of  Denmark,  and  had  several  children,  all  of  whom 
died  young.  Her  conduct,  while  princess,  towards  her  father,  her 
stepmother,  and  her  half-brother  was  base  in  the  extreme  ;  but  as  a 
wife  and  mother  she  was  all  that  could  be  desired.  Her  reign  was 
decidedly  successful.  No  subject's  blood  was  shed  for  treason,  and 
she  was  so  charitable  that  her  privy  purse  was  facetiously  called  *'the 
national  poor-box."  The  people  sincerely  loved  her,  and  never  spoke 
of  her  but  as  the  good  Queen  Anne, — an  epithet  by  which  they  fondly 
remembered  her  throughout  the  two  subsequent  reigns. 

John  Milton,  the  greatest  epic  poet  that  England  ever  produced, 
held  the  situation  of  Latin  secretary  under  Oliver  Cromwell ;  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  John  Locke,  Archbishop  Tillotson,  and  Bishop  Burnet 
lived  in  the  times  of  Charles  II.,  Jam.es  II.,  and  William  III.  Those 
who  graced  the  times  of  Queen  Anne  were  Pope,  Steele,  Addison,  and 
Swift. 

Anne  of  Austria,  Queen-regent  of  France  in  1654,  negotiated  the 
marriage  of  her  son,  Louis  XIV.,  with*  her  niece,  Maria  Theresa,  In- 
fanta of  Spain  ;  and  the  marriage  was  celebrated  with  great  pomp  at 
Saint-Jean-de-Luz,  by  the  Bishop  of  Bayonne.  The  king  and  his  royal 
consort  repaired  to  Y'incennes,  in  order  to  give  the  Parisians  time 
to  make  preparations  for  a  magnificent  entry  into  the  capital,  which 
took  place  by  the  Barriere  du  Tröne,  when  the  nobility  and  the  citi- 
zens rivaled  each  other  in  the  luxury  of  their  dresses  and  equipages. 
The  royal  pair  were  received  with  the  utmost  splendor  at  the  Louvre. 
Anne  of  Austria  asked  the  young  queen,  a  few  days  after,  "  What  did 
you  think  of  your  reception  at  the  Louvre  ?"  *'  I  thought,"  she  replied, 
''of  that  other  pageant,  which  shall  one  day  carry  me  to  the  tomb." 

After  the  king's  marriage,  Anne  of  Austria  retired  from  public 
affairs.  Louis  always  received  his  mother's  counsels  with  the  greatest 
deference,  although  she  never  spared  her  reproofs  on  the  subject 
of  his  neglect  of  his  queen,  and  his  public  acts  of  infidelity.  Anne 
was  afiiicted  with  a  cancer,  which  during  the  last  eighteen  months  of 
her  life  caused  her  intense  suffering.  In  this  malady  she  offered  a 
striking  example  of  the  fragility  of  human  grandeur  and  personal 
charms,  which  she  often  remarked  to  the  ladies  in  attendance  on  her, 
looking  with  compassion  on  her  hands  and  arms,  once  so  beautiful  and 
so  much  admired.     During  her  illness  she  displayed  the  greatest  pa- 


392 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


tience  and  her  countenance  wore  the  smile  of  benevolence  to  the  last. 
The  king,  the  queen,  the  Duke  of  Anjou,  and  Madame  Henrietta  were 
constantly  at  her  side,  and  with  her  last  breath  she  was  anxious  to  let 
them  know  how  agreeable  were  their  care  and  attentions,  and  how  much 
she  was  consoled  by  their  affection.  She  died  in  1666,  at  the  age  of 
sixty-five,  and  was  buried  at  St.  Denis.  Louis  regretted  her  smcerely, 
for  she  had  failed  in  no  point  of  maternal  affection.  Daughter,  wife, 
sister,  and  mother  of  kings,  she  possessed  all  the  dignity  which  be- 
longed to  her  elevated  rank  ;  she  was  proud,  but  her  manners  were 
exquisitely  polished.  She  was  a  great  admirer  of  the  fine  arts,  and 
loved  and  encouraged  literature. 

Louis  XIV.,  after  Mazarin's  death,  took  active  charge  of  affairs,  and, 
by  diligent  attention  to  business,  consolidated  that  power  which  made 
him  the  ^^ Grand  Monarque"  of  France.     On  the  death  of  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain,  Louis  violated  his  solemn  engagements,  and,  aided  by  Col- 
bert and  Louvois,  his  ministers  of  war  and  finance,  seized  the  Spanish 
Netherlands.     A  coalition  of  England,  Sweden,  and  Holland  against 
him  procured  the  Peace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.     In   1672,  Louis  leagued 
all  Europe  with  him  against  Holland.     The  Palatinate  was  ravaged  by 
Turenne,  and  many  cities  and  villages  were  burned.      The  Peace  of 
Nimeguen  gave  Louis  leisure  to  gather  his  forces  for  fresh  conquests. 
The  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  led  to  a  relentless  persecution 
of  the  Huguenots,  who  left  the  country  to  the  number  of  half  a  million. 
In  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  Louis,  though  humbled  by  many 
reverses,  succeeded  in  placing  his  grandson,  Philip  V.,  on  the  throne  of 
Spain.     Having  outlived  his  children,  and  most  of  his  grandchildren, 
Louis  devoted  his  last  days  to  rtligious  observances,  and  died,  after  a 
reign  of  seventy-two  years,  in  171 5. 

Louis  built  the  palace  of  Versailles,  and  expended  on  the  buildings 
and  grounds  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars  ;  and  while  he  was  raising 
this  monument  of  extravagance,  his  wise  minister,  Colbert,  was  encour- 
aging trade,  commerce,  and  manufactures.     The  canal  of  Languedoc, 
conn'^ecting  the  Atlantic  with  the  Mediterranean,  was  begun  in  1664, 
and  completed  in  1681.     Until  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.  no  provision 
had  been  made  for  soldiers  maimed  or  wounded  in  war;   Louis  XIV., 
finding  his  asylum  too  small,  began  the  construction  of  the  Hotel  des 
Invalides,  in  167 1,  and  the  principal  part  was  finished  in  1706.    Several 
additions  have  been  made  since.     Louis  was  a  liberal  patron  of  men 
of  letters.     The  most  distinguished  dramatic  writers  of  his  time  were 
Corneille,  Molidre,  and  Racine  ;  the  poets,  Boileau,  La  Fontaine,  and 
Voiture  ;  the  philosophers  were  Montesquieu  and  Fontenelle.    Henault, 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


393 


president  of  a  court,  spent  forty  years  in  writing  a  short  chronological 
abridgment  of  the  history  of  France.  Madame  Dacier  was  distin- 
guished for  her  knowledge  of  the  ancient  classics,  and  Madame  de 
Sevigne  acquired  celebrity  by  her  letters,  which  are  considered  as 
models  of  epistolary  writing.  The  churchmen  most  eminent  for  piety, 
learning,   and    eloquence  were  Bossuet,   Bourdaloue,   Massillon,   and 

Fenelon. 

Maria  Theresa,  wife  of  Louis  XIV.,  was  the  daughter  of  Philip  IV. 
of  Spain  and  Elizabeth  of  France,  sister  of  Louis  XIII.,  and  niece  of 
Anne  of  Austria.  She  was  born  at  the  Escorial  in  1638,  five  days  after 
her  cousin,  Louis  XIV.  Although  endowed  with  many  personal  as 
well  as  moral  advantages,  and  the  daughter  and  wife  of  a  king,  she 
passed  her  life  in  comparative  obscurity.  Modest  and  retiring,  she 
had  no  ambitious  views,  and  was  an  entire  stranger  to  political  affairs. 
Gentle,  virtuous,  and  an  enemy  to  intrigue,  she  spared  no  efforts  to 
gain  the  king's  affection,  but  was  only  fortunate  enough  to  obtain  his 
esteem  and  friendship.  She  died  at  the  chateau  de  Chambortl  in  1683, 
aged  forty-five.  In  her  last  moments  the  king  approached  her  bed 
and  addressed  her  in  Spanish;  his  consoling  language  appeared  to 
reanimate  her  for  a  moment,  and  her  countenance  testified  that  she 
died  more  content.  Louis  publicly  declared  that  the  queen  had  never 
caused  him  any  grief  but  by  her  death,  and  sincerely  lamented  the 
virtuous  wife  whose  premature  loss  he  had  occasioned.  So  great  was 
his  veneration  for  her  memory,  that  on  the  anniversary  of  her  death 
he  never  partook  of  any  recreation,  but  confined  himself  the  whole 
day  to  his  apartment.  Maria  Theresa  had  three  sons,  the  Dauphin 
Louis,  and  two  sons  who  were  successively  Dukes  of  Anjou ;  her 
daughters  all  died  young. 

Frances  d' Aubigne  was  the  only  daughter  of  Constant  d'Aubigne 
and  Jane  de  Cardillac,  who  was  descended  from  a  noble  family  of 
Guienne.  Left  by  the  death  of  her  parents  without  any  fortune,  she 
married  the  celebrated  comic  poet  Scarron.  She  was  then  only  six- 
teen, and  Scarron,  so  celebrated  for  his  burlesque  writings,  was  aged, 
deformed,  overwhelmed  with  infirmities,  gouty,  and  confined  to  his 
elbow-chair  ;  but  always  cheerful  and  gay,  notwithstanding  his  suffer- 
ings. The  narrowness  of  the  poet's  small  fortune  did  not  prevent  the 
most  clever  and  intellectual  persons  at  court  from  frequenting  his 
modest  apartments,  whither  they  were  attracted  by  his  sparkling  wit 
and  enlivening  conversation.  In  this  brilliant  society  the  young  wife, 
who  was  called  La  belle  Indienne  from  having  passed  the  greater  part 
of  her  childhood  in  the  island  of  Martinique,  formed  a  large  circle  of 


394 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA, 


acquaintance.     Her  solicitude  for  her  aged  and  infirm  husband  gained 
her  as  much  esteem  as  her  beauty  obtained  her  admirers.    After  a  union 
of  ten  years,  she  was  left  a  widow,  and  in  a  state  of  extreme  indigence. 
At  length  she  obtained  the  situation  of  governess  to  the  two  children 
of  Madame  de  Montespan.     Death  soon  robbed  her  of  the  eldest,  when 
all  Madame  Scarron's  care  and  attention  was  centred  in  the  second,  the 
Duke  du  Maine.     In  1674,  Louis,  as  a  recompense  for  her  care  of  his 
children,  made  her  a  present  of  one  hundred  thousand  francs.     \\  ith 
this  sum  she  purchased  the  estate  of  Maintenon,  near  Versailles,  of  which 
she  was  so  fond  that  the  king  called  her  from  that  period  Madame  de 
Maintenon.     Two  vears  after  the  death  of  the  queen,  Maria  Theresa, 
she  was  married  secretly  to  the  king  by  the  Archbishop  of  Pans   in  the 
presence  of  Pere  la  Chaise,  her  confessor,  and  two  witnesses.     Yet  her 
happiness  was  not  lasting  ;  she  herself  says,  -  I  was  born  ambitious :   I 
resisted  this  inclination.     When  the  wish  which  I  no  longer  indulged 
was  fulfilled,  I  thought  myself  happy;  but  this  intoxication  lasted  only 
three  week's  "    At  the  time  of  this  marriage  Louis  was  forty-eight,  and 
she  was  fifty  years  of  age.     She  was  entirely  submissive  to  the  will  of 
the  king,  and  wholly  occupied  with  the  means  of  rendering  herself 
agreeable  to  him,  and  this  slavery  of  her  age  made  her  more  unhappy 
than  the  poverty  of  her  youth  had  done.     -  What  a  martyrdom,     said 
she  to  Lady  Bolingbroke,  her  niece,  -to  be  obliged  to  amuse  a  man 
who  is  incapable  of  being  amused  !"     A  few  days  previous  to  the  death 
of  Louis,  she  retired  to  the  convent  of  Saint-Cyr.     On  taking  leave 
of  him,  he  said,  -I  regret  only  you.     Adieu;  we  shall  see  each  other 
acrain   in  a  better  world."      In   Saint-Cyr  she  lived   tranquilly  and 
economically,  devoting  herself  to  the  government  of  the  community 
and  to  religious  practices.     Her  greatest  pleasure  was  to  receive  the 
visits  of  her  old  pupil,  the  Duke  du  Maine.     When  Peter  the  Great 
visited  France  in  1717,  ^^e  expressed  a  wish  to  see  the  widow  of  Louis 
XIV     but   was  far  from   manifesting  the  same  enthusiasm  for  her  as 
Chrisdna  of  Sweden  displayed  for  Ninon  de  I'Enclos  in  her  old  age. 
Madame  de  Maintenon  was  confined  to  her  bed  when  she  received  the 
Czar   who  entered  her  apartment,  drew  aside  the  curtains,  stared  at 
her  a  few  moments,  and  retired  without  speaking  a  word.      Her  last 
affections  were  centred  in  the  Duke  du  Maine,  whose  exile  for  con- 
spiracy  against  the  regent  hastened  her  death.    She  expired  in  I7i9>  at 
the  age  of  eighty-four,  infirm   in  body  but  sound  in  mind.     She  was 
buried  with  great  solemnity  in  the  choir  of  the  church  belonging  to 

the  convent  of  Saint-Cyr. 

Henri  de  la  Tour  d'Auvergne,  Vicomte  de  Turenne,  born  in  161 1, 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


395 


at  Sedan,  was  the  second  son  of  Henry  de  la  Tour  d'Auvergne,  Duke 
of  Bouillon,  and  of  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  William  I.,  Prince  of 
Orange.  He  studied  the  art  of  war  under  his  uncle,  Prince  Maurice  of 
Nassau,  and  in  1634  received  the  command  of  a  French  regiment, 
served  at  the  siege  of  Lamothe,  in  Lorraine,  and  took  a  bastion  which 
the  son  of  the  marshal  had  attempted  in  vain  to  capture.  For  this 
he  was  appointed  field-marshal;  and  having  also  performed  important 
services  at  the  taking  of  Breisach,  Cardinal  Richelieu  offered  him  one 
of  his  nieces  in  marriage,  an  offer  which  Turenne  declined  on  account 
of  his  attachment  to  the  Protestant  religion,  in  which  he  had  been 
educated.  In  1639  he  was  sent  into  Italy,  where  he  raised  the  siege  of 
Casale  and  defeated  the  enemy  near  Montcallier,  while  the  Marshal 
d'Harcourt  besieged  Turin.  In  1643  he  conquered  Roussillon,  and  in 
1644  was  rewarded  with  a  marshal's  baton  and  the  chief  command  of 
the  army  of  the  Rhine.  He  crossed  the  Rhine,  defeated  the  Bavarians 
under  Mercy,  joined  the  Duke  d'Enghien,  afterwards  Prince  of  Conde, 
and  was  defeated,  in  1645,  at  Marien  thai ;  but  three  months  afterwards 
he  gained  the  great  victory  of  Nordlingen.  Subsequently  forming  a 
junction  with  the  Swedes  under  Wrangel,  he  defeated  the  Bavarians  at 
Susmarshausen,  and  compelled  the  Elector  to  sue  for  peace.  In  the  war 
of  the  Fronde,  Turenne  was  at  first  gained  over  to  the  side  of  the  rebels; 
but  in  1650  he  was  defeated  by  Du  Plessis-Praslin,  and  candidly  con- 
fessed that  he  lost  the  battle  through  his  own  negligence;  **for,"  he 
added,  **  if  any  one  commits  no  faults  in  war,  it  is  a  proof  that  he  has  not 
had  long  experience  in  it."  The  Spanish  court  sent  him  one  hundred 
thousand  crowns  to  continue  the  war;  but  Turenne  returned  it,  as  he 
expected  to  be  reconciled  to  the  court  party.  This  reconciliation  took 
place  in  1651,  and  Turenne  was  appointed  general  of  the  royal  army. 
His  great  adversary  was  now  the  Prince  of  Conde,  who  was  in  the  Spanish 
service.  These  two  commanders  carried  on  the  war  with  alternate 
success,  until  the  capture  of  Dunkirk  by  Turenne  and  the  occupation 
of  a  great  part  of  Flanders  enabled  Cardinal  Mazarin  to  conclude  the 
Peace  of  the  Pyrenees.  In  1653  he  married  the  daughter  of  the 
Marshal  and  Duke  de  la  Force,  but  she  bore  him  no  children.  On 
the  renewal  of  the  war  with  Spain,  in  1667,  Louis  XIV.  selected 
Turenne  for  his  teacher  in  the  art  of  war,  and  made  him  his  lieutenant- 
general.  Flanders  and  Franche-Comte  were  subdued,  and  Turenne 
joined  the  Catholic  Church  in  1668.  When  Louis,  in  1672,  resolved 
on  the  conquest  of  Holland,  Turenne  had  the  chief  command,  and 
compelled  the  Elector  Frederic  William  of  Brandenburg,  who  assisted 
the  Dutch,  to  sign  the  Peace  of  Vossem.    Turenne  was  on  all  occasions 


2>9^ 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


very  honorable  and  disinterested.     When  a  general  made  a  proposal  to 
him  by  which  he  might  have  obtained  four  hundred  thousand  livres, 
he  answered  that  he  had  often  rejected  such  proposals,  and  should 
always  continue  to  do  so.    A  city  offered  him  a  present  of  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  to  induce  him  not  to  march  through  its  territories. 
*'As  your  city,"  answered  Turenne,  'Moes  not  lie  in  my  route,  I  can- 
not accept  your  offer."    In  Alsace  and  on  the  Rhine  he  was  victorious. 
Turenne  laid  waste  the  Palatinate  with  fire  and  sword.     The  Elector 
saw,  from  his  castle  at  Mannheim,  two  cities  and  twenty-five  villages 
in  flames.    Turenne's  extraordinary  fortune  induced  the  imperial  court 
to  oppose  to  him  their  best  general,  and   Montecuculi  was  sent,  in 
1673,  over  the  Rhine.      After  a  variety  of  skillful  movements,  they 
were  about  to  come  to  an  engagement  at  Sassbach,  in  Baden,  when 
Turenne,  while  reconnoitring  for  the  purpose  of  finding  a  place  for 
the  erection  of  a  battery,  was  killed  by  a  cannon-ball.     The  highest 
honor  was  shown  by  the  king  to  the  remains  of  Turenne.     They  were 
interred,  like  those  of  the  Constable  du  Guesclin,  at  St.  Denis.     Na- 
poleon transferred  his  remains  to  the  Hotel  des  Invalides. 

Louis  IL  of  Bourbon,  Prince  of  Comic,  commonly  termed  the  '*  Great 
Conde,"  was  the  great-grandson  of  that  Prince  of  Conde  who,  in  the 
dissensions  between  the  Houses  of  Guise  and  Bourbon,  was  the  soul 
of  his  party,  which  was  for  the  most  part  Cnlvinistic  or  Huguenot. 
Louis  II.  was  born  in  1621.      In   youth  he  took  part  in  the  sieges  of 
Arras  and  Perpignan,  and  commanded  the  army  against  the  Spaniards 
in  the  Netherlands,  where  he  almost  extirpated  the  foe  in  the  battle  of 
Rocroi,  in   1643.     In   the   autumn  of  the  same  year  he  was  sent  to 
Alsace   to  support  Turenne;   and  in  1644  he  defeated   the  Bavarian 
general  Mercy  near  Freiburg,  and  so  won  for  France  a  considerable 
portion  of  Germany.     By  the  death  of  his  father  he  became  the  head 
of  the  family,  in  1646,  and,  next  to  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  was  the  highest 
personage  in  the  state.     This  pre-eminence  excited  the  envy  of  Maza- 
rin,  who,  however,  in   1648  intrusted  him  with  the  command  of  the 
army  in   the   Netherlands.     Here  Conde  captured  Ypres,  and  gained 
the  battle  of  Lens,  but  was  recalled  to  Paris  by  the  war  of  the  Fronde, 
which  had  just  broken  out.    In  this  contest,  Conde  at  first  sided  with  the 
court,  while  his  brother,  the  Prince  of  Conti,  and  his  sister,  the  cele- 
brated Duchess  de  Longueville,  took  the  part  of  the  Frondeurs.     After 
the  court  had  secretly  escaped  from  Paris,  January  6,  1649,  Conde  con- 
cluded a  treaty  which  insured  the  return  of  the  court  to  Paris  in  August 
of  the  same  year.     But,  as  this  service  met  with  no  adequate  thanks, 
Conde,  who  was  the  haughtiest  Frenchman  of  his  age,  soon  became 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


397 


more  rebellious  than  the  Frondeurs  themselves.     Mazarin  arrested  him 
with  his  brother  and   the   Duke  de   Longueville,  but  was  obliged  to 
release  them  on  account  of  the  threatenings  of  Turenne  and  the  people. 
Conde  was  no  sooner  at  liberty  than  he  renewed  the  war,  and,  assem- 
bling troops  in  the  Netherlands,  he  gained  the  battle  of  Bleneau,  in 
1 652,  and  immediately  marched  on  Paris.     Turenne  defended  the  court, 
and  a  bloody  but  indecisive  struggle  took  place  in  the  streets  of  Paris. 
Many  of  Conde's  adherents  were  killed,  and  the  Frondeurs  began  to 
yield.     A  treaty  was  drawn  up  to  which  most  of  them  agreed,  but  the 
proud,  impracticable  Conde  would   have  nothing  to  do  with  it ;  and, 
furious  at  the  defection  of  so  many  of  his  friends,  he  left  the  country, 
and  on  the  outbreak  of  war  between  France  and  Spain  he  became 
generalissimo  of  the  Spanish  forces,  but  was  unable  to  gain  any  advan- 
taf^e  over  Turenne.    When  the  Peace  of  the  Pyrenees  was  concluded,  it 
was  thought  advisable  to  enter  into  friendly  relations  with  the  brilliant 
traitor.     Conde  was  therefore  pardoned  and  reinstated  in  his  former 
honors.     The  war  having  been  resumed  with  Spain  in  1673,  he  again 
commanded  the  French  in  the  Netherlands.     After  Turenne's  decease, 
he  held  the  command  in  Germany  until  he  was  so  disabled  by  the  gout 
that  he  had  to  resign  his  post.     He  now  retired  to  his  estate  of  Chan- 
tilly,  where  he  devoted  the  remainder  of  his  life  to  literature,  for  which 
in  his  early  years  he  had  exhibited  a  strong  predilection,  to  the  society 
of  friends,  and  religious  exercises.      He  died  at  Fontainebleau  in  1686. 
Conde  had  a  superior  intellect  and  great  strength  of  character,  asso- 
ciated with  pride.     Though  an  able  commander,  he  was  disliked  by  his 
soldiers,  on  account  of  his  severity. 

Selmstian  Ic  Frcstre,  Seigneur  de  Vauban,  Marshal  of  France,  and 
the  greatest  engineer  that  country  has  produced,  was  born  in  1633, 
of  an  ancient  and  noble  family  of  Nivernois.  He  entered  the  army 
early,  where  his  uncommon  talents  and  genius  for  fortification  soon 
became  known,  and  were  signally  displayed  in  various  successive  sieges. 
He  rose  to  the  highest  military  rank  by  his  merits  and  services,  and 
was  made  commissioner-general  of  fortifications  in  1678.  He  took 
Luxemburg  in  1684,  and  was  present  in  1668  at  the  siege  and  capture 
of  Philippsburg,  Mannheim,  and  Frankendal,  under  the  dauphin.  He 
was  made  Marshal  of  France  in  1703,  and  died  at  Paris  in  1707,  aged 
seventy-four.  As  an  engineer,  he  carried  the  art  of  fortifying,  attacking, 
and  defending  towns  to  a  degree  of  perfection  unknown  before  his  time. 
He  fortified  above  three  hundred  ancient  citadels,  erected  thirty-three 
new  ones,  had  the  principal  management  and  direction  of  fifty-three 
sieges,  and  was  present  at  one  hundred  and  forty-three  engagements. 


! 


398 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


399 


Christifia,  Queen  of  Sweden,  only  child  of  the  great  Gustavus  Adolphus 
and  of  the  Princess  Maria  Eleanora  of  Brandenburg,  was  born  in  1626, 
and  succeeded  her  father  in  1632,  when  only  six  years  old.     Distin- 
guished equally  by  beauty  and  the  possession  of  a  lively  imagination, 
a  good  memory,  and  uncommon  intelligence,  she  received  the  educa- 
tion of  a  man  ratlier  than  of  a  woman.     During  her  minority  the  king- 
dom was  governed  by  the  five  highest  officers  of  the  state,  the  principal 
being   the   Chancellor  Oxenstiern.      In    1644  she  assumed  the   reins 
of  power,  and  in  1650  was  crowned,  with  the  title  of  king.     For  four 
years  thereafter  she  ruled  the  kingdom  with  vigor,  and  was  remarkable 
for  her  patronage  of  learned  and  scientific  men.      P>ance,  Spain,  Hol- 
land, and  England  sought  her  friendship.     At  the  age  of  twenty-eight, 
weary  of  the  restraints  which  royalty  imposed   on   her,  she  resigned 
the  crown  in  favor  of  her  cousin,  Charles  Gustavus  (Charles  X.),  whom 
her  subjects  were  anxious  she  should  marry.     She  reserved  to  herself  a 
certain  income,  entire  independence,  and  full  power  over  her  suite  and 
household.      A  few  days  afterwards,  she  left  Sweden,  and  went  through 
Denmark  and  Germany  to  Brussels,  where  she  made  a  public  entry, 
and  remained  for  some  time.     There  she  made  a  secret  profession  of 
the   Catholic   religion,    which  she   afterwards    publicly  confirmed    at 
Innspruck,  in  the  Franciscan  Church,  November  3,  1654;  a  step  which 
excited   great   astonishment,  and  of  the   causes  of  which  nothing  is 
known.      Christina  went  from  Innspruck  to  Rome,  which  she  entered 
on  horseback,  in  the  costume  of  an  Amazon,  with  great  pomp.    When 
Pope   Alexander  VII.   confirmed    her,   she    adopted    the  surname  of 
Alessandra.     In  1656,  she  visited  France,  where  her  dress  and  man- 
ners produced  an  unfavorable  impression  ;  but  her  talents  and  knowl- 
edge were  generally  admired.     She  offered  to  mediate  between  France 
and  Spain  ;  but  Mazarin  declined  the  offer,  and  succeeded  in  acceler- 
ating her  departure  from  the  country  under  various  pretexts.     In  the 
following  year  she  returned  to  France,  where  she  ordered  the  execu- 
tion of  her  grand  equerry,  Monaldeschi,  who  had  enjoyed  her  entire 
confidence,  but  whom  she  accused  of  treason.    The  French  court  testi- 
fied its  displeasure,  and  two  months  passed  before  she  showed  herself 
publicly  in  Paris.     She  would  have  taken  the  crown  of  Sweden  after 
the  death  of  her  cousin  had  she  been  permitted  ;  she  then  aspired  to 
the  crown  of  Poland,  but  the  Poles  took  no  notice  of  her  wishes. 
Finally  she  returned  to  Italy,  where  she  died  in  1689,  and  was  interred 
in  the  church  of  St.  Peter.     The  Pope  erected  a  monument  to  her 
with  a  long  inscription,  although  she  had  asked  only  the  words,  ''  Vixit 
Christina  Annos  LXIII." 


John  Sobieski,  the  greatest  of  the  monarchs  of  Poland,  was  elected  to 
the  throne  in  1674,  and  his  first  great  achievement  was  the  victory  of 
Kotzim,  gained  with  a  comparatively  small  force  over  an  army  of 
eighty  thousand  Mussulmans,  strongly  intrenched  on  the  banks  of  the 
Dniester.  Forty  thousand  of  the  enemy  were  left  dead  in  the  pre- 
cincts of  the  camp.  All  Europe  was  electrified  by  this  extraordinary 
triumph,  the  greatest  that  had  been  won  for  three  centuries  over  the 
infidels.  But  what  has  immortalized  Sobieski's  name  is  the  deliverance 
of  Vienna,  in  1683.  At  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  Sunday, 
the  1 2th  of  September,  Sobieski  had  drawn  up  his  forces  in  the  plain 
fronting  the  Mussulman  camp,  and  ordering  the  advance,  he  exclaimed, 
aloud,  *'Not  to  us,  O  Lord,  but  to  thee,  be  the  glory."  Whole  bands 
of  Tartars  broke  and  fled  when  they  heard  the  name  of  the  Polish 
hero,  repeated  from  one  end  to  the  other  of  the  Ottoman  lines.  With 
a  furious  charge  the  Polish  infantry  seized  an  eminence  that  com- 
manded the  Grand  Vizier's  position,  when  Kara  Mustapha,  taken  by 
surprise,  fell  at  once  from  the  heights  of  confidence  to  the  depths  of 
despair.  Charge  upon  charge  was  rapidly  hurled  upon  the  already 
wavering  Moslems,  whose  rout  soon  became  general.  In  vain  Mus- 
tapha tried  to  rally  the  broken  hosts.  ''  Can  you  not  help  me?"  said 
he  to  the  Khan  of  the  Tartars,  who  passed  him  among  the  fugitives. 
*'I  know  the  King  of  Poland,"  was  the  reply;  ''and  I  tell  you,  that 
with  such  an  enemy  w^e  have  no  safety  but  in  flight."  So  sudden 
and  general  was  the  panic  among  the  Turks,  that  at  six  o'clock  Sobieski 
entered  the  camp,  where  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  tents  were 
still  found  standing ;  the  innumerable  multitude  of  Orientals  had  dis- 
appeared ;  but  their  spoils,  their  horses,  their  camels,  their  splendor, 
loaded  the  ground. 

This  battle-field  was  noted  for  the  number  of  princes  who  took  part 
in  it.  There  was  the  Elector  John  George  III.,  a  brave  warrior, 
"hard  to  be  thrown  out  of  the  saddle,"  at  the  head  of  his  Saxons; 
the  young  Elector  Maximilian  Emanuel,  with  his  Bavarians,  fighting 
as  a  volunteer  under  Duke  Charles  of  Lorraine.  The  Prince  of  Saxe- 
Lauenburg  led  the  imperial  cavalry.  Prince  Hermann  of  Baden  the 
infantry,  and  Prince  Waldeck  the  Franconians.  Among  the  volunteers 
were  three  princes  of  Anhalt,  two  of  Hanover,  three  of  the  House  of 
Saxe,  two  from  the  Palatinate  of  Neuburg,  two  from  Wiirtemberg  (a 
third  distinguished  himself  in  the  city),  one  prince  of  Hesse-Cassel, 
and  one  from  Hohenzollern.    None  were  absent,  except — the  Emperor. 

Sobieski  died  in  1696,  in  the  midst  of  the  ruin  that  was  fast  over- 
whelming his  country  through  the  dissensions  and  clamors  of  a  turbu- 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 
400 

lent  nobility,  and  just  in  time  to  save  his  withered  l-ehjro.  being 
torn  from  his  brow  by  the  rude  hand  of  rebellion      With  him  the 
greatness  of  his  native  land  may  be  said  to  have  ended, 
'in  .69.,  Bninswick-Lüneberg,  afterwards   Hanover,  -  -^ie     he 
ninth  electorate,  but  not  without  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  elect 
rid  princes  of  the  empire,  so  that  it  was  not  fully  recognized  until 

'"'Augustus,   surnamed    //..   Stron,.   Elector  of  Saxony,  was    elected 
King  of  Poland  in  1697,  when   he  became  a  Catholic  to  secure  the 
^roJn      Saxony  had  bitter  cause  to  regret  the  union  of  these  crowns. 
rr;aid  that^ugustus,  after  the  death  of  John  Sobies.i,  gave   t 
million  Polish  florins  to  secure  his  election.     In  making  -^^/«;^^«;;^ 
The  provinces  that  had  been  ceded  to  Sweden,  he  was  defeated  and 
deposed,  and  Stanislas  Leszczynski  elected  in  his  stead,  in  1706.     So   . 
complet    was  the  humiliation  of  Augustus,  that  he  was  compelled  to 
e  Ja  letter  of  congratulation  to  the  new  Polish  king,  toget  -.vith 
all  the  crown  jewels  and  archives.     Afterwards  he  recovered  the  crown, 
and  retained  it  until  his  death,  in  i733- 

Frederic  William.   Elector  of   Brandenburg,   commonly  called   the 
^^  Great  Elector,"  came  to  the  throne  in  1640.     On  his  --^-«n  ^^ 
found  an  empty  exchequer,  the  towns  and  cities  depopulated,  and  hi 
who!    country  devastated  by  the  ravages  of  the  Swedish  and  imperialist 
Irmies  durin     the  Thirty  Years'  War,  which  was    not  yet  con^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
while  a  portion  of  his  inheritance  had  been  confiscated  by  the  Suedes 
hI;  first'acts  were  to  regulate  his  finances,  and  to  include  a  treaty 
neutrality  with  Sweden.     In  the  course  of  ten  years  he  had,  by  the 
S  of  his  generals,  Derfflinger,  Schomberg,  and  Kannenberg,  created 
a^  army  of  fwenty-five  thousand  men,  organized  on  the  Swecbs^^^^^^^^^^ , 
and   having  been  constrained  to  enter  into  an  alliance  with  Cbai  esX 
he  co-operated  with  him  in  the  taking  of  W^aw,  w   ich  ...  ^ 
at  the  cost  of  a  most  sanguinary  engagement,  in  1656.     In  return  for 
this  co-operation,  the   Great  Elector  secured  />i.   -^^f  ^^^^^^^^^ 
Pn^sian  duchy  from  its  former  dependence  onPoand      He  ^^^^^ 
Emperor  against  the  aggressions  of  Louis  XIV.,  and   af  er  th     t  eaty 
of  St.  Germain,  devoted  himself  to  the  task  of  consolidating  the  pros- 
perity of  his  dominions.     During  his  reign  he  more  than  tripled  the 
a  e'cf  his  territories  ;  and  by  his  generous  reception  of  twenty  thou 
sand  French  Protestants  after  the  revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes 
and   the   encouragement  which  he   afforded    to  the   immigration  of 
Dutchmen  and  other  foreigners,  he  augmented  the  popu  ation  of  his 
states  and  introduced    numerous   industrial  arts  among  his  subjects. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


401 


^Ä 


He  founded  the  university  at  Duisburg,  and  the  royal  library  at  Berlin, 
reorganized  the  universities  of  Frankfort-on-the-Oder  and  Königs- 
berg, opened  canals,  established  a  system  of  posts,  and  greatly  enlarged 
and  beautified  Berlin.  He  left  a  well-filled  exchequer  and  a  highly- 
organized  army.  The  Great  Elector  was 'sent  to  Holland,  when  he  was 
fourteen  years  old,  to  be  educated.  Prince  Frederic  Henry  of  Orange, 
seeing  him  attentive  to  his  studies  and  avoiding  the  pleasures  of  the 
luxurious  capital  of  the  Hague,  said  to  him,  ''  Cousin,  you  have  done 
well ;  you  will  do  more.  WMioever  can  conquer  himself  is  capable  of 
great  undertakings."  Gustavus  Adolphus  saw  him  when  he  was  about 
eleven  years  old,  and  was  so  pleased  with  him  that  he  proposed  to  his 
father  a  marriage  of  the  young  prince  to  his  daughter  Christina.  But 
in  1646  Frederic  William  married  Louise  Henriette,  daughter  of  Prince 
Frederic  Henry  of  Orange,  and  it  proved  a  happy  marriage.  The  Great 
Elector  died  in  April,  1688,  universally  lamented  by  his  people. 

Elector  Frederic  III.  exhibited  the  same  zeal  as  his  father  for  the 
aggrandizement  and  amelioration  of  his  dominions  ;  but  he  was  dis- 
tinguished from  him  by  his  admiration  of  Louis  XIV.,  whose  pomp 
and  luxurious  display  he  imitated  at  his  own  court.  He  supported 
William  of  Orange  in  his  attempt  on  England,  and  gave  him  a  sub- 
sidy of  six  thousand  men,  which,  under  the  command  of  Marshal 
Schomberg,  contributed  to  gain  the  victory  at  the  Boyne,  which  de- 
cided the  fate  of  James  II.  Frederic  was  always  ready  to  lend  troops 
and  money  to  his  allies,  and  sent  six  thousand  of  his  best  troops  to 
aid  the  Emperor  against  the  Turks;  and  finally  the  Emperor  agreed 
to  acknowledge  him  King  of  Prussia,  because  he  stood  in  need  of  his 
assistance.  A  treaty,  called  the  '* Crown  Treaty,"  was  signed  by  Leo- 
pold, by  which,  in  return  for  permission  to  assume  the  title  of  King  of 
Prussia,  Frederic  bound  himself  to  furnish  certain  contingents  of  men 
and  money  to  the  imperial  government.  As  soon  as  this  treaty  had 
been  signed,  Frederic  hastened  with  all  his  court  to  Königsberg, 
where,  on  the  i8th  of  January,  1701,  he  placed  the  crown  on  his  own 
head,  and  then  crowned  his  wife,  Sophie  Charlotte,  a  daughter  of  the 
Elector  of  Hanover.  Frederic  did  much  to  embellish  Berlin,  where  he 
founded  the  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences  and  the  Academy  of  Painting 
and  Sculpture,  erected  several  churches,  and  laid  out  numerous  streets. 
He  established  a  court  of  appeal  at  Berlin,  built  the  palace  of  Charlot- 
tenburg,  and  founded  the  University  of  Halle.  Here  too  was  founded, 
in  1698,  the  celebrated  orphan  asylum,  by  the  great  German  philan- 
thropist, August  Hermann  Francke.  Frederic  III.  of  Brandenburg, 
Frederic  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  died  in  17 13. 

26 


402 


HOUSE  OF  AUSTRIA. 


ARTISTS. 


CHARLES    VI. 


403 


Giovanni  Lorenzo  Bernini ,  born  at  Naples  in  1598,  was  employed  by 

Pope  Urban  VIII.  to  produce  designs  for  the  embellishment  of  the 

basilica  of  St.  Peter  at  Rome.     The  bronze  baldacchino,  or  canopy, 

covering  the  high  altar  of  that  edifice,  the  Palace  Barberini,  the  front 

of  the  College  de  Propaganda  Fide,  and  the  church  Sant'  Andrea  a 

Monte  Cavallo,  are  by  Bernini.     His  greatest  work  in  architecture  is 

the  colossal  colonnade  at  St.  Peter's.     In  1665,  Bernini  accepted  the 

flattering  invitation  of  Louis  XIV.,  and  went  to  Paris,  where  he  lived 

some  time;  but  not  wishing  to  interfere  with  the  designs  of  Claude 

Perrault  for  the  Louvre,  he  confined    himself  entirely  to  sculi)ture. 

Richly  laden  with  gifts,  he  returned  to  Rome,  where  he  died  in  1680, 

leaving  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  his  children. 

Louis  XIV.  always  showed  himself  desirous  of  employing  native  rather 

than  foreign  talent,  and  he  encouraged  and  enlarged  the  Academy  of 
Fine  Arts,  which  had  been  founded  at  the  commencement  of  his  reign, 
under  the  direction  of  Lebrun.  In  the  sixteenth  century,  Francis 
Clouet  was  distinguished  as  a  portrait-painter,  and  Jean  Cousin  as  a 
painter,  sculptor,  and  architect.  In  the  seventeenth  century,  among 
many  names,  those  chiefly  deserving  notice  are  Simon  Vouet,  the 
brothers  Le  Nain,  N.  Poussin,  Claude  Lorrain,  Mignard,  Bourdon, 
Le  Sueur,  Borgogne,  and  Coypel. 

KING    PHILIP'S,    KING   WILLIAM'S,    AND    QUEEN    ANNE'S   WARS    IN 

AMERICA. 

In  1664,  James,  Duke  of  York,  having  received  from  his  brother, 
Charles  II.,  a  grant  of  the  lands  between  the  Connecticut  River  and 
Delaware  Bay,  sent  a  fleet  which  captured  New  Amsterdam  and  took 
possession  in  his  name  of  the  whole  province  of  New  Netherlands.  All 
the  Atlantic  provinces,  from  Florida  to  the  St.  Croix,  were  now  united 
under  English  rule.  In  1670,  a  settlement  was  made  between  Ashley 
and  Cooper  Rivers,  which  received,  in  honor  of  the  reigning  king, 
the  name  of  Charleston.  Sir  J.  Yeamans  brought  a  cargo  of  African 
captives,  and  South  Carolina  became  a  slave  State  from  her  birth.  In 
1675,  King  Philip's  war  spread  through  Massachusetts,  and  many  towns 
and  tillages  were  burned.  In  1681,  William  Penn  received  from 
Charles  II.  the  fertile  province  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Delaware, 
and  became  by  purchase  proprietor  of  Eastern  New  Jersey,  the  Western 
portion  having  already  been  assigned   to  him.     In   1689,  King  Wil- 


liam's war  broke  out  between  the  English  settlements  and  the  French, 
assisted  by  the  Indians,  and  lasted  until  the  Peace  of  Ryswick  in  1697, 
which  closed  the  war  and  settled  our  northern  boundaries  as  they  now 
exist.  Queen  Anne's  war  began  in  1702,  by  the  French  and  Indians, 
and  ended  in  17 13,  when  the  English  colonies  recaptured  Port  Royal, 
and  changed  its  name  to  Annapolis,  and  that  of  the  whole  province  to 
Nova  Scotia. 


CHARLES   VI.,  KARL   DER   SECHSTE,     a.d.  1711-1740. 
"  Constantia  et  fortitudine."     (Constancy  and  fortitude.) 

Charles  VI.  was  the  last 
of  the  proper  male  line  of 
the  House  of  Hapsburg. 
His  father  had  intended  the 
crown  of  Spain  for  him;  but 
Charles  II.  of  Spain,  yield- 
ing to  French  intrigues,  as- 
signed it  by  will  to  Philip 
of  Anjou,  whereupon  arose 
the  great  war  of  the  Spanish 
Succession.  England  and 
Holland  took  part  with  the 
Emperor  against  France,  in 
order  to  maintain  the  balance 
of  power  in  Europe,  and 
Charles  was  acknowledged 
by  them  as  Charles  III.  of 
Spain  ;  but  he  had  not  suc- 
ceeded in  obtaining  per- 
manent possession  of  that 
kingdom  when  the  death  of 
his  brother,  the  Emperor 
Joseph  I.,  in  171 1,  recalled 
him  to  Germany.  The  ques- 
tion now  arose,  whether  it 
were  advisable  that  the  pres- 
ent Charles,  if  elected  by  the  Germans  as  their  Emperor,  under  the 
title  of  Charles  VI.,  should  be  allowed  to  preside  over  the  half  of 
Europe,  and  the  power  of  the  House  of  Austria  should  become  so  pre- 


CHARLES  VI. 


'i 


404 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


ponderating?  For  then  he  would  have  the  same  domination  as 
Charles  V.  Such  a  predominance  appeared  dangerous  to  the  other 
states,  especially  to  the  maritime  powers,  and  they  accordingly  pro- 
moted the  election  of  Charles  as  Emperor,  with  the  view  of  afterwards 
depriving  him  of  a  portion  of  the  Spanish  succession.  He  was,  there- 
fore, crowned  at  Frankfort  on  the  22d  of  December,  171 1. 

Charles  continued  the  war  for  some  time  longer,  but  was  obliged  to 
give  up  his  claim  to  Spain,  although  he  retained  the  Spanish  Nether- 
lands and  the  Spanish  possessions  in  Italy.  Success  attended  the  arms 
of  the  Emperor  in  his  war  against  the  Turks.  Prince  Eugene*  gained  a 
victory  at  Peterwardein,  in  1716,  which  completed  the  deliverance  of 
Hungary  from  the  Moslem  yoke,  and  in  171 7  captured  the  important 
fortress  of  Belgrade,  after  he  had  defeated  an  army  of  two  hundred 
thousand  Turks,  with  a  loss  to  them  of  twenty  thousand  men.  Mean- 
time, the  great  war  which  was  convulsing  the  other  half  of  Europe, 
north  and  east,  although  not  much  felt  in  Germany,  pursued  its  course 
until  the  death  of  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden,  in  1718. 

The  Emperor  Charles,  having  lost  his  only  son,  and  being  anxious 
to  secure  the  throne  to  his  own  descendants,  named  his  eldest  daughter, 
Maria  Theresa,  as  his  heiress,  by  :\.  pragmatic  sanction,  to  which  he  had 
much  difficulty  to  obtain  the  consent  of  some  of  the  German  princes 
and  foreign  powers;  and  to  accomplish  tliis  object  he  gave  up  Tuscany, 
Parma,  Piacenza,  and  afterwards  Naples,  Sicily,  Lorraine,  and  a  part 
of  the  duchy  of  Milan.  The  ruling  fiimily  of  Lorraine  was  indemnified 
for  Lorraine  by  the  possession  of  Tuscany.  On  the  extinction  of  the 
male  Farnese  line,  Don  Carlos,  son  of  Philip  V.  of  Spain  and  of  Eliza- 
beth Farnese,  received  the  duchies  of  Parma  and  Piacenza,  which,  on 
his  accession  to  the  throne  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  were  ceded  to  the  Em- 
peror by  way  of  indemnification. 

Charles  was  afterwards  unsuccessful  in  his  wars  with  France  and 
Spain,  but  still  more  so  with  the  Turks,  who  compelled  him,  in  1739, 
to  resign  his  former  conquests.  Charles  died  in  1740,  and  was  buried 
in  Vienna.  He  had  a  mild  and  benevolent  disposition,  but  was  full  of 
superstition  and  of  prejudices  in  favor  of  feudalism  and  ecclesiastical 
domination.      His  wife  was  Elizabeth  Christina  of  Brunswick. 

After  his  death,  the  German  poet  Platen  said,  *'The  pride  of  ages 
is  no  more;  it  has  faded  away,  that  mighty  realm  of  a  thousand  years; 
but  an  intellectual  empire  has  succeeded,  and  its  glory  and  power  shall 
be  revealed." 


■»  Prince  Eugene  served  under  three  emperors,  of  whom  he  said  that  he  found  a  father 
in  Leopold  I.,  a  brother  in  Joseph  I.,  and  in  Charles  VI.  a  master.  He  died  in  Vienna 
in  1736,  and  was  Imried  in  the  cathedral  of  St.  Stephen. 


CHARLES    VII. 


405 


CHARLES  VII.,  KARL   DER   SIEBENTE,     a.d.  1742-1745. 


His  motto  is  not  known. 


Charles,  Elector  of  Ba- 
varia, a  descendant  of 
Anna,  the  eldest  daughter 
of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand 
L,  and  who  had  married  a 
daughter  of  the  Emperor 
Joseph  L,  disputed  the  em- 
pire with  Maria  Theresa. 
While  Frederic  H.,  the 
Great,  of  Prussia  was  in- 
vading Silesia,  in  order  to 
maintain  his  claim  to  some 
duchies  in  that  country, 
and  Maria  Theresa  was  as- 
sembling her  warriors  to 
prevent  him,  Charles  Al- 
bert of  Bavaria  succeeded 
in  getting  himself  elected 
and  crowned  Emperor,  at 
Frankfort,  in  1742,  chiefly 
through  the  influence  of 
France.  Frederic      the 

Great,  having  acquired  Si- 
lesia, concluded  a  separate 
peace  with  Austria,  at  Breslau,  in  1742,  and  Charles  and  his  allies,  the 
French,  were  defeated  everywhere  in  the  war  they  had  undertaken 
against  Austria  and  England,  her  ally.  Maria  Theresa,  unwilling  to  lose 
any  part  of  the  dominions  left  her  by  her  father,  now  undertook  to 
recover  Silesia,  and  Frederic,  in  alliance  with  Hesse-Cassel  and  the 
elector-palatine,  began  the  war  again.  The  Elector  of  Saxony  sent 
auxiliary  troops  to  the  Empress,  and  the  Emperor  Charles  was  obliged 
to  remain  in  Frankfort,  because  Bavaria  was  occupied  by  the  enemy. 
At  length  Charles  succeeded  in  re-entering  Munich,  where  he  fell  ill, 
saying,  *' Misfortune  will  never  leave  me  till  I  leave  it,"  He  died  in 
January,  1745,  and  was  buried  in  the  Theatiner  Church,  in  Munich. 
His  wife  was  Mary  Amalia  of  Austria,  daughter  of  the  Emperor  Joseph 


CH\RLES  VII. 


4o6 


HOUSE    OF  AVSTKIA. 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


407 


I.     His  only  surviving  son,  Maximilian  III.,  Joseph  the  Good    suc- 
ceeded him  in  the  government  of  Bavaria.     As  Maximilian  III.  had 
no  children,  he  renewed  the  agreement  with  the  Wittelsbach  palatme 
leaving  Bavaria  to   Charles  Theodore,  on   condition  that  he  should 
make  Munich  his  residence. 

CONTEMPORARIES    OF    THE    EMI'ERORS    CHARLES  VI.   AND    CHARLES  VII. 

HOUSE  OF  BRUNSWICK. 
Gcorcre  I.,  Elector  of  Hanover,  succeeded  to  the  English  throne,  in 
17.4    by  right  of  his  mother,  Sophia,  who  was  a  granddaughter  of 
Tames  i       He  was  plain  and  simple  in  his  tastes  and  appearance.     He 
possessed  muc:h  natural  prudence  and  good  sense.     His  f;,ult  was  that 
he  studied  the  interests  of  his  German  subjects  more  than  those  of  the 
Encdish.    In  Ids  reign  the  Earl  of  Mar  headed  a  rebellion  ,n  favor  of  the 
PreUMider,  James  Francis  Edward,  who  was  defeated  at  Preston  in  1715- 
Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Zell,  married  her  cousm, 
the  Elector  of  Hanover,  and  afterwards  George  I.  of  England.    George 
divorce.!  an.l  imprisoned  her  in  the  castle  of  .^hlden    m  the  German 
dukedom  of  Zell.     George  II.   was  her  son.     Her  daughter,  Sophia 
Dorothea,  married  the  Great  Elector,  Frederic  Wilbam  I.  of  Prussia 
George  IL  engaged  in  the  war  of  the  Austrian  Succession  in  behalf 
of  Marta  Theresa,  and  the  young  Pretender,  Charles  Edward,  seized 
this  opportunity  to  invade  England,  and  actually  advanced  within  four 
davs-   march  of  Londo»,  but,  retreating  to  Scotland,  was  defeated  at 
Culloden,  in  1745-  -"^  ''^«^  ^"^ed  all  attempts  of  the  Stuarts  to  regain 

their  ancient  crown. 

Caroline  of  Brandenburg-Anspach,  Queen  of  George  H-,  was  well 
educated.  She  excelled  in  conversational  powers;  was  skilled  in 
several  languages ;  her  discernment  of  personal  character  and  ability 
was  remarkable;  her  historical  learning  considerable ;  and  although 
more  partial  to  philosophy  than  to  any  other  pursuit,  she  was  neither 
pedantic,  grave,  nor  vain  of  her  superior  gifts  and  acquirements.  After 
her  death,  the  king  said  "  that  Caroline  had  been  more  than  his  right 
hand  to  him,  and  that  he  had  never  seen  the  woman  worthy  to  buckle 
her  shoe  "  Their  children  were  Frederic,  Prince  of  Wales,  father  of 
George  III  ;  William  Augustus,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  who  won  the 
victory  at  Culloden  ;  Anne,  who  married  the  Prince  of  Orange;  and 
four  other  daughters,  Amelia,  Caroline,  Mary,  and  Louisa. 

The  family  of  Frederic,  Prince  of  Wales,   who   married   Augusta, 
Princess  of  Saxe-Gotha,   an    excellent   woman,  were,   Augusta,   who 


1* 


married  the  Prince  of  Brunswick ;  George  III. ;  Frederic,  Duke  of 
Gloucester ;  Caroline  Matilda,  who  married  Christian  VII.  of  Den- 
mark ;   the  Duke  of  York  ;   and  Louisa. 

Louis  XV.  was  five  years  old  when  he  succeeded  his  great-grand- 
father, Louis  XIV.,  in   17 15.     Philip,  Duke  of  Orleans,  nephew  of 
Louis   XIV.,   assumed   the   regency,    during  whose   time    the   famous 
Mississii)pi  scheme  of  John    Law,  a  Scotchman,  ruined  nearly  half 
France.     In   1720,  a  dreadful  pestilence  broke  out  in  Marseilles,   in 
which  the  good  and  benevolent  Belzunce,  Bishop  of  Marseilles,  won 
undying  fame.     After  the  death  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans,  the  Duke  of 
Bourbon,  a  grandson  of  the  great  Conde,  succeeded  to  the  office  of 
prime  minister,  but  proved  so  incompetent  that  Cardinal  Fleury  took 
his  place.     During  his  administration  the  king  was  married  to  Maria, 
daughter   of   Stanislas,   the  exiled    King   of   Poland,   who  had    taken 
refuge  in  France.     The  French  took  part  with  the  Elector  of  Bavaria 
against  Maria  Theresa.     In  ,1744,   Louis  took   the  command  of  the 
army  himself,  and  was  present  at  the  reduction  of  several  places ;  but 
at  Metz  he  was  attacked  with  a  dangerous  illness,  which  produced  a 
general   consternation    throughout    France.      His  recovery   was  cele- 
brated with  transports  of  joy,  and  the  surname  of  Well-Beloved  was 
given  him  on  this  occasion,  when  he  displayed  the  feelings  of  a  good 
heart,   exclaiming,  very  sincerely,  as  well  as  very  naturally,    *'  How 
sweet  it  is  to  be  thus  loved  !    What  have  I  done  to  deserve  it?"    Soon 
after  his  recovery  he  beheld  from  a  distance  the  battle  of  Fontenoy,  in 
which  the  allied  army  of  England,  Holland,  and  Austria  was  defeated  by 
the  French  under  Marshal  Saxe,  one  of  the  ablest  generals  of  the  age. 

Marie  Charlotte  Sophie  Felicite,  daughter  of  Stanislas  I.,  King  of 
Poland,  was  married  to  Louis  XV.  in  1725.  She  was  seven  years  older 
than  the  young  king,  who  duly  appreciated  the  excellence  of  her  char- 
acter. The  first  years  of  their  marriage  were  happy,  and  spent  in 
comparative  retirement.  The  queen  attended  to  the  education  of  her 
children  with  exemplary  care,  and  was  repaid  by  their  amiable  and 
dutiful  conduct ;  but  she  had  the  misfortune  to  lose  several.  The  Duke 
of  Anjou  died  at  the  age  of  two  years  and  six  months  ;  in  1733  she  lost 
the  Princess  Marie,  who  also  died  young;  and  in  1752,  the  Princess 
Henrietta,  who  was  twenty-four  years  of  age.  During  the  queen's  ill- 
ness, which  assumed  a  serious  appearance  in  1768,  the  chateau  w^as 
surrounded  with  crowds  of  anxious  inquirers,  and  Louis  exclaimed, 
"■  See  how  much  she  is  loved  !"  After  she  had  breathed  her  last  sigh, 
the  king,  whose  esteem  for  his  wife  had  never  forsaken  him,  advanced 
towards  the  bed  on  which  the  corpse  lay,  and  once  more  embraced  the 


4o8 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


409 


mother  of  his  ten  children.  Her  dresses  and  other  objects  were  cut  in 
pieces,  and  preserved  by  the  people  as  precious  relics  of  the  Sainte 
Reine,  as  they  reverently  called  her. 

Fhi/ip  K,  King  of  Spain,  the  founder  of  the  Bourbon  dynasty  in  that 
country,  was  the  second  son  of  the  Dauphin  Louis  (son  of  Louis  XIV.) 
of  France.    On  the  death  of  Charles  IL,  in  1700,  he  took  possession  of 
the  kingdom;  and  to  gain  over  Savoy  to  his  side,  and  thus  create  a 
diversion  in  Italy  against  Austria,  he  married  Maria  Louisa,  daughter 
of  Victor  Amadeus.     By  the  Peace  of  Utrecht  in  1713,  the  throne  of 
Spain  was  secured  to  Philij).      In  the  following  year  the  cpieen  died, 
and    Philip   married   Elizabeth   Farnese  of  Parma,   who   immediately 
induced  her  husband  to  commit  the  reins  of  government  to  Cardinal 
Alberoni:   in  fact,  so  much  was  the  weak-minded  king  under  the  influ- 
ence of  his  talented  young  wife,  that  he  granted  everything  she  asked. 
Alberoni's   adventurous   foreign   policy,    which   at    first    succeeded    in 
restor  ng  the  Spanish  rule  in  Sicily  and  Sardinia,  brought  down  upon 
Spain  the  wrath  of  the  quadruple  alliance  of  P>ance,  England,  Hol- 
land, and  Austria,  and  war  was  only  averted  by  his  being  dismissed  ; 
but  his  dismissal  was  really  produced  by  his  neglecting  to  further  the 
queen's  pet  scheme  of  providing  sovereignties  in  Italy  for  her  sons, 
who  seemed  to  have  little  chance  of  obtaining  the  throne  of  Spain. 
The  strong  bond  of  union  which  had  hitherto  subsisted  between  Spain 
and  France  was  broken,  in  1725,  by  the  refusal  of  the  Regent  of  France 
to  fulfill  certain  matrimonial  agreements;  but  four  years  afterwards  the 
two  countries  joined  with  England  and  Holland  against  the  Emperor, 
and  in  1731  Philip  took  measures  to  recover  the  old  Spanish  posses- 
sions in  Italy.     The  war  which  followed  at  last  satisfied  the  queen,  by 
giving  the  kingdom  of  the  Two  Sicilies  to  her  son  Charles,  in  1736. 
On  the  extinction  of  the  male  line  of  Farnese  by  the  death  of  Antonio, 
his  niece,  Elizabeth,  obtained   Parma  and   Piacenza  for  her  son  Don 
Carlos,  who  exchanged  them  with  Austria  for  the  throne  of  the  Two 
Sicilies,  and  took  the  title  of  Charles  IV.     In  1748,  Parma  and  Pia- 
cenza were  restored  to  Spain,  and  became  a  duchy  for  the  Infante  Don 
Philip,  Elizabeth's  second  son,  with  a  reversion  to  Austria  in  case  of 
the  failure  of  his  male  descendants,  or  of  any  of  them  ascending  the 
Spanish  or  Neapolitan  throne.    Philip  V.  died  at  Madrid,  in  July,  1 746. 
Frederic  William  I.  of  Prussia  was  in  almost  everything  the  opposite 
of  his  father.      He  was  plain,  honest,  almost   penurious,  attentive  to 
business,  and  passionately  fond  of  military  exercises.     He  supported 
the  cause  of  Stanislas  of  Poland,  and  assisted  Austria  in  her  contests 
with  France.     By  his  economy  and  reforms  in  finances,  he  was  able  to 


1 


% 


leave  at  his  death,  in  1740,  a  well-drilled  army  of  seventy  thousand 
soldiers,  of  whom  a  large  proportion  were  men  of  gigantic  stature ; 
his  exchequer  contained  nine  million  thalers,  and  his  kingdom  had 
attained  an  area  of  more  than  forty-five  thousand  square  miles,  with  a 
population  of  more  than  two  million  two  hundred  and  forty  thousand. 
Charles  XII.,  King  of  Sweden,  son  of  Charles  XL,  and  grandson 
of  Charles  X.,  ascended  the  throne  on  the  death  of  his  father,  in  1697, 
and,  although  only  fifteen  years  old,  the  states  declared  him  of  age  to 
assume  the  reins  of  government.  The  neighboring  powers  thought 
this  a  favorable  time  to  humble  Sweden,  then  the  great  power  of  the 
North  ;  and  Frederic  IV.  of  Denmark,  Augustus  II.  of  Poland,  and 
the  Czar  Peter  I.  concluded  a  league  for  this  object.  The  Danes  began 
by  invading  the  territory  of  the  Duke  of  Holstein-Gottorp,  who  had 
married  Charles's  eldest  sister,  and  who  applied  to  him  for  assistance. 
The  young  king  immediately  approached  Copenhagen  with  such  a 
force  as  presently  compelled  the  Danes  to  make  peace.  He  then  has- 
tened to  meet  the  Russians;  and,  although  they  lay  in  an  intrenched 
camp  beneath  the  walls  of  Narva,  fifty  thousand  strong,  he  stormed 
their  camp,  November  30,  1700,  with  eight  thousand  Swedes,  and  de- 
feated them  with  great  slaughter.  He  next  dethroned  Augustus  IL, 
and  procured  the  election  of  Stanislas  Leszczynski  as  king  oi  Poland. 
Augustus  supposed  himself  safe  at  least  in  Saxony,  his  hereditary 
dominions;  but  Charles  followed  him  thither,  and  humbling  terms  of 
peace  were  dictated  at  Altranstädt,  in  1706.  Charles  then  obtained 
from  the  Emperor  Joseph  I.  liberty  of  conscience  for  the  Protestants 
of  Silesia.  Leaving  Saxony  with  an  army  of  forty-three  thousand 
men,  he  directed  his  course  towards  Moscow;  but  at  SmoLn.k  the 
Cossack  hetnian  Mazeppa  induced  him  to  change  his  plan  and  pro- 
ceed to  the  Ukraine,  in  hopes  of  being  joined  by  the  Cossacks.  In 
this,  however,  he  was  disappointed,  and  being  defeated  by  the  Russians 
at  Pultowa,  in  1709,  he  fled  to  Bender,  in  the  Turkish  dominions. 
Augustus  II.  now  revoked  the  treaty,  and  the  Czar  and  the  King  of 
Denmark  assailed  the  Swedish  territories ;  but  the  regency  in  Stock- 
holm took  measures  for  successful  resistance.  Charles  prevailed  upon 
the  Porte  to  declare  war  on  Russia ;  but  afterwards,  their  suspicions 
being  aroused,  they  conveyed  him  to  Adrianople,  from  whence  he 
escaped,  and  made  his  way  through  Hungary  and  Germany  till  he 
reached  Stralsund,  where  he  was  received  with  great  joy,  in  1714. 
He  was  soon,  however,  deprived  of  Stralsund  by  the  allied  Danes, 
Saxons,  Prussians,  and  Russians.  After  he  had  adopted  measures  for 
the  security  of  his  Swedish  coasts,  his  passion  for  war  led  him  to  attack 


4 


4IO 


I/O  USE    OF  AUSTRIA. 


Norway.  Success  again  attended  his  arms,  until,  in  the  siege  of 
Fredericshall,  November,  1718,  he  was  killed  by  a  musket-ball.  On 
his  death,  Sweden,  exhausted  by  his  wars,  ceased  to  be  numbered 
among  the  great  powers.  He  was  a  man  capable  of  comprehensive 
designs  and  of  great  energy  in  prosecuting  them.  His  abilities 
appeared  not  merely  in  military  affairs,  but  in  his  schemes  for  the 
promotion  of  trade  and  manufactures;  but  his  self-willed  obstinacy 
amounted  almost  to  insanity,  and  he  has  been  termed  **a  brilliant 
madman."  His  habits  were  exceedingly  simple :  in  eating  and  drink- 
ing he  was  abstemious,  and  in  the  camp  he  sought  no  luxuries  beyond 
the  fare  of  the  common  soldier. 

Feier  /.,  the  Great,  Czar  and  Emperor  of  Russia,  born  at  Moscow  in 
1672,  was  the  eldest  child  of  the  Czar  Alexis  and  his  second  wife,  Natalia 
Kirilowna,  daughter  of  a  Russian  boyar.     Blessed  with  a  healthy  con- 
stitution and  a  vigorous  mind,  Peter  attracted  general  attention  while 
lie  wa^  but  a  child;  and  Alexis  wished  to  pass  by  his  two  elder  sons, 
lii..    sicklv  Feodor  and  the  feeble  Ivan,  and  appoint  Peter  his  succes- 
sor.     Feoder  succeeded  his  father  Alexis  in   1676,  and  his  reign  was 
signalized   by  many  important   reforms,  though   not   by  any  stirring 
events.      According  to  his  last  will,  not  his  imbecile  brother  Ivan,  but 
iub  hairin\.Liicr  reiei,  whose  eminent  talents  beseems  to  have  appreci- 
ated, was  to  succeed  him.     ikii  the  sister  of  Ivan,  Sophia,  plotted  a 
(■(i,).T,ir.i<  \  ,  111    roii^cqnenrc  of  wliirh  boiii    Ivan   and    IVtrr  were  pro- 
(laiinra   Czars,  and   <!o\mk<1    in    \()^2,  and   she   herself  obtained   the 
regency.      Her  funl.ir  designs  against  Peter  were  Imwever,  frustrated, 
and  >lu'  N\-.i-  arre^ied  aial  A\\\\  11])  for  ihc  rciiKuiMlei  ui  her  life  in  a  con- 
vent.     l\aii   ^ladh   -aw   up   In-   clanu    to   the   tlirune,  wimli   was  now 
mourned  d\  Teter.  tlie  ereaior  uf  the  pre-ent  i^rcatness  of  Russia,  and  Lo 
whuni  ln>tur\-  has  -iwn   tlie  appeihilion   of  (ireat.       In  a  i«rief  time  W 
tran^k)rnu■d  the  ent  u'e  natn)n.      Kn^-i.i  beeanue  the  must  jm)\\  eiiul  enij  »ne 
of  Northern  iMiropc,  and  luau  efurth  re^i^ardcd^  her-elL  an.d  was  generally 


rcLiarded,    as    a    leading    member    \\\    the    lannU'    of    ]'ano[tean    states. 


'r^ 


Thou'di  Peter  was  all  hi^  hfe  under  the  domniion  ot  un-a«vernuihle 
pa^^iüns  and  sensual  habits.  \et  durni^  a  s^reat  pcua  ol  hi^  reiun  ne  wa^ 
so  exclusively  engai^ed  in  projecting  and  earr\  ing  on.t  his  schemes  lor 
the    regeneration   of    Russia,    t 


Kit 


a>    Luaj^s   arnuKU    natm\' 


i;i< 


opi)()rtiniit\-  of  displaxing  it>elf.  In  170;  he  futmded  a  new  capital, 
St.  relcrsl)urg,  which  soon  became  one  of  the  large>t  c  itie>  of  lan-oj»e. 
The  l)att]c  of  Pultowa.  in  170«;,  dc;.-.troyed  liie  ^tlperiority  of  Sweden, 
and  in  the  Peace  of  Nystadt,  m  1731,  he  uidted  Ingria,  Cdireba,  IC^tho- 
nia,  and  Livonia  with  Rus.-^ia^  tlie  two  latter  being  uf  great  importance, 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


411 


because  situated  on   the   Baltic.     He  was  equally   successful  against 
Persia,  which,   in   1723,  ceded   to  him  the  provinces  of  Daghestan, 
Shirvan,  and  Ghilan,  with  the  towns  of  Bakoo  and  Derbent.     His  wife 
and  successor,  Catherine  I.,  who  reigned  from  1725  to  1727,  guided 
and  supported  by  two  favorites  of  Peter,  Mentchikoff  and  Buturlin, 
made  likewise  many  important  improvements.    She  increased  the  army 
and  navy,  diminished  the  taxes,  and  recalled  the  exiles  from  Siberia. 
She  concluded  an  offensive  and   defensive  alliance  with  Austria,  and 
sent  an  ambassador  to  China  to  propose  a  commercial  treaty.    Accord- 
ing to  her  will,  she  was  succeeded,  in   1727,  by  Peter  IL,  a  grandson 
of  Peter  the  Great,  the  only  son  of  the  unfortunate  Alexis,  and  only 
eleven  years  old.     Although  a  council  of  tutors  had  been  appointed. 
Prince  Mentchikoff  seized  the  whole  control  of  public  affairs,  but  was 
himself  within  six  months  displaced  by  Prince  Dolgoruki,  exiled  to 
Siberia,  and   his  property  confiscated.     After  the  sudden   death   of 
Peter  11. ,  in  17.30,  the  crown  devolved  on  Anna,  the  daughter  of  Ivan, 
half-brother  of  Peter  the  Great,  and  widow  of  the  Duke  of  Courland. 
An  attempt  was  made  to  force  on  her  a  '' capitulation,"  restricting  the 
rights  of  the  crown  in  favor  of  the  boyars ;  but  Anna  soon  discarded 
tlfe  compact,  exiled  the  Princes  Dolgoruki  and  Gallitzin,  abolished  the 
privy  council,  and  reorganized  the  senate  on  an  entirely  new  basis. 
Under  her  reign  the  northeast  coast  of  Siberia,  the  Aleutian  and  Behr- 
ing's  Islands  were  discovered,  and  the  whole  of  Siberia  incorporated 
wi^h  the  empire.      Tn   the  civil  war  ^A    I'uland,  Anna  took  side>  with 
Augustus   HI.,   who,   like  hi.  ib.tlier.   Au-ustus  the  Strong,   became  a 
Catholic  to  secure  the  crown,  cjf  Poland,  and  who  pa-omised  her  tavorite. 
Duke  Biron,  the  duchy  of  Courland,  then  a  Polidi  \\^.i.      biic  success 


of  Aii:fustus  secur 


ec 


Russian    uUluenee  in  Polish  affairs.      After  lier 


death,    in    1740.    her   -ran<i-riephew,    Ivaii    VIL,    a   child    only    a    tew 
months  ohl.  w.is  pro*  laimed  C/ar  imder  the  regency  o\   Duke  l-drun  i)\ 
Courland;   but  he  was  soon  detlnamed  by  hdizabeth,  daughter  ot  Peter 
the  Great  an.d  Catherine  I.,  who  became  Empress  in  1741. 

Leopold  J..  Prinae  of  Anhalt-Dessau,  called  the  ''old  Dessauer," 
was  a  Prussian  -eneral.  and  ha-l  am  honoraljle  .diare  in  the  victory  of 
j;ienheim.  Frederic  William  1.  kÄ  Prussia  was  so  much  attached  to 
him  i';at  lie  kept  Inm  constantly  near  his  person.  Frederic  the  (^reat, 
ill  1-42  "a\e  him  the  chief  command  in  Silesia.  In  1745  he  gamed 
the  bloody  battle  of  Kesseldorf,  in  consecpience  of  which  Dresden  was 
taken,  and  p)eace  concluded.  His  prayer  before  ])attle  was,  ^'O  God  ! 
assi>t  our  side  ;  at  least  avoid  assisting  the  enemy,  and  leave  the  rest  to 
me."      When  not  in  the  army,  he  paid  great  attention  to  agriculture. 


Ü 


SLiJ 


CO\T£M/'OK.lI^II<S. 


412 


JIülSE    Ol    ACS77UA. 


ARTISTS. 


413 


Anfhonv  JWiffr.iif,  win.  livol  lOS.i    1721.  wa^  tlu-  mn.!  eminent  nrti>t 


in  l-"r> 


!  !  K   r 


11 


W(  iriv^ 


(.'      Uli 


\    iniliünal,  rxccii^TU 


n  execiitioi 


\( 


1 


ätcr  w 


K-w  \\\>  uiost  su("cessful  imi 


ver\   lii.ulih    \alMftl.       l.;UK:rcl   and 

talor- ;    ImH  ("iiardm.  ilion-li  ini]iicn(  ^'-i    1  •}    hini,  had   an   oii-uial  >:\  !c 


ui 


hl-  DWin  and  Ins  woik-  now  >iand  In-ii. 

1  LuluTk.  (Irrnianv.  wn<  thtMnost   erle- 


w  17-5 


AV/-  (/'e.///vr  Knr/ir/-,  boiai   11 
bratcd  i-aanlcr  ni  l-'.n-iand..       Hi-  career  ducw  to  a  (  Im.^ 

ll'i/äcUJ!  //.:,.//-///,  wiK.  liNcd  l^'twacn  1(^)7  .nid  17O4.  dcvrloi.-d  [lie 
leadin-  (  liaraAeristirs  ot"  the  l^nL;li^h  r,ehuül,  and  ;^  jn.tly  cnlillcd  to 
be  (■()n>idci\;d  it^  loundcr. 

'Vhc  oi-an  i>  said  to  luva  been  introdM.cd  into  clnnrh  nnisir  1)v 
Pope  \dtaliann>  b,  m  n66.  bi  757^  a  -rca!  ..r-an  wa.  >cnt  a-  a  pR-enl 
to  bcpm,  bv  the  b.>/antine  l-niipere.r,  b\.n-tain  nn-  ( "opronymai-.  anal 
phned  in  llie  elniivli  ot'  St .  ( \)rneine.  at  Canniae-ne.  >oon  aller 
Charbanai^Mie's  time  or-an>  l)ecame  (  oimnon. 

J/;•A^^■A/.v/.^  born  at  A^mm  in  i()(;S,  be-an  hi^  career  as  a  dramatic 
poet  in  1724.  He.  witli  tiie  ce!el)rated  MP.-er  Abiria  Romamni  -  anu'r-^ 
ward.  b.ul-areUbn  created  tiie  mo.lern  bab.an  opera,  whnch  con-i-t-  ot 
poem,  n.niMc,  and  dec«. rations.  d'lie  j-oeiry  adubv^ch  it-eb"  to  tlie 
niin(b  the  nuiMc  to  tlie  ear.  th.e  (k-(  oration-  to  tiie  eve:  and  it  i>  tlie 
duty  of  the  tlu'ee  to  unite  then"  power-,  in  order  to  move  and  malxC 
an  impression  cm  tlie  heart. 

Pai'strunu  the  most  celebrate.l  master  of  tiie  old  Roman  s(  lioe)]  ^^{ 
music,  was  born  in  the  Roman  States  in  1524.  He  w;i-  chapebma-ter  m 
St.  Peter's,  at  Rome.  The  C'ouncil  of  Trent  -ave  him  the  ta-k  i.f  re- 
formin- cluu-cT  music;  and  lie  composed  tliree  ma-ses  on  tlie  reformed 
pUrn  ;  one  of  them,  known  as  the  mas-  of  Rope  ^bnccdlus,  may  be  (  011- 
sidered  as  havin-  saved  musi<'  to  the  (dniia  li  by  establishing  a  t>pe  infi- 
nitely bevond  anythin-  tliat  had  preced.ed  it,  and,,  amid  all  tlie  (  lian-es 
which  music-  has  since  gone  throu-h,  it  continues  to  attrac  t  admiration. 
ThoniiU  Tallis.  who  is  considered  the  p.atriarch  of  Ibi-lish  catliedral 
music,  was  born  at  about  the  same  period  as  the  famous  ec  clesia-iical 
composer  Palestrina.  Tallis  svas  organist  to  Henry  \'UI.,  Kdward  \  b, 
Mary,  and  Fdi/.abeth. 

Georo;c  Frederic  Handc!,  born  at  Halle,  in  the  ducdiy  of  Magdeburg, 
in  16S4,  entered  the  service  of  the  Klector  of  Hanover  in  1710.  He 
afterwards  received  permission  to  go  to  l^ngland,  where  (hieen  Anne 
gave  him  a  pension  of  two  hundred  pounds  per  aniuun.      The  bdector, 


\ 


wlieii  lie  became  George  I.,  doubled  his  pension.  \\\  1741  Handel 
brought  out  his  chebdheiivre,  tlie  "Oratorio  of  the  Messiah." 

Johann  Schaslhin  lUuiu  born  at  ]^:isenach,  in  Ui)i^er  Saxony,  in  16S5, 
became  couri-muM<  ian  at  Weimar  in  1703.  With  the  exception  of 
Handeb  he  had  no  rival  as  an  organir^t. 

John  Adolphiis  I/.iss,\  bm-n  at  berge-dorb  near  blamburg,  in  i6c;9, 
became  llie  celebrated  chai.ebmaster  of  Augustus,  King  of  Poland,  and 

Elector  (){   Sa\<>n)-. 

Giovanni  lui/ny/.i  J\'r-o/esi,  born  at  Pergola  in  1710,  is  called  the 
Dumenicliino,  and  by  ^omc  the  Rajaiael,  of  music.  His  tar-famed 
-'Shibat  Mater  Dolorosa,"  his  "  Cantate  Orfeo,"  and  the  "Salve 
Retina,"  are  his  most  celel)rated  works. 

Johann  Ciui^foph  von  G/nc/.\  a  (ierman  musical  composer,  born  in 
I  714.  at  Weissenwangen,  in  the  Upi^er  Palatinate,  may  be  considered 
th.e  father  of  the  modern  opera.  Burney  has  characterized  him  in  a 
Muule  phrase  wlien  he  calls  him   "  the  Michael  Angelo  of  music." 

Amung  the  literary  men  of  this  time  was  the  celel)rated   philosopher 
Goft/nrd  WilJh-lin,  ßaron  of  Leibnitz,  born    in  1646,  at  Leipsic,  one  of 
the  mo>t  celebrated  scholars  Germany  has  ever  produced.      For  a  time 
he  lived  at   FranklV)rt,  employed   by  the  Elector  of  Mayence ;    after- 
wards went  to  Paris,  and  then  to  l-aigland,  where  he  became  acquainted 
with  Wallis,  Payle,  Oldenburg,  and  Newton.    Idien  the  Duke  of  Bruns- 
wick  Idinebm-ggave   him   the  oftice  of  counselor,  with  permission  to 
extend  his  residence  in  foreign  countries  at  his  pleasure,  and  in  conse- 
(pieiK  e   he  went   to   Paris  and   spent    fifteen   months  studying  mathe- 
matics.      On    the    death    of   the    Duke  of    Ibamswick,    his    successor 
commissioned  Leibnitz  to  write  the  history  of  his  hotise.      In  order  to 
consult   the  documents    necessary  tor  that   purpose,  Leibnitz  went  to 
Vienna,  and,  as  the   old  counts  of   Liguria,  Tuscany,  and  E.te  were 
sprung  from  the  same  source  as  the  House  of  Brunswick,  he  went  thence 
tu  Itady,  where  he  spent  three  years,  and  after  his  return  he  published 
a  work  on  the  connection  between  the  Houses  of  bhamswick  and  Este, 
whicli  procured  him  the  appointments  of  privy  councilor  of  justic-e  and 
hi-torio-raplier.      Tlie  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  afterwards  Frederic  L, 
Kiim  oi-'^Prussia,  recpiested  his  advice  in  the  establishment  of  the  Royal 
Aca.dKMiiv  of  Science  at  Ikadin,  and  made  him  president  of  this  institu- 
tion m  I  700.    On  the  death  of  the  king,  three  years  after,  his  successor 
having   little   taste   i^or  the  sciences,  Leibnitz  foresaw  the  fall  of  the 
societv,  and   therefore  hastened  to  Vienna  to  obtain  for  it  the  protec- 
tion (jf 'the  Emperor  Charles  VL    His  efforts  were  unsuccessful,  although 
he  was   Hatteringly  received  by  the  Emperor,  who  had  already  con- 


/  I 


414 


i/lU'si-:   (V-'  .;rs '//:/- 1. 


{crvcd  on  him  tin-  dimiitics  of  baron  .n<l  of  aniic  rouncilor,  with  a 
pension  of  two  tluui.an.i  tlo.an..  He  alM,  had  an  mUavK-w  with  tne 
C/ar  IVtcr,  at  Toi-au,  in  1  7  i  1 ,  wlio,  m  return  lor  \u>  advae  ron<  .  mm- 
the-  (-ivih/ation  of  Wi>  va>t  enq.uv,  conferRHi  on  ham  tlu'  title  ot  pi  ivy 
coiuuah)!-,  witli  a  pennon  of  one  lhou>aial  rouhhs.  The  hte  ol  this 
individnah  so  highlv  hivored  hy  fortune,  was  not  entirely  tree  troin 
calamity.  His  unfortunate  controversy  with  Newton  coiuernmu  the 
disc overv  of  the  duTerential  c  alcuhis,  and  the  pams  of  the  -out.  em- 
bittered'the  close  of  hi.  aetive   litV.      He  <lied   in  1716,  at  the  a-c  ot 

.-///V/-/7VW  //<r//./-,  l.orn  at  Berne  In  i^o^.  was  invited  by  (ieorue  U., 
in  17  V',  to  accept  the  professorship  of  anatomy,  surgery,  and  botany 
in  the  newlv-founded  tmiversity  of  (h'Utingen.      He  was  also  a  poet.^ 

yvv.AvvV  Vc//  Ihr^.-doni.  aClerman  i-oet,  was  born  at  Hamburg  m 
1708.      Wieland,  in    his    i-reface   to   his    poetical  works,  calls   him    the 

German  Horace. 

Christian  Fi}n]itc^off  Grllni.  a  (German  poet  and  moralist,  was  born 
in  the  Kr/gebirue,  in  Saxony,  in  1715,  and  obtained  a  professorship  m 
the  Univei-sityof  l.cipsir  in  .751.  (icllert  is  to  be  considered  one  ot 
the  pioneers  of  nuxlern  German  literature.  He  marks  the  transition 
from  the  dtillness  an<l  pedantry  c^f  the  previous  generation  ot  authors 
to  tl  at  rich  and  superalnmdant  life  whic  h  (Goethe  and   Schiller  poured 

i  -to  the  national  literature. 

/;//./;///  Lorenz  Afoshriiu,  a  German  ecc  lesiastical  historian,  wa.  pro- 
fessor of  divinitv  and  chancellor  in  the  I'niversity  of  (hUtingen. 

Gc'or^r  Louis  Lecln-c.  Count  dc  Jhiffon.  one  of  the  n^ost  lamoiis 
nattiralists  and  writers  of  I'rance,  was  born  at  ^b)ntbard.  in  burgundv, 
in  1707.  His  "Natural  Histc^rv"  made  an  epo.h  in  the  study  ot  the 
natural'  sciences  in  his  time.  Louis  XV.  elevated  him  to  the  rank  of 
Count  de  lUiffon,  and  Louis  XVI.  treated  him  with  great  distinc  tion. 
David  Hume  was  a  celebrated  Scottish  metaphysu  lan  and  historian. 

A  Ml'.  RICA. 

In  1 719,  the  South  Carolinians,  burdened  with  the  whole  expense 
of  the  war' with  the  Spaniards  of  St.  Augustine,  threw  off  the  proprie- 
tary government  and  became  a  royal  province.  Ten  ye:irs  later  the 
owncTS  of  the  northern  pn.vince  sol  I  their  claims  to  King  (ieorge  IL, 
and  the  two  Carolinas  continued  separate. 

In  1732,  General  Oglethorpe  founded  a  colony  at  the  mouth  ol  the 
Savannali  Is  an  asylum  of  prisoners  tor  debt,  orphans,  and  retugees 
from  persecution. 


HOUSE  OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


Lk.\N(  IS  I.,  great-grandson  of  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  III. 

fosijai   II.,  son  of  Francis  I 

Li:opoia)  IL,  son  of  Francis  I 

Francis  IL,  son  of  Leopold  II. 


A.D. 

I  765-1 790 
I  790- I  792 
I792-I806 


415 


I 


Li 


HOUSE  OF  AUSTRIxV-LORRAINE. 


FRAN'CIS    I.,   FRANZ    DER    ERSTE.     A.D.   1 745-1765. 
"  Pro  Deo  et  imperio."     (For  God  and  the  empire.) 

Frxntis  E  (Stephen")  was 
the  eldest   son  ot^   ]>eupüld, 
])ukc  of  LnriMine.  anil  of  a 
niece   uf    Louis  Xl\'.,  and 
the  grent -grandson  of  I'er- 
din:iiid     HE,    l-'nipcror    of 
GernKin}-.      In  i  729  lie  siic- 
(  citk-d    iii>    I'lllitT  ;t>   1  )iike 
of  Eurraiiu;  and  Way.     d  lie 
diicln-  of  I^onaine  was  one 
of  the  most   exten>ive  and 
opulent  of  the  minor  states 
of    the     (iciina.n     l-"iiipn\'. 
iSiluaied  on  tiie  Khmc  ;ind 
the   ]\[('nse.   and   extending- 
to    the    sea,    it    eni]»ra(ed 
over  teil    iliousand    square 
miles,  and  contained  mure 
than    a  niilliun   ami  a  halt 
of  in]ia])itnnt'^.     The  Duke 
Francis     Mci-Iicn    \\  a.>     the 
heir  of  an    lilu-lridUs   line-, 
whose     liiu-age     could     be 
traced   lur  mkiu)'  cciiluries. 
Germanw  f  ranee,  and  Spain 


FKANgOIS   I. 

wished  to  liave  Maria  Theresa  marry  F)on 
Carlos,  son  c^\  Eldlip  A',  of  Sprain  and  of  Elizabeth  Farnese,  his  >econd 
wifr.  All  ilu.-ir  arL::unKnt>,  however,  were  lost  upon  her.  and  nothing 
could  iialuc  e  lu-r  to  rejec  t  I"  rauad^  Stephen,  the  grandson  of  her  tather's 
>iMer.  tlu'  pbnmate  of  her  c  Idldhood,  and  now  her  heroic,  fascinating, 
and   d.evoted    lover.      I'.ut    in   con^ecpience    of   the  war  of   the    Polish 


W'l 


27 


417 


4iS 


I/üLSI::    Ol-'  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


FRANCIS  I. 


419 


Succession,  in  whicli  l.ouis  .W.  look  \k\\{ 


\\\ 


<ii,pu!-;  (»r  ii!~>  fathcr-in- 


I'u'mi.l,   l-iMuci.-,  war.  ubliged   to 


law,  Siaiii-li>,  the   dciiiruncl    Kin-  ol 

resi.-n    KuTunc    to    iMan.c.      'l^c    KniiKr.r,    l.^wcvcr.    succeeded    la 

obtainin,  tor  lu.   pro.Mo  luc   M>n-in-law  .  i.-n.on  ot   ninety  thousand 


dollar^  a  vear  tVoin  tiic  l-'ia-ii^  \\  <  o'lrl  nun;    l.ic  «U; 


i"  1  i  ' ' i 


tlie  ac^ed  Duke 


of  TuManv,   |„hi.  C.i^lo.  tlK-    ia.l   ..1    liu-    M.^ici,  son   ol   Cos.,,,,   111., 
when    -l-UMain.  unc  ui    llu-    nu,~i    inMu'itanl   .huh,.,   ul    (  c,,n..l   lialv, 
slu.uia  1,,..,   into   llu;  l,.,n.U  .,1    Frn,.  ,..      Wink'   lluse   afLun-  uc.v  i^o- 
.M-o.nv.    Iho    n,n.l,,,l,    of    Iran.;.    an,l    Ma,,a    Ti:,:>-a    In.  ,k    y\.:  .    in 
Vicnn.,;  ,n   l-cl.nury.  i;,^--,  an.l    U.c   n.-M    >.a,-   il,<-   l.nk,'  -i     1  n^  .u.y 
,r,c.l.  an.l    I'-rancis   wi.ii    In^   Ina.lv   l.a.Rin.a    f,    In-    n>  w   home   ,n   t,.e 
palaee.  of   Kioren,  e.      Thnn.^h    the   dnke   ,n.,u,nol   lain  rlv  the   1.,..  ,,1 
his  am  e>iial  ,lo,n,nion.,  Tum  .,nv  wa,  no  me.u,  inlu  .  .tame.       1  he  .hu.e 
was  ab.oh.te   numareh   of    the   ,lnehy.   »Ineh    >,..i.,nnea    about    emiu 
tbo.t-an.l  Miliare   .niles   an.l    a   i,e.i„ila.ion  .,.    a   million.       1  he    revenues 
of  the  aivluUuhy  were  lour  nuUion.,  ..f  .lolla,..,  a.nl  the  anny  ,  oiiM.Me.l 

of  six  thousand  troops. 

The  iltiirs  of  the  Kmperor  C:harle.  VI.  were  (oniniualh  ^rowm- 
worse,  and  Francns  was  called  to  Vienna  and  apponUed  ^enerali^.nuo 
of  the  arnn-  sent  again>t  the  Turks.  Seckendorf.  whou.  ])e  succeeue.l, 
was  dism.>;ed  in  disgrace,  hi.  want  of  >u.  ce>.  ben.g  attnhnted  u>  his 
beino-  a  Protestant,  and  not  to  the  1-anperor's  order.,  whn  h  nad 
thw4ed  all  his  iudiciou.  plan..  Tne  Duke  of  Lorraine  wa.  an  ex- 
ceedin.dv  amiahle  man.  of  very  courtly  manners  and  winning  address  ; 
scholadv  in  his  taste..,  and  not  at  all  fond  of  the  liard.hip..  ot  war, 
exposure,  fatigue,  and  butchery.  Though  a  man  ot  perhap.  more 
than  ordinary  Intellectual  power,  he  wa>  ea.ilv  depre..ed  by  adver.ity, 
and  not  caU  ulated  to  brave  the  fierce  .tonus  ot   di^a.ter. 

The  Turks,  with  an  armv  of  twenty  thousand  men,  laid  .lege  to 
Orsova.  an  important  fortre..  on  the  Danube,  about  one  lumdred 
n.iles  below  Belgrade.  The  Duke  of  Lorraine  ha.tcued  to  the  relief 
of  this  fortress,  and  after  a  .hort  but  de.perate  eonllu  t  t'ae  Dirks 
were  repul.ed,  and,  stricken  with  panic,  broke  up  their  camp  and 
retired  This  slight  .ucce.s,  after  so  many  di.a.ter.,  cau.ed  great  ex- 
ultation, and  the  Duke  of  Lorraine  wa.  lauded  a.  one  of  the  greatest 
generals  of  the  age.  The  pulpits  rang  with  hi.  prai.e.,  and  it  was 
announca-d  that  now  that  the  troops  had  been  placed  under  a  true  c  h.ld 
of  the  C:hurch,  Lrovidence  miglu  be  exi.ected  to  smile.  Soon,  how- 
ever the  imperial  troop.,  while  iiu  autiou.ly  pa.sing  through  a  detile, 
were  assailed  bv  a  strong  n)rce  of  the  'Dirk.,  and  compelled  to  retre:U 
with  a  los.  of  three   thousand   men.      The  d'urk.  resumed   the  siege  of 


Orsova:   and  tlie  Duke  of  Lorraine,  disheartened,  returned  to  Vienna, 
leaving  tiie  armv  in  (  liarge  of  the  veteran  commander  Konigsegg.      Li 
the  spriuL,^  of  i  ;  V^  ^'''^'  iii^l'^rial  armv  again  encomUered  tlie  Turks,  at 
the  siege  of  bielLrade.      (hjneral  Wallis  sent  word  to  tlie  Emi^eror  tliat 
its  surrender  wa.  inexitable.  whereupon  (ieneral  Scliineitau  was  sent  to 
lii-  aid.  and  .u((  ceded  in  infusing  a  new  spirit  into  tlie  whole  Austrian 
aruix.      r.ut  while  (ieneral    Schmettau  was  conducting   the  defense  of 
]]elmade  with  vigor  and  success,  he  was  astounded  by  the  arrival  of  a 
cTMirier  in  his  (  ami',  who  handed  him  the  following  laconic  note  from 
Count    Neuperg:    ''Peace  was  signed  this  morning  between   the  Em- 
peror, our  master,  and  the  Porte.      Det  hostilities  cea<e,  therefore,  on 
tlie  receipt  of  this.      \\\  half  an  hour  I  shall  follow^  and  announce  the 
].arti(  ular-  mvself."      (ieneral  Schmettau  could  hardly  repress  his  in- 
di-naiion,  and   the  trooi)s  were  furious  at  the  di.graceful  peace  made 
w-iih   the  'Lurks.      'Lhe  ])opulace  of  Vienna  rose  in   insurrection,  and 
would   have  torn   down   the  houses  of  the  ministers  who  had   recom- 
mended the  peace,  had  not  the  military  interposed  to  prevent  them. 

Care  and  sorrow  hurried  the  Emperor  Charles  VL  to  the  grave. 
He  bore  his  severe  sufferings  with  ])atieuce,  and  as  his  physicians  were 
unable  to  agree  respecting  the  nature  of  his  disease,  he  said  to  them, 
(-alrnl)-,  "Cease  your  disputes.  I  shall  soon  lie  dead.  Vou  can  then 
o])en  mv  body  and  ascertain  the  cause  of  my  death."  One  alter 
another  the  members  of  his  tamily  were  introduced,  and  he  affection- 
atelv  bade  them  adieu,  giving  to  each  appropriate  words  of  counsel. 
To  his  dau'diter  >L]ria  Theresa,  who  was  not  present,  he  sent  his 
earne.t  blessing.  With  the  Duke  of  Eorraine,  her  hu.baud,  he  had  a 
j.rivate  interview  of  two  hours.  On  the  20th  of  October,  1740.  the 
Em])eror  died,  and  with  him  the  male  line  of  the  House  of  Hap.burg 
became  extinct,  after  having  continued  in  uninterrupted  succession  tor 
more  than  four  hundred  years. 

Maria  T/irrrsa,  who  now  succeeded  to  the  crown  of  Austria,  i)0s- 
scssed  a  tall,  graceful,  and  commanding  figure;  her  features  were 
beautiful,  and  her  smile  was  sweet  and  winning.  She  was  born  to 
command,  combining  in  her  character  woman's  power  of  fascination 
with  man's  energy.  She  made  her  husband  co-regent  with  h.erself  in 
Austria,  but  gave  him  little  share  in  the  administration.  Erancis 
fought  bravely  for  the  rights  of  his  wife  in  the  wars  carried  on  against 
Frederic-  the  Creat  of  Prussia,  and  those  which  ensued  in  violation  of 
the  IVagmatic  Sanction,  and  which  would  have  dei)rived  her  of  her 
inheritance  had  she  not  been  stoutly  supported  by  her  Hungarians  and 
found  an  allv  in  George  H.  of  England. 


IS 


^20 


JIOl\^l-    i 


)/•■  .-/ 1  s 


KIA-I.i 


l/X 


Frcacru-  the  CrtMt  tiu)k  Silc-ia,  mar 


•bed  into  Bohemia,  am!  thrcat- 


Ticil  Praiiuc 


anc  Is 


h.i^uauHl  with  >i\ty  thous.m« 


men  lo  the  w 


lief 


o 


t"  the  (ai>itah      When  he  hadarnvei 


i  wiiliin  nine  miK 


■^  ( ) 


t    me  (  it\' 


he 


le 


irnech  to  hi>  extreme  e 


lKu;rin,  iha 


t  Ti- 


iL^ue  hail  h>ei. 


■11  taken  h\  >i 


irpri 


se 


ki 


le  |ii"e\ioii>   n 


i>'iu.      Thai  \ei\   chi\   the 


h 


lec 


tor  o 


f  r 


,\ar 


a  made  a  in 


iimi-'nal  entry  into  the  town 


(1  was 


erv)\\  net 


I  Kiim  ^ 


A   1 


)      ! 
>{ 


)neima. 
1 


ri 


le 


c  U  I.   I. 


ora 


1  diet  ot"  ('.ermany  met  soon 


ft;r,  and,  lo  t..e  -real  oisappoim- 


meni 


t  of  Nhina    1  here-a,  (  no>e 


instead  ^^i  her  hu^oa 


!U 


Havana  as  l'an[.eror  oi  Germany,  a; 


n. 


1  al 


>o  at  know 


le(h 


1,   ih. 


I   1 


!• 


lector  o 


:e( 


nm 


Kin: 


Ol 


1 


1  ,1 


>ohemia. 


He  r 


ec  ei\  ei 


1  tl 


le  1111} 


inerial  (  rown 


;U   hrankfort  on  the  uth  oi 


Februar V,  i  74 


w  1 


th  the  title  of  C'liarles 


\dl 


I 


raneis, 


lavm; 


1 


)een 


tl-.ii->  thwarted  m  hi>  p 


an  of  relie\in 


Trai'iu 


iletata 


-led    a    I 
ill 


Cieneral  Kevenmnler.  w  1 


»art    o 
1. 


i    his   armv  to  keep   the   enem>    m    eiie( 


am 


1 


sc 


nt 


ith  thirtv  thousand  men,  to  mvai 


le  ai 


id  take  1 


)Os- 


SCS^ 


ion   of  Ikivaria,  wlmh 


w 


ne 


:r!v  en^jtied  c'f  its    troo[i 


sairai  ions  moven 


leiUs  the  -eneral  s 


001 


n  became  ma-ter 


») 


>11  tr 


i\    \er_\' 
le  defiles 


i)t  trie 


Havarian  nu)untains. 


He  t' 


oppositi(Ui,  ant 


1  in  t 


rnim| 


»h  ei 


ilerei 


1  forwanl,  oxenommi;  a 

tl 


leii    jtres: 

1  Mimieh,  the  cai)ital  ot  Ikivaria, 


;1 


le 


verv  d.iv  o\\  wh 


iih  ( 'harles  was  <  lio>en 


l-hu' 


)eror 


!■ 


rani  Is  s 


brother,  Prince  Charles  o 


f  Lorraine,  ha* 


Ih 


iim  been  ari 


lentl 


attaciKH 


oimuer  sister  oi 


)rim  e 


1  to  Mar_\-  Anne.  \ 

Kul  Lireatlv  diMiiiuui-iied   hinis^ 


Nhir 


la 


I'her 


e--a, 


Tl 


\e  \  oui 


in  IK 


itth 


wh. u/n  was  a   union  o 

1    r 


f  1 


o\'im 


hearts,  were   cele 


;nid  their  mipli 


us, 


braaed    m  \  lenna,  witn 


irreat   splendor  and    rejon  iul^s. 


("harles  was   ap[)Oinled  to  die 


>\  ern- 


me 


;t    o 


f    tl 


iC 


aistnan 


Netherlands  ;    but    onl\-   one   sh.irt    \ear    \ 


klMsee 


awa\-  wnen 


Tne    I'hnueror 


assemble'd    at 
Emperor,   wit 


Mar\'  Anne  w.is  se 

Charles   Vll.   died 
1    !• 


ara.ted  from  him  b 


\-  (leaih, 


Frankfort,  and    fraiu 


h    tl 


le    title    o 


f    I'raiK  ir 


\\ 


hen  the  diet   asseml 


)k  c 


ind    exerle« 


m    174; 

>,    Hak 
1.      d'li. 
.11 


am 


lectoral    ( 


liet 


e   01 


orraine,  wa>   c Howell 
•en  was  at    Frank U)rt 


ill  iier  iiiilueiue  1 


:1, 


n  la\-or  ( 


her 


h 


u- 


an( 


\\ 


le 


n  tne  (  hou  e 


wa>  announ(  ei 


1  to  1 


le 


he  s 


:he  bal(a>nv  of  the   i>ala(  e 


(    wa.s 


tlie   hrst  to  shout 


tepp 
1 


)e<l  i>m  (Ui 


oh: 


,  \e 


ic 


Kmi 


leror 
1  r 


Fran 


C  1  s 


1 


The   immense   (  oiKourso 


m  tlu 


ui)  and  re-ec 


■hoed  the  crv 


r 


le  duke,  now  the 


I 


•am  )eri  )i 


areels  (  aai^^ht 
was  at   I  leidel- 


1 


)e  1  -1 , 


with  an  army  o'i  sixty  thous. 
Tn  witli   her  con.uratulations. 


n 


1    llKUl, 


M 


ria 


he  res 


'Fhe   Ihiiperor,  no  lon-er  a  sUDm 


.1  hastene( 
bn 


It 


o 


ave 


sul 


'R 


(  t.  re(  e 


ived  her  with  -re a 


t  d 


nit\' 


H 


1  >  \Na  1  o 


m  two 


111 


les, 


and  tlie   Ihnpress   rode 


bet 


ween 


tow 


ie  army  wa>  drawn  14) 
inu"  to  the  regiments 


on 


he  rmh 


t  and  left  with  a  maj 


r>i  \ 


IK 


1 


ra<  e 


whi(  h  a 


11  ad 


mi  ret 


1 


After  the  termination  ot  the  Seve 


n 


\'ears'  War,  the  inlluem  e  ot   ALiria 


Ther 


esa  an< 


1   tht 


Vaw\ 


)eror 


1 


rara  IS  w 


as  so  urea.t   that   the\-  sc(airei 


I   th 


c 


I 


J'A'AXCIS   I. 


421 


c:e( 


lo   sU(  cee 
d  1 


Ion   of  their  son  Joseph,  who  was  then  twenty-three  years  of  a-t 
d    lo   the   throne   of  the  enq-ire  upon  the  death  of  his  fathe 


and  lie  receivec 


1  the  title  of  the  Kinir  of  the  Romans. 


ri 


us  important 


'le(tion   took   place   at    Frankfort,    in    ALiy,   17 


764.      The  1 


leal  til   (U    t 


ne 


Emperor  Franc  is 


had  been  failiiiL:  f  r  some  time,  aiK 


1   altl 


lou: 


:h  1- 


e  wa- 


feeble,  he  wen 


1 


t  wuth  the   court   to   Innsi)ruck  to  attend    the   nuptials  ot 


us  seconc 


1  son,  Feoi)old,  with  ^Firia  Houisa,  Infanta  (T  Spa 


111.  ( 


lauL^hter 


0 


f  Charles  \\\.      F 


rancis    ima'unet 


1    that    the   braciiiL^   air   of  the  T\t(.1 


:lid  not  agree  with  him,  and  longed  to  (put  the  mountan 
iSth  of  Augtist  sym])toms  of  apoi)1exy  were  r,o  threatening 
r^ed  to  be  bled.      He  refused,  sa\ini 


IS. 


On   trie 


that 


he  was 


u 


<'  T 


am  encaiiec 


1    thi: 


e\'eninL;  to 


sup  wi 


th  Joseph,  and  I  will  not  disa])iJoint  him 


but  1  wall  be  bled  to- 


morrow 


The  evening  came,   and,  as   he  was    pre}»ann 


to 


[o.   ne 


Iroj.ped    instantly  dead   upon    the   floor.      He  died  at   the  age  of    tittv- 


lit.      The   marriage   festivities   were   turned    into   mourning. 


^F 


0 


ri 


leresa  pre})are( 


1   his  shroud  with  her  owm 


hands,  aii(l    never  after 


ria 
laid 


nsK 


chin 


le  her  weeds  of  mourning, 
dmrch.      The  lMni)ress 


He  was  l)uried  at  Vienna,  in 


the  (kii)U- 


iften  descended    into  the   imperial  vault. 


(1  1 


nid  jKissed  liours  m  pra\er 


bv  the  side  of  his  coftin, 


The  (  haracter  of  the  F:mi)eror  I'rancis  L  was  over 


,had 


owe« 


1   1 


)v  tne 


a-aiK 


leur  of  tliat  of  his  wife;   nei 


ther  was  he  so  ambitious  ot  govern  1 


mz 


Is   she  was. 


H 


c   1  uteres: I  ( 


1   himself  in   a^ric  ulture.  manutac  tures,  an 


d 


( ommerce,   an( 
Tl 


1    1 


el 


oil 


t    h 


Is  mone 


V   on    l)ond   and    mortgage 


When 


]\biria  4  heresa  was  greatly  presse 


1  for  funds,  he  would  sometimes  accept 


her    paper 


[lwa\- 


>e<  unt}' 
umdre( 


M 


taki 
li 


are    to    obtain    the   mo-t   nnexcept 


ijreo\'er,  he  w,is 


on, 
lb 


ibl 


e 


1   t' 


lousano  ( 


lobar: 


lor 


are 


related  of  his  disregard  of  danger 


very  Ciiarital)le,  distributing  annually  tive 

K'   relief  of  distress.      Many  anecdotes 

and   the  kindness  of  his  iieart. 


tl 


Hurin-  a  terrible   confla-ialion    in  Vienna,  a  saltpetre   maga/me 


t(Jok 


ire 


m    exi  losion    was 


mom  en 


tarilv   expected,    and    the    hremen    m 


disinav   iia\-e 


but    little  aid.       The  Fmperor 


regardless  of   the  |jeril 


ipproached    near   the   fire   to    give   direct 


ions. 


FFs   attendants   nr 


i:red 


1 


lim   not    to  expose 


his   I 


)erson 


tl 


lUS. 


Ho  not  be  alarmed  for  me 


) » 


sai( 


1    1 


le 


dan  Lie r 


think   only  of  those   poor  creatures  who  are   m  such 
At  another  time  a  tearful  inundation  swept  the  valle 


a 


reat 


\-  01  tne 


]  )anul)e.      In  se\'era 


h 


cuises,  anc 


1  cases  families  had  taken  refuge  on  the  tops  of  their 

[\  nights  wdthout  food.      Iin- 


1   remained   there  three  da\s  anc 


niense  blocks  of  ice,   swej 


)t  d 


own 


bv  the   flood,   seemed   to   render  it 


imj 


lOSSl 


ble  t 


o  con 


ve\-  relief  to  the  sufferer 


Idle  Emperor  threw  h 


im- 


self  int:)   a   boat,   and    sa\in: 


Mv  exami'le   ma\- 


at   least    influence 


others,"  pushed  out   into   the  flood,  and  succ 


essfuUv  rowed  to  one  ot 


42 


J/Ors/:    OF  ACST/^l.l-f  OFK.l:: 


.M-c  sh:inu-il  into  InToism, 


thc   h^.i^e-^.      Tiu^   iKKitivicn   o{  the  Danube  wc 
and  ail  llu'  pcuplc  were  rr-<  ikmI. 

JA^/VJ    7:.).7-.  ^,/.   1m>   wile,  ulu-n    slu-    siu«rc'<lr( 

wciv    nut    lorlN   timusaiul  .lollais    in    the   ir^asurv  : 

ns   (ii.l    no!    an\-'unt    to   more  than   thirt) 


k'l'liu-.ibk'    (  MiKiition 


Thcr 


lu'   >ta,tc  was   eiioi 


( )i 


r'k^'i 


ami  anno 


mon^lv  \\\  <iel>;  :    Iih'  wlioic  am 

thon.nu!  nuai.  who  wcmv  wal.lv  .li^iv!>c>l.  .-lainoian^  U-r  wa 

matcnaNot-  uar.     TIk'  v!ina,i:c  ha.l  In-en  c-nl 

in  the  cnuntrN-.     There  wa>  lannne 

(,!'  tnod  ;    and  the  i^ea-ant^ 

;    in    ni^niaa-c  t  ion, 

nua.MHU  llu.  ÜA,U  ,n  mMV,  1,  ol    ...n...      Ti,c  l^nuli-'u  ,u„lu..:uU-  wr.Uc 
h„nK.,  ;•  To   the   n.nuMcr..  tin-  Turk.  >cc.n  to  Ik- .hx-.uly  n.  ll.n.^ary; 


de:^l  It  nie  ot  t  1k' 
off  h\  fn»^t.  |MO(ha  ni-  ure.n  tli-tre-- 
in  A'lenna.  and  inan\   were  ^tar\ m-  lor  want 
in    the    neiuiil)or]u)v)d    of    the    nietro|.oli^   were    n^; 


the    Hnnuarians    in    insnrre(  tion 


the   r.ohemian^   m   open    revolt 


t  ne 


ric,  tor  of  Ibvan.u  witl>  hi>  annv.  ;,t  i1k-  ualc.  of  Vienna  ;  an.l  l-.anrc 
,hc  .oul  o!  all  llH-.e  inovcuuail..  Not  onlv  a.v  the  minister.  ,n  .lespa,,-, 
l,nt  .lesrair  .loe>  not  >ee.n  .apaMe  of  ron.nig  then,  to  any  de.i.eiate 


exertion' 


M„ia  There-a  imnuaiatelv  .lisi-at.  he.l  rourler.  to  inlortn  the  norlli- 
crn  ,H,wcr.  <.f  bcr  ar,-e...on  to  the  throne,  aiul  troo,..  were  lorwarae-a 
to   the    frontier,   lo   prevent    any  hostile   invasion    Iroin    Havana.       llie 
Pramnatie   Sanelion  was  ,li.re,ua,-.le.l.  ami   claimant   alter   .  hum.im  put 
lorw.ir.l  preteiisuuis  to  the  whole  or  parts  of  her  po.session..      Ch.irles 
•Mbert    V.leetor  of  P.avaria.  laid  rlaim  to  the  ,\iMnan  here.luary  terri- 
tories on   ae<-ount   of   his  ,les,  ent   Iron,   .\nna.   ehlesl   .hm^uhter   ot    the 
Kmperor   l-erdmaml    I.,   who    by   will    had   appointed    that    upon    the 
cxtimtion  of  the  Austrian  male    line    the    siure-Mon   to   the   throne  ol 
ISohemia   an.l    .\ustria   shoul.l   d.evolve   upon    his    dauj;hlers   an.l    their 
bcirs       I'll. lip  V.  <.f  Sp.iin   asserted   bis  .l.ilm   in   virtue  ot    the  l:,m,,y 
C.nlr.ut  made    in    ,6.7.      Charles    Kmanuel,    King  of  .Sard.inia.  a   de- 
srendant  <u-Catherine.  se.on.l  dauaiter  of  l'hil.|.  II.  of  Spam.  deinande.| 

Milan.      .\umistu.  III.  of  I'ohmd  made  similar  .ieman.ls  on  aeeount  ot 
Ids  wife,  who  was  tlie  eldest  dau-hter  of  the  l-.mi.eror  Joseph  1. 

While  matters  were  in  this  state,  to  the  surprise  of  all.  Prederir  the 
Great  of  I'rus-ia  mar.  hed  with  his  army  into  the  .\ustrian  provm.e 
of  Silesia,  iH.r.lerin.u  on  I'ni.sia.  .  onquered  it.  and  l.iid  <  laim  lo  tour 
Silesian  prineipal.ties.  Maria  'Iheresa  was  as  mu<  h  sin-pn>ed  as  en- 
raged at  this  step  of  the  Kin-  of  I'rusMa,— the  ,les<en,lant  ol  a  v.issal  ot 
heü-  ancestor.  Rudolph  of  Mapshurg.  To  pmii.h  him  for  this  auda,  ity, 
she  collected  an  armv  in  Moravia,  mid.er  (ieneial  Nenperg  ;  Imt  the 
want  of  ma-a/ines  and  the  bad  ro.ids  prevented  .Neuperg  from  acting 


N 


i 


FRANCIS   1. 


423 


effei  tivelv.  and  the  Austrians  were  beaten  at  Molhvitz,  in  Aprib  1741- 
.\bn--.iial    belled-le,  in  the  name  of  I'rance,  now  negotiated  with  l-reib 
,.n,-  the  (;reat,  at  .\b)l]wit/.,  ninan  tlie  (br,>olntion  of  tlie  Au>tri;in  inon- 
,n(h,\.       r.olKania  and    Tpper  Austria  were  to  be  given   to  tlie  ]-:iertor 
of  b'naria  :   Frederic  was  to  receive  Upj-er  Silesia  and  ("datz;  Augu^tus 
(,j-  Poland  was  to  aime-K  to  his  kingdom  Moravia  and  a  part  of  Silesia; 
l,ombardy  was  ;isMgned   to   Spain;   and   Sar(bnia  was   to  recx'ive  some 
^.^,,,^|,,.n.ation.      I'higland   l)ecame  ahirmed  at  the^^e  combinations,  an<l 
,-.pouse<l    the  lause  of  Maria  Theresa,  who,  undismayed  in  a  situation 
ulndi   to  every  one  el^e  seemed  desperate,  went  to  Presburg  and  was 
crowiK'd  (  hieen  of  Hungary.    An  eye-witne.s  thus  describes  this  scene  : 
"  The  ('oronation  wa>  magnificent.     The  (jueen  was  all  charms.     She 
rode  gallantlv  up  the  Royal  Mount,  a  hill  in  the  vicinity  of  l^resburg, 
whidi  the  new  sovereign   ascends  on  horseback,  and,  waving  a  drawn 
sword,  dehed  the  four  corners  of  the  world  in  a  manner  to  show  that 
she  had  no  oc.asion  for  that  weapon  to  con(}uer  all  who  saw  her.     The 
antiquated   (  rown   received   new  graces  from  her  head;    and    the  old 
tattered  robe  of  St.  Stephen  became  her  as  well  as  her  own  rich  habit, 
if  diamonds,   pearls,   and  all  sorts  of  precious  stones   can  be  called 

clothes." 

A  table  was  spread   for  a  public  entertainment,  around  which  were 
assembled   all    the  dignitaries  of   the   realm,— dukes  who   could   lead 
tliousan.ls  of  trooi)S  into  the  field  ;   bold  barons,  with   their  bronzed 
followers,  whose  iron  sinews  had  been  toughened  in  innumerable  wars. 
It    was   a   warm   summer   day,   and    the  cheek  of   the  youthtul  queen 
^lowed  with  the  warmth  and  excitement  of  the  hour.      She  sat  at  the 
head  of  tlie  table,  all  .jueenly  in  loveliness,  and  imperial  in  character. 
The  bold,  high-spirited  nobles  who  surrounded  her  could  aj^preciate 
her  position,  ■issailed  by  half  the  monarchies  of  Europe,  and  left  alone 
to  (  ombat   tliem  alb      Their  ( hivalrous  enthusiasm  was  tully  aroused. 
The  statesmen  of  Vienna  had  endeavored  to  dissuade  her  from  making 
anv  api^eal  to  the  Hungarians;   they  feared  that  the  very  sight  of  the 
voutliful  and   pKjwerless  cpieen  would   incite  these  barons  to  immediate 
insurrection,  and  that  they  would  scorn  such  a  sovereign  to  guide  them 
in  the  fierce  wars  which  her  crown  involved.    But  :\Iaria  Theresa  better 
understood   human   nature.      She   believed   that   the  same  barons  who 
luid  replied  haughtily  to  her  lather,  when  he  asked  their  assent  to  the 
Pragmatic  Sanction,   -We  are  accustomed  to  be  governed  bv   men, 
an<rnot  bv  women,"  would  rallv  with  enthusiasm  around  a  deienseless 
woman  appealing   to   them  for  aid.      The   cordiality   with  which  she 
was  -reeted  at  the  coronation  and  at  the  festival  encouraged  her  hopes. 


V 

1 , 
'» 

>^d 

,.-if 


p. ' 


4-M 


norsr  or  Arsr/srA-i.oKK-i/xF-- 


^lu-  Mu->vf,.iv  <.,inv.noiu.I  all  ihr  „oM,-.  to  m,.-i  h.r  ,.  fnc  .u.v.a  h..l! 

tl,  ,1.   l.iiill.ml    an   :ws<aiil>1a,L;e 


I'iu'    ci'HTii    laivavf'l. 


,,r  Ihc   laistle.      'Ilu-   hall  «a-~  rr,.u>la.l  w 

of  rank    an.!    powar   a,-    llan^arv    r.aii.l    inrni.ii 

ao<a.,npan,a,l   In    laa"    nIMau-.      >ha   wa,  .I,,.../,    in  .laap  a,onaa,  :n..   u, 

th,  llun^a,aanro.lna,a  wilhtha.rownolM.Maiaua,  upon  lar.a-o.v 

,,„1  tlu-Va.al  srinuiara.  ha,-aia.  Wnh  n.naM  1,  M.|.  ^Iw  travar.ol 
,he  apartnuan.  an,l  aMaaulol  liu-  plallovn,  aa^  t.ahanc  troa,  ulua,.  a  the 
kin.',  or  llun^arv  ware  a,.a„lonKal  to  a.Mvo.  iha  nol.la..  Ah  .n.s 
,vc,v  iKc.l  upon' bar,  an.l  a  >..Uann  siUaua  parva.Kal  .ha  a.^a.nlav. 
The  l.at.n  lanunaua  wa.  than,  ni  llnn.arv.  tha  laa.una.a  ol  ,hplon,arv 
ana  the  conn.'      .Mtar  a  pan.a  of  ,.    taw   nu.nKaU.,  .ha  a.Klrc.c.l  then. 

in  L.ilin.  .axing:  ,,-,-. 

-■n,e  »Iwa.tn.ns  .ilnation  of  onr  affair,  ha.  niovc.l   n.  to  lav  l-alou 
our  dear  an,l  taitl,fnl  .tala.  of   llnngary  the  reaent  ,nva..on  ot   An.tna, 
the  .langer  now  in,pen.l,ng   over  thi.   king.lo.n.  .nal  a  prop '^:'!  h""  ">^; 
con.ideration  of  a    ren.,e,lv.      Tlie    verv  exi>ten.v  of  the   kn.gdon,  ot 
Hnn-arv.   of  onr   own    per.on.   of  our   .  Inhlren.    an.l   ..1   <an- erown    ts 
now 'al '.take.       For...ken    hv    all,    we    plaae   can-    .ole    re.onr,  e    .n    .he 
fulelitv,  am,.,  an.l   long-trie.!  val.-r  of  the  I  hn.gara.n^.  exl...rtn,g  von. 
the   ..ate.    an.l    .>.-.ler.,    ...    .lelU.erate    with.aa.    .l.lav    n.    th,.   .Mr.ane 
dan.'eron  the  ino.t  effe.t.tal  ,nea.ui-e.  f..r  the  se.nntv  ,.l   .an-  p.r.on, 
„f  .mr  .  l,il.l,-en,  a.t.i  ..f  ..nr  .  r.,wn.  an.l  t..  .airrv  then-,   int.,   nnnra.hate 
eKe.„t,..n.      In    rega,al    to    o.n-self.    the    la.thfnl    ..ate.    a.al    ..r.l.a,    ot 
Hun-are  shall   experien.e  .>nr  beartx   <a,-.,pe.-ation   ,n  ,.11   ihn.g.  win.  h 
niay''i.>a',m.,te  the  pri.lino  happ.ne..  of  thi.  an.aent   k.ng.lon,   a,al   the 

honor  .>f  the  ]ieoiile.'' 

The  re.pon.e  wa.  in.tanlaue..u.  an.l  e.nphatna  .\  th..n.,..al  warriors 
drewthe.r  sabres  fiaun  ihe.r  ..abba.al..  a.al  tbrn^t  .hen,  ba.k  to  the 
hilts  with  a  .lang  that  >an  .br.,ngh  the  ball,  a.al  .boute.l  a^wnb.me 
voi.e.  -  M..ria,n„r  pia.  n...tra  rege,  Maria  The.e^a  I'  —llr  av// ./.a  .Av 

our  kin^.  Miii-ia   'J'h,-iys,i  ! 

The  .ineen  ,intil  now  lia.l  i.reserve.l  a  .abn  an.l  .a.n,p....-.l  ,len„  an.. r, 
but  this  .outburst  ..f  entbn.,asn,  overp..we,-e.l  i,.r.  an.l,  ...r^et.  n,g  the 
impa.sive  .lignitv  of  the  ,n.,na,ab.  she  bnr.t  in,.,  ..a,-,.  w!,:.  b  ..-.l.a.ble.l 
the  enthusiasm.  Hungary  wa.  t,.,w  efle.  tuallv  .-ou.e.l,  an.l  .,n  ,b,v  .an.e, 
half-savaue  bands,  in   nn..>ulb  garb,  .peakiHL 


nnintelli-abU'  I. , ague- 


Cn.ats,  'l'an(l.,nrs,  S,-lav.,nian.,  Wa.a^.bnian..  aial  I  ..Ipa.h.-.  (.ei- 
nianv  wa.  astoundc.l  at  the  .pe.ta.:le  .,f  these  wdal,  tle.a  .■  .n.a,,  appar- 
ently as  ta,nele.s  an.l  as  fcarle.s  a,  wolve..  The  en.hn„a..n  sp.-e,a,l 
throughout  Austria.  wbe.-e  the  v.,.n,g  ,ue.,  an.l  the  .....leti.s  n,  the 
universities  esi.on.e.l   the  eause  of  the   .lueen  w,tb   the  g.e,.te.t  ar.lor. 


1 


FRAXCIS   [. 


425 


Vienna  was  strongly  fortified,  all  luinds  engaging  in  ilu-  liuc.r,  and  so 
rai)id  wa.  the  work,  that  the  allies  be«  ame  alarmed.  15e^ides,  they  had 
l\^■,.■M\^■  l.fu'iM  to  ipiarrel  about  the  division  of  the  anti(  il'ate<l  booty. 

[•i-^^aera    of   bru^-ia  wa>  the  llr^t  to  i.ro])ose  ])eace.      'Idie  Elector  of 
Bavaria  wa-.  a  rival   sovereign,  and  be  j.referred  seeing  An-^tria   m   the 
h;md^  of  the  M^H'en  :   be  wa>  tberef  )re  anxious  to  withdraw  from  the 
confederaev.    ar.d    tlie    (pieen,    as  anxious  as   Frederic    to    come   to   an 
.^,,,,nn.io.]'uion,  sent  an  ambassador  to  ascertain  bis  terms.     In  laconic 
phrase.  <  Iura,  teristic  of  the  man,  be  returned  the   following  answer: 
-All    b'-Nver  Silesia  ;  the  river  Neiss  for  the  boundary.      The  town  of 
Neiss  a^  well   as  (datz.      iieyond   the  Oder  the  ancient  limit,  to  con- 
tinue between  the  duchies  of  Brieg  and  Oppeln.     Breslau  tV,r  us.     The 
alian>  of  religion  in  statu  <juo.    No  dependence  on  Bohemia:   a  cession 
forever.      In  return  we  will  proceed  no  further.     We  will  besiege  Xeiss 
for   form.       The  commandant  shall   surrender  and  depart.       We  will 
|,a>.  ^\M\^\\)-  iiUo  winter  (luarters,  and  the  Austrian  army  may  go  where 
it  will.      bet  the  whole  be  con(  luded  in  twelve  days." 

'blK-e  terms  were  comi)lie(l  with,  and  peace  was  made  at  Breslau  in 
17J2.  Frederic-  retained  his  conquest  of  Silesia,  but  the  Elector  of 
l>avari^  m.w  the  Emperor  Charles  VIF,  lost  even  bis  own  dominions, 
Bavari.i.  This  suoccss  of  the  Austrian  arms,  however,  raised  the  appre- 
lu.nsi.Mi>  of  Frederi.^  and  the  second  Silesian  war  ensue.l.  in  1744, 
l-ran<e  simultaneouslv  de-  hiring  war  against  England.  Eonis  XV. 
lum-elf  ai.peared  on  the  field,  and  Marshal  Saxe  won  battle  after  battle 
in  the  Netherlands:    Frederic,  aFo.  was  sucxessfub 

Saxonv  tlien  became  the  allv  of  ^Flria  Theresa.  d"he  Emperor 
Charles  VIF  <lied  soon  after  entering  ^Fmicb,  bis  cap.itab  and  his  son 
and  successor  not  onlv  renounced  all  bis  ( laims,  but  also  supported  the 
cle.  tion  o{  ^bH■ia  Theresa's  hud)and  to  the  imperial  throne.  Frederic, 
ronhrmed  in  the  posse<^ion  of  Silesia,  made  peace  at  Dresden  in  1745- 
The  war  a-ain^t  Franc^e  and  Spain  was  continued.  ^Flrsbal  Saxe  being 
virtoriou.  at  Fontenov,  Rauc^oux,  and  Eaffeld,  while  England  was  suc- 
cessful against  the  b'retender  in  the  colonies  and  on  the  seas. 

bdi/aU-tb  of  Russia  declaring  f^^r  Maria  Theresa,  the  war  was  bivor- 
ablv  terminated  bv  the  Peace  of  Aixda-Cbapelle,  in  174S.  Austria 
cedii  '  I'arma.  Fiacenza.  and  Guastalla  to  Don  Philip,  son  ol  Philip 
V.  of  S])ain,  and  some  districts  of  the  duchy  of  ^Flan  to  Sardinia. 
Abu-ia  ddieresa  now  turned  her  principal  attentieu.  to  the  internal 
afTair.  ^A  ber  states.  Following  chieilv  the  advice  of  ber  minister 
Kaunit/,.  slu;  introduce.l  numerous  reforms,  organized  the  ad.ministra- 
tion,  alleviated  the  burdens  of  tbe  peasanirv,  abolished  torture,  created 


"fl 


I  f 

1  ■• 


n 


'|ti 


426 


Ih>i  'S  E    OF  Ai  ':::■  J  A'  J  A-  L  ( -'  A'  KAIXE. 


FRAXCIS   I. 


427 


vari(Mis  in>titutions  of  Icaniing,  proiuotcd  industry  ar.l  tr.^lc,  an<L 
tlunigh  a  zealous  Catholir  hcr.clt,  suhjcctcl  the  papal  biilN  to  the 
pla^-t  r,-iinn:  ami.  011  the  abolition  uf  the  order  (.1  JeMiit.  by  Tope 
deiueiitXiV.,  in  i  7  7  >.  ^'M'^'^l^'*!  '^^  member,  from  her  doniinion..  In 
regard  to  Ilun-arv,  she  ol)>erved  a  mild  but  sh.wly  den;ua>nab/in- 
pjiuv.  -Maria  Theroa,"  savs  Szemere,  in  In.  -Hungary  trom 
i84s't(.  tS6o,"  "durin-  her  long  rei-n,  by  dint  ufn.val  tlaitery,  win- 
ning manners,  intermarriages  of  Hungarian  and  (ierman  families,,  and 
vveU-cah  ulated  invitations  of  our  princ  ipal  indoles  'o  a  court  ex.du- 
sivcly  (lerman,  wellnigh  succeeded  in   denationalizing    the    Hungarian 

arist(K  rai  y." 

I'he  external  diplomacy  of  Kaunit/  was  al>o  a<  tive.  :ind  wiien  he 
finallv>u^-.eeded  m  gaining  over  with  Madame  de  Pompadour  the  (  uurt 
of  France,  in  addition  to  the  alliance  of  Ru>sia  and  Saxonv,  brederic 
the  Great  Mjught  and  obtained  the  alliance  of  l-ngland,  and  in  1756 
the  Seven  Years'  War  began,  of  which  the  Prussian  monarch  wa.  tlie 
hero,  Loudon  and  Dauii  being  his  most  etTe<tive  Austrian  enemies. 
The  war  extended  to  almost  all  parts  of  the  world,  from  the  coast  ot 
Coromandel  to  Canada.  The  doul)le  peace  nf  Ilubertsburg  and  X'er- 
sailles  terminated  it  to  the  advantage  of  Pru^Ma  and  ICngland,  Prederic 
remaining  now  tmdi.puted  master  kÄ  Silesia.  Two  year,  later,  the 
Emperor^Francis  L  died,  and  was  su((  ceded,  m  the  empire  by  has  son, 
Joseph  II.,  and  in  Tu.cany  by  Leopold.  Jo.epii,  however,  enjoyed 
in  tlie  hereditary  states  of  his  mother  only  the  right,  of  a  co-regent, 
though  his  intluence  generally  prevailed  m  hjreign  affairs,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  annexation  of  (hilicia  at  the  hr.t  division  of  Poland  in 
1772,  and  of  Btikowina  from  'l\irkey  in  1777. 

New  troubles  arose  in  1777,  on  the  death  of  Maximilian  111.,  Fdector 
of  Bavaria,  the  last  of  the  younger  line  of  the  House  of  Wittelsbach. 
:\Liny  ( laimants  immediately  aro.e,  ambitious  of  so  princely  an  inherit- 
ance' Tiie  Emperor  Joseph  II.  was  soon  at  the  head  of  one  hundred 
thotisand  men,  ready  to  invade  Pavaria;  and  Frederic  the  (Ireat.  with 
nearly  an  e(pial  force,  marched  to  meet  him.  The  Empress,  weary  ot 
war,  determined  to  ])ut  an  end  to  hor^tilities,  and  without  the  knowl- 
edge of  her  son,  who  rejoiced  at  the  ])rosj,c(  t  of  winning  tame  and 
adding  to  his  dominions  a  part,  if  not  all,  of  liavaria,  wrote  privately 
to  Frederic,  by  her  secret  messenger,  M.  Thugut,  "I  regret  exceed- 
ingly that  the  King  of  Prussia  and  myself,  in  i)ur  advanced  years,  are 
about  to  tear  the  gray  hair,  from  each  other',  heads.  My  age  and  my 
earnest  desire  to  maintain  peace  are  well  known.  My  maternal  heart 
is  alarmed  for  the  safety  of  my  sons  wlio  are  in  the  army.      I  t.  ke  this 


I 


step  NNiihoiit  the  knowledge  of  my  son  the  Emperor,  and  I  entreat 
ihal  Nou  will  not  divulge  it.  I  conjure  you  to  unite  your  eftorts  with 
mine  to  re-e.tablish  harmony." 

l-iederic:'s  reply  was  courteous:  • '  P^aron   Thugut  has  delivered   me 
vour   majest\'s  letter,  and   no   one  is,  or  shall  be,  accjuainted  with   Ids 
arriNal.      It  was  worthy  of  >  our  majesty  to  give  such  i)roofs  of  modera- 
ii,,n.   after   having  so   heroically   maintained   the  inheritance  of   your 
an,  ,-.tors.      The  tender  attachment  you  display  for  your  son,  the  Em- 
peror, and   the  iiriiK  es  of  your  blood,  deserves  the  applause  of  every 
p,,nt,'  an<l   augments,    if  possible,   the   high  consideration   1  entertain 
,;,r  vour  majesty.      I   have  added  some  articles  to  the  propositions  of 
M.    rhuL:ut,"mo'st   of  which   have  been   allowed,  and  others  which,   I 
j,,,p,.,  will   ineet  with  li;tle  difhculty.      He  will  immediately  depart  for 
^V■nna,  and  will   be  able  to  return   in   five  or  six  days,  during  which 
time  I  will  act  with  sue  h  caution  that  your  imperial  majesty  may  have 
no  cause  of  apprehen.ion   for  the  safety  of  any  part  of  your  family, 
and   i-artic  ularly  of  the   Emperor,  whom   I   love  and  esteem,  although 
our  opinions  differ  in  regard  to  the  affairs  of  Germany." 

d'he  lanperor  Jo.ep^h  was  bitterly  opposed  to  peace,  and  thwarted  his 
motlier's  benevolent  intentions  in  every  possible  way.  Still,  the  ener- 
getic Empress  succeede.l,  and  the  articdes  were  signed  at  Teschen,  in 
Mav.  177c),  Austria  obtaining  of  Bavaria  merely  the  Innviertel,  with 
lUirgau!  and  Charles  Theodore,  the  nearest  collateral  relation  of  the 
deceased  elector,  rec-eiving  Bavaria;  and  thus  ended  the  short  war  of 
the  Bavarian  Succession. 

When  tlie  Panpress  heard  the  news,  she  exclaimed,  ''My  happi- 
ness is  complete.  I  am  not  i)artial  to  Frederic,  but  I  must  do  him 
tlie  ju.ti(  e  to  confes.  that  he  ha.  acted  nobly  and  honorably.  He 
proiiii.ed  me  to  make  peace  on  reasonable  terms,  and  he  has  kept  his 
word.     I  am  inexpressibly  happy  to  have  spared  the  effusion  of  so  much 

blood." 

d-he  Em]>rcss  had  been  suffering  for  some  time  with  a  disease  of 
the  lungs;  her  health  now  began  to  decdine  rapidly,  and  she  died  in 
November,  1780,  in  the  sixty-fourth  year  of  her  age. 

d'his  illustricjus  woman  had  given  birth  to  six  sons  and  ten  daughters. 
Charles,  a  verv  promising  youth,  died  at  the  age  of  sixteen;  Joanna, 
who  was  betrothed  to  the  King  of  Naples,  died  of  smallpox  ;  Josepha 
was  dc  stined  to  supjdy  her  place,  but  she  al.o  fell  a  victim  to  that 
terrible  disease  :  and  three  oth  rs  died  young.  Ten  of  her  children  sur- 
vived  her.  Joseph,  already  Ihnperor,  succeeded  her  on  the  throne  of 
Austria;   LeJpold  was  Grand  P)uke  of  Tuscany  ;   Ferdinand,  Governor 


ill 


t:! 


r* 


»  1. 


■•n 


I*. 
1 1 


Ij 


*- 


4 


() 


jiS 


r  Au^lriai 


HO  I  'sr   0  /■'  .  1  /  's'  /  'A'  /.  /  /.  ( >  A'  A'.  /  /.\7-:. 

1  T.oinl.ir.lv.  in:irri.-.l  th.-  .1  ni-liUT  and  -u'lrc^.  ol  thr  Duke 
of  M.mI.im;  M..xmulKin  lu.  ,uu.  Kk-M..  ut  (-..i.^un.  nnd  Münster: 
M,,u  \nu-li,i  UKH-no!  tlu-  Duk.  m  i'Muu;  M.ni.i  Chn^lina  UKnii..! 
DnkcAlbcrtol    >.x.-!c-iHn..unol    Anuu.tn.  lll.nf   I'nluul  :    (am- 

■1    <-    liU-    li  l!l(ls 


, .!'   Naplc  -.  a  ir.rrc  l'>''l  ni 

i,T  hn-baml  bv  hrr  ilir>-(  »bite-  In« 


liiu'  married   Kordiiiana   l\'..   kai, 
(){  \u^  wite,  who  tii^-ra<a''i  licrse!!  aiul  ii 
whik-lu^  provol  a   ..nb  .m.,k,>u.u  .m'  liu'   livu.  n;    M  nic  Ant.M.ui.c, 
^du,  nurnc.l  l.nui^  W  1 ,  ..I    Ir.v.uc  ,,n,l   liic   >t...-v  ol    whn>.  w.h.   has 

I;    I'.li/ii.cl!)    bL(a,nu-   llir   aMn-.  .a    ihr   (i.iualUal    Imi- 

|.\-  lua-  hi.itlui-  aiua  llir  chMlhi  iil  lua' 
b'ushan.l.th.  l-aupcrnr  l-ran.  i.  T.  ;  a,al  Anna  wa.  Abbe.,  ol  IT.i^nc  aiul 
Klaucnhirl. 


filkil  liu-  worn 

;,l,rnck,    loniulcil    in    llial    rilv 


cosiiMPOKAUir.>  or  Tin:   fmitkor   n;  vxns  i.    anl   makia   tiii^ki.-a. 

6\v/-v  //  ,//•;'/./,,;/,/  tnnk  pan  w.ih  .NkinaThaaa.a  in  h.  r  .  onu-t 
Willi  th'^.  l-:kvU,.-ol  r^uaiia.  ami  l..i  hi^  ir-,.,  on  lii.  Coniuunl  .n 
pcr-.Mi  I'ho  oiilv  enua.cnu-nt  m  whi.  h  he  ha^  a  |url  Nva.  in  rcpclhng 
an  alta,  k  of  ihc  iMaauh  npon  his  annv  ^All,k■  pn.iol  at  IVtlin^cn.  In 
Ihi.  h.-iiM-lavcl  -rral  ,K-,xonal  ,  ..iira.^v.  cxi.omii.^  hiin^ai  to  ih.Miic 
of  the  niuO.cU-v  an.l  cannon,  ri.lin-  aion,^  ih.  liur  aial  cnoouNv.in- 
hi,  nu-n  to  Ikht  lor  the  honor  of  la,.!  ui,k      Thi,  wa,  the  kwt  o.  .  a„on 


o 
<1 


n  wi,i,:h  a  km-  of  l-.n-hnul   >xi'o>oi   hi,   ih  r>oii  ,n  kaatk'.      kpon  l.is 
ciiarture  the  coiinnan.l  of  iIk-  annv  .kAolvo.l  npoii  h.w  >on,  tliv  Uakc 


of  C-ninhcrkma.  wi.o  wa,  .la.at.a  lu  ihc  Fia  ,..  h  at  the  katU.  yt 
Fontcnov,  111  ,74^.  It  ^va,  throua.  the  iniliu  iha^  ol  tlic  kin^u  th.at  the 
British  eabinet.  at  the  <  oinnuaueineiit  ol  tiie  war  ol  the  An-tnan 
Si,c<c,,ion,  voted  one  niikiion  hve  hniMbe,!  tlion-ana  .lollar-,  to  ai,l 
Maria  There^a.  In  ,74,;.  HoHand,  m  token  ol  hoMilitv  to  laaiae, 
.ent  the.incen  a  loan  of  ,iK  thou-.iral  men.  thoronailv  eMmpp"!  '"•■ 
the  fK-kl ;  an.l  tlie  Kmu  of  Sanliiiia,  ,m-ateful  lor  lii>  ^liare  m  tlie  plimoer 
of  the  French  ana  Spaiii>h  piovime,  in  Iialy,  .ent  Maria  I  lu-ve^a.  m 
adaition  to  the  .„-operation  of  hi,  armies,  a  sht  ol  a  million  ol 
dollar,  Enaaml.  also,  still  anxion,  to,  ,  la.  k  the  growth  ol  hran.e, 
eontimie.l    her   ,ni.,iav   of   a   million    an.l    a    half,   ami   with   lleet    aial 


annv  eontributea  verv  ell,,  lent  military  aul.  Ih.t,  aller  Maria  1  laresa 
obtained  posscs„on  of  all  her  va,t  an.e,tr,.l  dominion,.  ka,aana. 
jmb-ing  that  it  wonia  endan.uer  the  balam  e  ol  power  to.  pla,  e  the 
imperial  erown  on  the  br.,w  of  her  hu,l.ana.  to,,k  sale,  with  the 
Ele.tor  of  BaAaria,  and  (leorge  11.  eoiitraeted.  to  pae  him.  within 
fonv  davs,  three  himdre  1  thonsana  ,loll,.r,.  ana  to  ,lo  all  m  h„  power 
to    consu-ain    the   (Jueen    of    A,i,lria    t.i   a.  knowledge    hi,    title.       1  ne 


i 

I 


I 


CONTEMPO.      K/ES. 


429 


Seven  \Var>'  War  wis  <  arrie.l   on   by  l-.n-bmd  with  only  Frederic   the 
Great   lor  it^  allv  a^ain>t   all    the   otlu-r  powers  combined.      But   the 
sai^a^dtv  an<l    military  ^kill  of    Frederie    and    the   ener-y  of   Mr.    Pitt 
J,;^|,l,.d    her  to    sustain  with  >ticce>s   the   apparently  nneciual   contest, 
jp'inover,  whi.  h,  in  tlie  be-mning  of  the  war.  had  been  conquered  by 
tie  I'ren.  h,  wa>  re(  overe<l.  and  I'l-ederic  e^tablidied  its  ])osition  as  one 
,f  tlie  lust-rate   puwers  <.f  I'urope.      d  he    principal   battle  was  that  of 
Minden,  fouulu  August   i,  i759-  i'^  ^^hic  h  the  Fnglish  and  Prussians 
a,fcated   ihe^  French,      in   the   Fast,   Ford   Clive  laid  the  foundations 
,.{  the    Ihitidi    l-'.mi-ire    in    India.      In    the   midst   of   these    successes, 
Ccor-e   IF   suddenly  died,   October  25..  1760,  in  the   seventy-seventh 

\ear  of  his  age.  ,        ,   i  • 

■     (:,;„■ ',■  111.,  son  of  Freiieric.  Prince  of  Wales,  had  completed  his 
twei.tvle.a.nd  vear,  «aien   the  ,leath  of  liis  gran<lfather  placed  hmi  on 
tl,e   t'na.ne.      c'eorue    III.   had    no    great   or  brilliant  «lualities,  but   he 
IvmI  manv  uoo.l  one,.     He  was  kiml  ana  charitable;  his  greatest  hapfn- 
nesswa,'in  the   tranquillity  of  aomestic   life,  and   he  was  anxious  to 
fulfill  hi,  duties  to  his  familv  with  iMlelity.     I'ait  the  chief  charactenstic 
of  hi,  mina  wa^  ob,tina.  A,  and    the  pertmac  ity  with  which  he  mam- 
,vau  a  hi,  opinions  was  the  cause  of  mu(  h  injury  to  his  countrA.    boon 
alter  ihe   a,  cession   of  (ieorgc    HI.  Mr.  Pitt   retirea    iVom  ofti.e.  ami 
rereixed,  a,  a  rewaia!  for  his  services  the  title  of  the  Earl  of  Chatham. 
The  laves  levie.l   lor  the   support   of  the  wars  bore  very  heaAily  upon 
tlu'  people  of  C.reot  llritain  :  ami   to  ease   them  of  the  bunlen  it  was 
resolvea   to   lew  la.xes  upon   the  .olonies,  an.l   in  1765  yW  Stamp  Act 
was   passul.  which  led   to   the   Revolution  in  America.     The  Karl  of 
Chath.im  wa,   opi^osed    lo   this  a<t  ;    bnt.  when    the  war  was  a.tually 
.ommem  ed,  he  was  in  lav,,r  of  mainiaining  it  with  vigor  and  of  sending 
at  once  a  fone   large  enough  to  put  .town  the  so-calle.l  rebellion.     In 
,---     lUu-ovne    ,nrrendere.l,   an.l    many  propcjse.l    to   with.lraw  the 
tr'oo'p,  iroin  Ameri.a;   but   the  king  would  not  .'onsent  to  relin.,ui,h 
so  lar-a-  a  part  of  hi,  domini.ms   so  long   as   any  hop^e   remame.l  ot 
beiim'able    to    r.taiu    it.      In    this   he   was   su,taine.l   bv   the    Larl   of 
Ch.iiham.  wh.)  appeared   in  the   House  of  Lords,  in  177S.  <"  "k^ 'j'^ 
camtrMuen  to  make  one  more  effort.      He  was  answered  by  the  Duke 
of    Ri,4Hn.m.l.      Chatham    r.„e  again,  with  a  countenance    animate.l 
will,  ,ii,a,ain.  an.l  ea<;er  t..  replv;  but  tie  excitement  was  too  great  tor 
hi,    feeble    frame,  an.l,  while   at.entpting   to  speak,  he  sank  uown   -m 
the  ll.,or,  and  was  .  arried    out   of  the   hon,e  app.arentlv  lileless.      He 
revive,!,  but  it  was  to  live  only  a  few  weeks  longer.      His  .leath  u.Kler 
these   ,  ircumst.mces   ma.le  a   great   impression    throughout   the  whole 


\%\ 


-  i\ 


«  1-1 


f   !' 


M 


430 


no L 'si:  ( ' /■■  . /  i  s  1  A' lA-i.o A" A'.  / .'.\ ■/■:. 


cousitrv.      Ho  was   honored    wiili   ;i    >uinplUi)U-;    l^iiici 
expon^o.  iintl  cvcrv  |>t)s->il'lc  rc^pi'* 


(  w 


-.il    at    liio 


,]i()\vr;  to  ]ii~.  iiK'in:  )r\'. 


iiiblic 


/. 


A'/:  r/'  /■>-. 


/'/( 


>il:!U'^ 


)nt  al'crvsM!'*  !>  W'  'i  !*^''  * 


tiu'  Pra-inatic 


SaiK'ti.  )ii,  aib!  hi-faau'  lax'olsod  m  I'k'  \''^:^\'  * 


)t"  ilu-  Au^'iiaai  Succession, 


whl.li  ia.lcd  aboul  two  N.-ar^.  aiul  -K-r.!  wi'li  tiia  l.vaty  ot  A:x-la- 
dKinHKa  in  T74S.  lie  wa.  aiicrwanl.  alhoi  uiih  Austria  in  the  Seven 
Y^,5,'.;   \\  ,.,■   , maillot    Fn'r](-ric   tbr   Great   of  Prussia,      liic   most  useful 


FrcflcTic   the 

,  ,t'  t 


a.al   .plendid  establ.^'aa.ni    oi   tiu    tai.n   of  T.ouis  XV.  was  the  royal 
mibtarv  schoob  in  wli-ch  five  hundred  imbgent  young  men  were  to  be 


educated  at  tiie  public  exi)ense.  Under  the  same  patronage,  the 
c;rienres.  particularly  mathematics  and  astronomy,  made  considerable 
advances,  ilut  in  matters  of  taste,  such  as  architecture,  dress,  and 
paintings,  his  reign  does  not  deserve  any  praise.  However,  Louis  im- 
proved \he  api)earance  and  convenience  of  Paris,  and  laid  out  a  nol)le 
square  adjoining  the  gardens  of  the  Tuileries.  In  1750  the  dispute 
between  the  Jesuits  and  Jansenists  was  revived,  and  ended  in  the 
abolition  of  the  order  of  Jesuits.  In  this  reign  the  greatest  abuses 
were  practiced  by  means  of  the  lettres  de  cachet.  These  were  written 
orders,  bearing  the  seal  of  the  king,  banishing  the  person  to  whom 
they  were  addressed,  or  ordering  him  to  be  confined  in  some  prison. 
These  could  be  purchased  with  money  at  any  time  from  the  ruling 
'  favorite,  and  many  an  innocent  victim  was  consigned  to  a  solitary 
dungeon,  from  which,  in  most  cases,  death  was  the  only  release. 
Louis  died  in  1774,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  grandson,  Louis  XVL 

Mari'a  Leszczynskl,  wife  of  Louis  XV.,  died  in  1768,  three  years 
after  the  death  of  her  son  Louis,  the  dauphin.  Four  daughters  sur- 
vived her,— Victoire,  Adelaide,  Sophie,  and  Louise.  This  queen's 
father,  Stanislas,  had  received,  in  lieu  of  Poland,  which  he  renounced, 
the  duchies  of  Lorraine  and  Bar.  Thus,  from  being  an  unprotected 
exile,  whose  father  sought  in  France  nothing  but  an  asylum  from  mis- 
fortune, this  cpieen  became  heiress  of  the  most  valuable  accession 
which,  with  the  exception  of  Bretagne  and   Guienne,  any  queen   had 

ever  brought  to  the  crown. 

The  most  eminent  French  writers  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XV.  were 

Voltaire  and  Rousseau. 

Ferdinand  VL,  King  of  Spain,  succeeded  his  father,  Philip  V.,  on 
the  throne  ;  but  in  1759,  becoming  disabled  by  melancholy  from  taking 
any  active  part  in  the  government,  and  having  no  children,  he  was 
succeeded  on  the  throne  by  his  half-brother  Gharles  (Charles  IV.,  King 
of  Naples,  or  The  Two  Sicilies),  who  took  the  title  of  Charles  III.  of 
Spain. 


COXTEMPOI^ARIES. 


431 


I 
t 


I 


ii 


CJuirIrs  III.  wa>  an  enlightened  prince,  with  whose  reign  a  bri-hter 
era  began  to  dawn  for  SiKiin.  He  published  a  ''fundamfutal  huj'' 
preveinin,-  the  i^nrther  reunion  of  Na])]es  with  Spain,  and  gave 
^,^,j,j,,.  ,,,  In.  third  son,  I'erdinand  IW,  wIkj  married  Caroline,  the 
dau-htcr  o!   iiic  lai.prcss  Maria  'Hierer^a.      Charles  III.,  having  signed 


the   l)Ourbon    laniily  com})a(  t  wita 


I-  ranc  e. 


in  1761 


became    iinajUed 


a. 


in  the  war  betwem  I'rance  and  England,  in  whi(  li.  as  weil  a.>  ni  an 
expedition  against  Morocco  and  Algiers  in.  1775-  ^^"^^^  ''^  ^^'^-  ^^M^ensive 
siege  of  Gibraltar  during  a  second  waor  wiili  Ki^glaral.  the  Si)anish 
arms  were  not  successful;  but  the  internal  prosperity  of  the  caan.try 
was  greatly  promoted  bv  the  wi^c  adnnni-^tration  of  liie  king,  who  was 
assisted  by  a  number  oi  ealiulitened  statesmen,— as  Aranda.  Campo- 
manes,  Olavidez,  and  Florida  Bianca.  Agriculture,  commerce,  aral 
trade  began  to  revive  ;  and  the  population  during  his  reign  greatly 
increased.  The  power  of  the  Inquisition  was  very  much  restricted; 
the  Jesuits,  in  1767,  were  expelled  from  all  the  Spanish  dominions,  and 
the  boundaries  of  the  empire  enlarged  by  the  addition  of  T^Iinorca, 

Louisiana,  and  Florida. 

Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Russia,  daughter  of  Peter  the  Great,  after  the 
death  of  the   Empress  Anna,  her  cousin,   in    1740,  agreed  to  a  plot 
formed  by  Lestocq,  a  surgeon,  and  the  Marquis  de  la  Chetardie,  the 
French  ambassador,  to  place  her  on   the  throne.      They  won  over  the  " 
officers  of  the  army;  and  on  the  night  of  the  5th  of  December,  1741, 
the  regent  and  her  husband  were  taken  into  custody,  and  the  infant 
Ivan  conveyed  to  Schlüsselberg.     By  eight  o'clock  the  next  morning 
the  revolution  was  completed,  and  in  the  afternoon  all  the  troops  did 
homage  to  the  new  Empress.     Elizabeth,  however,  did  not  possess  the 
qualitk^s  requisite  in  a  ruler.     She  lacked  energy,  knowledge,  and  love 
of  business,  and  allowed  herself  to  be  guided  by  favorites.    In  order  to 
strengthen  her  i)osition,  she  took  pains  to  win  over  her  nephew,  the 
young  prince  Peter,  the  son  of  her  sister,  the   Duchess  of  Holstein- 
Gottorp.      She  summoned  him   to  St.  Petersburg  in  1742,   and  pro- 
claimed him  her  successor.     Elizabeth  took  part  in  the  Austrian  war 
of  Succession,  and,   in   spite  of  the  opposition   of  France,  dispatched 
an   army  of    thirty-seven   thousand   men    to   the  assistance   of   Maria 
Theresa,  and  thereby  hastened  the  conclusion  of  the  Peace  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,   in   1748.     Elizabeth  showed  herself  less  placable   towards 
Frederic  the  Great,  against  whom  she  cherished  a  personal  enmity,  ex- 
cited by  some  sarcastic  expressions  he  had  employed  respecting  her. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  Seven  Years'  War,  she  allied  herself  with 
Austria  and  France,  and  marched  her  troops  into  Prussia,  where  they 


♦  I 


1 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 
432 

won  the  battles  of  Grossjägerndorf  and  Kunersdorf,  and  took  pos- 
session  of  Berlin,  but  without  any  decisive  result.  Elizabeth  d>ed 
before  the  expiration  of  the  war,  in  January,  1762.  She  founded  the 
University  of  Moscow,  and  the  Academy  of  Art  at  St.  Petersburg. 
Thou-h  no  person  was  put  to  death  during  her  reign,  the  most  shock- 
ing punishments  were  inflicted,  and  thousands  were  exded  to  Siberia 

and  Kamtchatka.  r  ,  ■      ^a  .^ 

Peter  nr.,  grandson  of  Peter  the  Great,  being  the  son  of  his  eldest 
daughter  Anna,  the  wife  of  Karl  Friedrich,  Duke  of  Holstein-Gotlorp, 
was  publicly  proclaimed  heir  to  the  throne  of  Russia  by  the  Empress 
Elizabeth,  in  1742.      from  that   time  he  lived  at  the  Russian  court, 
and  in  1745,  in  obedience  to  the  wishes  of  the  Empress,  married  Sophia 
\u.rusta,   a  princess  of  Anhalt-Zerbst,  who,  on  entering  the  Greek 
Chur<:h,  assumed  the  name  of  Catharinu  Alexiowna.     Peter  succeeded 
Elizabeth  in  1762  ;  and  his  first  act  of  authority  was  to  withdraw  from 
the  confederate  league  of  France,  Austria,  an.l  Russia  against  1  russia, 
restoring  to  the  heroic  monarch  of  Prussia  the  provinces  ot  1  russia 
Proper,  which  had  been  con.piered  during  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and 
sending  to  his  aid  a  force  of  fifteen  thousand  men  ;  a  line  of  conduct 
which  seems   to    have   been    prompted  solely  by   his  admiration   for 
Frederic    the  Great.     He    also    recalled    many    political   exiles  from 
Siberia;  abolished  the  sanguinary  law  which  proscribed  any  one  who 
should  utter  a  word  against  the  Greek  Church,  the  Czar,  or  the  gov- 
ernment;  and  then  attempted  the  realization  of  his  favorite  project 
which  was  to  recover  from  Denmark  that  portion  of  Slesvig  which  had 
been  ceded  to  her  in  17 13,  and  to  avenge  the  tyranny  and  annoyances 
to  which  his  family  of  Holstein-Gottorp  had  been  subjected,     but  be- 
fore the  army  he  had  dispatched  could  reach  its  destination  a  formi- 
dable conspiracv,  headed  by  his  wife  and  supported  by  the  principal 
nobles,  had  broken  out  against  him.     This  conspiracy  originated  m 
the  general  discontent  which  was  felt  at  Peter's  conduct  and  govern- 
menr-    for   the  nobilitv  were  offended  at  his  liberal  innovations  and 
the  preference  he  showed  for  Germans;  the  people  and  clergy,  at  his 
indifference  to  the  national  religion,  and  his  ill-concealed  contempt 
for  Russian  manners  and  customs ;  while  the  whole  nation  murmured 
at  his  servility  to  Frederic  of  Prussia.     His  wife  had  deeper  cause   or 
dislike;  for  though  he  was  himself  addicted  to  drunkenness  and  de- 
bauchery, he  never  ceased  to  reproach  her  with  her  infidelities,  and  had 
even  planned  to  divorce  her,  disinherit  her  son  Paul,  and  elevate  his 
favorite,  Elizabeth  Woronzof,  to  the  conjugal  throne.     The  revolution 
broke  out  on  the  night  of  the  8th  of  July,  1762  ;  Peter  was  declared  to 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


433 


have  forfeited  his  crown,  and  his  wife  Catherine  was  proclaimed  Em- 
press, as  Catherine  II.,  by  the  guards,  the  clergy,  and  the  nobility. 
Peter,  who  was  then  at  Oranienbaum,  neglected  the  counsels  of  Field- 
Marshal  Miinnich,  who  proposed  to  march  at  once  upon  the  capital  at 
ihe  head  of  the  regiments  which  remained  faitliful,  or  at  any  rate  to 
take  possession  of  Cronstadt  and  the  fleet,  and  soon  he  found  even  the 
opportuniLv  for  fli;ht  cut  off,  and  was  compelled  to  submit.  He  abdi- 
cated the  throne  on  the  icth  of  July,  and  01  the  14th  of  the  same 
month  was  put  to  death  by  Alexis  Orloff  to  secure  the  safety  of  the 

conspirators. 

Cathcnne  TL,  a  woman  of  remarkable  ability,  was  born  at  Stettin, 
in  1729,  where  her  father.  Christian  Au;;ustus,  Prince  of  Anhalt-Zerbst 
and   Prussian    field-marshal,   was  governor.      Her  marriage   with   the 
Emperor  Peter  HI.  was  celebrated  in  1745-     H  was  not  a  happy  one, 
but  Catherine  found  recreation  in  the  improvement  of  her  mind.     She 
was  endowed  with  uncommon  strength  of  character  ;  but  the  ardor  of 
her  temperament  and  the  ill  treatment  of  her  husband  led  her  into 
errors  which  had   an  injurious  influence   on   her  whole  political  life. 
After  she  was  proclaime  '.  Empress,  she  won  the  affections  of  the  people 
by  flattering  their  vanity  and  showing  great  respect  for  their  religion. 
She  caused  herself  to  be  crowned  at  Moscow  with  great  pomp,  and, 
after  her  return   to  S  .  Petersburg,  devoted  herself  to  the  promotion 
of  a-ricul  ure  and  commerce  and  the  creation  of  a  naval  force ;  she 
improved  the  laws,  and  showed  the  greatest  activity  in  the  admin- 
istration (,:■  the  internal  affairs  of  her  country.     She  forced  the  Cour- 
landers  to  displace   their  new  duke,   Charles  of   Saxony,  and   recall 
Biren;  and  after  the  death  of  Augustus  HI.,  King  of  Poland,  she  was 
the  means  of  Stanislas  I'oniatowski's  being  crowned  in  Warsaw.     The 
attempt  of  France  to  form  a  party  in  Poland  against  Russia  served 
only  to  advance  Catherine's  plans.     The  war  to  which  the  Porte  was 
instigated  had  the  same  result.    T  e  Turks  were  beaten.     The  Russian 
flag  was  victorious  on  the  Greek  seas,  and  plans  of  re-establishing  the 
republics  of  Sparta  and  Athens,  as  a  check  to  the  Ottoman  power, 
occupied  her  mind.     The  march  of  Austrian  troops  into  Poland  in- 
spired her  with  a  desire  to  aggrandize  herself  in  that  quarter.     She 
therefore  entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  courts  of  Berlin  and  Vi- 
enna for  the  division  of  the  country.    This  event  occurred  at  the  time 
when  Kaunitz,  who  coincided  with  the  Emperor  Joseph  against  the 
opinion  of  Maria  Theresa  respecting  the  partition  of  Poland,  obtamed 
a  promise  from  Russia,  that  in  the  peace  about  to  be  conduced  with 
Turkey  they  would  not  insist  upon  retaining  possession  of  Moldavia 

2S 


434 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


and  Wallachia,  and  would  concede  the  immensely  rich  salt-works  in 
Poland  to  Austria.     The  territories  seized  by  these  three  powers,  m 

1772,  were  as  follows: 

Russia    took    42,000   English   square   miles,   with   a  population   of 

1,800,000.  • 

Prussia   took    13,000   English   square   miles,    with   a   population   of 

416,000.  . 

Austria   took   27,000   English   square  miles,   with   a  population   of 

2,700,000.  . 

At  the  same  time  Catherine  abandoned  all  her  conquests  in  lurkey, 
with  the  exception  of  Azof,  Taganrog,  and  Kinburn ;  and  in  the  peace 
which  she  concluded  with  the  Porte  in  17 74  she  secured  to  herself  the 
free  navigation  of  the  Black  Sea,  and  stipulated  for  the  independence 
of  the  Crimea,  thus  making  the  Crimea  virtually  dependent  on  Russia. 

Frederic  IL,  the  Great,  of  Prussia,  was  the  son  of  Frederic  William 
I.  and  the  Princess  Sophia  Dorothea,  daughter  of  George  I.  of  Eng- 
land.    His  early  years  were  spent  under  the  restraints  of  an  irksome 
military  training  and  a  rigid  system  of  education.      His  impatience 
under  this  discipline,  his  taste  for  music  and  French  literature,  and  his 
devotion  to  his  mother  gave  rise  to  dissensions  between  father  and  son. 
On  his  accession  to  the  throne,  in  1740,  he  laid  aside  the  peaceful  pur- 
suits which  had  occupied  his  time  at  Ruppin,  and  at  once  gave  evi- 
dence  of  his  talents  as  a  legislator,  and  his  determination  to  take  an 
active  share  in  the  political  and  warlike  movements  of  the  age.     His 
first  military  exploit  was  to  gain  a  victory  at  Mollwitz  over  the  Aus- 
trians,  in  1 741,  which  nearly  decided  the  fate  of  Silesia,  and  secured  to 
Prussia  the  alliance  of  France  and  Bohemia.    Another  victory  over  the 
troops  of  Maria  Theresa  made  him  master  of  Upper  and  Lower  Silesia, 
and  closed  the  first  Silesian  war.     The  second   Silesian  war,   which 
ended  in  1745,  and  from  which  Frederic  retired  with  greatly  augmented 
territories  and  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  first  commanders  of 
the  age,  was  followed  by  a  peace  of  eleven  years,  which  he  devoted  to 
the  improvement  of  the  various  departments  of  government,  and  of  the 
nation  generally,  to  the  organization  of  his  army,  and  the  indulgence 
of  his  literary  tastes.     The  third  Silesian,  or  Seven  Years'  War,  which 
obliged  Frederic  to  lay  aside  his  flute,  was  begun  in   1756  by  the  in- 
vasion of  Saxony,— a  step  to  which  he  was  driven  by  the  fear  that  he 
was  to  be  deprived  of  Silesia  by  the  allied  confederation  of  France, 
Austria,  Saxonv,  and  Russia.     This  contest,  which  was  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  of  modern  times,  secured  to  Frederic  a  decided  influence 
in  the  affairs  of  Europe  generally,  as  the  natural  result  of  the  pre- 


CONTEMrORA  KIES. 


433 


eminent  genius  which  he  had  shown  both  under  defeat  and  victory; 
but  although  this  war  crippled  the  powers  of  all  engaged  in  it,  it  left 
the  balance  of  European  politics  unchanged.     It  required  all  the  skill 
and  inventive  genius  of  Frederic  to  repair  the  evils  which  his  country 
had  suffered  by  the  war.     In  1772  he  shared  in  the  first  partition  of 
Poland    and  obtained  as  his  portion  all  Polish  Prussia  and  a  part  of 
Great  Poland;  and  by  the  treaty  of  Tesclien,  in  1779,  Austria  was 
obliged   to  consent   to  the  union   of  the   Franconian   provinces  with 
Prussia   and  he  was  thus  enabled  to  leave  to  his  nephew  and  successor 
a  powerful  and  well-organized  kingdom,  one-half  larger  in  area  than  it 
had  been  at  his  own  accession,  with  a  full  treasury,  and  an  army  of 
t«.o  hundred  thousand  men.     He  died  at  the  chateau  of  Sans  Souci, 
August  17,  17S6.     The  courage,  fertility  of  resource,  and  indomitable 
resolution  of  Frederic  the  Great  cannot  be  too  highly  praised.      Not 
the  least  wonderful  of  his  achievements  was  his  contriving  to  carry  on 
his  bloody  campaigns  without  incurring  a  penny  of  debt.    A  true  spirit 
of  self-sacrifice-though   not,  perhaps,  for  the  highest   ends-was  in 
him      Never  was  king  more  liberal  towards  his  subjects.     In  Silesia, 
where  war  hal   nearly  ruined  the  inhabitants,  he  once  remitted  the 
taxes  for  six  months,  and  in  Pomerania  and  New  Brandenburg  for  two 
vears   while  his  government  was  carried  on  with  rigid  economy,  such 
IS  Europe  had  never  before  witnessed.     But  not  only  was  his  govern- 
ment economical,  it  was  essentially  just.     Religious  persecution  was 
unknown,  civil  order  everywhere  prevailed,  property  was  secure,  and 
the  press  was   free.     On   the  other  hand,  education  had  made  him 
French  in  all  his  ideas  and  prejudices,  and  in  those  days  to  be  French 
was  to  be  skeptical.    He  despised  his  native  language  as  semi-barbaric, 
though  before  his  death  Goethe  had  published  his  "  Götz  von  Ber- 
lichinaen  "  "Sorrows  of  Werther,"  "  Iphigenia  in  Tauns,"  and  many 
of  his^finest  lyrics  ;  «hile  Kant,  besides  a  variety  of  lesser  works,  had 
civen  to  the  world  his  masterpiece,  the  "Critique  of  Pure  Reason. 
Frederic  was  himself  a  voluminous  writer.    His  "  Memoires  pour  servir 
a  I'Histoire  de  Brandenbourg,"  and  the  "  Histoire  de  la  Guerre  de 
Sept  Ans,"  exhibit,  perhaps,  the  greatest  powers  of  description,  but  all 
his  works  evince  talent  of  no  common  order. 

Charks  TheoJore,  who  s  xceeded  Maximilian  III.  (Joseph)  in  Ba- 
varia, inherited  the  palatinate  of  Sulzbach  from  his  father,  John  Chris- 
tian ;  the  marquisate  of  Bergen-op-Zoom  from  his  mother ;  Neuburg 
from  his  uncle,  Karl  Philip,  the  Elector-Palatine,  who  removed  his 
court  from  Heidelberg  to  Mannheim,  in  1720,  because  he  could  not 
deprive  the  Protestants  of  their  privileges  in  Heidelberg;  and  Neuburg 


% 


43^ 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAIXE. 


zu  Ncuburg  in  riglu  of  his  wife,  Maria  Elizabeth.      Charles  Theodore 
was  a  i)atrün  of  learning  and  the  fine  arts  ;   founded  the  Düsseldorf 
Academy  of  Painting,  and  several  institutions  of  learning;  and  in  1743 
made  the  chateau  of  Schwetzingen,  near  Mannheim,  his  summer  resi- 
dence, and  emi)loved  the  twenty  following  years  and  vast  sums  of  money 
in  beautifying  it.  ^Maximilian  III.,  having  no  children,  c^onfirmed  all  the 
contracts  relating  to  the  inheritance  which  had  been  made  with  the 
electoral  line  of  the  Palatinate  since  the  treaty  of  Pavia,  in  1329.     In 
compliance  with  the  treaties  of  the   House  of  Wittelsbach,  as  well  as 
with  the  terms  of  the  Peace  of  Westphalia,  the  right  of  succession  in 
Bavaria  reverted,  undeniably,  to  the  Elector  of  the  Palatinate  when  the 
Wittelsbach-Bavarian  line  became  extinct  on  the  death  of  Maximilian 
in  1777.      Austria  then  laid  claim  to  Lower  Bavaria,  and  attempted  to 
support  her  demands  by  arms,  without  any  previous  declaration  of  war. 
Charles  Theodore,  being  without  cliildren,  and  as  he  would  be  obliged 
to  live  in  Munich,  was  persuaded  to  sign  a  treaty,  in  1778,  formally 
renouncing  the  Bavarian  succession  ;  but  the  Duke  of  Deux-Ponts,  or, 
as  it   is  called  in  German,  Zweibriicken,  the  nearest  agnate  and  pre- 
sumptive heir,  encouraged  by  Frederic  the  Creat,  refused  to  acknowl- 
edge the  renunciation.     This  was  the  origin  of  the  war  of  the  Bavarian 
Succession,  which  was  terminated  without  bloodshed    owing  chiefly  to 
the  Russian  declaration  of  war  against  Austria )  by  the  Peace  of  Teschen, 
in  1 779.     This  war  was  called  in  derision  the  Bavarian  Rumpel  (racket), 
and   bv  the  soldiers  the  Potato-  Jlar,  as  most  of  the  fighting  was  to 
obtain'possession  of  fields  of  potatoes.    The  possession  of  Bavaria,  from 
which  Austria  obtained  eight  hundred  square  miles,  was  secured  to  the 
Elector-Palatine  of  Bavaria,  according  to  the  fLimily  compacts.      By 
this  union  of  the  Bavarian  dominions  the  eighth  electorate  became 
extinct,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  Peace  of  Westphalia. 

Ji//i/st/L^  ///.,  King  of  Poland  and  Elector  of  Saxony,  only  son  of 
Aut^ustus  the  Strong  and  of  Eberhardine,  a  princess  of  the  House  of 
Bra'iKienburg-Bayreuth,  was  carefully  educated  by  his  mother  in  the 
Protestant  fliith.  At  the  age  of  fifteen  he  left  her  tutelage  for  a  tour 
through  Germany,  France,  and  Italy,  where  he  changed  his  religion, 
secretly  professing  Catholicism  at  Bologna,  in  171 2,  though  it  was  not 
publicly  known  in  Saxony  until  five  years  later.  It  is  possible  that 
thoughts  of  the  Polish  crown,  and  of  an  alliance  with  an  Austrian  prin- 
cess, may  have  influenced  him  to  take  this  step.  After  succeeding  his 
father  in  the  electorate  of  Saxony,  in  1733,  he  was  chosen  King  of 
Poland  by  a  part  of  the  nobility,  and  triumphing  over  the  rival  claims 
of  Stanislas  Leszczynski,  supported  by  Louis  XV.,  was  unanimously  pro- 


1 


1 


« 


i 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


437 


claimed  three  years  later.    Augustus  III.  inherited  his  father's  sumptuous 
tastes,  though  not  his  talents;  and  his  love  of  art,  cultivated  by  his 
Italian  tour,  enriched  the  gallery  of  Dresden  with  noble  paintings.   Duke 
Francis  III.  of  Mod^na,  being  in  wa-t  of  money,  offered  his  distin- 
guished  collection,  which  consisted  of  about  one  hundred  pictures,  for 
sale.    Augustus  bought  them  for  three  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Seven 
vears   later  he   purchased  the   greatest  creation  of  Christian  art,  and 
could  hardly  wait  for  it  to  be  unpacked  and  placed  in  the  gallery,  but 
opened  the  box  in  the  castle  in  order  to  see  Raphael's  '*  Madonna." 
This  picture  was  carried  into  the  throne-room,  and,  as  the  best  light 
for  it  was  where  the  throne  stood,  the  attendants  hesitated  ;   but  Au- 
gustus took  hold  of  the  throne  and  pushed  it  aside  with  his  own  hands, 
saying,    ''Room  fur   the  great    Raphael!"     This  picture  cost    sixty 
thousand  thalers.      Augustus  left  the  government  of  Saxony  entirely  to 
his  prime  minister.  Count  von    Brühl,  whose  whole  political    system 
consisted  in  complete  dependence  upon  Russia.      In  1742,  alarmed  at 
tlie  increased  power  Prussia  had  obtained  by  the  conquest  of  Silesia, 
Augustus  formed  an  alliance  with  Maria  Theresa,  and,  by  the  secret 
treaty  of  Leipsic,  engaged  to  furnish  her  with  fifty  thousand  men.    But 
their  united  troops  were  completely  routed  by  the  Prussians  in  1745  ; 
and  Frederic  the  Great  pushing  on  into  Saxony,  Augustus  had  to  escape 
from  his  capital,  saving  his  art-treasures,  but  leaving  his  state  papers  in 
the  hands  of  the  conqueror.     In  1746  the  Peace  of  Dresden  restored 
Saxony  to  him,  but  the  close  of  the  year  saw  him  again  embroiled  with 
Prussia.     Joining  the  camp  at  Pirna,  he  narrowly  escaped  being  taken 
prisoner,  and  had  to  flee  to  Poland,  where  his  popularity,  never  very 
great,  was  much  diminished  by  his  recent  reverses  in  Saxony,  added  to 
which  the  Empress  Catherine  of  Russia  used  every  effort  to  dislodge 
him,  as  being  an  ally  of  France.      At  the  conclusion  of  the  Peace  of 
Hubertsburg,  Augustus  returned  to  Dresden,  where  he  died  in  1763. 
His  son  Frederic  Christian  succeeded  him  in  Saxony,  and  Stanislaus 
Poniatowski  became  King  of  Poland. 

/;/  America,  the  war  of  the  Austrian  Succession,  in  1745^  ^^^  to  the 
capture  of  Louisburg  by  the  English,  and,  although  it  was  restored  by 
the  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  the  discovery  of  English  colonial  strength 
and  the  spirit  of  French  aggression  led  to  the  more  important  French 
and  Indian  war,  which  began  in  1755.  The  French  claimed  the  valley 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  had  erected  a  chain  of  forts  from  Montreal  to 
New  Orleans.  They  captured  the  English  pioneers  on  the  Ohio  River, 
and  built  a  fort  on  the  present  site  of  Pittsburg,  which  they  named 
Fort  Du  Quesne.     George  Washington,  with  a  force  from  Virginia, 


438 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


defeated  an  advanced  party  of  the  French,  but  was  compelled  by  them 
to  retreat  from  Fort  Necessity.     The  first  Colonial  Congress  met  at 
\lbany,  in  1754,  to  provide  against  Indian  hostilities,  when  a  plan  of 
confedemtion  was  submitted  by  Dr.  Franklin.      In  1755,  General  Brad- 
dock  was  appointed  to  command  all  the  English  and  Colonial  forces  m 
America.     He  marched  against  Fort  Du  Quesne,  and  was  defeated  and 
slain  bv  a  large  force  of  Indians  on  the  Monongahela.      Washington 
at  the  head  of  the  Virginia  Blues  distinguished  himself,  checked  the 
enemy,  and  enabled  the  shattered  British  army  to  retreat.     The  next 
year  the  French  under  the  jMarciuis  de  Montcalm  captured  Forts  Oswego 
and  William   Henry.     In  1758  the  English  captured  Louisburg,  with 
the  islands  of  Cape  Breton  and   Prince  Edward,  the  French  fort  and 
shippin-  at  Frontenac,   now  called    Kingston,  and   Fort    Du  ()uesne, 
which  thev  named   Pittsburg,  in   honor  of  William   Pitt,  the  Earl  of 
Chatham. '    In  1759,  General  Johnson  took  Fort  Niagara;  and  General 
Wolfe  captured   Quebec,  with   its  vast   stores  and  shipping.     In   this 
siege  both  Wolfe  and  Montcalm  were  mortally  wounded.     The  year 
following,  Montreal  surrendered,  and  England  possessed  the  whole  con- 
tinent  north  of  Mexico.     Spain  ceded   Florida,  and   the  war  closed 
with  the  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1763. 

In  1765  the  English  Parliament  imposed  duties  on  sugar,  coffee,  tea, 
etc.,  aiuf  required  the  use  of  government  stamps  on  all  legal  papers. 
This  led  to  the  assembling  of  the  second  Colonial  Congress,  which  met 
in  New  York  and  agreed  upon  a  Declaration  of  Rights,  a  memorial  to 
both  houses  of  parliament,  and  a  petition  to  the  king.  A  change 
occurring  in  the  ministry,  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed,  but  with  a  re- 
assertion  of  the  right  of  parliament  to  tax  the  colonies.  In  1775  the 
fu-^t  battle  of  the  Revolution  was  fought,  at  Lexington.  On  the  4th  of 
|,,|^  ,..5^  tl^e  Declaration  of  Independence  by  the  United  Colonies 
was  adopted  and  published  to  the  world;  and  in  1778  France  made  a 
treatv  of  alliance  with  the  Tnited  States  of  America. 


r>T^TI\'"J-I-}!rT)    ITRSONS. 


Auk  Ui 


r       t  i- 


iinpci'Kil     _,r!UTah    ^^ '/ 


Prince   Charles   of  Lorraine, 


(-,,,,,,(  v()n  Uiun.  .1  verv  (ii>t  ingin.Viicd  ai..i  mi- <-essful  officer  in  tlie 
,  ,.  ,,  \-.,..  '  Wir  'IK'  r.ar*)!!  London,  one  of  Angina".-,  lUo.^l  lalL'iUcd 
„..ncr.iN  wli<.  uiiiciv:!  !i.r  M,rvi,:e  as  '  ^-i 'I  .ii.  m  ;!;>■  v..xy^  <:f  Vandours, 
r.n.lcr  tiu-  lar-i-iu  chicl  Tivi.  k.  n,  171.'.  !:■  -T.^^  i-'  "•>-  '^'^"1<-' 
Hcuicii.im  lR-l.l-iii,u,!ial.  F>.,-  ihr  coiiM-'.-t  ^A  llrigra.le,  Joseph  11. 
1,.,,, ,,„-,■,!  .,1.  liim  -Ik-  -tar  ui-  u...  >in!-r-i  Maria  Theresa,  aivl  after 
hi,  (le.itii   Leü!)ol'i    11.  r-n-'h-i-.a   it   iiaui   !•■!■=  wM^av  i,,r  fifty  thoiisana 


1 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


439 


florins.  He  was  also  given  the  title  of  generalissimo,  which  had  not 
been  conferred  on  any  one  since  Prince  Eugene.  In  private  life  he 
was  moderate  and  extremely  modest.  The  Duke  of  Aremberg,  in 
rei)ly  to  a  question  of  the  Empress,  at  a  court  party,  ''Where  is 
Loudon?"  answered,  ''There  he  is,  behind  the  door,  as  usual,  quite 
ashamed  of  having  so  much  merit." 

The  greatest  Prussian  generals  were  Prince  Henry  of  Prussia,  brother 
of  Frederic  the  Great,  Ferdinand  of  Brunswick,  Baron  Trenck,  who 
distinguished  himself  in  the  Seven  Years'  War,  and  ended  his  adven- 
turous life  in  Paris,  where  he  was  suspected  of  being  an  emissary  of 
Prussia,  and  guillotined,  in  1794,  Field-Marshal  Schwerin,  and  Hans 
Joachim  von  Ziethen,  Prussian  general  of  cavalry,  and  knight  of  the 
order  of  the  Black  Eagle.  On  one  occasion  he  marched  his  soldiers 
through  the  Austrian  army,  having  o-rdered  them  to  turn  their  cloaks 
inside  out,  so  that  the  white  lining  looked  like  the  Austrian  uniform. 

Count   Maurice  Saxe,  a  marshal  of  France,  born    in    Dresden,  was 
the  natural  son  of  Augustus  I.  (IL),  Elector  of  Saxony  and  King  of 
Poland,   by   the    Swedish    Countess    of    Königsmark,    and    at    twelve 
years  of  age  served  in  the  army  of  the  allies,  commanded  by  Marl- 
borough and  Prince  Eugene.     He  was  present  at  the  sieges  of  Tournay 
andMons,  and  the  battle  of  Malplaquet,  and  before  the  age  of  fifteen 
was  placed  by  his  father  in  command  of  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  with 
which  he  did  good  service  at  the  siege  of  Stralsund.     He  fought  under 
Eugene   against   the  Turks.      Tn  1720  he  wem   10   i'aris,  and   received 
from  the  Duke  o*'  Orleans  the  (Mamaand  uf  a  reaiment.      In  the  gen- 
eral war  which  broke  out  in    ijaa   he  served  with  credit   in   liohemia 
and  on   the  Rhine,  and   in  1743  ^^as  appointed    a   hk  rshal  of  France. 
in    1744    he   held   his  ground    at    the    i>cad   of   an    arnu    in   Flanders 
against  forces  tlirire  as  ramierous  as    hi^   own,  retaining  all  the  con- 
quests previously  made  by  the  Frenr  h.  and    in   the   followin-    year  he 
was  appoinlcMl  genera]  an-cliief  of  the  army  in  Idanders,  amonntini:  to 
one    hundred    tiiousand    men.      Tlie   campaign    commenced   with   the 
siege  of    l\)ii!nav.   atnd   upon    tlie    aoj-roaeh   of   the    allies,   under  the 
Duke  of  (dnni)erland.   t^)   the   support    o\    the    tuwn.  Saxe  gave    tliem 
battle   ait    }d.mei^a>v.    May    n,    1745-   ^^^d    alder   an    ol^tniate   eonte>t 
gained    a   memorable  vi(  te.ry,  which   led  to  the  s})eedy  con(|uest  ot   all 
r.el-!un].      On    th]>    occasion,    though    >uffering    so    severely    irom    an 
atia<k  of  the  dro|.>v  a^   to  be  obliged   to  travel   in  a  litter,  he  caused 
Imn.elf  to  be  (onveved  to  all  parts  of  the  lleld,  and   >ui.erintended  in 
pcr-.n  ihe  operations  of  the  dav.      For  the  victory  gained  at  Roueoux 
over   the   allies    under   ("harles    of    Lorraine,    he   was    made    marshal- 


•At 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 

4 10 

general  ol  France,  and  Lonis  XV.  I.e-towed  upon  him  the  estates  of 
Chambord,  whi,l,  vieldcd  an  annual  revenue  of  one  hun.lred  thousand 
,-,.,„.„  1;,  ,l,e  campaigns  of  1747-^,  Saxe  sustained  bis  reputation  by 
the  capture  of  Laufeld,  Bergen-op-Zoom,  and  Maestridu,  wh.ch  le,  to 
the  I'eace  of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  in  174S.  He  passed  the  rest  of  h,s  l,fe 
,.  .„.ncely  style  on  his  estate.  Saxe  was  one  of  the  ablest  generals  of 
1. :,  ve  and.  lik<  l„s  father.  Nui.st  the  Strong,  possessed  unmense 
boddy  strength,      i  U-  die!    ,.,„uu>i.ly  at  Chambord,  m  i75o>  l^'"" 

tiK-  cflV.  !•-  nf  i!cbauclnT\. 

.V„ ,1h   1    ^^■.r•\  u:cv.  »  ^.m  ,!  iM  inguished  this  per,o.l  «MS //;///w/^//''/ 

,„   ,;'.^:a  10  i.uüo..:,.l,.ini [.h^.w.,,.      in b   ü>r  h,s  vrtue 

ana    n>,l   xil.lc   n,or.,U,  v.  u  !u.  h  lu-   .1:.  .d  ,._,..  ->    .lu-,,-  .rue  elevated 
,,,,.;,.  ,,:.r  th.v  l,,:d  Ikm.   vci.nv.l  cx>  lu.:v.l>  lo  iuicrc.t  U   llelvetms 

■'''^V/X'/y /-.///'^^v-v  /„x«V;c.  '-n>  ,,.  K:,:n.r.ix.  a  tr.vn  in  f-in-r  I.usati.. 
,„  ,  ;,„,  w.i.  ,vM,,u-ioMc  lor  ,iu.  vrr.  :t)Hty  of  his  genius,  and  contrdmted 

insM-c  t:,^;ii  aii\- uiluT  iii«h\  I'iii.'i  t"  !li'    i^^^ii..i.ui 

111.  Liii-ua-c  1-^  .1  ino.,!fl  o'    C    niKiii  iiru-.c  ^ 

7.)v..//vV.W;.///>V^  A7'N/.,v,  on.  of  tlu-  most  celcbiaicl  (..nnan 
poet.  w,.  l..rn  at  (  Jmc  il.nl  una:  in  17.4.  A.  a  Ivrirnl  wnl.r,  Klop- 
stoc  k  1.  i.tIk.i-  ^'"1  au  tlK"  luo.l  surcesstul  .-l  anv  age.  11:^  ••  M.^^uh  ^ 
announrcahnnanv.lufM.lion.  H  ,.  ••  1  lennann'^- S  liU  ht  ^  Tan  la  oi 
\rm,niiisMS  lu^tlv  relahratc.l.  Wi-^  "  DauWcWu  '  aia-  dr  muli/r.  I  qacs. 
The  choni^e:  jK>  >e^^  tlu-  Injie.l  hrnal  baautv.  and  laa-aine  the  most 
anient  i.atiaoli.m  an-l  mdepen.lenee  of  teelin.^.  Kln|.ioek  itK-aa/e.l 
the  (German  <  liararter  a>  no  ether  ha.  evtT  ,h  ai.  ;  and  h.  rreatul  tur 
tJK'  German,  a  ncsv,  .tr>>n-,  free.  an. I  -ennine  pa.'t!.    lan-uage. 

/,/^j;;,  ir,/üa>K  ron  Go.  the.  the  a.  knowlea^^ed  prna  .  ot  Cerman 
poets,  an.!  one  of  the  n.o.t  hi^lilv  .ihed  an.l  vara.u.lv  a.  rumplishc-d 
men    of  ttie   eiuhteenth    <  entnrv,  wa.   h  >rn  in  the  year  i7.|<n  M  hi^nk- 


fort-on-liu- 


Main.       ll  i.  a.  y-  k  t .  <  x'wv  .  tiankm-, 


and    oriuin.il    o 


1  »server 


of  naiure.  all  .  onii.inol  m  one  .ainnrahie  harmonv.  liut  in.  x  xx.-  ex- 
,.el1cnoe  ronM.t..  Wo  <h>  n-a  nn.l  m  htarary  hiMory  anv  intellect  inat 
,.,n  h'iv  ].•  pla.o.i  npnn  th— ame  plaifoim  Nviiii  ( ioethe  ;  that  presents 
in  su.  h'uran.i  and  ^na  elnl  rt.mp!etan(>..  ->  mneh  severe  thought  com- 
bijK'd  Willi  -)  nm>  \^  Inv  nami  nnagmation  ;  so  much  accurate  science 
,vith  .0  mn.  h  plavfnl  tancv  ;  so  naivh  simplicitv  with  SO  much  art  :  ^o 
nm.  h  fre.hne..  and  oiagmality  of  productive  power  with  so  much 
jii.tne»  nn<l  romiM  ehensiveness  of  critical  judgmern.  His  first  great 
work  w  .    -(;bi/  von  Herlichingen,"  after  which  he  wrote  "Iphigenia," 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


4  a 


«E-mont  "  "Tasso,"  and  the  "Venetian  and  Rom.m  Eleg.es."  His 
^reat  work,  "Faust,"  is  essentially  a  German  poem,-ii  is  the  great 
drama  of  that  moral  and  metaphysical  questioning  wh,ch  thoughtful 
„inds  must  go  through  in  all  times  :nn,  places,  but  whud.  has  recewed 
the  fullest  and  most  fruitful  .U.,.h.pment  ,n  modern  German).  O! 
Goethe's  other  poetical  uu.k.,  -  Iphigenia."  "Hermann  and  Doro- 
thea "  and  "Tasso"  are  those  which  mo=l  sirongl}  b.ar  tiic  type  ot  tne 
;;;«  ma'nhood  of  the  author.     lO  -lied  in   ...v  -  ^-^  eighty-fourth 

vear  of  his  age.  u        • . 

Johann  Gottfried  von  Herder,  a  classical  German  author,  was  born  ,n 
,     ,  1   at  Mnhrungen,  in  Eastern  Prussia.      His  father  ,,crn„r..>,  l.nn  to 
read  onlv  the  Ihble  a,ul   th.   i,y,„n-l,<,uk,  but  an    insatiable  uurst  for 
learning 'led    hnn   ,.   prosecute   his  studies  in  secret.      Ka.U   pevrnUted 
1,:,,,  ,,,  ,.„,,,-  ,,11  !,:s  Ic,  !»res  gratis.      Herder's  greatest  won;  i^  Im  /„,« 
,ur  Plalosophir  a.r  GeselMt.  .W  M.-nsMnt.      "  In  early  ye.us,     ^ays 
llrrder     "wlicn    the   llcia.s   ul   k.iowledge   lay   before   me   wuh   all     he 
„low   of   .'.    .>u.n,inL'   sun.   from   whi.h    the   tneridian   sun   ol   lite    tak.s 
,,„,.  so  iM-Oü   "i  the  charm,   the   i.lea   often    occurred   to  mv  m,nd, 
;i,',Vi.  ,     like   other    ^.-cat    sp.bjects  of  thought,   each   ol   whi,  n   has   its 
„hUosophy  and   science,   th.u    s„l,ject   also  which   lies  nearest   to  our 
h,.„.ts__tbe   h,s„,rv  01   matikin.i,  viewed   as  a  whole-might   not  a  sO 
iKUe   its   phtlosnpln-   and   science.      Evervthing   reminded    me   ot    this 
iaea  -metaphvs,.  s  and  morals,  natural  philosophy  and  natural  history 

ituv     .„d   most    1 erfullv.    religion."      In   poetry   Herder  effected 

„.ore'lo    his   v.u-ions   a<  c-omplishments,    his   vast   knowledge   and    fine 
taste,  tlKo,   hvcrcative  power:   yet   he   has  produced  some   charming 
songs-   :om1   his  r/,/.  a  ollection   of  Spanish  romances  mto  a  kin.l  ol 
e,,i<-'  is  one  of  the  mos,  popular  poems  of  Germany.      He  died  m  1S03. 


ami  n 


n   i.Sk)  the 


;,„.;  ,n  i.s.v  c...  (iraud  Duke  of  Weimar  ordered  a  taUet  of  cast  iron 
,„  l,e  ,,„■,  „n    his   grave  with   the  words,  LUht,  LuLe,  /.c/.v/.-L.ght, 

'''"/,l''rr/,c/,,/,.,a,  Friedruh  von  Schilkr,  a  German  ,)oet,  dramatist, 
and  h.ston.m.  w,,'  born  at  Marbach.  Wurtemberg.  in  ,  7.0.  an.i  Oied  in 
Weimar,  in  ,So;.  He  wrote  a  "  Historv  of  the  Thirtv  \ears  War. 
the  drama  of  "' Wallenstein.''  whi.h  was  diMded  into  tmee  parts.- 
"Wallenstein's  Camp,"  a  piece  in  <me  act.  serving  as  an  ,n;r,.liKtion. 
"The  Piccolomini."    and    ■■Tiie  Death  of  W.dlenstein.      e,u  a  m  live 


acts. 


His  desi.'U   was  to  embody  the  more  enlarged    notions  which 


had   uiven 


experience  had  given  him  of  men.  especi..llv  wb.icn  hlstol■^ 

him  of  generals  and  statesmen  ;  and.   wiule  , anting  such  characters  m 

action,  to  represent  whatever  w,,s  or  could  be  made  poeti.a.   m   the 


s- »   1 

O 

i5 


K%\ 
\ 


•  V 


I   ; 


-.Ha 


u 


[U> 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIALORRAIXE. 

44- 

stormv  perio,!     f  the    "Thirty  Years"   War."     This  work  is,  on  the 
Uhu:.,   his  greatest  performance.     At  Weimar  he  produced  three  new 
drums     "The  Maid  or   Orleans,"    "The   Bride  of  Messina,      and 
•■  M  Mie  Stuart,"  besides  his  noble  "Song  of  the  Bell,"  and  other  poet- 
;,  ,1  pieces,      il  -  !>■'  «,.rk.   "William  Tell,"   is  considered  by  many 
-reatest,  as  it  undoi.bledly  is  lus  most  popular,  drama. 
Gottfrial  A„'^,nt  Bürger,  one  of  the  most  popular  German  poets,  was 
|,,P,  ,;,  ,-4:,,  neu   ll.lberstadt,  in  Prussian  Saxony.     With  regard  to 
,!,c    nirinsic  nu-rits  of  his  pocu,^,  w:..  !.  .:onsist  chietly  of  ballads  and 
son-s    >N    n  (■„ru,,.n   rritirs,  suH,   ,,^  Srhillc,  Gervinus,  and  \  dmar, 
ailTr,"u:.l,N   ;p,  their  opinions;   but  all  agree  in   praising  the  popular 
Mvi.  ,u;.l  nu.,:!  ..u.i  -,iv-o!  v.r.ification  of  bi>  ballads,-"  Leonora,__ 
..,^.,,  ,,,,,,    ,,„1   i;|,,iaiiiu-.--  the  "Parson'^  1  uughter  ot  Taubenhayn, 
.,n.l   li-.c    -WiKl    IhiiUMnan  ■■      Ti:,.-,,h   a   „oi'-^l"-   "  nter,  Bürger  was 
v.-iv  .  ar.lul  a.  to  stvla.  aaal  wa>   ..r,c  ul    I'uc   ii.-l  wl.,.  v.iole   good   hcx- 

annlcr  \i  i-^'  \\\  <  ua  man. 

C::>:itoph  M.u-:::;   //' ai/'a/,  a   Gorman   i.oot   aia!  wrana  w 


as  boni   In 


■   1.  '       ,    a     :.,    <Mii,M     in    1-''        111-  was   appointeil    tnaur 
tiic   ti'wai  "l    r.mara.ali,   iii    haaaia,    \.\    i,.,,v  11 


to   I'a.e  >on  .'i'  tiic  Duc'Ik-.s  oi'  Wenn  ir 


anil    « 


nil  Goethe  ani!   IKa-Ki- 


labiuaal  wall! 


raat  activitv  I'or  nunc 


I  jam  tuaaiM   \  1  .n 


./,.;.,;  i„,j!u!.  |)ü<  iK-s  >il  ^ascAWamar,  an  annabic  l.uiy,  and  a  gen- 
en.n.  natron  of  Imaainiaa  wa„  Inlt  a  walov.-  ni  the  .nrond  year  ol  her 
inarnaaa  u>  175S.  Har  la.ia  urn.  rule,  as  gnaniaa;  ol  liar  mlant  son, 
enablol  fna  .a.nntrvto  le.uver  iVoin  liie  eile,  I.  m  la.e  >evi  n  \  ears 
War  wlnle  her  eltml.  were  lu,  le^.  elie,  tuai  n,  j  in  ma  a  nig  the  education 
of  her  la-ople.  She  aiMannteil  Wielaml  tntor  lo  her  M,n.  aneru.m  . 
duke,  and  atuaate.i  to  Weimar  ^ueh  men  a~  Henh  r,  GoeiiKa  kneOel, 
Bottiaaa  Mu-.eu..  and  S,  Inlleia  tl.u,  rormin,u  a  ual  ixv  ol  aeimissu.  n  as 
no  other  .iiule  eonn.  Iieriia,.,  wa,  ever  ,ra,  e,i  wnln  Ibnv  naa  h  ih.e 
fincM'.ahiie'  of  head  and  heart  po-^e^sed  bv  tiie  duehess  herself  con- 
tributed to  thi,  Mi.a  e,-.  ,.  .iiown  by  ihe  fart  that  when  -lie  n  Mgnea  the 
government  int..  ihe  hands  of  her  >on,  m  17:5.  ^l^'  ,  .aiimned  to  be  sui- 
rounded  \,^  the  same  Maaetv.  Sh.e  h,a,  the  h,oh  disti.lcti.aa  o,  la.v.ng 
l„„ni,-edandeneonragedrnee;aa.teM«ritei>lh.atGern,anNaia.]iroi!t,eed. 

/ay.//  IlAxJn.  tlie  father  of  modern  on  he.tra!  nana  .  wa..  born  ni 
1752.  at  llie'village  of  Kohiati,  on  ihe  bonier,  of  1  lin._ar\  aiai  Aa.-ina. 
.-u'the  aae  of  ei-ht  xear,  he  be.  ame  ti  ■  ha  a  a-U  r-bov  n,  St.  Meliheli's 
in  \-ien.a..  .\t  the  a-e  of  tell  lie  eoin|io-ed  pie.  a.  lor  ~ix  or  .a,_lit 
voi.  e.  •■  1  tlieii  th.nmlit."  he  afierwar.l-  reinarke.l,  ianahmalv,  "that 
the  bla.  ker  the  laiper  the  finer  the  in.iM,."  When  lite  .:x  In.t  sonat,., 
of  Fanantiei    lk,<  h    fell    into    In.    liamU,    -  1  .lid    not    leave   lite   iMrp,. 


1- 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


■f-t> 


chord,"  said  he,   ^' until  they  were  played  through  from  beginning  to 
end ;  and  any  one  who  knows  me  must  perceive  that  I  owe  much  to 
Fmanucl  Bach,— that  I  have  carefully  studied  his  style;  and  he  him- 
self once  paid  me  a  compliment   about  it."     Haydn  had  the  good 
fortune  to  become  acquainted  with   MHe.  de  Martinez,  the  friend  of 
Metastasio  ,  aud  for  awhile  the  first  opera-poei  ...f  the  age  and  the  best 
composer  of  symphonies  lived  in  the  same  house.     Haydn  was  eighteen 
years  old  wbrn  hr  .  omposed  his  first  quancUc,  wliu  ii  iiut  with  general 
success.      At   nic  age  of  nineteen   he  <  ompo.cd    -The   Devil  on    i  wo 
Sticks"  an  opera,  wliich  was   forbidden,,  on  a(C(.uiii  ot    its  satirical 
character,  after  its  third  rej^resentation.     He  bad  now  become  so  cele- 
brated that   Prince  Esterliazy   placed  him   at   the   iK-ad  o!    ]r,>   private 
chapel.      For  this  prince  he  composed  .oine  bcautiiul  ^ynlpholi;G^,  and 


111:-) 


the  greatest  pari  ol  hi.  tin.-  .i.tiartettes.    He  visite.l  London  iwi.e. 
second  jotnnev  bein.  nia.le  it.  ^V)A■      He   found  a  splen.h.l  reception, 
„„I  ,ia'rn.ver.iivol()x!onl...nlene.l  upon  him  the  degree  01  I)oet,,r 

of  Music.      On  Id.  rel.ni,   Inmi  Engl.tmi   he  purchased  a  .mall   hr.tise 

n a!  .-arden  in  one  of  the  .suburb,  of  \  lenna.     Here  he  <  ompo.e.l  ■•  1  he 
*  ■"'  -  1.     ...i.a.n  a-  a,ill  f.i 


Creation," 


an. 


tie 


Sea.;ons 


'I'hc  former  work,  wliich  is  lull  ol 


the  fire  of  v.,ntii.  he  fmi.he.l  in  hi.  .ixty-fifth  year.  Some  time  belore 
In.  .lea.h.  wlii.h  o.a,irre.l  in  1  So<>  the  Dilettanti  Society  m  \  icnna 
con.ln.te.l  their  winter  con.  eiL  will,  a  splendid  perlormame  ol  the 
riaatio.i.  t..  whi.  11  llav.ln  wa.  invile.l.  Hi.  re.eption  ma.le  a  great 
in,pre..n,n  npoi,  him.  weakene.l  as  he  wa.  by  age,  but  in.  own  work 
afleci.al  hnn  .till  m.nv  .leeplyt  am!  at  the  p.assage,  "Itwas  oght, 
overp.iwere.l  bv  tlie  harmonv  whi.  h  he  ha.l  h.inselt  created,  t.ie  tears 
,.,„  ,|,.wn  hi.  .'l.eeks,  mal.  wiih  upraised  arm.,  be  cried.  -Not  Ir.jm 
„„.  ,„;,,  tlieiu  e  .l..e.  all  this  cane  '."  He  sank  under  the  wetgl«  ot  Ins 
fe.-lings,  .111.1  wa.  obliae.l  to  be  carrie.l  out. 

Ci:v.k  /...Th  Inn.f.  wh..  ex.elled  all  his  contempoiatne.  in  sea- 
.lie.e.,  w.;.  born  ,11  .Wign.in  in  .7.4.  ^Vllen  eighteen  years  old  he 
we,,!  ,0  R.une,  and  reiiiaine.l  m  Italy  twenty  year.,  in  a  close  tneiid- 
shiii  will,  beru.de.i.  wlu-  compo.e.l  ,iart  of  his  Stal-at  .VaUr  in  his 
paintiim-niorn:  .\.  length  tlie  .plcn.li.l  offer,  of  the  Trench  govern- 
nK-n,  in.ln.e.l  liim  lo  reiurn  to  bran.e,  in  175  =  .  "'liere  he  wa.  I.,  p.t.nt 
,lH.  na,.,  im,.orlaiit  porK.  Thus  origmate.l  that  excellent  c,ale,.,ion 
whi.  li  I.  vet  m  the  !,..uvre.  Between  175^  ^>'"1  'V'^9.  ^v"^'"  \^'''^- 
lie  ,.  .,,„1  I.,  have  l.ainte.l  n  .  les.  than  two  hund,-e.l  p,ct,ires.  He  was 
,„a,.,e  a  member  of  the  Kren.li  .\c,rdemy.  an.l,  iu  .766,  coim.eh.r  : 
l,,n    ilie.e   di.limtions  ami   a   lo.lging   in    the   Louvre   were   tne   only 


favors  bestowed  upon  him  by  the  kin: 


■i 


J 1 

-I 


i 


Vil 


r^ 


444 


HOUSE    OF  AVSTRIA-LORRAIXE 


josi-rii  IL,  bKSKrii  pfR /Avi:rrE.    a.d.  1763-1790. 

"  Viriute  ot  exemplo."     (Virtue  ami  example.) 

JosKrii  1 1 . .  '^on  of  Francis 
I.   and    Maria  Tlieresa,  was 
born     in     17  ;i.    at     a    time 
wlien  I'icJcric  ihc  (iiiMl  iuid 
alrcach     cnntimTod    half    of 
Silesia,     and     I'ir     Hnarian 
arm\     was    approaching    the 
Austria.;!   nontiers,  when  the 
i'cacc    c!      Ai\-l.    rhapclle 
ro-tr^rc;'!    tiiv    -inkinLT    state. 
|..>ci)h    wais    in!r!ii>r    !'>    his 
l)rother  I.copuM  in  Ir.iniing, 
but    he    displaw«!    .in    a^  i;\e 
and    penetrating    im;;*!.    and 
made    niiieli    ]>rouress,    par- 
ticuia)l\     in    the     hmguages, 
matiieiiKitics,and  inu-ie.    His 
lively     temperament      oft  n 
brought    him    n.i  >   collision 
with   hi^    motliei,    wnoni    he 
obeM'i     iVmih     re^pcf^r.     but 
without  (a)ii\  i'  tion,  and  with 
secret    reluctance.      He    ob- 
:>(jr\ xd     hi  »w    liuu  h    \\^:x    dc- 
josEPH  11.  v(^tinna]    s])ir!t   was   abused, 

Slie  ^^et  n  c:reat 


and  lie  ind^ilu-d  an  ;n\incible  aversion  to  liu-  (  lergy 
valae  on  hirni,  and  i;e  eirly  ac(pnred  ,1  di^hkc  tor  undeserved  privi- 
leges. In  tlie  niean  time,  the  Seven  Year>'  War  tiaving  broken  out, 
cver\'  j.rt-parit'on  w.i-^  made  for  the  yoimg  prince  lo  joiri  the  anniy, 
wiien  Maria  d'iiere-.i.  to  his  inexpressible  chagrin,  recalled  tlie  uider. 
In  1764  JM.eiai  wa^  elected  King  of  t^ie  llomans,  and  011  the  death  of 
his  lather,  in  176^.  lie  became  Oerman  lany  rur.  Hi-  niutiier  d.-elared 
him  co-recent   iri    tla- 


in  lier 


hand' 


RTeditarv  estate-  of  tiie  lluu-e  d'  Aa^lrri.  aiiu 

It  if  iril  \    :  ciiKi !  n'-i  i 
DnrinL!  tlie  w.ir  lo-^-iai   had   (  auM.-   to   .idniiie   tiie   -real 


fM\e   him   tlie  (T)nnnand  nf  tin'  arnn-;    hut  die  re. a    "' 


JOSEPH   11. 


4-40 


eneniN-  of  liis  lie)U-e.  Fredu'K    tlie  (dreat.      Animated    h\'  th;-  t-xam 


»  e 


he  entered  on  his  elevated  career;  but,  as  he  had  but  lulle  real  power, 
excepting  in  military  affairs,  in  wldch,  with  the  aid  of  Lascy,  he  intro- 
duced some  improvements,  he  employed  his  time  in  traveling  and 
becoming  acciuainted  with  his  states.  On  one  of  these  journeys,  under 
the  title  of  Count  l-alkenstein,  he  visited  Frederic  the  Great  in  his 
camp  at  Neisse.  The  two  monarchs,  dispensing  with  ceremonies,  met 
on  terms  of  familiarity  like  friends.  In  the  fohowing  year  tlie  Y.va- 
peror,  in  his  can  .p.  received  a  visit  from  kred.eric  . 

In  '1  ;77.  Joseph  made  a  journey  to  Paris,  win  re  lie  spent  mx  weeks, 
and  everybody  was  charmed  with  him.      At   the    end   (;f  Tni-   }ear  tlie 
Elector  of  IJavaria  died,  and  the  w.ir  oi  il  •.•  llavari m  Succession  broke 
out  between  Prussia  and  Austria,  to  wl^N  li  Maria  dlR're^a  put  an  end, 
without   the    knowledge   and    contra' \    t<,   ila-  wi^he..   of  lier  ^orn  vdio 
was  (^esirous  of  measuring  him-  If  wiiri  hi-  great  adversary.      In   i  7"^^^ 
Joseph  came  into  the  ])Ossession  of  hill  da)ininien   (Aer  Iv-,  hereditary 
states  a^   the  age  <  f  luriy,  and  was   llui^    die   -overeign    of  more   than 
twenty-two   millions   r)f  men.  with  a   fine    army.      Has    peuple   adured 
him; 'the   nobility  and   clergy  alone    liad    reason   to  fear  him.      Jo-ei"h 
had  drawn  on  himself  their  liatred  by  ordinance-  which  were  in  many 
respects   excellent.      He   alloaved  a  greater  i^eedoni  ui'  the   pre--,  put 
an  end  to   the   connection    k^etween    Rome  and   the   religious  orders, 
diminished  the  pensions,  abolished  boiulage.  and  suppressed  nunneries 
and  many  monasteries,  parti,  rkiarly  tho.e  in  wh/a  h  diere  were  no  .ehools, 
or  the  sick  were  la.t    taken   eare  of,  or  the  monks  did  not  i-reaeh.^     In 
the  spring  of  17S2.   Pope  Pius  VI.   made   a  vi-it   to  Vienna.  w;th  the 
idea  of   checking    tka;    reform,  of   tlie   I-mperor.       Joseph  afterwards 
returned   hi-  visit  at  Rome,  still   eoutinuing  to  repress  monasteries,  so 
that   in   eigrit    ^ear-   the   number  belonging   to  the  diffVrrent  orders  had 
fallen  from  -ixtx -three  thousand  to  iweiitv-even  lh<ai-an.h     Heur  e  the 
relations  of  the  l^ope  with  liim  were  fir  from  ami(  able.      AH  branches 
^\  tlie  guvernment ,  public  education,  li:e  ])oliee,  the  state  of  the  clergy, 
and  the  pea-anirv.  were  ref.rmed.     by  a  new  code  of  laws  capital  pun- 
ishments were  aiu)h-hed.      \\x-  reibrms   in    Hungary,  whieh^he  widied 
to  render  unii'onn  witii   Id-  (lerman  ^tate^.  <  aused   a  rebellion   of  the 
Wallachians,  wliieh  he  wa-  enabled  to  quell  only  l)y  the  exec  ution  of  its 
leaders,  Hora  and   Klo.ka.      ddien  followed,  in  i  7>^4-  t^e  di>pute  wuh 
Holland  conrernlng   the  free  navigation  of  the  Seheldt.  and  the  nego- 
tiation- lor  the  exchange  o\  the  Netherlands  ü)r  bavaria.  against  which 
tlie  (onfederaev  of  the  (derman  ]a-inces  was  formed,  in  1785.    In  17S7. 
under  tlie  title'of  (knmt  Falken>tein.  Jo-eph  made  a  journey  into   the 
Viiiuea.  where  (kitherine  II.  gave  him  a  splendid  reception  at  Cherson. 


'"  vi 


%% 


4./> 


HOUSE    Of   AUSTRIA  I.ORRAIXE. 


ances    having    hrok.n    out    m    tha    Nctiicrlaiai^,    .h^^q-i^    discont  nined 
hi.    R'torin..    aiul   quu't   .c.uu.i   to   W  iTStnre<l.      In    i:NS  i,c  dcUarcd 
war  a^aun.i    tlu-  Turk..      lU   the  del...!    at   Lugos  the  annv  was  obho^ed 
to    retreat,    and    suilVr.d   .greatly    m    .on.oium.e   -1    tlu;   h.at    and    the 
unhealimnos   of   tlic   <  uunlrv.      Jo.q.h    IninM'll.    .xhauM.d   and    .  luvg- 
rmcd  bv  the   misfortiiiu-  ot    ln>   army,  rciaii.ol   m*  k  m  \  icnna,  in   Dc- 
,-,.,nl)rr"       In    tlu-    t;)]!owinu    Near    turtune    kivorrd    ihc   Aü>tria!i    ..rins: 
Hcl-M-adv   wa^    snrrcn.Ka-.d    to    l.nalnn.and    tin-    Russians    made    ureat 
nro"rc.<       The    priiu apal    cause   m     ilu-  ditliruhu-  Nvin.T   jo.e|-li   nrxt 
hacfto  cnrountcr  wa>  the  tax  knv.      Tn.  no]>Mit  v  aial  pca.antrv  ^hnwcd 
themselves    e4uallv<lissU,MK.l.   and    lia-  sii^nal    wa^    uiven    tor  uon.ri, 
disorder    and    open    rebellion.      Thr    N.aherlands   de<  lared    tlH.n..lves 
independent,  and    expeiU-d  the    nnperi.i   lon-es  from  all  tlu'  i-rovmces, 
and    Luxemburg   oidv  remained    m    possession    of  the    in^Kaaal  troops. 
J,)sei.h   >hou-ed^  himself  roadv  to  mike    <  on^  e-ion.  ;    but    all    hi.    pro- 
posal, were  seorntullv  rciecir<l.      The  Hungarian,  al.o.  who.e  .en.ral 
dis.ati.fartion  had   been  .udv  shnnbenng.  rebelled,  and  demandre  tue 
restoration  of  their  an^aent    rights  and  eouMuat  ion.      d'o  the  asinni^a- 
ment  of  all  Europe,   lo.rpb,  m   i;*'--  ^i^^^iared  all   the  a(ns  ot    he-  gov- 
ernment m  that  (aamirv  revoked,  even  to  the  e«]i<  t  ot  tMeration  uha  h 
he  had  pro.laimed   m   17S1.      Tyrol    next   showed    -^n^  ot    dissatislac- 
t.on,   and    Joseph  hastened    to    put    everyth|ng    on    its   f  aanor  toot  ,ng. 
Ml.  health  sank  iiiuhT  these  aerumulated    mortifieataai..  and  tue  (  on- 
seqnenees  soon  became  apparent.      In   |■ebru^■^.  1  j'^o,  he  was  sensd)le 
that  death  was  rai^idly  approaching,  and  on  the  twentieth  of  the  ^ame 
month  he  died  of  pulmonirv  consumption. 

losel)h  was  of  the  middle  ^i/e.  oi  a  livelv  di.]  .osition.  n<  kle, 
i^jml  of  action,  of  ruling,  of  dctroyme.  and  building  up. 
danger  was  a  ^trlking  trait  m  his  <  hara.  ter.  He  had  a  Mi 
liveh'  sense  of  the  cbunitv  of  man.  and  respected  it  m  all.  lie  caused 
the  \n-arten,  hitherto  closed,  to  be  ma-le  public,  and  placed  over  the 
entrance  the  insmption.  -Dedicated  to  all  uaan  bv  one  who  values 
them."  When  requeste.l  to  ])ermit  onlv  errtam  <  las^o.  to  walk  m  the 
Prater  in  order  that  thev  might  ena)v  themselves  there  uiili  their 
equals' onlv,  he  refusc.l.  and  added.  -It  1  would  live  onlv  with  mv 
equals  I  must  go  to  the  tomb  of  the  Kmpm-or..  at  the  (■:ipu.  hm  (  IcM^T 
an<l  there  >pend  niv  davs,"  d'o  Srhmidt.  the  historian  (-t  (haanmv, 
he  said,  ''Spare  no  one.  and  not  even  mv.elf.  if  vo-i  ,  Mme  (h^wn  so 
fiir  with  vour  historv.  I\Kteritv  muM  lu^ge  mv  fault.,  and  tliose  ot 
mv  ])redecessors."      I'dederic  the  (daai  wrote   to  Voltaire  .  on.  ernmg 


ii  1 


( k  ourage  m 
ong  and 


LEOPOLD   IL 


447 


liim.  *'  b>.i']'h  is  an  Fanperor  such  as  Oermain-  luis  not  liad  tor  a 
long  tiii'V.  Ibhaated  in  splendor,  his  habits  are  simple;  grown  up 
amidst  tlatter\.  he  is  still  modest:  intlamed  with  a  love  <.f  glory,  he 
^,.|  ./u  riibes  hi^  ambition  to  his  dttty."  Josei)h's  favorite  object  was 
to  be  .sovereign  m  a  peculiar  sense,  and  to  manage  the  great  mac  hine 
,:,f  the  state  entirely  himseb".  Whatever  hir,  (jwn  retleetion.  or  his 
knowledge  of  otiu  r  (ountrics  showed  to  l)e  useful,  he  wuslied  to  intro- 
duce. Ikit  he  did  not  suftu  iently  consider  that  he  had  to  do  with 
otlier  men,  with  other  relaticMis,  and  that  long  habit  made  it  difh<  ult 
to  ehan-e  at  oiK  e  Usages  sanctified  by  time,  and  that  other  men  did  not 
possess  his  knowledge  and  experience.  He  was  buried  in  the  Capuchin 
Chureki,  m  \diaina. 

His  fir.t  with.  1-dizabeth  ( Isabel la~^  of  Parma,  let\  one  child,  Maria 
Theresa,  wlio  (bed  when  she  wa.  seven  years  old;  his  second  was 
Josepha  of  Bavaria,  wlio  died  in  the  prime  of  life,  leaving  no  c  hildren. 


LEOPOT  T^)  lb,  TTOPOId)  DER  ZWEITE,     a.d.  1790-179-. 

"  Opes  regum  cordia  subcritorum."     (The  licarts  of  their  subjects  are  the  treasures  of 

kings.) 

LEOroLi)   II.  was  born   in    1747-      On   the  death  of  his  father,   the 
Emperor  Eran< a.  I.,  in  1765,  lie  became  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany.  and, 
durmg  a  reign  (»f  tweiit\-Tive  vears,  almost  regenerated   that  country, 
lie   ciKouraged   commerce,    agriculture,   and    manufactures,   improved 
the   roads,   est;ibhs|KTi    penitentiaries,   abolished    the    Inquisition,  and 
proclaimed   a   new  criminal   code.      His   financial   administration   was 
admirable,  and  lie  was  personally  simj^le  in  his  manner  of  living.      He 
])receded   his  brother  Joseph   in  measures  of  ecclesiastical   reform,  but 
conduc  ted  tliem  with  more  prudence  and  cautioip,  yet  to  the  great  dis- 
pleasure of  the  Roman  court.      When  tiie  death  of  his  brother  Joseph 
called  b,im  to  tlie  imiicrial  throne,  he  found  the  hereditary  states  of  Aus- 
trki  in  :i  c  ritioal  situation.      In  ])nrsuance  of  the  terms  of  the  convention 
of  Rri(  hc-nbac  h  with  Trussia,  he  concluded  an  armistice  with  Turkey, 
y.hu  h  was  followed  l)y  th.e   Peace  of  Sistova.  in  1791,  surrendering  all 
tlie  A'lstrian  (oncpiests  to  the  Porte.    After  reducing  the  revolted  Xeth- 
erlands  bv    force   of  arms,  he  allowed   them   the  enjoyment   o{  their 
f  .rmer  privileges,  and    restored   many  of  the   ecclesiastical   establish- 
ments which  had   been  abolished   bv  Joseiph.      Quiet  was  restc^-ed  in 
Hungarv.  the   ])olice  and  the  administration  oi  justice  were  reformed, 
and  public  education  was  encouraged.      In  1791  he  had  the  celebrated 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA  LORKAIXE, 

,,.,,,.,  with  ibc  King  of  Prussia  at  Pilnitz,  on  which  occasion  the 
two   luonarchs  doclared  the  situation  of  the  King  of  France  to  be  a 

subject  of  general  interest  to 
all  the  sovereigns  of  Kurope. 
After  having  restored  many 
institutions  and  usages  which 
Joseph's    ardent    spirit    had 
led  him  to  abolish,  he  con- 
certed measures  with   Fred- 
eric William   II.  of  Prussia, 
Frederic    Augustus    of   Sax- 
ony,  antl    others    to    check 
the  revolution  in  France  and 
to  provide   for   the   personal 
safety    of  his   sister,    Marie 
Antoinette. 

It  has  been  said  that  Le- 
opold was  one  of  the  best- 
disposed  monarchs  who  ever 
sat  on  a  throne,  and  it  is  not 
to  be  denied  that  he  effected 
much  good  ;  but  it  was  his 
lot  to  reign  at  the  time  of  a 
*     great   struggle    between   old 
and  new  principles,  which  is 
always  a  difficult  and  gen- 
erally a  deplorable  situation 
fur  a  prince,  who  is  plunged  into  a  whirlpool  in  which  all  power  of 
.elf-direction  is  lost.      In  the  midst  of  his  plans  to  aid  his  sister  and 
her  husband,  Loui.  W  1.  of  France,  he  was  seized  with  a  malignant 
dysenterv,  aggravated  by  his  immorality,  and  he  died  in  March,  1792, 
after  a  reign  of  onlv  two  years.    He  was  buried  in  the  Capuchin  Church, 
in  Vienna      H  ^  wife  was  Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  Charles  III.  of 
Spain       Thev  had  sixteen  children.      His  sons  were  Francis,  who  suc- 
ceeded him  on  the  throne  ;  Ferdinand,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany;  the 
Archduke  Charles,  who  distinguished  himself  in  the  wars  against  Na- 
poleon ;  Maximilian,  and  John. 

CONTEMPORARIES    OF   JOSEPH    II.    AND    LEOPOLD    II. 

George  IIL  was  obliged  to  acknowledge  the  independence  of  the 
United'^States  after  the  defeat  of  Lord   Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown,  in 


LKOPOLD    II. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


449 


I 

1 
I 


,781  The  intellect  of  George  was  not  of  the  strongest,  but,  like  his 
l„o  predecessors,  he  ha.l  firmness  of  purpose,  and,  in  addition,  a  con- 
scientiousness and  sense  of  decorum  unknown  to  them,  while  both 
friends  and  enemies  could  rely  upon  him,-the  one  for  favors,  and  the 
other  for  the  reverse.  His  mind  gave  way  in  t-6.,  and  in  1788,  and 
finally  in  1810,  when  the  Prince  of  Wales  was  declared  regent. 

Louis  XVI.,  as  soon  as  he  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  France,  tried 
to  devise  some  remedies  for  tlie  evils  whi<  h,  with  his  kingdom,  he  had 
inherited  from  his  ancestors.     The  most  embarrassing  of  these  were 
connected  with  the  finances.     He  saw  clearly  the  existing  evils  and  the 
proper  remedy  i'or  them.     But  as  the  disease  was  great,  so  must  the 
remedy  be  violent,      unfortunately,  he  was  weak  and  timid  ;  and  to 
■uld  to  his  disquietude,  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  United  States  of 
North    America,    in    which    their    independence   was   recognized    by 
France.     Tliis  was  considered   by  England  as  a  declaration  of  war 
agiinst  her.      Peace,  however,  was  made  at  Versailles,  in    1783  ;  after 
'which  the  internal  difticulties  of  France  rapidly  increased.     In  1789 
the  French  Revolution  commenced;  the  nobles  let't  the  country ;  the 
kin^^  and  his  family  attempted  flight,  but  were  seized  at  Varennes,  and 
brought  back  to  Paris;  and  in  1792  tlie  king  was  deposed,  and  himself 

and  family  imprisoned.  ,      ,    • 

Catherine  II.  of   Russia   and    her   minister   Potemkin    made  their 
famous  journey  into  Tauris  in  1787.     Potemkin  turned  it  into  a  tri- 
umphal march.     Throughout  a  journey  of  nearly  one  thousand  leagues 
nothing  but  feasts  and  spectacles  of  various  kinds  were  to  be  seen. 
Palaces  were  raised  on  barren  heaths  to  be  inhabited  for  a  day.     V  U- 
laaes  and   towns  were   built   in   the  wildernesses,  where,  a  short  time 
before,  the   Tartars   had    fed    their   herds.     .\r,    immense  population 
appeared  at  everv  step,-the  picture  of  affluence  and  prosperity.     A 
hundred  different'  nations  paid  homage  to  their  sovereign.     Catnerine 
saw  at  a  distance  towns  and  villages,  of  which  only  the  outward  walls 
existed.     She  was  surrounded  by  a  multitude  of  people,  who  were  con- 
veyed on  during  the  night,  to  afford  her  the  same  spectacle  tne  follow- 
ing dav.     Two  sovereigns  visited  her  on  this  journey,-Stanislaus  Au- 
gustus Poniatowski,  the  last  King  of  Poland,  and  the  Emperor  Joseph 
il.,  who  renewed  his  promise,  given  at  St.  Petersburg,  to  assist  her  ,n 
her  projects  against  the  Turks.     About  this  time  Prussia  and  England 
combined  to  instigate  the  Porte  and  Sweden  to  take  up  arms  against 
Russia      The  Turks  were  no  more  fortunate  this  time  than  before,— 
indeed,  all  the  wars  undertaken  against  Russia  only  tended  to  augment 
her  political  preponderance.     Catherine's  influence  on    Poland   was 

29 


m^ ' 


45° 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


eijual  to  absolute  dominion.  When  the  republic,  in  1791,  wished  to 
change  its  constitution,  she  took  part  with  the  opponents  of  the  plan, 
gained  the  concurrence  of  Prussia,  garrisoned  Poland  with  her  troops, 
ar.d  concluded  a  new  treaty  of  partition  with  the  cabinet  of  Berlin,  in 
1792;  and  the  following  year,  Poniatowski  and  Kosciusko  being  unable 
to  contend  against  the  combined  forces  of  the  Prussians  and  Russians, 
a  second  partition  took  place,  as  follows: 


Russia    . 
Prussia  . 


English  square  miles. 
96,000 
22,000 


Population. 
3,000,000 
1,100,000 


which  the  diet  were  forced  to  sanction  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet. 
The  Poles  now  became  desperate,  and  a  general  rising  took  i)lace  in 
1 794.  The  Prussians  were  compelled  to  retreat  to  their  own  country,  and 
the  Russians  were  several  times  routed  ;  but  a  new  enemy  a])peared  on 
the  scene.  Austria  was  chagrined  at  having  taken  no  part  in  tlie  second 
partition,  and  uas  determined  not  to  be  behindhand  on  this  occasion. 
Her  army  accordingly  advanced,  compelling  the  Poles  to  retreat;  and 
fresh  hordes  of  Russians  arriving,  Kosciusko,  at  the  head  of  the  last 
patriot  army,  was  defeated  ;  and  the  sack  of  Praga,  followed  by  the 
capture  of  Warsaw,  finally  annihilated  the  Polisli  monarchy.  The 
third  a^hi  last  partition  distributed  the  remainder  as  follows  : 


Russia    , 
i'ru^sia  . 

An--tri:i  . 


English  square  miles. 
.        43,000 
21,000 

18,000 


Population. 
1,200,000 
1,000,000 
I  ,000,000 


KiiK"  ^tani^lnn-;  Poniatowski  resigned   his  crown,  and  died  broken- 
lu  iru<i    ai    ^t.    iV-cr^burg   m    1798.      Catherine   died   o{  apoplexy  in 

I  -U^K 

UNITED   STATES. 

I'iic  fir^t  Nation.il  Congress  met  at  New  York.  March  4.  1789. 
Ccoruc  W  ashinirton.  having  been  elected  uiuici  the  luiuir.  prescribed 
])\  the  C.ui^nt  iiiuii.  \v:is  inaugurated  first  Pres'rlent  of  t1ie  United 
States.  lolin  Ad.nn.  \v„,^  \'i(  r  President.  In  iT-u,  ine  llr-t  |)resi- 
(i'/ntial  term  cf  t  -nr  \tMr-  being  about  i»  expire,  Washington  and 
Adaiiis  were  re-eletled  a>  I're-Mdent  and  Vk  e  President. 

DIS'l  :  N < ; Ul  - 1  i  1 , i  f    PERSONS. 

ThaJJru<  Kr-srr/<kt\  uw  la^t  generalissimo  of  the  republic  of  Po- 


land, was  ^jv\c  ui    the    noDic-^t    <  uarat  tcr 


us 


age. 


H 


\v 


,1-,    b  irii    in 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


45  ^ 


1756,  of  an  ancient  and  noble,  though  not  rich,  family  in  Lithuania, 
and  educated   in  the  military  school  at  Warsaw.      Prince  Czartoriski, 
perceiving  his  talents  and  industry,  made  him  his  second  lieutenant  in 
the  corps  of  cadets,  and  sent  him  at  his  own  expense  to  France,  where 
he  studied  drawing  and  the  military  art.    After  his  return  he  was  made 
captain.    But  the  consequences  of  an  unhappy  passion  for  the  daughter 
of  Sosnowski,   Marshal  of  Lithuania,  obliged   him  to   leave  Poland. 
Solitary  studies,  ])articularly  in  history  and  mathematics,  prepared  him 
for  the  struggle  for  freedom,  in  which  he  engaged  under  Washington, 
who  made    him  his  aid.      Kosciusko    distinguished    himself   particu- 
larly at  the  siege  of  Ninety-six,  and  was  very  highly  esteemed  by  the 
army  and  the  commander-in-chief.      He  and   Laüiyette  were  the  only 
foreigners  admitted  into  the  order  or  society  of  the  Cincinnati.     Kos- 
ciusko received  the  rank  of  general,  and  in  1786  returned  to  Poland. 
When  the  Polish  army  was  formed  in  1789,  the  diet  ai)pointed  him  a 
major-general.     He  declared  himself  for  the  constitution  of  May  3, 
1791,   and   served   under   Prince   Joseph    Poniatowski,    distinguishing 
himself  in  the  battles  fought  against  the  Prussian  and  Russian  armies. 
Kosciusko's  great  power  consisted  in  the  confidence  which  his  fellow- 
citizens  reposed  in  him.      The  nephew  of  the  king,  once  his  general, 
served  under  him.      He  had  unlimited  power  in  the  republic,  but  he 
displayed  the  integrity  of  Washington  and  the  activity  of  Caesar.      TIr' 
attended  to  procuring  supplies,  superintended  the  raising  and  payment 
of  money,  and  was  equally  active  in  the  council  and  in  the  field.     His 
days  and  nights  and  all  his  powers  were  devoted  to  his  country.     At 
lenirth   the  contest  was  decided    bv  an   overwl;( dming  superiority  of 
numbers.     At  the  siege  of  Warsaw  he  fell  from  his  horse,  covered  with 
wounds,  exclaiming,  ''Finis  PoloniiP  J''      He  was  taken   prisoner  with 
his  colleagues,  carried   to  St.  Petersburg,  and   thrown    into   the  state 
prison.      After  Catherine's  death,  Paul  L  gave  rnen,i  -iicir  liberty,  and 
distinguished   Kosciusko  by  marks  of  his  esteem.      Pan!   presented   his 
own  sword   to  the  general,  who  declined   it  n\  t'n  these  words,  "I   no 
longer  need  a  sword,  since  I  have  not  a  country."     To  the  day  of  his 
death  he  ne\  rr  again  wore  a  sword.      His  fortune  was  very  small  ;   but 
on  his  renn  n   to  his  native  country,  after  tl,e  war  ^Ä  the  Revolution, 
he  received  a  ]Haid'.n   Aom   America.      In  i;*);  iie  visited  tlie  United 
States,  and   found  there  such  a  recei)tion  as  he  deserved,      li-   km^  he 
went  to   Ir.mce.      His  countrymen    m   li  e   Italian   airmv  presented  to 
him  the  sabre  of  John   Sobie>k;,   wlmii   had   been   hand  at   Loretto. 
He  at  length  settled   at  Soleure,   in   Suitzerhind.  wlure   he  lived    in 
retirement,  enjoyinir   the  society  c^^  n    R  w  f  icp.ds.  atai  where  lie  j^iir- 


IIorSE    OF  AUST.'UA'LORRAiyE. 

sued  his  nuorite  occu,>ation,  agriculture.  He  was  never  married.  A 
fall  with  Im  horse  fro.n  a  precipice,  not  far  Irom  Vevay,  occasioned 
hisdeath  in  1S17,  at  Soleure. 

PrUr  Ahxh    jn,si/nn.//s,/,.    Cent   of  S,nvaroff-Rnnn,hloy    field- 
nKHshal,  and  generalissimo  of  the   Russian  armies,  one  ^ ^^J^ 
distinguished  generals  of  the  eighteenth  century,  was  bo,  n  at  Suskoy, 
a  vilU^e  of  the  Ukraine,  in  ,7..°.      His  father,  an  omcer,  pla.ed  luut 
,„  the^ulitary  acadeu,y  a,  St.  Petersburg,  and  in  Ins  seventeenth  yea 
Suwaroff  entered  the  service  as  a  common  soldier,  and  gave  prools  of 
hiscour.,ge  in  the  war  against  Sweden.     ^  ^^^^'^^'^''^^'^^ 
and.  after  distinguishing   himself  in   the   Seven  \ears    \V.  .,  received 
he  command  of  a  regiment^      In   ,  :68  he  was  made  brigad.er-general, 
and  served  several  campaigns  ,n  Poland,  receiving,  -^ ^^^'^ ^ 
courage  and  conduct,  the  crosses  of  three   Russian  orders  of  knight- 
hood.^    ik  «as  also  successful  against  the  Turks,      in  1  ;,Sy  t„e  Aus- 
trian troops,  uivler  the  Prince  of  Saxe-Coburg,  being  surrounde,     on 
the  banks  of  the  l^imnik.  by  one  hundred  thousand   lurks,  owed  their 
preservation   to   his   timely  arri^  d  with  ten   thousand   Russians    who 
no,   onh  rescued  them  from  a  destruction  that  appeared  inevitable 
but  occasioned  the  utter  overthrow  of  the  enemy.      I  ■  <  t  r, ,.  victory  he 
was   indebted  K-r  the  i.r.t  of  his  above-named  titles,  and  the  aignity 
or   ,  coup.t  of  both  empires.     The   next,  and   perhaps  the  most  san- 
,,„,,,„,    „f   h,s   ,v,,on-.   was   the   storming   of  Ismail,  lu   1790.      H^'S 
^;tron.dv-fortil^ed   toun    l>,ul   resisted   all   attempts  to  reduce  it   for  a 
pcu::.  ui    .even   months,  when   Suwaroff  received  peremptory  orders 
rom  Prince  Potemkin  to  take  it  without  delay,  and  pledged  hnnse  f 
to  execute  the  ta,k  assigned  him  m  three  days.     Of  the  sacking  o   the 
place  on  the  third  dav,  and  the  indi>criininate  massacre  of  forty  thou- 
sand of  its  inhabitants  of  every  age  and  sex,  the  accounts  of  the  period 
■.,v,.  the  n..-,    revolting  reports.     The  announcement  of  his  bloo.ly 
'n-,,„.p:,  u.,   nud.   In  the  general,  who  affected  a  Spartan  brevity  in 
hi.    dispatches,    in    the    words,    "Glory   to    God!    Ismail    is    ours 
Pc.e  being  proclaimed  with  Turkey,  the  Empres.  Catherine  1   .  had 
1,;...    ,,.    Muture    her  designs   against   the   kingdom   of  Poland,  and 
.„w  r.n    .V,,,  selected  as  a  f.i  instrument  to  carry  them  into  execution. 
Ho    m:,.-,lKd.    .u,.,idingly,    at    the    he:v!    .■!    In^    troops    ...   A\  •,:-,»■ 
a.-.o,ung  about  twon.v  thousand  i'ulc.  a,  hi-  wav.     Su.v.aolf  stormed 

n   fnrtifRd    unM,    oii    \\v-  \  i-inl.i, 
.-   Ill    I H t:Us,   a; H 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


the 


,1-1 


ijuMik   Mt'   Tolaiul 
connected    will;    W  a^-.^^^    1'} 


!\ii:"i 


took    11 


;!!U-r  a 


bluud)    ti^iit.       'rinrttii 
more  th:in  luo  liiuu-ani 


^.'1:' 


I  M  'v  ■  "• 


peri.iica  ill  l-c  \'ir>lula,  anJ  fourteen  thuii-^an<l 


45, 


six  hundred  and  eighty  were  made  prisoners.     The  Russian  loss  was 
trifling.     Suwaroff  wrote   to  the    Empress  from    the    field    of  battle, 
"Hurrah!    Praga !    Suwaroff!"   and    received    his    promotion   in   the 
following  answer,  ''Bravo!    Field- Marshal !    Catherine!"     Reentered 
Warsaw  immediately  after  the  fall  of  Praga,  when  the  last  partition  of 
Poland  took  place.      He  received,  besides   his   field-marshal's  baton, 
an  estate  in  the  dominions  which  he  had  contributed  to  annex  to  the 
Russian  crown.      The  last  and  most  celebrated  of  his  actions  was  his 
campaign  in   Italy,  in  1799,  when  his   courage  and  genius  for  awhile 
rei)aired  the  disasters  of  the  allied  forces.    Paul  gave  him  the  command 
of  the  Russian  forces  destined  to  act  with  the  Austrians,  and  the  Em- 
peror Francis  H.  created  him  field-marshal,  and  commander-in-chief 
of  the  Austrian   troops  in  Italy.      He  gained  several  brilliant  victories 
at  Piacenza,  Novi,  etc.,  and  drove  the  French  from  all  the  towns  and 
fortresses  of  Upper  Italy,  and  was  rewarded   Tmi-  his  services  with  the 
title  o{ Prince  Italinski.     But,  in  consequence  of  a  change  in  the  i)lan 
of  operations,  he  passed   the  Alps;   and   the   defeat   of  Korsakoff  at 
Zurich  by  the   French  general  Massena,  together  with  the  failure  of 
tlie  expected  assistance  from  the  Austrians,  obliged  Suwaroff  to  retreat 
from    Switzerlan.].      Paul,  offended   wiili  the  Austrian   court,  now  re- 
called the  prince,  in  spite  of  his  remonstrances,  and  preparations  were 
made  for  his  triumphal  entry  into  St.  Petersburg.  .  Mcai.uliile,  Suwaroff, 
having  evaded  an  imperial  order  directing  the  generalissimo  to  name 
each  general  in   turn   general  of  the  dav.  bv  appointing  Prince  Bagra- 
tion   standing   general  of  the  day,  was  declared  by  the  Emperor  to 
have  deserved  censure,  and  the  preparations  for  his  triumph  were  sus- 
pended.     Chagrin   at    this  disgrace   hastened    his  death,   which  took 
place  May  18,  1800,  sixteen  days  after  his  arrival  at  r^i.   Petersburg. 
Suwaroff  was  a   remarkable    man.      Though   feeble    and    sickly  in   his 
youth,  he  had  acquired  a  sound  constitution  !»>  his  simple  and  abste- 
mious  mode  of  life:    he  slept  upon   straw,  and  his  whole  wardrobe 
consisted  of  his  regimental   uniform   and  a  sheepskin.      He  observed 
punctiliously  all   the  ceremonies  of  \\\>   religion,  and   never  gave  the 
signal  for  battle  wiiliout   crossing   liimself  and  kissing  the  image  of 
St.  Nicholas.      He  was  inflexible  in  lii:^  juirposes,  faitlifiil  to  his  prom- 
ises,  and    incorruptible;    in    courage,    promptness    of    decision,   and 
action   he  has   had   kw  equals.      His   contempt  of  money,  his  coarse 
manners,  aiid  ius  intre})idity  renvlcred  liiin  the  fi\ur;ic  ui  nis  soldiers; 
but   the  superior  t^flicers  were    .-ften    offended    bv  the   '^everitv  of  his 
discipline.     Altlionuli  acciuanUAVi  wiiii  -everal   modern    languages,  he 
never  entered  inU)  aii\  })olitical  or  dii)iomatic  correspondence,  and  lie 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-I-ORRAIXE. 

4?  \ 

wa.  .u  custo.ned  to  s.v  that  a  ,.en  was  unbecoming  the  iKind  of  a 
soldier.  His  orders  and  reports  were  often  written  n  doggerel  verse. 
IVcnceslau.Anlhon,,  Prince  of  K.un.it.,  kniglu  of  the  Gol.len  Hecce, 
fifth  son  ,.f  Count  Kaunitz,  an,l  one  of  nineteen  ehildren  w-as  born  n, 
Vienna  ,.,  i-m.  ,.nd  was  at  fust  .lestine.l  for  tl,e  Church;  but  alter 
ti.c  deatl>  of  all  h,s  brothers  he  engage.l  in  political  l,le.  ll,s  talents, 
,i,K,,|  In  a  f.vor.l.k  >  xierior,  opened  a  brilliant  career  to  h.m.  Alter 
;,,.,.,  stua.cd  ,u   VKuna,  l.cp.ic,  and   l.eyden,  he  entered  upon  h,s 

travels   ,n    ,73-      1^'    ':''  '^  "^^  ^^'^'   "'   *'">"   "'"■"f'"         ;  ^  "   , 
to  Florence,  on  a  secret  .n,ss,on,  by  Mar,a   Theresa.      1:.   .  74^  l>c  -ent 
..-   \ustrianambassado,  •■^  Turin,  where  he  accomplished  h.s  mtss.on   to 
unue  Sardt.ua  m.ue  closelv  with  .\nstria  against  the  Hourbo,>  courts 
so  successfuliv  that   in    ,744  "c   was   ap,,ointed  mtn.ster  at  the  conr 
!,.  f.,,,,..    li:.k..  ,.r  l.>rra,ne.  then  governor-general  of  the  Austr  an 
Netherlands.       IT     condnCal    the   most  difficult  affairs     in   a   lugh  y 
,,,lual   state  of   tl,e   Netherlands,  to  the  greatest  sat.sfacfon  of   the 
Empress  ;   but  his  feeble  health  obliged  him  to  ask  his  dism.ss.on.  and 
,,,  ,U,'„.„e.l   to  Vienna.      Soon  afterwards,   however,  he  appeared   as 
,„„nster   plen,,"  >:-.n.uv  at    the   Congress  of   .\,xda-Chapelle,   where 
,,^,  ,,„1   „,^.   ;„„.,l,,„„n   of  his   lame  as  a  diplomattst.      From  X750  to 
,--  .  :k  .  „    Mun.ster  ;i'   Paris,  and   prepared  the  union  ol  Austna  and 
p'rance,  whtch  took  pla<:e  in  ,750.1-  753  h«  >--!  ^-'^^  '"f  ^,  ^■°"",  ''f 
state  cLncellor.  an-l  in  .7.6  was  created  chancellor  o     Italy  and  the 
Netherlands.     Tnus  he  not  onlv  man.^ged  the  foreign  affatrs  of  At.strta 
;,,.u.    \I       .     Theresa,  but   h.ui  also  the   greatest   influence  ui.on    the 
domestic  affairs  of  the  country.      T.    > -'. .  H-  T'-Peror    Francs  1 
ra.sed  hnn  lu  the  d.gnity  of  prince.     As  long  as  Marta  Iheresa  bvcd 
her  ,-onfid,-n,e  in  Kaunitz  was  unboun.led  ;   but  the  Kmperor,  Joseph 
II      ,lul  not  nnplicitlv  follow  his  advice;  of  which  the  tmsuccessfiil 
attem,>t  to  open  the  Scheldt  and  to  exchange  the  Austrian  Netherlands 
,,„   T,.,.,.ria.  as  well  as  the  unfortunate  war  with  Turkey,  were  conse- 
„„enres.      Lu.iu    u,e  reign    of  Leopold  11.,  the   inflttence  of  Kaun.tz 
WW  Mm    less.      When    Francs  IL  as.ended   the   throne,  his  advancH^d 
,   ,  „,i„.  ,,1  ,,i,„  ,,.  resign  the  office  of  court  and  st.ate  chancellor.     He 
„,„1..  ,n.  his  opinions  slowly,  ami  M,r  mature  ,onM.lcation.    \  oltaire 
„.,.   i,  ,',,n..il.   ,n.ii...  ..;.;   he  had  mucli  e.ue.n   for  Rousseau,  who 
,,„,  .„,,,,  ,,,,  ,  „.,  wok-  !h.  private  secv;..^  a;   T.ns.     In  Lomlurdy 
„;,,1  m.  N.r..ck...i.  he   M,-:,tu..d  a,-ademies.      Leanu-,!  men  had  free 
,.,...,ohun,:n,dh.c,UivncdliK-:.n..      The  sch. ,.  ,1  .  .1  .,n  .:  \  lettna 
i,   abnn-t   ctn-clv    in~    w.rk.      Several    r-im"s    a,.!    .ngravers  were 
indcbua    10   hua    lor   i.,,t,onage.     His   love  of  dress  was  considered 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


455 


extravagant.  He  was  strictly  honest  and  faithful.  He  rarely  laughed, 
yet  he  was  affable  to  all  l)elow  him  in  rank.  Under  Joseph's  govern- 
ment, Kaunitz  ceased  to  appear  at  court,  but  the  Em])cror  often  went 
to  visit  him,  and  received  much  assistance  frcin  liim  \\\  his  ecclesiastical 
reforms;   hence  he  was  called  by  the  court  ol    K  »me  il  jninistro  eretico, 

the  heretical    minister;   yet  when   Pope    Pius  \  I.  u  as  at  Vienna,  he 

gave  him,  as  a  matter  of  policy,  not  the  ba(  k,  but  ilic  jAihii  ut  his  liand 
to  kiss,  ^^^!i<  ^^  was  formerly  considered  as  the  higliest  favor;  but  Kau- 
nitz, i)retending  not  to  understand  this  etiquette,  to«  k  the  haivl  "Itlie 
Pope  in  his,  and  gave  it  a  hearty  shake.  Kaunitz  died  \\\  i;«;}.  with 
the  reputation  of  one  of  the  ablest  ministers  Austria  had  ever  [)roduced, 
and  the  still  greater  fame  of  a  man  of  noble  character.  N'*  minister 
was  ever  treated  with  a  longer  and  more  intimate  confidence,  which 
was  founded  equally  on  his  talents  and  his  strict  intc-ritv.  I^  v.-as  a 
savins  of  his,  ''  Manv  thim^s  are  not  ventured  because  they  are  difticult, 
but  far  more  are  only  dithcult  because  they  are  not  ventured." 

Pope  Pius  VI.  succeeded  Clement  Xl\  .  in  1775.  The  conflict  with 
the  civil  power  in  the  various  states  of  Europe,  in  which,  from  the  days 
of  Innocent  Xk.  ki--  Roman  see  had  been  almost  unceasingly  involvcfl 
to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  assumed  under  I'ius  what  may  be  called  its 
com])lete  and  scientific  development.  His  relations  to  the  Emperor 
Joseph,  whom  he  visited  in  Vienna,  and  kne  (kdiai  Duke  Leopold  of 
Tuscany,  wlio  persisted  in  the  reformation  of  the  religious  urkicrs  and 
in  giving  greater  freedom  to  the  press,  were  fnr  from  amicable.  Htc 
internal  administration  of  Pius,  however,  was  enlightened  and  judicious. 
To  him  Rome  owes  the  drainage  of  the  Pontine  Marsh,  the  improve- 
ment of  the  port  of  Ancona,  the  completion  of  the  church  of  St.  Peter, 
the  foundation  of  the  new  museum  of  the  Vatican,  and  the  general  im- 
provement and  embellishment  of  the  city.  These  and  other  similar 
projects  were  interrupted  by  the  outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution. 

Charles  Theodore,  Elector  of  Bavaria.  In  17^4.  ilie  j.ossession  of 
Bavaria  again  became  an  object  of  desire  at  X'lenna,  and  an  exchange 
was  proposi^d,  which  lind  been  alreadv  a  subject  of  negotiation  in  the 
beginning  t^i'  the  century.  The  Iknperor  Jo-epb  W.  ]roposed  to  the 
Elector  to  exchange  Bavari.i  k)r  tic  Austrian  Nciherkiiids  (excluding 
Luxemburg  and  Namnr  .  mxA  \\w  -suin  ef  tiiree  niikion  floian-  \ox  Inm- 
self  and  the  Duke  kA  DeuxT'onts,  wiio.  eneouraged  bv  k:ie  protection 
of  Prussia,  Cwk  lared  •Mliat  he  would  never  cunscrit  tt)  Iwrier  a\v.:v  the 
inheritance  of  ki^  ancestors."  'I'ik-  zeai  wit  11  wiiic  h  k'redene  tiie  (Ireat 
adopted  tke  (  ause  ol'  Iknaria  indiK  ed  tiie  cabinet  of  A  lenna  ta)  relin- 
quish  ihe   i'lan,  and   10  declare,  ai  ike  same   ume,    '•that  iliere  never 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA'LORRAIXE. 

hul   been  ana    ncvvi  would   be  any  intention  of  a  lorred  exchange." 
Tiie   rei-n  oi  Charles  Theodore  was   remarkable   for  the   rise  ot    the 
Illumtuati  in    Havaria,  for  the  processes  against   them,  and  for  the  re- 
vival  oi    Jesuitism.       Tb.e   Illuminati    ^cnli-htcucd  ones)   was  a  secret 
society,  tbunded  in  177^^  l>y  ^dani  W    ishaupt,  i)rol\:ssor  o{  law  at  In- 
eoUtadt,  for  nuitual  assistance  in  obtaining  a  higher  degree  ot  morality 
vul  virtue,    h  contained,  in  it>  most  nourishing  condition,  two  thousand 
members,  amon-  whom  were   individuals  .>\  il.stinguished  talents  and 
hi-h  rank.      The  constitution  and  organi/ation  were  taken  partly  from 
the  Jesuits  and  partlv  frcmi  the  Free-masons.     Hy  carder  .Ä  the  Bavarian 
government  this  societv  was  dissolved  in  i  7S4.     During  these  troubles, 
the  Idvrtv  of  the  press  was  continually  more  and  mcue  restrained,  and 
.,  |,  Miod  of  intellectual  darkness  appeared  to  be  setting  in. 

yvv./.vv.-  William  J/.,  son  o\   Prince  Augustus  W  iiliam,  and  nephew 
of  Frederic  the  Great,  succeeded    to   the  throne  o\    Prussia,   in   17S6. 
\t-ter   a   prolonged   estrangement   between   his   uncle  and   himself,  he 
re-i.ned  the  good   will   oi    the  king  by   his  valor  in   the  war  ot    tne 
Ba'varian  Succession,  in  177^^  ;  ^>^»t,  although  he  succeeded  to  a  well-con- 
solidated pouor  and  an  overflowing  treasury,  he  had  not  the  capacity 
to   maintain    his   tavorable   position.      The   first    important   act   ol    his 
policv  abroad,  which  was  but  slightly  inthienced  by  the  energetic  mm- 
i.^c  llerzberg,  was  to  reinstate  in  power  his  brother-in-law,  the  Stadt- 
h,V:,i,.r  of  t1ie\\etherlands,  who  had  been  deposed  by  the  anti-Orange 
j,.rtx.     \  I'lu^sian  armv  under  the  Duke  of  Prunswick  entered  Ib)lland, 
occupied  Amsterdam,  and  restored  the  ancient  order  of  things,  which 
was  confirmed  bv  a  treaty  concluded  m   17S8,  at  tlie  Hague,  by  Prus- 
sia   En-land,  and  Holland.      Futile  or  hastily  undertaken  wars  wasted 
his' resources;  so  that  at  his  death,  in   1797^  instead  of  the  overplus 
of  .-ventv  million  thalers  that  had  been  bequeathed  to  him,  the  state 
was  hampered  with  a  debt  of  twenty-two  millions.      Hi.  predilection 
for   unworthv  favorites,    the   establishment   of  a   strict   censorship  of 
ilic   press,   and   the   introduction  of  stringent   ecclesiastic  enactments 
alienated   the  affections  of  the  people,  although  his  natural  mildness 
of  disposition   had  excited  the  sanguine  hopes  of  the  nation  on   his 
luression.      Frederic  William  shared   in   the  partition  of  Poland   in 
1- ,;.  .;.!  thus  gained  a  considerable  addition  to  his  kingdom,  wdiich 
b>  purchase,  inireritance,  and  other  means  was  augmented  during  his 
reign  by  the  acquisition  of  more  than  forty-six  thousand  scpiare  miles 
of'^.r-i'tMry  and  two  and  a  half  millions  of  inhabitants.      The  chief  in- 
ternal  i:ni  -Mvcments  ''n  his  reign  were  the  introduction  of  a  new  (  ode 
ot   law^  aii'l   i  less  onerous  mode  of  raising  the  taxes. 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


■o  i 


John  Chrysostom  IVoI/i^mn^^  Atnadcus  Mozart,  the  great  German  com- 
l)()ser,  was   born   at   Salzburg  in  1756.      At  the  age  of  four  years  his 
father  began  to  teach  him  some  minuets  and  other  small  pieces  on  liic 
harpsichord.      In   his  hfth  year  he  composed  little  pieces,   which  he 
])layed  to  his  father,  who  wrote  them  down.      Jn  his  sixth  year  Mozart 
had  made  such  i)rogress  that  his  father  was  induced  to  take  him  and 
his  sister  Maria  Anna,  who  was  also  a  musical  genius,  to  Munich  and 
Vienna,  where  the  little  artists  were  introduced  at  the  court.      Mozart 
no  sooner  saw  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa  than  he  went  iq.  to  her  and 
said,  '*  You  are  the  handsomest  woman  in  the  world."     The  uncqualed 
execution  of  young  Mozart  excited  universal  surprise,  and  the  interest 
was  heightened  b)    the  fact  that  he  was  anxious  only  to  please  real 
connoisseurs,  and  appeared  little  affected  by  the  opinion  of  the  multi- 
tude.   Thus,  he  requested  the  Fanperor  Francis  to  send  for  Wagenseil: 
this  w^as  done,  and  the  child  then  performed  one  of  his  concertos  with 
siiri)rising  execution.      !  le  was  not  at  all  pleased  with  the  Archduchess 
Caroline,  afterwards  Queen   of  Nai>les  ;    but  the  amiability  of  Marie 
Antoinette  so  won  his  heart  that  he  told  her  he  would  make  her  his 
wife.      In  1763.  when   young   Mozart  was  seven   years   old,  the  family 
made  a  journey  beyond  the  borders  of  Germany,  which  spread  his  fame 
throughout  Europe.      When    he   visited   Paris,  he   published   his  first 
sonatas  for  the  harpsichgrd.     In  1764  the  family  visited  England  and 
performed  at  court,   the  son  playing  on  the  king's  organ   with  great 
success.      F)uring  his  stay  in  England  he  composed  six  sonatas,  which 
were  published  in  London,  and  which  he  dedicated  to  Queen  Char- 
lotte.     In  1  765  the  family  went  by  way  of  the  Netherlands  to  Holland, 
where  Mozart  published  six  sonatas,  and  dedicated  them  to  the  Princess 

of  Nassau. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  year   1766  he  was  again  four  weeks  in  Am- 
sterdam, and  proceeded  thence  to  the  Hague,  to  assist  at  the  installa- 
tion of  the  Stadtholder.     They  next  visited  Paris,  and  proceeded  by 
way  of  Lyons,   through   Switzerland,   to   Munich,  where  the   Elector 
gave  young  ]Mozart  a  theme,  which  he  composed  in  his  presence,  with- 
out piano  or  violin,  wrote  down  the  music,  and,  to  the  astonishment 
of  all  i)resent,  pertbrmed  it  ]^erfectly  immediate!  v  after.    They  returned 
to  Salzbur-,  where  tliey  remained  two  years,  and  tnen  made  a  second 
journey  to  \  icnn  -.     The  brother  and  sister  performed  in  presence  of 
the  Em])eror  Joseph,  wuu  commissioned  young  Mozart  to  write  t:ie 
music   lor  a   comic  n])era.-~- 1  .a  Imta  -emplice."     It  was  applauded 
by  Hasse,  the   ma^Kr  of  liic   ciu].el.  and  Metastasio.  but  was  not  per- 
tbrmed.    Al  the  (onsecration  of  ilu  Orphans"  Church,  being  then  but 


m 


458 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


twelve  years  of  age,  he  composed  tlie  mass,  the  offertoriiim,  and  a  con- 
cert for  trumpets,  and  led  the  solemn  performance  in  presence  of  the 
imperial  court.  In  1769,  Mozart  went  to  Rome,  where  he  undertook 
to  write  down,  on  hearing  it,  the  fLUiious  "  Miserere"  annually  sung  in 
the  Sistine  Chapel  during  the  holy  week,  and  at  that  time  kept  very 
secret.  He  succeeded  so  well  that  when  he  sang  it,  accompanied  by 
the  harpsichord,  Christofori,  who  had  sung  it  in  the  chapel,  expressed 
his  wonder.  The  Pope  made  him  a  knight  of  the  Golden  Spur.  In 
Naples,  Bologna,  and  Verona  he  was  highly  honored.  At  Milan  he 
was  engaged  to  compose  the  first  opera  for  the  Carnival.  He  arrived 
at  Milan  at  the  end  of  October,  1770,  and  there  composed  his  first 
opera,  ''  Mithridates,"  which  was  performed  on  the  day  after  Christmas, 
and  repeated  more  than  twenty  times  in  succession.  On  his  return  to 
Salzburg  he  found  a  letter,  in  which  he  was  commissioned,  in  the  name 
of  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  to  compose  the  grand  theatrical  serenata 
*'Ascanio  in  Alba,"  for  the  celebration  of  the  nui)tials  of  the  Arch- 
duke Ferdinand.  In  August  he  returned  to  Milan  for  some  months, 
where,  during  the  festivities  of  the  marriage,  Mozart's  serenata  and  an 
opera  composed  by  Hasse  were  performed  alternately.  In  1772  he 
composed,  in  celebration  of  the  election  of  the  Archbishop  of  Salz- 
burg, the  serenata  "  II  Sogno  di  Scipione."  In  the  winter  of  1773  he 
composed  his  opera  *'Lucio  Silla,"  which  was^-epeated  twenty-six  times 
in  succession  in  Salzburg.  In  his  twenty-fourth  year  he  went  to  Vienna, 
where  he  entered  the  service  of  the  Emperor.  He  satisfied  the  great 
expectations  which  were  raised  by  his  early  genius,  and  was  the  Raphael 
of  musicians.  Among  the  works  of  his  which  have  remained  on  the 
German  stage,  and  which  will  always  be  the  delight  of  the  German 
nation,  is  his  *'  Idomeneo,  Re  di  Creta,"  composed  in  1780,  at  Munich. 
Of  his  "Entführung  aus  dem  Serail,"  his  fourteenth  opera  in  the  order 
of  time,  which  was  performed  at  Vienna  in  1782,  Joseph  II.  said  to  the 
composer,  "This  music  is  too  fine  for  our  ears;  there  are  a  prodigious 
number  of  notes  in  it."  "  There  are  as  many  as  are  proper,"  replied 
Mozart.  "The  Marriage  of  Figaro"  met  with  the  highest  applause. 
It  was  performed  during  the  winter  of  1787,  at  Prague.  At  the  same 
place  Mozart  composed,  in  the  same  winter,  his  "Don  Juan,"  which 
pleased  in  Prague  even  more  than  the  "  Marriage  of  Figaro."  Never- 
theless, this  opera,  on  its  first  representation,  was  not  favorably  received 
at  Vienna,  although  Haydn  on  this  occasion  pronounced  Mozart  the 
greatest  of  all  living  composers.  During  the  illness  which  caused  his 
death  he  wrote  the  "  Magic  Flute,"  "La  Clemenza  di  Tito,"  and  his 
famous  requiem.      He  died  in  December,  1792,  in  the  thirty-sixth  year 


'••  ■■ 


FRANCIS  II 


459 


of  his  age.     His  requiem  is  said  to  have  had  the  following  origin.     A 
count  of  Walsegg,  who  was  a  stranger  to  him,  came  one  day  and  re- 
quested him  to  compose  a  mass  for  the  death  of  his  wife,  for  which 
Mozart  was  to  fix  his  own  price.    Mozart  required  two  hundred  ducats, 
but  would  not  bind  himself  as  to  time,  wishing  to  give  the  work  per- 
fection.    The  visitor  paid  the  price  demanded  in  advance,  and  prom- 
ised when  the  work  was  finished  to  give  an  additional  sum,  and  to  call 
again  in  the  course  of  some  months.     During  this  time  Mozart  had  re- 
ceived the  commission  to  compose  "La  Clemenza  di   Tito,"  for  the 
coronation  of  the  Emperor  Leopold  IL,  at  Prague,  and  he  was  engaged 
upon  this  work  when  the  visitor  reappeared  and  reminded  him  of  his 
promise.     On  his  return  from  Prague  he  commenced  the  mass  with  an 
energy  and  interest  which  he  had  never  yet  evinced  while  composing 
any  of  his  other   pieces,   so  that  his  wife   felt  great  anxiety  lest  the 
unusual  exertion  should  affect  his  already  declining  health;  indeed, 
Mozart  himself,  with  tears  in  his  eyes,  acknowledged  that  he  was  writing 
his  own  requiem.     When  he  had  nearly  completed  the  work  he  was 
again  oppressed  with  melancholy,  and  his  death  followed  soon  after. 
The  visitor  again  appeared,  demanded  the  piece,  and  received  it  un- 
finished as  it  was  left.     This  composition  fell  into  the  hands  of  his 
scholar,  Süssmayr,  who  made  some  additions,  and  arranged  the  whole 

as  it  is  now  printed. 

The  eminent  historian,  Edward  Gibbon,  was  born  at  Putney,  Eng- 
land in  1737.  In  1776  he  began  the  publication  of  his  great  work, 
-The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire."  Niebuhr  says  that 
^^The  Decline  and  Fall  is  probably  the  greatest  achievement  of  human 
thou-ht  and  erudition  in  the  department  of  history."  It  is  virtually  a 
histoo'  of  the  civilized  world  for  thirteen  centuries,  during  which 
paganism  was  breaking  down  and  Christianity  was  superseding  it.  Its 
style  is  marked  by  the  highest  power  of  condensation,  and  is  full  of 
smiting  phrases  and  ponderous  antitheses. 


FRANCIS    II.,  FRANZ   DER   ZWEITE.     A.D.  1792-1806. 


Lege  et  fide. 


(Law  and  faith.) 


Francis  II.,  the  eldest  son  of  Leopold  II.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany, 
and  of  Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  Cliarles  III.,  King  of  Spam,  was 
born  at  Florence  in  1768.  In  1790  his  father  became  Emperor  by 
the  death  of  his  brother  Joseph,  but  died  two  years  after,  when  the 
crown  devolved  upon  Francis,  who  was  also  elected  Emperor  of  Ger- 


460 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAIXE. 


many,  and  was  crowned  successively  at  Frankfort,  in  Hungary,  and  in 
Bohemia,  shortly  after  the.  outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution.     He  was 

soon  surrounded  with  difft- 
culties  and  dangers.    Hun- 
gary, stripped  of  its  consti- 
tutional   privileges    by  the 
centralizing    and    German- 
izing efforts  of  Joseph,  and 
not  fully  appeased  by  the 
concessions  of  Leopold,  was 
in  a  state  of  national  excite- 
ment, and  the  Belgian  prov- 
inces were  ripe  for  revolt. 
The  legislative  assembly  of 
France  obliged  Louis  XVL 
to  declare  war  against  the 
young    King    of    Hungary 
and  Bohemia  in  April,  1  792. 
The  victories  of  Dumouriez, 
the  revolt  of  Belgium,  the 
victories  of  Custine  on  the 
Rhine,  and    the    execution 
of  Louis  XVL  and  of  the 
queen,    ^L\rie    Antoinette, 
the  aunt  of  Francis,  followed 
in  rapid  train.      It  was  in 
vain  that  Clairfait  obtained 
some  advantages  over  the 
French;   that  Francis  took 
the  command  in  person,  and  was  for  a  time  successful;  that  a  new  and 
mightier  coalition  was  formed  :   the  armies  of  the  republic  soon  drove 
back  the  allies;  Francis's  confederates  deserted  him,  and,  m    1795, 
Tuscany,  Sweden,  Spain,  and  even  Prussia,  concluded  at  Basel  a  treaty 
of  peaJe  with   the  republic,  whose  Italian  army,  now  commanded  by 
General  Bonaparte,  conquered  in  the  two  next  years  the  whole  north 
of  Italy.      Francis  himself,   notwithstanding  some  slight   advantages 
gained  by  his  brother,  the  Archduke  Charles,  over  Moreau,  in  Southern 
Germany,  was  finally  forced  to  conclude  the  treaty  of  Campo  Formio, 
in  October,  1797,  in  which  he  sacrificed  the  Netherlands,  Milan,  and  a 
Rhenish  province  of  the  empire,  in   exchange  for  Venice.      Changes 
in  France,  and  new  French  aggressions,  tempted  Austria,  Russia,  and 


FRANCOIS  II. 


FRANCIS  II. 


461 


England  to  another  war.  The  allied  armies  were  successful  for  awhile 
under  the  Emperor's  brother,  the  Archduke  Charles,  in  Germany, 
under  Hotze  in  Switzerland,  and  under  Kray  and  Suwaroff  in  Italy. 
But  reverses  came;  Suwaroff  was  recalled  by  his  Emperor,  Paul;  and 
Bonaparte,  returning  from  Egypt,  became  master  of  France  by  a  coup 
d'etat,  and  of  Italy  by  the  passage  of  the  Alps  and  the  battle  of 
Marengo,  in  1800,  while  Moreau  fought  his  way  through  Southern 
Germany  towards  Vienna.  These  disasters  compelled  Francis  to  the 
Peace  of  Luneville,  by  which  he  lost  a  portion  of  Germany  and 
acquired  a  portion  of  Italy. 

England  made  peace  with  France  at  Amiens,  but  broke  it  again,  and 
formed  a  new  coalition,  in  which  the  Emperors  Francis  and  Alexander 
and  the  King  of  Sweden  took  part,  while  Prussia  remained  neutral,  and 
Bavaria,  Wiirtemberg,  and  Baden  were  ready  to  side  with  the  French. 
Francis   expected    the    first    attack  from    Italy,  and  sent    thither    his 
brother,  the  Archduke  Charles,  who  gained  a  battle  over  Massena ;  but 
Napoleon  broke  through  Germany,  and  his  sudden  marches,  the  sur- 
render of  Ulm,  with   its  twenty-four  thousand  men  under  Mack,  the 
retreat  of  the  Archduke  Ferdinand,  and  the  great  battle  of  Austerlitz, 
in  1805,  in  which  the  two  allied  Emperors  were  present,  made  him  the 
dictator  of  the  treaty  concluded  at  Presburg,  in  which  Francis  lost  the 
Tyrol,  Venice,  and  three  millions  of  subjects,  and  received  in  exchange 
only  Salzburg.    'J'he  Electors  of  Bavaria  and  Würtemberg  now  received 
the  title  of  kings,  as  a  reward  for  their  support  of  the  victor.     In  1804, 
when  Napoleon  had  been  proclaimed  Emperor  of  France,  Francis  de- 
clared himself  hereditary  Emperor  of  Austria,  uniting  all  his  dominions 
in  one  empire.      On  the  establishment  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine,  in  1806,  he  laid  down  the  dignity  of  German  Emperor,  which 
his  family  had  held  for  nearly  five  hundred  years,  and  took  the  title  of 
Francis  L,  Emperor  of  Austria. 

Napoleon,  having  crushed  Prussia,  Portugal,  and  Italy,  threatened 
Austria  again.  Francis  armed  the  ancient  German  militia,  and  called 
to  his  aid  the  Hungarian  nobles.  The  Archdukes  Charles,  Ferdinand, 
and  Maximilian,  brothers  of  the  Emperor,  were  sent  with  armies  across 
the  German,  Italian,  and  Polish  frontiers  ;  but  Austria  stood  this  time 
alone,  while  Napoleon  was  assisted  by  Poles,  Russians,  and  Germans. 
With  the  exception  of  the  battles  of  Aspern  and  Essling,  in  1809,  in 
which  Napoleon  suffered  his  first  defeat,  the  whole  campaign  in  Ger- 
many was  a  series  of  French  victories.  The  Austrians  were  forced  to 
evacuate  Vienna,  were  driven  from  Poland,  and  were  signally  de- 
feated at  Wagram ;  the  Hungarian  nobles  were  dispersed,  and  a  rising 


402 


HOUSE   OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAIXE. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


463 


of  the  Tyrolese  in  favor  of  Austria  proved  abortive.  The  Peac  of 
Scl  önbrunn  cost  Francis  some  rich  provinces,  and  more  l,an  three 
million  five  lu.ndred  thousand  subjects.  The  resources  of  h,s  emp.re 
V  re  exhausted,  and  his  treasury  had  long  been  bankrupt.  In  th,s 
situation  he  consented  to  give  his  daughter  Mar.a  Lou.sa  ,n  marr.age 
to  Napoleon,  and  soon  saw  the  title,  King  of  Rome,  wh.ch  once  had 
been  his  own,  bestowed  upon  her  child. 

But  the  power  as  well  as  the  presumption  of  Napoleon  had  now 
attvined   its   highest   pitch.      In   the  disastrous  Russian  campaign  of 
anlxihary   Austrian    force   occupied   Poland    in   the      rei^h 
nter  St,  but  e(Tected  little.     In  1813  Francis  declared  h.s  neutrahty^ 
and  on  Napoleon's   refusal   to   accept   his  mediation  with   Russia  he 
joined  the  allies,  contributing  largely  to  their  victory  at  Leipsic.     In 
L   following  year  he   entered   France  with  his  army,  anc    reman.e^^^ 
two  months  in  Paris  after  its  occupation  by  the  allies.     In  June,  the 
Elpean  congress  assembled  at  Vienna,  but  the  ^^^^^ 
which  Francis  entertained  his  guests  were  interrupted  in  March,  i8i„ 
by  the  news  of  Napoleon's  return  from  Elba.     An  Austrian  army  nmv 
cro  sed  the  Simplon  and  occupied  Lyons,  while  another  marched  in  o 
X   overthrew  Murat,  and  restored  to  the  old  King  Ferdinand  the 
ot  of  Naples.     On  the  return  of  peace  after  the  battle  of  Waterloo, 
Francis,  having  ceded  Belgium  to  the  Netherlands,  and  -^1--^   Lom- 
bard v  and  Venice,  saw  his  empire  greater  than  it  had  ever  been  b  fore. 
His  policy,  developed  by  Metternich,  became  the  policy  of  Europe 
Based  on  a  horror  of  revolution  and  a  reverence  for  hereditary  right, 
it  took  the  form  of  a  thorough  conservatism  and  centralization,  sup- 
ported  by  a  large  standing  army,  a  secret  police,  strict  subordination, 
a  literarv  censorship,  and  all  tl^  measures  of  repression  familiar  to  an 
arbitrary  government.     Austria  was  the  centre  of  all  the  reactionary 
;.oveiJn?s  of  the  period  following  the  French   Revolution.      Mon- 
archical congresses  for  the  supi)ression  of  the  revolutionary  spin    o 
Germany,  Spain,  and  Italy  were  held  on  its  territory   at  Carlsbad  in 
1819,  at  Troppau  in  1820,  at  Laybach  in  1821,  and  at  Verona  in  1822. 
-  Be  careful,"  said  Francis  to  the  professors  in  the  university  at  Lay- 
bach,  ''  not  to  teach  too  much.     I  do  not  want  Jeamed  men  in  my 
kingdom  ;   I  want  good  subjects,  who  will  do  as  I  bid  them.        His 
armies  restored  order  in  Piedmont  and  Naples,  and  Austrian  influence 
prevailed  in  Portugal,  Spain,  and  the  German  confederacy  at  Frank- 
fort    Francis  sanctioned  even  the  despotic  rule  of  Turkey  over  Greece, 
and  imprisoned    the  Greek  refugee  Ypsilanti.      He  was  the  first  to 
counteract   in  Italy  the  influence  of  the  French  revolution  of  July, 


1830,  and  aided  the  Czar  Nicholas  in  the  Polish  war  ofindependence, 
in  1831.  It  was,  nevertheless,  a  constant  though  secret  part  of  his 
policy  to  check  the  growing  and  threatening  power  of  Russia. 

At  home,  his  chief  embarrassments  sprang  from  an  exhausted  treasury, 
enormous  debts,  and  the  uneasiness  of  the  Italians,  Hungarians,  and 
Slavi.     New  loans  and  taxes  relieved  his  finances ;  state  prisons  and 
rigorous  punishments  were  used  to  crush  the  spirit  of  independence   n 
Italy;  while  the  diet  of  Presburg  was  appeased  by  reluctant   conces- 
sions, and  German  officials  kept  order  in  Poland  and  Bohemia.     In 
the  promotion  of  industry,  commerce,  and  the  arts  in  his  dominions, 
and  the  advancement  of  German  influence,  he  showed  a  wiser  policy. 
The   courts   of  law  were   reorganized,   and    the    ancient    codes  were 
revised  and  modified.     Francis  was  economical,  industrious,  and  reg- 
ular in  his  personal  habits,  popular  with  the  Germans,  but  little  known 
and  less  liked  by  his  other  subjects.     The  antipathy  inspired   by  the 
reactionary  measures  of  his  government,  and  the  attacks  of  the  liberal 
press  in   foreign   countries,  and  of  the   Hungarian   patriots  in   their 
diets  and  county  assemblies,  were  directed  less  against   the  Emperor 
than  against  his  minister,  Metternich.      His  private  treasury  was  in  an 
incomparably  better  condition  than  that  of  the  state,  and  his  family 
was  large  and   prosperous.     The   latter  part  of  his  reign  was  undis- 
turbed.    He  died  at  Vienna,  March  2,  1835. 

His  first  wife  was  Elizabeth  of  Wiirtemberg ;  his  second,  Maria 
Theresa  of  Sicily,  was  the  mother  of  thirteen  children,  among  whom 
were  Maria  Louisa,  wife  of  Napoleon  L,  Ferdinand,  who  succeeded 
him  on  the  throne,  and  Francis  Charles,  the  father  of  the  present 
Emperor,  Francis  Joseph  I.  His  third  wife  was  Maria  Louisa  Beatrice 
of  Austria,  and  his  fourth,  Charlotte  of  Bavaria. 

CONTEMPORARIES  OF  FRANCIS  II.,  EMPEROR  OF  GERMANY  fl.  OF  AUSTRIA). 

George  III.  fell  ill  in  1801,  and  again  in  1804.  In  1810  he  became 
hopelessly  insane.  During  his  reign  the  British  rule  in  India  was  con- 
solidated ;  the  Jacobite  feeling  had  died  out,  and  the  union  had  become 
not  a  legislative  one  merely,  but  a  union  of  society,  literature,  thought, 
and  enterprise.  The  most  original  and  vigorous  thought  of  this  period 
found  its  expression  in  poetry,  and  among  its  great  poets  the  most 
noteworthy  were  Byron,  Coleridge,  Wordsworth,  and  Walter  Scott, 
the  last  of  whom  is  also  at  the  head  of  writers  of  prose  fiction  ;  while 
among  those  distinguished  for  eloquence  were  Chatham,  Fox,  and 
Burke,  three  of  the  greatest  orators  of  all  time.  Chemistry  and  the 
steam-engine  were   beginning  to  alter  the  face  of  society.     Among 


464 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTK/A-LORKAIXE. 


le<nslative   reforms,   the    most    conspicuous  was   the    abolition   of  the 
inmishmont  of  death  for  minor  crimes.     George  III.  d.ed  m  January, 

'^Mofte   of  Mccklcnhur^-Strelitz.   wife    of  George    III.,   was  well 
educated,   decidedly  prepossessing    in    appearance,  and    engagmg  ^^^ 
n.anners.      Neither  'party  strife  nor  political  animosity  ever  disturbed 
the  tranquillity  of  her  household.      She  was  a  taUhtul   tnend    a  good 
wife,  and  verv  benevolent.     The  private  life  of  Cieorge  and  Charlotte 
was  ;emarkably  simple,  regular,  and  n.ethodical    and  they  endeavorecl 
to  bring  up  their  children  well,  both  morally  and  intellectual) .     Char- 
lotte died  in   the  seventy-fifth  year  of  her  age.     Their  children  ..re 
Geor^^e  IV.  ;  Frederic,  Duke  of  York,  who  married  trederica,  eldest 
S;Xr  of  Vrederic  William   III.,  King   of  Pr«   W    ba..  Dii^ 
of   Clarence,    afterwards    William    IV.,    married    Adelaide    of    bax- 
Meinin^^en;   Charlotte  married  Frederic  William,  Prince  of  W  u  tem- 
J    g      Edwar<l,    Duke    of   Kent,    married  Victoria  of  Saxe-Coburg ; 
^ugvsta   married   the   Prince   of  Hesse-Homburg  ;    ^--f^}]^"^^  «^ 
Cumberland,    married    the  daughter   of  the    Duke    of   Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  and  afterwards  became   King  of  Hanover  ;  Augustus    I)uke 
of  Sussex,  married  Lady  Augusta  Murray;  Adolphus,  Duke  of  Cai^ 
bridge,  married  the  Princess  of  Hesse-Cassel ;  Mary  married  the  Duke 
of  Gloucester.     Besides  these,  there  were  Sophia,  Octavius,  Allred, 
and  Amelia.     All   their  married  daughters  died  childless;  and  only 
three  of  the  sons  left  children.     The  Duke  of  Kent  had  one  child, 
the  present  Queen  Victoria  ;    Ernest,  King  of  Hanover    had  a  son, 
who  succeeded  him   in  1851  ;   Adolphus,  Duke  of  Cambridge,  left  a 
son,  who  succeeded    him,    and   two   daughters,  Augusta,  the   Grand 
Duchess  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  and  Princess  Mary  of  Cambridge 

Georsre  IV.  had  been  virtual  sovereign  during  the  long  period  of  his 
father's  last  insanity,  as  prince-regent.    He  was  born  in  1762,  and  died 
in  18^.0      That  he  should  have  lived  so  long  as  sixty-seven  years  is  no 
the  least  notable  circumstance  connected  with  a  life  which  has  supplied 
as  much  material  for  scandal  as  any  other  in  English  history.     George 
IV    had  considerable  intellectual  ability  and  address,  could  tell  stones 
weil,  and  enjoved  every  day  without  thinking  of  the  next.     His  personal 
attractions,  combined  with  his  position,  led  many  to  st>de  him  in  his 
lifetime,  not  without  sincerity,  -  the  first  gentleman  of  Europe  ;     but 
the  decay  of  king-worship,  and  the  growth  of  morality,  l^^ve  "ot  al- 
lowed  that  to  continue  as  the  opinion  of  his  countrymen.     His  frailties, 
and  those  of  his  roval  namesakes,  have  been  mercilessly  exposed  by 
Thackeray  in  his  -  Four  Georges."     unfortunately  for  their  memory, 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


465 


no  man  of  Thackeray's  abilities  has  set  himself  to  look  for  their  virtues 
and  their  good  offices  to  England, — which  were  not  few, — and  for 
which  they  have  earned  the  gratitude  of  patriots  who  are  not  mere  blind 
worshipers  of  royalty.  The  marriage  of  George  IV.  was  specially  un- 
fortunate. He  married  his  cousin,  Caroline  Amelia  Elizabeth,  second 
daughter  of  the  Duke  of  Brunswick,  under  the  pressure  of  debt  and  of 
his  fiither's  desire,  and  their  conjugal  happiness,  if  it  ever  existed,  did 
not  last  many  weeks.  Their  daughter,  the  Princess  Charlotte  Augusta, 
was  born  in  1796,  and  shortly  afterwards  her, parents  separated,  having 
ceased  to  speak  to  each  other  months  before.  Princess  Charlotte 
Augusta  married  Leopold,  King  of  Belgium,  and  died  in  181 7,  greatly 
to  the  grief  of  the  whole  nation.  Royal  visits  to  Scotland  and  Ireland, 
the  aid  rendered  to  the  Greeks  by  the  British  fleet  in  the  battle  of  Nava- 
rino,  1827,  which  secured  the  independence  of  Greece,  and  the  passing 
of  the  Roman  Catholic  Relief  Bill  (so  odious  to  his  father),  are  the 
most  notable  incidents  of  the  reign  of  George  IV. 

Caroline  of  Brunswick,  the  wife  of  George  IV.,  had  but  little  atten- 
tion paid  to  her  education,  and  grew  up  a  forward,  sharp-witted, 
warm-hearted,  hasty,  self-willed,  indiscreet  maiden.  She  was  refused 
admittance  to  her  husband's  coronation,  and  died  soon  after,  in  the 
fifty-fourth  year  of  her  age,  a  martyr  to  her  own  folly,  and  the  harsh 
persecution  of  her  unprincipled  husband.  She  was  buried  in  the  ca- 
thedral of  St.  Blaize,  in  Brunswick,  by  the  side  of  her  heroic  father  and 
brother,  the  former  of  whom  fell  at  Jena,  and  the  latter  at  Quatre-Bras. 

William  IV.  succeeded  his  brother  George  IV.  in  1830.  The  great 
event  which  distinguished  his  reign  was  the  passage  of  the  act  called 
Parliamentary  Reform.  William  IV.  was  affable  in  his  manners,  and 
cordial  in  his  deportment,  with  somewhat  of  the  rude  heartiness  of  the 
deck,  on  which  he  had  passed  some  of  his  early  years,  having  been  for 
a  time  lord  high  admiral  of  England.  After  he  came  to  the  throne  he 
became  economical  in  his  habits.  During  his  reign  the  nation  enjoyed 
tranquillity  at  home  and  abroad.  The  license  of  his  early  life  has  left 
a  stain  upon  his  character. 

Adelaide  of  Saxe-Meiningen,  wife  of  William  IV.,  was  one  of  the 
most  virtuous  and  well-intentioned  of  the  queens  of  England.  After 
William's  death  she  received  a  dower  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 
Her  character  was  pre-eminently  distinguished  by  piety,  liberality,  un- 
bounded charity,  and  benevolent  sympathy.  She  died  in  1849,  ^"^ 
was  buried  in  St.  George's  Chapel,  Windsor. 

Louis  XVI.  of  France  was  beheaded  in  January,  1 793,  and  the  Reign 
of  Terror  then  commenced. 


30 


466 


HOUSE    OF  ACSTK/A-LOKKAIXE. 


Marie  A.toinctU,  wife  of  Louis  XVI.,  was  the  daughter  of  Francs  I., 
Emperor  of  Germauy,  and  of  Maria  Theresa.    In  her  youth   her  te.^  ler 
of  Italian  was  Metastasio;  of  music,  Cduck ;  and  ot  trench,  the  Abbe 
Vermond.      Her   grace  and  dignity  of   person  were  adorned    by  the 
varietv  of  her  attainments.     In  surrendering  her  daughter  ,n  marnage 
to  Louis,  Maria  Theresa  wrote  that,  as  she  had  ever  been  the  dehgl  t 
of  her  mother,  so  she  would  prove  to  be  the  happmess  of  her  husband. 
The  political  agitations  of  France,  which  had  been  growing  for  .entu- 
ries,  broke  forth  into  open  revolution,  and  Marie  .Vnto.nette  was  held 
responsible  in  the  minds  of  many  for  the  vacillation  of  her  husband 
the  incapacitv  of  ministers,  the  degeneracy  of  socety,  and  the  absolute 
and  inevitable  course  of  events.     When  the  report  -[^^  '"''''!'''■  T 
sounded  throughout  Europe,  the  Queen  of  Naples,  and  her  brother  the 
•Emperor  Joseph  II.,  entreated  her  to  escape  from  the  dangers  wh,c 
the!  foreiw.     In  one  of  her  letters  to  her  brother,  Joseph,  she  wrote 
thai  "a  good  and  affectionate  mother  has  no  country  but  the  one  m 
which  the  fate  of  her  children  is  necessarily  fixed."     Mar.e  Anton,ette 
had  often  been  imprudent,  often  vain  and  frivolous,  often   perhaps     oo 
tenacious  of  the  opinions  incident  to  her  birth  and  rank ;  but  in  the 
cos"  S    cenes  of  her  life  we  can  see  her  only  as  the  noble,  persecuted 
woma:.    She  was  beheaded  in  October,  1793.    She  had  four  chddren- 
Maria  Theresa  Charlotte,  who  married  the  Duke  ^'Angou  erne   ekes 
son  of  Charles   X. ;  the  Dauphin  Louis,  who  d.ed  m   17S9  ,  Charles 
Louis,  Duke  of  Normandy,   who,   after   the  death  of  h.s  father,  was 
known,  during  his  short  existence,  as  Louis  XVII.  ;  and  a  daughter, 

who  died  in  her  infancy.  ,      . 

The  Republic   of  France   followed.     Austria  and   Prussia    invaded 
France  with  their  armies,  and  the  Convention   declared  war  against 
England,  Spain,  and  Holland.     A  counter-revolution    in  La  \  endee 
was  suppressed  with  terrible  massacres.     The  worship  of  Reason  was 
proclaimed  and  the  churches  closed.     Napoleon  Bonaparte,  a  young 
captain  of  artillery,  was  appointed  to  the  commaiul  of  the  army  in 
Italv,  and  subdued  that  peninsula  in  one  campaign.   He  then  conducted 
an  army  into  Egypt,  capturing  Malta  by  the  way,  and  conquered  the 
whole  country,  though  his  fleet  was  destroyed  by  Nelson  ;"  the  b  tt 
of  the  Nile.     Returning  to  France,  he  was  created  Firs    Consul    n 
1 799,  and  the  war  with  England  dosed  with  the  Peace  of  Amiens.     In 
1803    hostilities  recommenced,  and  the  French  conquered   Hanover 
and  threatened  the  invasion  of  England.     In  1804,  Napoleon  became 

^^^n^First  Empire.     Prussia  and   Austria  combined  with   England 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


467 


against  Napoleon,  and  were  defeated  at  Ulm  and  Austerlitz.     Peace 
followed,  and  fourteen  German  princes  put  themselves  under  the  pro- 
tection  of  Na])oleon,  and  thus   ended  the  German  Empire.     Joseph 
Bonaparte  was  made  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  and  afterwards  of  Spain. 
Louis  Bonaparte  was  made  King  of  Holland.     \w  1806,  Prussia  and 
Russia  took   up   arms  against    Napoleon,  and  were  defeated  at  Jena, 
Eylau,  and   Friedland.     The  Peace  of  Tilsit  followed,  in  1807.     The 
Peninsular  War,  with  English  forces  under  the  Duke  of  Wellington, 
ended  in  the  submission  of   Spain   to  Napoleon.      Austria  broke  the 
peace,  and  was  defeated  at  Eckmiihl,  Essling,  and  Wagram.     After  the 
peace  of  Vienna,  Napoleon  married  Maria  Louisa,  daughter  of  the  Em- 
peror Francis  I.  of  Austria.     In  181 2  he  began  his  Russian  campaign, 
which  resulted  in  the  burning  of  Moscow  and  his  disastrous  retreat, 
with  the  loss  of  seven-eighths  of  his  army.      A  powerful  coalition,  in- 
cluding England,  Russia,  Prussia,  Austria,  and  even  the  Kings  of  Na- 
ples, Bavaria,  and  Sweden,  who  had  received  their  crowns  from  Napo- 
leon, carried  the  war  into  France,  and  in  1814  Napoleon  was  deposed 
and  banished  to  Elba,  and  the  Bourbons  were  recalled.     Eight  months 
afterwards  the  Emperor  landed   in   France  with  a  few  attendants,  was 
joined  by  the  whole   army,  and   placed   upon   the  throne.     But  the 
allies  refused  to  make  peace  with  him,  and  at  length  defeated  him  at 
Waterloo.     Failing  to  reach  America,  he  surrendered  himself  to  the 
English,  who   imprisoned  him   for  life  on  the  island  of  St.  Helena, 
where  he  died,  May  5,  1821. 

His  first  wife  was  Marie  Josephine  Tascher  de  la  Pagerie,  daughter 
of  a  highly  respectable  family  of  Martinique.  She  was  born  at  St. 
Pierre,  in  that  island,  in  1768.  At  an  early  age  she  was  married  to 
Viscount  Alexander  Beauharnais,  and  shortly  after  went  to  Paris, 
where  the  viscount  obtained  the  rank  of  general  and  commander-in- 
chief  from  the  Constituent  Assembly.  He  fell  a  victim  during  the 
Reign  of  Terror.  He  left  two  children,  Eugene  and  Hortense.  Joseph- 
ine herself  was  thrown  into  prison  on  account  of  the  efforts  which  she 
made  to  save  her  husband.  After  the  death  of  Robespierre  she  was 
liberated,  and  in  1796  she  became  the  wife  of  Napoleon.  While 
Napoleon  was  in  Egypt,  she  retired  to  Malmaison,  occupied  herself  in 
her  favorite  study  of  botany,  and  built  a  very  extensive  hot-house, 
which  she  filled  with  a  rare  and  valuable  collection  of  exotics.  Her 
taste  in  this  respect  was  so  well  known  throughout  Europe  that, 
although  England  and  France  were  constantly  at  war,  the  Prince- 
Regent  of  England  gave  orders  that  the  envoys  whom  she  employed 
to  collect  her  horticultural  treasures  should  be  respected  and  allowed 


gg  HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAIXE. 

,0  PISS  securely.     Josephine  profited  by  the  elevation  of  her  husbancl 

0  Tcon  ula te  to  extend  her  benevolence,  and  became  the  depos.- 
nry  of  U  e  sorrows  of  all  those  who  approached  her,  act.ng  .n  such  a 
„a  er  a    manner  that  Napoleon,  in  one  of  his  betters   w-roteJ.er        1 

1  win  battles,  you  win  hearts."  She  was  consecrated  Emp  ess  of 
Fr  ;  e  b  ro  irius  VII. ;  and  Napoleon  place.l  on  her  head  the  .ron 
!  ::  :Jf-Lonlbardy,  at  Milan.  Her  son,  Prmce  ^'^^;^^^^^;^ 
was  n,arrie.l  to  a  daughter  of  the  k,ng  °"^--'^' ^?^'  ^f  ^^ 
fetes  were  dven  at  Mvmich,  at  which  the  hmperor  and  Empress  were 
!?ese  t  Her  daughter,  Hortense,  was  united  to  Louis  Bonaparte,  Kn.g 
oH  land,  by  whom  she  had  a  son,  who,  unfortunately  for  Joseplnne, 
d  ed         S07  /for  Napoleon  was  exceedingly  fond  of  h.s  young  neph  w 

lont  2   aid  he  intended  to  have  named  his  successor ;  and  afte 
r    eL:  of  this  prince,  the  report  of  the  ^nM-or  J  "n^  o 
divorcing  the  Empress  began  to  be  circulated  at  court.      Napoleon 
leu    ;  desired  an  heir,  through  whom  he  might  >nsure   repose  to 
Frt  e  and  the  throne  to  his  dynasty.     Josephine  had  never  had  any 
d  Mren    by  her   second    marriage,  and   therefore   consented    to   the 
Wee  lich  took  place  in  i8io.     She  also  consoled  and  encouraged 
r   childiln,  who   were    deeply  afflicted   at    this   c-cumstance,  and 
o       t  for  her  remonstrances,  would  have  quitted  F-"«/--;  ; 
rephine  was  allowed  to  retain  the  title  of  Empress,  and  -tired  first 
oh  r  es  ate  in  Navarre;    but  her  favorite  residence  was  Malmai  on, 
;:here  ^he  spent  the  greater  part  of  the  year    and  where  Napoleon 
frequentlv  visited  her,  and  consulted  her  on  political  af^irs 

Josephine,  in  her  honorable  retirement,  at  the  age  of  fo-ty-s  x>  «^ 
surrounded  with  the  esteem  of  all  Europe;  and,  possessing  a  fortune  of 
,urroun   e  ^^^^^^^^  ^^  satisfying  her 

b^el^l  rnSoi^  Snfiding  in  he!  sagacity.  Napoleon  commu- 
n  ca^d  to  her  his  intention  of  undertaking  the  fatal  expedition  o 
R  ;;  in  .Sr.  Fearing  the  result  of  this  gig--  enterprise  Jose^- 
ine  in  vain  entreated  him  to  abandon  the  project.  In  18.4,  ^>hen 
lied  armies  entered  Paris,  she  went  to  Navarre      On    earnin 

ivit  Xxnoleon  had  retired  to  Fontainebleau,  and  that  h.s  fate  had 
b  en  d  id  d,  she  became  insensible,  and  was  for  some  hours  attacked 
S  ?a  n  ing-fits.     At  length,  recovering  her  strength  and  energy,  she 

:daimed,  "  I  ought  not  to  remain  here ;  my  presence  -  ne-ary  - 
the  Emperor  :     I  shall  fulfill  the  duty  of  Mana  Louisa  !     Since  she  ha 

tn^loied  him,  I  will  go  to  him.    I  only  agreed  to  separate   njm  hm 
while  he  was  happy  ;  now  I  am  sure  he  expects  me  !        On  returning 
To  ialmalson  shefo^nd  that  a  guard  of  honor  had  been  placed  there; 


or 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


469 


her  property  had  been  respected,  and  she  felt  herself  in  the  midst  of  a 
new  court,  embellished  by  the  first  persons  in  Europe.     The  Duke  of 
Berri,  fearing  that  the  recent  events  must  have  caused  her  great  anxiety 
and  alarm,  sent  the  Count  de  Mesnard  to  assure  her  that  he  should  be 
very  happy  to  do  anything  that  would  be  agreeable  to  her,  for  whom 
he  entertained  as  much  respect  as  admiration.    The  Emperor  Alexander 
testified  the  greatest  friendship  for  her  and  her  children,  and  frequently 
dined  with  them  at  Malmaison  ;  moreover,  her  son  Eugene  was  most 
cordially  received  by  the  king,  Louis  XVIII.,  who  embraced  him,  and 
declared  that  as  soon  as  peace  was  announced  he  would  make  him  a 
marshal  of  France,  as  he  considered  him  a  brilliant  example  to  the  army, 
and  that  he  ought  to  be  surnamed  the  Bayard  of  the  age.     He  also  re- 
ceived Queen  Hortense  with  great  distinction,  and  she  was  allowed  to 
retain  the  honors  of  her  rank.    After  Napoleon's  exile  to  Elba,  Joseph- 
ine's health  began  to  fail.     The  Emperor  of  Russia  and  the  King  of 
Prussia  going  to  dine  with  her,  she  determined,  in  opposition  to  her 
physician's  advice,  to  do  the  honors  of  her  table;  she  was,  however,  so 
exceedingly  unwell  that,  before  the  dinner  was  over,  she  was  obliged  to 
resign  her  place  to  Queen  Hortense.     Her  complaint  was  a  species  of 
gangrenous  quinsy.    The  Emperor  Alexander  went  almost  daily  to  visit 
her,  and  on  the  day  of  her  death  he  arrived  at  the  moment  she  had 
given  her  last  blessing  to  her  children.    She  expired  on  the  29th  of  May, 
1814.     Her  funeral  took  place  with  great  magnificence  in  the  modest 
little  church  at  Rueil,  the  parish  in  which  Malmaison  is  situated.     The 
corners  of  the  pall  were  held  by  the  Grand  Duke  of  Baden,  who  was 
married  to  Josephine's  niece,  Stephanie  de  Beauharnais ;  the  Marquis 
de  Beauharnais,  her  brother-in-law ;  the  Count  Henry  de  Tascher,  her 
nephew;   and  the  Count  de  Beauharnais,  chevalier  d'honneur  to  Maria 
Louisa.     General  Sacken,  aid-de-camp  to  the  Emperor  of  Russia,  and 
the  King  of  Prussia's  adjutant-general,  headed  the  procession  on  foot, 
followed  by  a  great  number  of  foreign  princes,  ambassadors,  and  sena- 
tors ;  different  orders  of  fraternity  carrying  banners,  and  twenty  young 
girls,  dressed  in  white  and  singing  psalms,  composed  a  part  of  the  cor- 
tege, the  sides  of  which  were  formed  by  troops  of  Russian  hussars  and 
national  guards;  while  two  thousand  poor  of  all  ages  closed  the  proces- 
sion.    Her  children  afterwards  placed  her  remains  in  a  magnificent 
tomb  of  pure  white  marble.     The  Empress  is  represented  in  a  kneeling 
attitude,  attired  in  the  imperial  costume,  and  apparently  praying  for 
France.     The  only  words  engraved  on  this  beautiful  monument  are, 
Eugene  et  Hortense  ä  Josephine. 

Maria  Louisa,  second  wife  of  Napoleon,  was  the  daughter  ot  the 


nuL^t    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 

Emperor  Francis  II.  and  of  Maria  de  Bourbon,  Princess  of  Naples  and 
Sicily.   She  was  exceedingly  well  educated,  loved  study,  and  was  mistress 
of  the  French,  Latin,  and  English  languages;  she  also  cultivated  music 
and  painting  with  great  success.     She  vvas  married  to  Napoleon  April 
2,  i8io,  and  March  20,  181 1,  a  son  was  born,  who  took  the  title  of 
Kin-  of  Rome.     After  Napoleon's  disastrous  campaign  in  Russia,  he 
reorganized  new  forces  to  defend  the  frontiers  of  France.     On  leaving 
Paris  he  confided  the  regency  to  Maria  Louisa.    When  the  allied  armies 
were  marching  on  Paris,  though  she  had  nothing  personally  to  fear  tom 
the  approaching  enemy,  she  yielded  to  timidity,  precipitately  aban- 
doned the  capital,  and  retired  to  Blois.    After  Napoleon  had  signed  his 
abdication  at  Fontainebleau,  General  Sacken  conveyed  her    rom  Blois 
to  Orleans,  where  he  confided  her  to  the  care  of  Prince  Esterhazy,  who 
was  charged  to  present  her  to  her  Either  at  the  chateau  of  Rambouillet. 
Francis  IL  sent  her  with  her  infant  son  to  Austria,  and  assigned  her 
the  magnificent  and  picturesque  chateau  of  Schönbrunn  for  her  resi- 
dence     The   treatv  of  Fontainebleau  secured   to   her  the  duchy  ot 
Parma,  Piacenza,  and  Guastalla.     In  1816,  Maria  Louisa  left  her  son 
in  Vienna  and  took  possession  of  her  duchy.     After  Napoleon  s  death, 
bein-  debarred  from  any  habitual  communication  with  her  family,  she 
formed  a  private  marriage  with  her  prime  minister,  the  Count  de  Neip- 
p.r-   by  whom  she  had  two  children.     I1ie  count  governed  the  duchy 
of  Rirma  with  talent  and  judgment  for  fourteen  years,  and  died  in 
iS'>8      His  marriage  with  the  widow  of  Napoleon   not  having  been 
declared,  she  retained  the  title  of  the  widow  of  Napoleon  the  Great 
The  revolution  of  1831  compelled  her  to  leave  Parma,  and  she  remained 
at   Piacenza  until,  after  some  time,  order  was  restored  by  the  Austrian 
arms.     She  was  absent  from  Parma  during  the  outbreak  of  June,  1847, 
and  died  in  Vienna  soon  afterwards. 

Napoleon  IL,  Napoleon  Francis  Joseph  Charles,  son  of  Napoleon  I. 
and  of  Maria  Louisa  of  Austria,  was  born  in  Paris,  March  20,  1811. 
When  his  father  was  compelled  to  abdicate,  in  1814,  he  went  with  his 
mother  to  Vienna.       On  Napoleon's  return  from   Elba,   in   1815,  an 
attempt  was  made  to  remove  the  young  prince,  but  was  frustrated  by 
the  Austrian  authorities.      In   1S18,  the  Emperor  Francis,  having  be- 
stowed on   his  grandson   the  title  of   Duke  of  Reichstadt,  by  letters 
patent,  granted  the  voung  prince  the  dignity  of  serene  highness,  with 
a  rank  next  after  the  princes  of  the  blood,  and  a  particular  coat  ot 
arms.      Reichstadt  is  a  lordship  in  Bohemia.     The  chief  town,  of  the 
same  name,  and  lying  about  fifty  miles  northeast  of  Prague,  contains  a 
beautiful  castle  and  about  two  thousand  inhabitants.     The  revenue  of 


CONTEMPORARIES, 


471 


the  lordship  is  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  dollars.     The 
young  duke  was  carefully  educated  by  his  grandfather,  especially  in  the 
military  art.     He  was  made  a  lieutenant-colonel   in   1831,  and  com- 
manded a  battalion  of  Hungarian  infantry  in  the  garrison  of  Vienna; 
but  his  death,  when  he  was  twenty-one  years  old,  cut  him  off  before 
he  had  reached  an  age  in  which  he  might  have  displayed  any  abilities 
he  possessed.     In  Austrian  and  other  German  official  papers  his  name 
was  given  as  Francis  Joseph  Charles  only.     The  validity  of  the  abdi- 
cation of  his  father  in  his  favor  was  never  admitted  by  the  allies,  nor 
was  it  ever  claimed  by  the  French  government,  and  he  never  assumed 
the  title  of  Napoleon  IL     But  in  1852,  when  the  resumption  of  empire  . 
by  Louis  Napoleon  rendered  some  title  necessary,  he  was  considered 
Napoleon  IL,  and  the  new  Emperor  took  the  title  of  Napoleon  III. 
The  latter  title  having  been  recognized  by  the  several  governments  of 
Europe,  the  recognition  of  the  former  is  implied.     The  constitution  of 
the  Duke  of  Reichstadt  was  weak,  and  early  symptoms  of  consumption 
unfitted  him  for  the  laborious  duties  of  a  military  career.      He  died  at 

Schönbrunn  in  July,  1832. 

Louis  XVIIL,  the  brother  of  Louis  XVI.,  was  called  to  the  throne 
in  1815,  by  the  French  senate,  assuming  to  act  for  the  people.  He 
possessed  great  goodness  of  heart  and  strict  integrity.  He  was  a  man 
of  some  learning,  but  his  abilities  and  capacity  for  government  were 
very  moderate.     He  reigned   peaceably  until  his  death,  which   took 

place  in  1824. 

Mane  Josephine  Louise,  wife   of  Louis  XVIII. ,  was  a  princess  of 

Savoy. 

Charles  X,  brother  of  Louis  XVIIL,  alienated  his  people  by  limit- 
ing the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  was  dethroned  in  the  Three  Days' 
Revolution,  in  1830.  Charles  died  at  Görz  in  1836.  His  only  sur- 
viving descendant  in  the  male  line  is  his  grandson,  the  Count  de 
Chambord.  His  wife  was  Marie  Therese  of  Savoy,  who,  with  her 
sister,  the  widow  of  Louis  XVIIL,  lived  and  died  in  obscurity  and 

exile. 

Louis  Piiilippe  L  was  elected  King  of  the  French  in  1830.  He  was 
the  eldest  son  of  Louis  Philippe,  Duke  of  Orleans  {^Egalite).  His  wife 
was  Mary  Amelia,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  IV.,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Pope  Pius  VL.  WHien  the  French  Revolution  broke  out,  a  popular 
tumult  in  Rome  followed,  caused  by  the  imprudence  of  a  French  polit- 
ical agent  named  De  Basseville,  which,  resulting  in  his  death,  gave  the 
French  Directory  an  opportunity  of  hostile  demonstrations  against 
the  Pope.     In  1796,  Bonaparte  took  possession  of  the  Legations,  and 


\ 


472 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


afterwards  of  the  march  of  Ancona,  and,  by  a  threatened  advance  upon 
Rome,  extorted  from  Pius,  in  the  treaty  of  Tolentino,  the  surrender 
of  those  provinces  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  together  with  a  heavy 
war  contribution.  The  year  1797  was  marked  by  a  continuance  of 
the  same  vexatious  measures ;  and  at  length  the  Directory  ordered  the 
invasion  of  Rome.  Berthier  entered  the  city  in  February,  1798,  and 
took  possession  of  the  castle  of  St.  Angelo.  Pius  was  called  on  to 
renounce  his  temporal  sovereignty,  and,  on  his  refusal,  was  seized  and 
carried  away  to  Siena,  and  afterwards  to  the  celebrated  Certosa,  or 
Carthusian  monastery  of  Florence.  On  the  threatened  advance  of  the 
Austrian  and  Russian  army  in  the  following  year,  he  was  transferred 
to  Grenoble,  and  finally  to  Valence,  on  the  Rhone,  where,  worn  out 
by  age  and  by  the  rigor  of  confinement,  he  died  in  1799,  in  the  eighty- 
second  year  of  his  age  and  the  twenty-fourth  of  his  pontificate. 

Pius  VII.  was  chosen  his  successor  in  1800.  Rome,  which  had 
been  in  the  occupation  of  the  French,  was  now  restored  to  the  papal 
authority.  Bonaparte  had  resolved  to  restore  religion  in  France  on  the 
ancient  basis  of  connection  with  Rome.  With  this  view  he  entered 
into  negotiations  with  Pius  VII.  for  the  establishment  of  a  concordat 
suited  to  the  new  order  of  things  which  had  arisen.  The  concordat 
was  agreed  to  in  Paris,  ratified  in  Rome,  and  published  in  Notre- 
Dame^on  Easter  Sunday,  1802.  But  simultaneously  with  the  con- 
cordat, and  as  if  forming  part  of  the  same  arrangement,  was  published 
a  code  of  what  were  called  ''Organic  Laws,"  seriously  affecting  the 
discipline  of  the  Church  on  marriage,  on  the  clergy,  and  on  public 
worship,  which  had  never  been  submitted  to  Pius,  and  to  which  he 
found  himself  compelled  to  offer  every  opposition.  During  the  first 
year  which  succeeded  the  publication  of  the  concordat  no  occasion  of 
difficulty  arose ;  but  conflict  of  principles  was  in  the  end  inevitable. 

In  1804,  Bonaparte,  having  resolved  on  assuming  the  imperial  crown, 
invited  Pius  to  come  to  Paris  for  the  purpose  of  crowning  him,  and  the 
Pope,  although  with  much  hesitation,  consented.  He  took  advan- 
ta^^e  of  his  visit  to  demand  the  recall  or  modification  of  the  articles, 
but  without  success ;  and  although  during  his  visit  to  Paris  he  was 
treated  with  great  distinction  and  reverence,  his  relations  with  Napo- 
leon from  that  date  began  to  assume  a  less  friendly  character.  The 
French  Emperor  now  proceeded  from  one  petty  outrage  to  another, 
until  in  1808  the  French  troops  entered  Rome,  and  a  decree  was 
issued  annexing  the  provinces  of  Ancona,  Fermo,  Urbino,  and  Mace- 
rata  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.  Pius,  besides  protesting  against  the 
usurpation,  declared  himself  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  French,  and 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


473 


confined  himself  to  his  palace.     Finally,  in  1809,  a  decree  annexed 
Rome  and  all  the  remaining  papal  territory  to  the  French  Empire. 
Pius  VII.  now  abandoned  his  policy  of  forbearance,  and  issued  a  bull 
of  excommunication,  directed  (without  naming  Napoleon)  against  the 
perpetrators  and  abettors  of  the  invasion  of  the  rights  and  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Holy  See.      Soon   after,  the  French  general  ordered  the 
removal  of  the  Pope  from  Rome;  and  Pius,  without  offering  any  re- 
sistance beyond  the  declaration  that  he  yielded  to  force,  was  removed, 
first  to  Florence,  then  to  Grenoble,  thence  for  a  longer  time  to  Savona,  - 
and  finally,  in  181 2,  to  Fontainebleau.   During  this  prolonged  captivity, 
Pius  quietly  but  firmly  resisted  every  effort  to  compel  or  seduce  him 
fi-om  his  policy.     At  Fontainebleau  he  was  treated  with  much  external 
respect,  and  on  Napoleon's  return  from  the  Russian  campaign  orders 
were  gi'ven  that  the  cardinals,  with  certain  exceptions,  should  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  presence  of  the  Pope.     Under  much  pressure,  both  from 
the  Emperor  himself— who  is  alleged  by  some  to  have  acted  with  great 
rudeness,  and  even  with  personal  violence— and  from  the  ecclesiastics 
to  whom  the  Emperor  confided  his  plans,  Pius  was  induced  to  sign  a 
new  concordat,  an  important  provision  of  which  was  the  recognition 
of  the  annexation  of  the  Roman  states  to  the  empire.  Having  obtained 
the  concession,  Napoleon   at   once  permitted  the  absent  cardinals  to 
return,  and  of  these,  many  remonstrated  so  earnestly  against  the  con- 
cordat that  Pius  wrote  to    revoke  his  consent.      Napoleon   took  no 
notice  of  the  revocation,  nor  was  it  until  after  the  disasters  of  181 3 
that  he  began  to  seek  an  accommodation.     Pius  refused  to  treat  until 
he  should  be  restored  to  Rome,  and  in  January,   1814,  orders  were 
sent  for  his  immediate  return  to  his  capital.     Unattended  by  the  car- 
dinals,  he  was  escorted  to  Italy,  and  remained  at  Cesena  until  the  fatal 
campaign  of  the  spring  of  1814  placed  Paris  in  the  hands  of  the  allies, 
when  Pius  re-entered  Rome,  amidst  the  gratulations  of  the  people,  on 
May  24,    181 4,— a  day  since   that   time  held  sacred  in  the  Roman 
calendar      During  the  Hundred  Days  he  was  again  compelled  to  leave 
Rome  •  but  after  the  campaign  of  Waterloo  he  finally  resumed  posses- 
sion, which  was  undisturbed  for  the  rest  of  his  life,  and  which  extended 
to  the  whole  of  the  ancient  territory,  including  the  Legations.     Ihe 
last  years  of  his  pontificate  were  devoted  to  measures  of  internal  ad- 
ministration, and  were  marked  by  much  wisdom  and  moderation.     In 
181 4  he  formally  restored  the  suppressed  order  of  the  Jesuits.      In 
181 7  and  the  following  years  he  concluded  concordats  with  Naples 
Prussia,  Wiirtemberg,  and    other  courts  of   Germany.     In  this  and 
every  other  period  of  his  life  Pius  VII.  was  a  model  of  gentleness, 


474 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


simplicity,  benevolence,  and  Christian  charity.  Having  reached  the 
age  of  eighty-one,  he  fell  accidentally  in  his  own  apartments  and  broke 
his  thigh.      Under  the  intlammation  which  ensued  he  sank  gradually, 

and  died  in  August,  1823. 

Leo  XIL  succeeded  Pius  VII.  in  September,  1823.  As  Pope  he 
made  himself  beloved  by  the  people,  by  the  remission  of  many  taxes, 
by  his  benevolence,  and  by  personally  inspecting  the  public  institutions 
for  the  poor,  the  hospitals,  and  the  prisons.  His  firm  maintenance 
of  the  rights  of  the  court  of  Rome  involved  him  in. disputes  with  the 
French  ami  Austrian  governments  in  1824.  He  gave  the  Jesuits  and 
their  general  the  Roman  college,  which  they  had  possessed  until  1773, 
together  with  the  Church  of  the  Holy  Ignatius,  the  oratorium,  the 
museum,  the  library,  and  the  observatory,  in  order  that  they  might 
devote  themselves  entirely  to  the  education  of  the  young.  Leo  also 
strengthened  the  connection  of  the  apostolic  see  with  the  Spanish- 
American  republics,  endeavored  to  free  the  States  of  the  Church  from 
robbers  and  banditti,  as  well  as  to  repress  the  remains  of  Carbonarism, 
and  in  1825  restored  the  prisons  of  the  Inquisition.     He  died  in  1829. 

Fins  Vin.y  who  succeeded  Leo,  died  in  December,  1S30. 

Gregory  XVL,  in  February,  1 831,  was  elected  to  the  pontificate. 
His  reimi  was  troubled  from  the  very  beginning  by  insurrectionary 
moveme^nts,  started  chiefly  through  the  agency  of  secret  political  asso- 
ciations.  The  fiercest  of  these  movements  took  place  at  the  very 
beginning  of  his  i)ontificate,  and  cannot  be  considered  as  expressive  of 
any  dislike  of  the  person  of  the  pontiff,  whatever  reflections  it  may 
give  rise  to  touching  the  system  of  the  temporal  papal  government. 
Gregory's  advisers  were  sternly  conservative,  and  had  recourse  more 
than  once  to  Austrian  intervention  for  the  repression  of  disturbances 

in  the  States  of  the  Church. 

Paul  L,  Emperor  of  Russia,  succeeded  his  mother  on  the  imperial 
throne  in  1796.  The  neglect  and  want  of  confidence  with  which  his 
mother  treated  him  exerted  a  baneful  influence  upon  his  character, 
being  kept  in  compulsory  seclusion  while  Catherine  shared  the  admin- 
istration of  the  government  with  her  favorites.  In  1776,  Paul,  on  the 
death  of  his  first  wife,  a  princess  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  married  the 
Princess  Dorothea  of  Würtemberg,  by  whom  he  had  four  sons,— 
the  late  Emperors  Alexander  and  Nicholas,  the  Grand  Dukes  Con- 
stantine  and  Michael,  and  several  daughters.  After  spending  some 
years  in  traveling  with  his  wife  through  Germany,  France,  and  Italy, 
Paul  was  recalled  by  his  mother,  who  assigned  to  him  tine  palace  of 
Gatchina,  thirty  miles  from  St.  Petersburg,  as  his  settled  residence, 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


475 


while  she  took   his  children  under   her  own    immediate  care.     The 
death  of  the  Empress  released  him  from  his  unnatural  restraint,  and 
be'  ascended    the   throne  with    no   practical   acquaintance   with    the 
mechanism  of  government,  and    no   knowledge  of  the   people   over 
whom  he  was  called  to  rule.     A  determination  to  change  everything 
that  had  txisted  under  the  previous  reign,  and  to  wreak  vengeance  on 
his  father's  murderers,  were  the  predominating  influences  which  guided 
bis  actions ;  and  his  earliest  measures,  which  were  the  disgrace  of  his 
lather's  murderers,  and  the  pardon  of  all  Polish  prisoners,  gave  hopes 
of  a  good  reign;  but  the  capricious  violence  of  character  and   inca- 
pacity for  business  which  Paul  betrayed  soon  disappointed  the  hopes 
be  had   awakened.      No  department  of  the  state  was  free  from    his 
frivolous  interference,  and  no  class  of  the  nation  was  exempt  from  the 
effect  of  his  arbitrary  legislation.     While  he  irritated  the  soldiery  by 
vexatious  regulations  in  regard  to  their  dress,  he  off^ended  the  nobles 
by  imperious  enactments  as  to  the  ceremonials  to  be  observed  m  his 
presence;     His  foreign  policy  was  marked  by  similar  caprice.     After 
having  adopted  a  system  of  neutrality  in  the  w^ar  between  France  and 
the  re'st  of  Europe,  he  suddenly  declared  in  favor  of  the  allied  powers, 
and  sent  an  army  of  fifty-six  thousand  men  under  Suwaroff  into  Italy. 
The  success  of  his  general  encouraged  him  to  send  a  second  army  of 
equal  strength  to  co-operate  with  the  Austrians ;  but  their  defeat  in 
1799  induced  him  to  recall  Suwaroff"  with  the  Russian  troops;   and, 
having  retired   from   the  allied   coalition  without  giving  any  reason 
for  hit  conduct,   he  quarreled  with  England  because  she  would  not 
comply  with  his  whimsical  demand   for  the  surrender  of  Malta  and 
recognition  of  himself  as  grand  master  of  the  order  of  Malta,  then 
entered  into  a  close  alliance  with  Bonaparte,  who  was  at  that  time 
First  Consul.     The  jealousy  and  hatred  of  England  by  which  both 
were  actuated  proved  a  powerful  bond  of  union  between  them  ;  and 
in   furtherance  of  their  scheme  of  uniting  all   the  smaller  maritime 
powers  into  one  vast  confederation  against  England,  Paul  concluded 
a  convention  with  Sweden  and  Denmark,  for  the  purpose  of  opposing 
the  right  insisted  on  by  England  of  searching  neutral  vessels.     The 
result  was   that   the  English  government  sent  a  fleet  into  the  Baltic 
under  Nelson  to  dissolve  the  coalition,  at  the  close  of  March,  1801. 
Paul  was  preparing  to  give  material  aid  to  the  Danes,  when  a  con- 
spiracy was  formed  at  St.  Petersburg  to  put  a  stop  to  the  capricious 
despotism  under  which  all  classes  in  Russia  were  groaning.     The  con- 
spirators, whose  numbers  included  Count  Pahlen,  the  most  influential 
man  at  court,  General  Benningsen,  Ouvaroff",  and  many  other  distin- 


476 


HOUSE   OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


guisbed  nobles  and  officers,  appear  to  have  intended  originally  only 
to  force  Paul  to  abdicate,  but  his  obstinate  disposition  led  to  a  scuffle, 
in  whicli  tlie  Emperor  was  strangled,  March  24,  1801. 

Alexander  I.  ascended  the  throne  immediately  on  the  death  of  his 
früher,  and  was  crowned   on  the  27th  of  September  of  the  same  year, 
in  Moscow.     He  married,  in  1793,  Elizabeth  (previously  called  Louisa 
Maria  Augusta),  third  daughter  of  Charles  Louis,  hereditary  prince  of 
Baden.     Alexander  was  one  of  the  most   important  men  of  modern 
times.     He  was  a  great  benetactor  of  his  own  country,  and  did  some 
good  and  a  great  deal  of  evil  to  Europe.     Nature  had  endowed  him 
with  great   talents,  which  were  judiciously  cultivated  by  his   mother 
and  his  instructors.      He  recognized  the  spirit  of  the  age ;   frequently 
acted   in   accordance  with    liberal    principles;    had   sense  enough  to 
know  that   a  monarch,   to  play  an  important   part,  must  respect  the 
wishes  of  the  people,  whatever  his  ultimate  object  may  be;  loved  jus- 
tice, if  it  did  not  militate  with  his  love  of  power,  which  was,  indeed, 
of  a  higher  order  than  that  of  a  common  tyrant,  and  sought  to  make 
himself?  like  Napoleon,  master  of  Europe,  though  with  different  means. 
His  father  did  not  take  any  part  in  his  education,  which  was  directed 
by  the  Empress  Catherine  and  Colonel   Laharpe.      His   mother,  the 
daughter  of  Duke  Eugene  of  Würtemberg,  always  possessed  his  love 
and^'confidence,  and  retained  a  great  influence  over  him  throughout 
his  reign.     He  took  part,  it  is  probable,  in  the  conspiracy  against  his 
father,  though  it  is  not  likely  that  he  had  the  slightest  design  upon 
his  life.      He  wished  to  save  himself  and  many  nobles  of  the  empire 
from   the   mad  persecution   of   the  Emperor,    and    nothing  short  of 
dethroning  him  could  afford   them  safety.     The  history  of  his  gov- 
ernment may  be   divided  into  three  periods.     The  first  was  peaceful, 
and  entirely  devoted  to  the  execution  of  the  schemes  of  Peter  the 
Great  and  Catherine  H.  respecting  the  internal  administration.     The 
second,  extending  from  1805  to  181 4,  was  a  time  of  war  with  France, 
Sweden,  the  Porte,  and  Persia,  and  developed  the  resources  and  the 
national  feeling  of  the   people.      In   the    third    period  he  used  the 
experience  acquired  in    the    two  preceding  to  carry  into   effect  the 
declaration  of  Peter  the  Great,  made  one   hundred  years  before,  in 
1 714,  after  a  victory  over  the  Swedish  fleet  near  the  Aland   Islands: 
**  Nature  has  but  one  Russia,  and  it  shall  have  no  rival."     Alexander 
was  distinguished  for  moderation,  activity,  and  attention  to  business, 
personally  superintending  the  multiplied  concerns  of  his  vast  empire, 
while  his  simple  and  amiable  manners  gained  him  the  love  and  confi- 
dence of  his  subjects.      He  understood  and  was  zealous  in  promoting 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


477 


,,e  welfare  of  his  people.     Great  attention  was  p  -d  ^"""8^;-  'g" 
'    education  and    intellectual   culture.     He   founded,  or  remodeled 
.     un  versities,  two  hundred  and  four  academies,  many  sem.nar.es 
rr   U     due    ion  of  instructors,   and   above  two  thousand  common 
Ids    mrtly  after  the  system  of  Lancaster.     The  shackles  wh,ch 
;  o;    h     industry  of  the  nation  were  removed,  and  Us  commerce 
Sated.     He  likewise  advanced  the  military  estabhshmcnts  of  Kuss  a 
Tllh  degree  of  perfection,  developed  in  his  people  the  sent.ments 
o    union   courage,  ami  patriotism,  raised  Russia  to  a  high  rank  .„the 
ll  t  calsvstem  o    Europe,  an.l  made  its  importance  felt  even  m  As.a 
'h    roe       -^^^^^^  to  iadame  de  Stael,  "You  will  be  offended  w.th 
"    si"h    o    servitude  in  this  land.     It  is  not  my  fault ;  I  have  set  the 
e'm^le  of  emancipation,  but  I  cannot  employ  force ;  I  must  respect 
Tr  is  of  others  as  much  as  if  they  were  protected  by  a  const, tut.on, 
icl    unhappily,  does  not  exist."     Madame  de  Stael  answered,    '  b>re 
;     racier  I  a  constitution."     Alexander  -co-pan.ed     |S  w,  e 
on  a  iourney  to  the  Crimea  for  her  health ;   but  he  h.msel    feU  dl  at 
"ganrog  of  a  bilious  fever,  and  died  in  the  arms  of  h.s  w.fe,  Decern- 
hpr  T    182;.     They  had  no  chddren. 

mchola    I,  third  son  of  Paul  I.  by  his  second  wife,  daughter  of 
Dutlugne  of  Würtemberg,  was  educated  under  the  direction  of  h,s 
nir,  who  was  a  virtuous,  thoughtful,  and  domestic  German  woman_ 
He  showed  comparatively  little  interest  in  scientific  attainments,  w.th 
"    exception  of  political  economy,  but  was  quick  .n  master.ng  for  .gn 
.:;:;gis.     He  «Lw  «p  dunng  the  time  of  the  wars  of  Napo.eon^^  |.ch 
tended  to  increase  his  natural  fondness  for  m.l.tary  l.fe.     He  r^iarr.ed, 
.xsTv    Charlotte  of  Prussia,  the  eldest  daughter  of  Freder.c  W.ll.am 
I      On  the  news  of  the  death  of  his  eldest  brother,  the  Empe  or 
"exander  I.,  Nicholas,  together  with  the  whole  nat.on,  took  the  oath 
o   alkgtnce  to  Constantine,  and  he  did  not  assume  the  re.ns  of  power 
11  L  latter,  who  then  resided  at  Warsaw,  ^ad  Pub 'f^J'^^^^t 
his  determination  not  to  reign.      The  accession  of  ^'l^^oa^  W Jie 
throne  became  the  signal  of  a  formidable  '-""-*'°"';"   '     PJ^'^ 
suppression  of  which  the  new  Emperor  showed  S^^'^   P^^;°f  J""«; 
and  presence  of  mind,  but  at  the  same  time  a  cold-blooded  a.  d  u,  re- 
".ninld  sposition.     Capital  punishment,  which  had  been  abol.shed 
bT  1  e  E^Jres   Eiizabetl!,  was  revived  by  Nicholas  for  the  purpose  of 
hfl    ting  i    upon  the  five  principal  leaders  of  the  .nsurrect.on,  who 
ire  publicly  executed  in  St.  Petersburg.     The  fifth  and  last  .n  orde 
::  the  poet^Rileyeff.     The  rope  broke,  and  he  fell  to  the  ground   til 
alive.     The  sight  of  his  agony  created  such  a  degree  of  sympathy  in 


478 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA  LORRAINE. 


the  assembled  miiltitude  that  the  governor-general  sent  for  instruction 
to  the  Emperor.     The  command  of  Nicholas  was,  ''Take  a  stronger 
rope  and  i)roceed  with  the  execution."     The  other  parties  to  the  in- 
surrection   were  banished   to   Siberia,   some   for  life,   and   others  for 
twenty  years  or  for  shorter  periods;  but  the  sentence  of  none  of  them 
was  ever  commuted.    The  insurgents  declared  that  they  were  prompted 
to  the  attempt  by  the  desolate  condition  to  which  the  latter  part  of  the 
reign  of  Alexander  I.  had  reduced  the  empire,  by  the  ferocious  dis- 
position of  Constantine,  and  by  the  supposed  incapacity  of  the  new- 
Emperor.      Nicholas,  who  was  present  during  the  examination  of  the 
prisoners,  hidden  behind  a  screen,  thus  received  a  wholesome  lesson; 
and  his  first  endeavor  was  to  labor  for  the  moral  and  social  regeneration 
of  the  country.      The   brilliant   though  dearly  purchased  victories  of 
Paskiewitsch  and  Diebitsch  over  Persia  and  Turkey,  in  1828-9,  con- 
tributed to  add  prestige  to  his  government,  especially  as  the  Turkish 
war  also  saved  the  independence  of  struggling  Greece,  as  well  as  that 
of  the  Danubian  principalities,  which  were  now  reorganized  under  a 
Russian  protectorate.    The  revolution  of  1830-31,  in  Poland,  threaten- 
ing at  first  to  complicate  the  foreign  relations  of  Russia,  terminated  in 
the  annihilation   of  Polish   nationality,    and    the   absorption   of  that 
country  in  the  empire  of  the  Czar.     These  events,  accomplished  in 
rapid  succession,  surrounded  Nicholas  with  a  halo  of  glory.      His  at- 
tempt to  develop  the  native  energies  of  the  Russian  nation,  and  to 
oppose  the  foreign  influences  which,  under  Catherine  II.  and  Alex- 
ander I.,  had  hindered  the  progress  of  the  national  genius,  constituted 
the  origin   of   the   so-called    Russian   governmental   Panslavism  ;    and 
many  strong  and  active  intellects,  attracted  by  the  earnestness  of  his 
patriotic  efforts,  rallied  under  his  banner.      He  even   for  some  time 
relaxed  the  rigor  of  the  censorship,  combated  the  venality  of  public 
men,  and  ordered  the  codification  of  the  laws.     His  want  of  discrimi- 
nation in  the  selection  of  his  ministers,  the  adulation  of  courtiers  at 
home  and    of  despotic    sovereigns    abroad,   and    the   temptations  of 
power  caused  him  to  relapse  into  the  most  rigid  absolutism;  and  Russia 
soon  presented  again  the  spectacle  of  a  vast  empire  ruled  by  the  iron 
hand  of  a  single  man,  whose  power  rested  uj^on  a  colossal  military 
organization,  pervading  all  branches  of  the  administration,  and  upon 
the  blind  agency  of  servile  ministers. 

Frederic  William  HI.  of  Prussia,  son  of  Frederic  William  II.,  was 
born  in  1770.  He  early  took  part  in  the  administration,  and  on  his 
accession  to  the  throne,  in  1797,  he  at  once  dismissed  the  unworthy 
favorites  of  the   preceding  reign,  and,  accompanied  by  his  beautiful 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


479 


voung  queen,  Louisa  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  made  a  tour  of  inspection 
through  the  numerous  provinces  of  his  kingdom,  with  a  view  of  investi- 
gating their  condition  and  contributing  to  their  local  and  general  im- 
provement.    But,  although  Frederic  William  was  well-intentioned,  and 
in  his  moral  and  domestic  relations  his  conduct  was  exemplary,  he 
lacked  the  dignity  and  force  of  will  to  cope  with  the  difficulties  of  his 
position      By  his  efforts  to  maintain  an  attitude  of  neutrality  in  the 
Ireat  European  struggle  that  had  been  excited  by  the  wars  and  victo- 
ries of  the  French,  he  awakened  the  distrust  of  all  the  anti-Gallican 
powers  of  Europe,  and  disappointed  the  petty  German  princes,  who 
had  looked  upon  Prussia  as  their  protectress  against  foreign  encroach- 
ments     Napoleon's  promises  of  support  and  friendly  intentions  soon 
chanc^ed  this  neutrality  to  an  alliance  with  France,  and  for  some  time 
Prussia  persevered  in  her  dishonorable  and  self-seeking  policy   which 
was  rewarded  by  the  acquisition  of  Hildesheim,  Paderborn,  and  Mun- 
ster  which  added  nearly  four  thousand  square  miles  of  territory  and 
half  a  million  inhabitants  to  the  kingdom  ;  but  at  length  the  repeated 
and  svstematic  insults  of  Napoleon,  who   despised  Frederic  William 
while 'he  professed  to  treat  him  as  a  friend,  roused  the  spirit  of  the 
nation,  and  the  king  saw  himself  obliged,  in  1805,  to  agree  to  a  con- 
vention  with  Russia,  the  real  object  of  which  was  to  drive  Napo  eon 
out  of  Germany.     Again  the  treachery  of  Prussia  led  her  to  make  a 
new  treaty  with  France,  by  which  she  consented  to  receive  the  elect- 
orate of  Hanover,  and  thus  involved  herself  in  a  war  with  England. 
The  insults  of  Napoleon  were  redoubled  after  this  fresh  proof  of  the 
king's  indecision.     The  Prussian  nation,  headed  by  the  queen,  now 
called  loudly  for  war,  and  at  the  close  of  1806  the  king   yielded  to 
these  appeals.     Hostilities  began  without  further  delay;  but  the  defeat 
of  the  Prussians  at  Jena,  Eylau,  and  Friedland  compelled  their  unfor- 
tunate monarch  to  sue  for  peace.     The  Prussian  army  was  annihilated 
and  the  whole  of  the  kingdom,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  fortified 
places,  remained  in  the  power  of  the  French.     By  the  intervention  of 
the  Emperor  Alexander  of  Russia,  a  peace  was  concluded,  known  as 
the  Treaty  of  Tilsit,  by  which  Frederic  William  lost  the  greater  part 
of  his  realm,  and  was  deprived  of  all  but  the  semblance  of  royalty ;  but 
although  for  the  next  five  years  he  was  a  mere  tool  in  the  hands  of  Na- 
poleon, who  seized  every  opportunity  of  humbling  and  irritating  him 
his  spirit  was  not  subdued,  and  his  unremitting  efforts  at  this  period  of 
his  life  to  reorganize  his  enfeebled  government  by  self-sacrifices  of 
every  kind  ende;red  him  greatly  to  his  people.     The  disastrous  termi- 
nation of  Napoleon's  Russian  campaign  was  the  turning-point  m  the 


48o 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


fortunes  of  Prussia  ;  for,  although  the  French  Emperor  was  victorious 
over  the  Prussians  and  Russians  in  the  battles  of  LUtzen  and  Bautzen, 
which  were  fought  soon  after  the  declaration  of  war  which  Frederic 
William  had  made  against  France,  to  the  great  joy  of  his  people,  in 
1813,  the  allies  were  soon  able  to  renew  hostilities,  whigh  were  carried 
on  with  signal  success,  until  they  finally  culminated  in  the  great  battle 
of  Leipsic,  in  which  the  Prussians,  under  their  general,  Blücher, 
earned  the  greatest  share  of  glory.  The  Peace  of  Vienna  restored  to 
Prussia  almost  all  her  former  possessions,  while  the  part  taken  by  the 
Prussian  army  under  Blücher  in  gaining  the  victory  of  Waterloo,  by 
which  Napoleon's  power  was  finally  broken,  raised  the  kingdom  from 

its  abasement. 

From  that  time  Frederic  William  devoted  himself  to  the  improve- 
ment of  his  exhausted  states  ;  but,  although  before  the  French  revo- 
lution of  1S30  Prussia  had  recovered  her  old  position  in  regard  to 
material  prosperity  at  home  and  political  consideration  abroad,  the 
king  adhered  too  strictly  to  the  old  German  ideas  of  absolutism  to  grant 
his  people  more  than  the  smallest  possible  amount  of  political  liberty. 
He  had  indeed  promised  to  establish  a  representative  constitution  for 
the  whole  kingdom,  but  this  promise  he  wholly  repudiated  when  re- 
minded of  it,  and  merely  established  the  Landstande,  or  Provincial 
Estates,  a  local  institution  devoid  of  all  effective  power.  His  support 
of  the  Russian  government  in  its  sanguinary  methods  of  crushing  revo- 
lutionary tendencies  in  Poland  showed  his  absolute  tendencies  and  his 
dread  of  liberal  principles.  He  was  more  than  once  embroiled  with 
the  Pope  on  account  of  his  violation  of  the  concordat.  He  concluded 
the  great  German  commercial  leogue  known  as  the  ZoHverein,  which 
organized  the  German  customs  and  duties  in  accordance  with  one 
unciform  system.  Science,  however,  was  patronized  by  him,  and  he 
could  boast  of  the  friendship  of  the  Humboldts.  In  1810  he  lost  his 
wife,  the  faithful  companion  of  his  misfortunes,  and  in  1824  he  formed 
a  morganatic  marriage  with  the  Countess  Augusta  of  Harrach,  whom 
he  made  Duchess  of  Liegnitz.  His  eldest  daughter,  Charlotte,  took  the 
name  of  Alexandra  Feodorowmi  on  her  marriage  with  the  Emperor 
Nicholas  of  Russia.  Frederic  William  HI.  died  in  1840,  and  the  eldest 
of  his  four  sons  succeeded  him  as  Frederic  William  IV. 

Louisa  Augusta  Wilhelmina  Amalia,  wife  of  Frederic  William  III. 
of  Prussia,  was  the  daughter  of  Charles,  Duke  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 
She  was  born  in  1776  at  Hanover,  where  her  father  was  commandant. 
When  six  years  old  she  lost  her  mother,  and  her  grandmother  at  Darm- 
stadt took  charge  of  her  education.     In  1793  the  Crown  Prince  of 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


481 


Prussia  saw  her  at  Frankfort,  when  she  and  her  sister  were  presented  to 
his  father.     The  prince  was  immediately  struck  with  her  uncommon 
beauty,  and  was  soon  after  betrothed  to  her.     Prince  Louis  of  Prussia 
was  betrothed  on  the  same  day  to  her  sister,  who  afterwards  married  a 
son  of  George  IIL,  Ernest,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  and  later  King  of 
Hanover.     In    1793   the  Princess  Louisa  was  married  to   the  crown 
i)rince  at  Berlin,  and  when  her  husband  ascended  the  throne,  in  1797, 
she  became,  in  her  exalted  station,  the  model  of  a  wife,  a  mother,  and 
a  queen,   who  alleviated   misery  wherever  she  could,   and  promoted 
merit.     In  1806,  when  Prussia  was  suffering  severely  under  the  burdens 
of  war,  she  became  still  more  popular ;  indeed,  her  beauty  and  grace, 
her  benevolent  and  pure  character,  her  patriotism,  her  sufferings  and 
her  fortitude,  rendered  her  an  object  almost  of  adoration.    She  accom- 
panied her  husband  to  Thuringia  in  the  campaign  of  1806,  and  after 
the  battle  of  Jena  to  Königsberg.     After  the  fatal  battle  of  Fnedland, 
in  1807,  she  visited  Napoleon  at  Tilsit,  with  a  view  of  obtaining  for 
Prussia  favorable  conditions  of  peace;  but,  not  succeeding  m  her  negoti- 
ations, she  rejoined    her  husband  at    Memel,  and    in  1808    returned 
with  him  to  Königsberg,  from  whence  she  proceeded  at  the  end  of  the 
year  to  St.  Petersburg.      Her  father  was  the  first  to  follow  her  husband 
in  the  attempt  to  shake  off  the  French  yoke,  exclaiming  that,  -with 
the  help  of  God,  he  would  at  any  rate  show  himself  worthy  of  the 
honor  of  being  a  German  prince."     The  sad  reverses  and  afflictions 
it  was  the  fate  of  Queen  Louisa  to  undergo  may  be  seen  m  the  follow- 
ing letter  which  she  wrote  to  her  father: 

°  "  Memfx,  June  17,  1807. 

-My  dfarest  Father,— I  have  perused  your  letter  of  April  last 
with  the  deepest  emotion,  and  amid  tears  of  the  most  grateful  sensa- 
tions How  shall  I  thank  you,  dearest,  kindest  of  fathers,  for  the  many 
proofs  you  have  shown  me  of  your  paternal  love,  your  gracious  favor, 
and  indescribable  benevolence  !  What  secret  consolation  is  not  this 
for  me  in  my  sufferings !-how  strengthening  to  my  spirits!  When 
one  is  thus  beloved,  to  be  completely  unhappy  is  impossible.  We  are 
again  threatened  with  another  dire  calamity,  and  are  about  to  abandon 
the  kingdom.  Imagine  my  state  of  mind  at  this  juncture  :  but  I 
solemnly  beseech  you  not  to  mistake  the  feelings  of  your  daughter 
There  are  two  grand  principles  by  which  I  feel  myself  strengthened 
and  elevated  above  everything:  first,  the  recollection  that  we  are  not 
led  blindly  onward  by  chance,  but  are  guided  by  the  hand  of  God  ; 
and  secondly,  that  if  we  ..../sink,  we,  at  all  events  will  do  so  with 
honor.     The  king  has  shown,  and  to  the  whole  world  he  has  proved 

3» 


482 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRLULORRAINE. 


it,  that  he  prefers  honor  to  disgrace  ;  Prussia  would  never  voluntarily 
wear  the  chains  of  slavery.     The  king,  therefore,  could   not  deviate 
one  step  without  becoming  unfaithful  to  his  character  and  a  traitor  to 
his  people.     But  to  the  point.     By  the  unfortunate  battle  of  Friedland, 
Königsberg  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  French.     We  are  sur- 
rounded on  every  side  by  the  enemy,  and  as  the  danger  advances  I 
shall  be  forced  to  fly  with  my  children  from  Memel,  and  then  endeavor 
to  reach  Riga,  trusting  to  Heaven  to  assist  me  in  the  dreaded  moment 
when  I  have  to  pass  the  frontiers  of  the  empire.    And  truly  my  strength 
and  courage  will  then  be  required  ;   but  1  will  look  towards  God  with 
hope  and   confidence;   for,  according  to  my  firm   persuasion,  we  are 
not  suffered    to   endure   more    than   we  can.     Once  more,  then,  be 
assured,  my  dear  father,  that  we  yield  only  with  honor,  and  respected 
as  we  shall   be,  we  cannot   be  without    friends,   inasmuch  as  we  have 
merited    them.     The  consolation  I  experience    by  this  conviction   I 
cannot  express  to  you;  and,  consequently,  I  endure  all  my  trials  with 
that  tranquillity  and  resignation  of  mind  which  can  only  be  produced 
by  a  good  conscience  and  a  firm  fiiith.     Therefore,  my  dear  father,  be 
convinced  that  we  can  never  be  completely  unhappy,  while   many, 
perhaps,  whose   brows  are  oppressed  with  the  weight  of  crowns  and 
wreaths,  are  as  unhappy  as  ourselves ;   for  as  long  as  we  are  blessed  by 
Heaven  with  peace  in  our  hearts,  we  must  ever  find  cause  to  rejoice.     I 
remain,  forever,  your  faithfully  dutiful  and  loving  daughter,  and  God 
be  praised  that  your  gracious  favor  permits  me  to  add — friend, 

"Louisa." 


In  1809  she  went  to  Berlin,  and  died  the  next  year,  while  on  a  visit 
to  her  father  at  Strelitz. 

Charles  Theodore,  Elector  of  Bavaria,  died  in  1799,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Maximilian  IV.,  Joseph,  who  was  born  in  1756,  at  Schwet- 
zingen, a  village  not  far  from  Mannheim.  His  father  was  the  Palatine 
Frederic,  Austrian  field-marshal.  In  1777,  Maximilian  was  made 
colonel  of  a  French  regiment  at  Strasburg.  In  1795  his  brother 
Charles  died,  and  he  became  Duke  of  Deux-Ponts  (Zweibrücken). 
When  the  Sulzbach  palatine  line  became  extinct  by  the  death  of  the 
Elector  Charles  Theodore,  the  succession  passed  to  the  line  of  Deux- 
Ponts.  Thus  Maximilian  became  Elector.  The  Peace  of  Luneville, 
concluded  in  1801,  between  Austria  (also  in  the  name  of  the  German 
Empire)  and  the  French  Republic,  essentially  affected  Bavaria.  The 
valley  of  the  Rhine  formed  the  boundary  of  France,  and  the  princes 
on  the  left  bank  of  that  river  were  to  be  indemnified  by  territories 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


483 


within  the  empire.  Whilst  it  lost  all  its  possessions  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Rhine,  it  gained  in  addition  to  the  amount  lost  a  surplus  of 
two  thousand  one  hundred  and  nine  square  miles  and  two  hundred 
and  sixteen  thousand  inhabitants.  The  political  importance  of  Bava- 
ria, with  respect  to  Austria  as  well  as  to  France,  was  more  fully  dis- 

l)layed  in  the  war  of  1805.  •     1    u 

When  Austria  resumed  hostilities  against  France,  she  required  the 
Flector  of  Bavaria  to  unite  his  troops  with  the  Austrian  army,  and 
refused   to   allow  him   to  remain   neutral,   "which,"   as  the  Emperor 
Francis  wrote  to   the   elector   in   September,   1804.   -France   herself 
would  only  suffer  as  long  as  she  should  find  it  expedient."     Bavaria 
however,  did  not  find  it  accordant  with  its  own  interests  to  place  itself 
entirely  in  the  power  of  Austria.     At  the  beginning  of  the  war,  :Maxi- 
milian  Joseph  joined  the  French  with  about   thirty  thousand  troops, 
and  the  Peace   of  Presburg,  in  1805,  annexed   to  his  dominions  ten 
thousand  five  hundred  and  ninety-five  square  miles  and  one  million 
of  inhabitants,  and  conferred  on  him  the  dignity  of  kin^,  m  return  for 
which  he  ceded  Würzburg,  which  was  erected  into  an  electorate,  in  the 
place  of  Salzburg.     The  King  of  Bavaria,  like  the  rulers  of  Wurtem- 
ber-   and    Baden,  now  assumed    sovereignty   over   the    lands  of  tne 
nobility  of  the  empire  within   his  borders.     The  political  connection 
recently  formed  with   France  was  confirmed  by  the  marriage  of  the 
Princess  Augusta,  daughter  of  Maximilian,  with  Eugene  Beauharnais, 
Viceroy  of  Italy,  step-son  of  the   French   Emperor.      An  immediate 
consequence  of  this  alliance  was  the  exchange  of  Berg,  which  Bavaria 
surrendered  to  Napoleon,  for  Anspach,  which  Prussia  had  given  up  to 
France  in  exchange  for  Hanover,  and  finally,  what  was  most  miportant 
the  signing  of  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  in  July,  1806,  in  which 
Bavaria  promised  to  bring  into  the  field  thirty  thousand  troops,  and  to 
fortify  Augsburg    and    Lindau.     Thereupon    Maximilian    Joseph    was 
obliged  to  take  part  in  the  war  against  Prussia,  in  1806,  and  in  the  war 
against  Austria,  in  1809,  one  of  the   consequences  of  which  was  the 
revolution  of  Tvrol.     After  its  termination,  Bavaria  received  important 
additions,  partiv  at  the  expense  of  Austria,  partly  by  treaties  of  ex- 
change with  Würtemberg   and  Würzburg.     When,   in    1812,  the  war 
between  France  and  Russia  broke  out,  Bavaria  again  sent   its  who  e 
proportion  of  troops  to  the  French  army.     Insignificant  remains  only 
of  the  thirty  thousand  Bavarians  returned  in  the  spring  of  181 3.   Maxi- 
milian Joseph,  notwithstanding  this  sacrifice,  placed  fresh  troops  under 
the  command  of  Napoleon  as  the  protector  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine,  when  the  new  campaign  was  opened,  near  the  close  ot   April. 


484 


no  CSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


This  army  also  suffered  great  losses,  but  distinguished  itself  with  its 
wonted   bravery,  under  the  command  of  Marshal   Oudinot.     At   this 
time   the  whole   political   system   of  Bavaria  was  suddenly  changed. 
Whilst  the  French  army  of  observation  was  formed  at  Wiirzburg,  under 
Augereau,  a  Bavarian  corps  of  observation  was  placed  on  the  Inn,  over 
against  a  division  of  the  Austrian  army.     For  a  long  time  both  corps 
remained  inactive.     The  departure  of  the  corps  of  Augereau,  by  which 
Bavaria  was  exposed  in  its  most  vulnerable  point,  accelerated  the  reso- 
lution of  its  king.     The  distinguished  Bavarian  general  Wrede  con- 
(luded  an  armistice  with  the  Austrian  general  Frimont,  October  8,  at 
Ried,  which  was    followed  by  a  proclamation,  October  15,  by  which 
Maximilian  Joseph  abandoned  the  Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  and 
turned  his  forces  against  France.     In  this  convention  his  present  ter- 
ritories, with  full  sovereignty,  were  assured  to  the  king,  with  a  sufficient 
indemnification  for  those  lands  which  should  be  made  over  to  Austria. 
At  the  same  time,  General  Wrede,  as  commander-in-chief,  united  the 
Austrian  troops  with  his  own,  and  turned  the  Bavarian  arms  against 
the  French  in  the  battle  of  Hanau.     In  1815,  Louis,  the  crown  prince, 
took  command  of  the   national   army.      Meanwhile,  the  congress  of 
Vienna,  and,  more  particularly,  the  preparation  of  the  statutes  of  the 
German  diet,  had  given  sufficient  opportunity  to  the  Bavarian  govern- 
ment for  the  development  of  its  system  of  diplomacy,  and  Bavaria  has 
since  jealously  maintained  its  station  as  an  independent  sovereign  state. 
Maximilian  Joseph,  when  young,  little  expected  to  rule  over  Bavaria, 
and  always  retained  the  frankness  of  a  soldier.     He  had  a  good  heart, 
and  was  beloved  by  his  subjects.     Education,  agriculture,  the  finances, 
and  the  administration  in  general  were  improved  under  his  reign.     His 
son-in-law,  Eugene  Beauharnais,  took  the  title  of  Duke  of  Leuchten- 
berg in   181 7;    the  Bavarian   principality  of  Eichstädt  was  bestowed 
upon  him,  and  his  posterity  was  declared  capable  of  inheriting  in  case 
of  the  failure  of  the  Bavarian  line.     Eugene,  under  a  simple  exterior, 
concealed   a   noble   character  and    great   talents.     Honor,    integrity, 
humanity,  and    love  of  order  and   justice  were  his   principal  traits. 
Wise  in  the  council,  undaunted  in  the  field,  and  moderate  in  the  exer- 
cise of  power,  he  never  appeared  greater  than  in  the  midst  of  reverses, 
as  the  events  of  181 3-1 4  proved.     He  was  inaccessible  to  the  spirit  of 
party,  benevolent  and  beneficent,  and  more  devoted  to  the  good  of 
others  than  his  own.     He  died  at  Munich  of  an  organic  disorder  of  the 
brain,  in  1824.     His  son  Augustus  succeeded  him;  his  eldest  daughter, 
in  1823,  married    Oscar,   Crown  Prince  of  Sweden,  son  of  Charles 
XIV.  ;  his  second  daughter,  Hortensia  Eugenia,  was  married  to  the 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


485 


Prince  of  Hohenzollern-Hechingen,  in  1826;  and  Amalia  Eugenia 
married  the  Emperor  of  Brazil,  in  1829.  Maximilian  Joseph  I.,  King 
of  Bavaria,  died  in  1825,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Louis  I. 

Ferdinand  /.,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies  (or  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples), 
was  born  in  Naples  in  1751,  and  died  in  the  same  city  in  1825.    When, 
in  1759,  his  father,  Charles  III.,  became  king  of  Spain,  he  succeeded 
him  upon  the  throne  of  Naples,  in  accordance  with  a  family  statute 
which  prohibited  the  reunion  of  the  two  crowns.     In  1768  he  married 
Caroline  Maria,  daughter  of  the  Empress  Maria  Theresa,  and  left  the 
affiiirs  of  government  to  his  imperious  wife  and  her  favorite  minister, 
Acton.     The  cabinet  of  Madrid   lost  all  influence  over  the  court  of 
Naples,  which  closely  allied  itself  with  the  cabinets  of  Vienna  and 
London,  and  in  1794  joined  the  coalition   against  France.     Though 
forced,  in  1796,  to  make  peace  with  France,  Ferdinand  renewed  the 
war  after  the  departure   of  Napoleon   to   Egypt,   and  drew  upon   his 
kingdom  the  arms  of  the  French,  who  in  1799  entered  Naples.     Fer- 
dinand, with  his  family,  escaped  in  an  English  fleet  to  Palermo,  and 
the   Parthenopian  Republic  was   instituted   in  Naples.      After  a  few 
months,  however,  Ferdinand  was  restored  to  his  capital  by  a  Calabrian 
army  under  Cardinal  Ruffo.     Terrible  reprisals  were  now  visited  upon 
the  republicans:   the  city  was  abandoned  to  the  lazzaroni,  and  Fer- 
dinand seemed  to  have  returned  only  to  shed  the  blood  of  his  subjects. 
The  successes  of  the  French  in  Germany  and  Italy  obliged  Ferdinand,  in 
1 80 1,  to  sign  a  treaty,  under  which  he  was  forced  to  surrender  a  portion 
of  his  territory,  and  to  support  French  troops  in  the  remainder,  thus 
putting  Naples  under  the  domination  of  France.     When  the  war  broke 
out  in  1805  between  France  and  Austria,  the  haughty  Neapolitan  queen 
thought  it  a  favorable  opportunity  for  throwing  off  the  French  yoke, 
and  prompted  Ferdinand  to  violate  the  treaty  and  to  receive  the  sup- 
port  of  an  Anglo- Russian    army.     Hardly  had   he  done   this,  when 
Austria,  conquered  at  Austerlitz,  signed  the  treaty  of  Presburg.     The 
Moniteur  in  a  significant  article  declared  that  of  three  daughters  of 
Maria  Theresa,  one  had  destroyed  the  Bourbon  monarchy,  the  second 
had  ruined  the  House  of  Parma,  and  now  the  third  had  lost  the  throne 
of  Naples.     Napoleon  sent  an  army  against  Naples,  obliged  Ferdinand 
and  his  queen  again  to  take  refuge  in  Sicily,  refused  offers  of  negotia- 
tion, and  in  1806  declared  that  the  House  of  Bourbon  had  ceased  to 
reign   over  that  kingdom,  and   gave   the   throne  first   to  his  brother 
Joseph,  and  in  1808  to  his  brother-in-law,  Murat.     Ferdinand,  pro- 
tected by  England,  was  able  to  save  Sicily  from  French  conquest ;  but 
Queen  Caroline,  as  little  willing  to  bear  English  as  French  supremacy. 


486 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


embroiled  herself  with  the  English  ambassador,  Lord  William  Ben- 
tinck,  and  was  obliged  to  leave  the  island,  in  1811,  and  went  to 
Austria,  where  she  subsequently  died  ;  and  Ferdinand  was  forced  to 
resign  his  government  to  his  son  Francis.  After  Murat  was  dethroned 
by  Austria,  in  1815,  Ferdinand  was  restored  to  his  throne,  and  in  1817 
united  Sicily  and  Naples  into  a  single  state,  under  the  title  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.  He  abolished  the  constitution  which  he  had  been  forced  to 
-rant  in  1812,  but,  rising  of  the  Carbonari  in  1820  obliged  him  to 
promise  to  restore  it.  He  was  soon  after  re-established  in  absolute 
power  by  the  Austrians.  He  expelled  the  Jesuits,  and  abolished 
superfluous  convents.      He  died  in  January,  1825. 

Francis  L  succeeded  him,  and  followed  in  his  father's  footsteps;  the 
slightest  political  disorder  was  severely  punished,  what  remained  of 
provincial  liberties  was  abolished,  and  the  people  were  kept  in  abject 

ignorance.     He  died  in  1830. 

Ferdimiftd  IL  was  the  son  of  Francis  I.  by  his  second  wife,  Isabella 
Maria  of  Spain.  He  succeeded  his  father  in  1830.  The  country  was 
in  the  most  wretched  condition;  and  all  eyes  were  turned  to  the  young 
king,  the  beginning  of  whose  reign  was  marked  by  various  acts  of 
clemency  towards  political  enemies,  and  also  by  the  introduction  of 
reforms  in  the  economy  and  government  of  the  country.  But  it  was 
not  long  before  he  began  to  listen  to  foreign  counsels,  which  saw 
danger  for  the  whole  peninsula  in  liberal  measures.  From  that  time 
Naples  became  the  scene  of  incessant  conspiracy,  insurrection,  blood- 
shed, and  political  prosecutions. 

Char/rs  IV.,  King  of  Spain,  came  to  the  throne  in  1788,  and  at  first 
continued  to  pursue  the  reformatory  policy  of  his  father,  Charles  HI. ; 
but  after  1792  he  gave  himself  up  to  the  pernicious  influence  of  Manuel 
Godoy,  Duke  of  Alcudia.  At  first  Spain  joined  the  alliance  against 
the  French  Republic,  but  was  soon  compelled  to  conclude  the  in- 
glorious Peace  of  Basel,  in  1795»  ^Y  ^^'^^^^h  St.  Domingo  was  ceded  to 
France.  In  1796,  Godoy  entered  with  France  into  the  offensive  and 
defensive  league  of  San  Ildefonso,  for  which  he  received  the  title  of 
"Prince  of  the  Peace,"  and  declared  war  against  England.  Spain 
lost  continually,  being  obliged  to  cede  Trinidad  to  England,  Parma  to 
the  Cisalpine  Republic,  and  Louisiana  to  France.  In  1804,  Spain 
again  declared  war  against  England,  and  Lord  Nelson,  in  1805,  totally 
defeated  the  combined  French  and  Spanish  fleets  off  Trafalgar.  Spain 
was  now  in  so  lamentable  a  condition  that  Godoy  formed  a  plan  to  flee 
with  the  royal  family  to  Mexico,  whi(  h  was  fru>trated  by  an  insurrec- 
tion of  the  people,  who  compelled  the  king,  in  1808,  to  abdicate  in 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


487 


favor  of  the  Prince  of  Asturias,  who  ascended  the  throne  as  Ferdinand 

VIL  -  ^,    . 

Ferdinand  VIL  was  the  son  of  Charles  IV.  and  of  the  Princess  Maria 

Louisa  of  Parma.     In  1802  he  married  the  amiable  and  accomplished 
Maria  Antonietta  Theresa,  daughter  of  Ferdinand  I.,  King  of  the  Two 
Sicilies.    This  lady,  who  endeavored  to  maintain  her  husband's  dignity, 
died,  in  1806,  of  grief,  it  is  supposed,  at  the  insults  offered  to  her  by 
Godoy,  by  the  king  himself,  and  above  all  by  the  queen.     Almost  im- 
mediately after  Charles  abdicated  he  wrote  to  Napoleon  declaring  his 
abdication  to  be  forced.     Napoleon,  who  had  designs  of  his  own  upon 
Spain,  refused  to  recognize  Ferdinand  as  king,  but  sent  him  an  invita- 
tion to  meet  him  at  Bayonne.    In  spite  of  all  warnings  to  the  contrary, 
Ferdinand  repaired  to  Bayonne,  at  which  place  he  was  received  with 
distinction   by  Napoleon.      Meanwhile,  however,  the   French  troops 
under  Murat  had  marched  across  the  Pyrenees  and  taken  possession 
of  the  Spanish  capital.     The  wretched  squabbles  and  recriminations 
that  now  took  place  between  Charles  and    his  son,  and  which  were 
encouraged  by  Napoleon,  ended  in  Ferdinand's  renouncing  the  crown 
unconditionallv,  receiving  for  himself  and  his  posterity  an  annual  in- 
come of  six  hundred  thousand  francs  from   the  crown   revenues  of 
France,  and  likewise  the  palace  and  parks  of  Navarre.     The  chateau 
of  Valen^ay,  belonging  to  Prince  Talleyrand,  was  assigned  to  him  as  a 
residence,  along  with  his  brother,  Don  Carlos,  his  uncle,  Don  Antonio, 
the  Canon  Escoiquiz,  and  the  Duke  of  San  Carlos.     Napoleon  then 
aave  the  crown  of  Spain  to  his  brother  Joseph.     It  was  not  till  the 
end  of  the  year  1813,  when  the  splendid  series  of  British  triumphs  in 
the  Peninsula  under  Wellington  had  made  a  longer  occupation  of  the 
country  by  the  French  impossible,  that  Napoleon  offered  to  reinstate 
Ferdinand  on  the  throne  of  Spain. 

On  the  14th  of  March,  Ferdinand  returned  to  Spain,  where  he  was 
received  with  every  demonstration  of  loyalty  and  affection.  Very 
unfortunately  for  Spain,  and  also  for  his  own  comfort,  Ferdinand  had, 
in  the  mean  time,  learned  to  associate  liberalism  with  Jacobinism,  and 
both  with  Bonapartism,  so  that  on  his  re-accession  to  power  he  threw 
himself  into  the  hands  of  the  clergy  and  the  reactionary  portion  of  his 
nobility.  From  the  moment  he  assumed  the  reins  of  government,  a 
series  of  transactions  took  place  which  excited  the  astonishment  and 
disgust  of  all  liberal-minded  politicians  in  Europe.  Instead  of  the 
promised  constitution,  a  fearful  system  of  persecution  was  commenced 
against  all  who  were  suspected  of  holding  liberal  opinions;  and  ex- 
ecutions, imprisonment,  exile,  and  confiscation  of  property  reigned 


4S8 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  monastic  orders,  the  inquisition,  and 
the  rack  were  restored,  and  every  expression  of  opinion  was  rigorously 
repressed.  At  length,  in  January,  1820,  an  insurrection  broke  out, 
and  Ferdinand  was  compelled  to  restore  the  constitution  of  the  cortes 
of  1812;  but,  the  French  government  interfering  by  force  of  arms, 
absolutism  was  restored  in  Spain  in  1823.  In  1829,  Ferdinand  married 
the  notorious  Maria  Christina.  She  was  \\\s  fourth  spouse.  By  the 
first  three  he  had  no  children.  Maria,  however,  bore  him  two  chil- 
dren,—Isabella  II.,  who  succeeded  him;  and  the  Infanta  Maria  Louisa, 
who  married  the  Duke  of  Montpensier,  son  of  Louis  Philippe,  King  of 
France.  By  the  influence  of  Maria  Christina,  Ferdinand  was  induced 
to  abrogate  the  Salic  law,  excluding  females  from  the  throne,  and  to 
restore  the  old  Castilian  law  of  cognate  succession.  This  step  led  to  a 
dangerous  combination  among  the  adherents  of  the  king's  brother, 
Don  Carlos,  during  the  lifetime  of  Ferdinand,  and  after  his  death  to 
a  civil  war.  In  June,  1833,  the  deputies,  cortes,  and  grandees  of  the 
kingdom  took  the  oath  of  fealty,  and  did  homage  to  the  Princess  of 
Asturias;    and  Ferdinand  died  in  September  of  the  same  year. 

John  VI.,  Emperor  aud  Kuig  of  Portugal  and  Brazil,  was  born  in 
1767.  On  account  of  the  mental  derangement  of  his  mother,  Queen 
Francisca,  he  was  proclaimed  director  of  the  government  in  Portugal 
in  1792.  Napoleon  sent  his  troops  into  Portugal  in  1807,  and  John 
embarked  for  Brazil  with  his  family,  landing  at  Rio  Janeiro  in  Jan- 
uary, 1808.  In  1815  he  raised  Brazil  to  the  rank  of  a  kingdom,  and 
united  all  his  states  into  one  monarchy.  After  the  death  of  his 
mother,  in  1816,  he  became  king.  In  1821  he  returned  to  Portugal, 
and  the  Crown  Prince  Pedro  remained  in  Brazil.  This  vast  country 
separated  itself  entirely  from  the  mother  country,  where  an  absolute 
government  was  in  the  mean  time  established.  John  was  incompetent 
to  unite  the  constitutionalists  and  royalists.  He  was  himself  in  danger 
of  falling  a  victim  to  the  intrigues  of  the  latter,  when  he  was  rescued 
by  an  English  vessel  in  the  Tagus.  Portugal  and  Brazil  also  assumed  a 
hostile  attitude;  but  in  1825,  by  the  mediation  of  England,  John  VI. 
concluded  a  treaty  with  his  son,  the  Emperor  Pedro  I.  of  Brazil,  in 
which  he  acknowledged  that  country  as  an  independent  kingdom, 
wholly  separate  from  Portugal,  and  his  son  as  Emperor,  reserving  for 
himself  personally  the  title  of  Emperor  of  Brazil.  This  good-natured 
monarch,  who  was  incompetent  to  struggle  with  the  troubles  of  his 
age  and  the  political  degeneracy  of  his  nation,  died  in  1826,  having 
previously  appointed  his  daughter  Isabella  regent  of  Portugal.  John 
Vi.  married  the  Infanta  Charlotte,  daughter  of  Charles  IV.  of  Spain. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


489 


His  second  daughter,  Maria,  wife  of  Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain,  died  in 
1818 ;  a  third  was  the  wife  of  Charles,  Infant  of  Spain. 

The  government  of  Pedro  I.  of  Brazil  was  very  vigorous,  but  a  war 
which  broke  out  between  his  supporters  and  the  advocates  of  republi- 
canism distracted  the  country  for  a  time,  and  prevented  the  liberal 
measures  of  the  government  from  taking  full  effect.     In  1825  his  title 
was  recognized  by  the  Portuguese  cortes  ;  and  the  death  of  his  father, 
John  VI.,  in  the  following  year,  opened  for  him  the  succession  to  the 
throne  of  Portugal.     This  revived  the  national  spirit  of  the  Brazilian 
Chambers,  who  feared  that  they  were  about  to  be  reduced  to  a  de- 
pendent state,  and  Pedro's  hasty  and  passionate  temper  led  him  to 
measures  which  whetted  the  general  discontent.  But  he  merely  retamed 
the  dignity  of  King  of  Portugal  long  enough  to  show  his  right  to  it, 
and,  after  granting  a  more  liberal  constitution,  immediately  resigned 
in  favor  of  his  daughter.  Dona  Maria  da  Gloria,  on  condition  of  her 
marriage  with  her  uncle,  Don  Miguel.     The  disturbances  in  Brazil  still 
increased,  the  finances  fell  into  disorder,  and  the  Emperor's  second 
marriage  with   the   Princess   Amalia   of   Leuchtenberg   displeased   his 
subjects;  and  after  making  various  ineffectual  attempts  to  restore  tran- 
quillity, he  was  compelled,  by  the  revolution  of  July,  1831,  to  resign 
the  throne  in  favor  of  his  son,  Pedro  II.,  a  boy  five  and  a  half  years 
old      Pedro  then  sailed  for  Portugal,  where   his  brother  Miguel  had 
usurped  the  throne,  and,  with  the  aid  of  an  army  which  was  swelled  by 
French  and  English  volunteers,  he  drove  away  the  usurper,  and  Dona 
Maria  made  her  entry  into   Lisbon  in  1833.     In  the  following  year, 
Don  Miguel  signed  the  Convention  of  Evora,  by  which  he  renounced 
all  pretensions  to  the  throne  and  agreed  to  quit  Portugal.     The  death 
of  Don  Pedro  in  the  same  year,  after  he  had  effected  several  important 
reforms,  proved  a  heavy  misfortune  to  Portugal,  which  suffered  severely 
from  the  mercenary  rule  of  those  who  occupied  places  of  trust  about 
the  person  of  the  young  queen.     Her  marriage,  in  1835,  with  Augustus, 
Duke  of  Leuchtenberg,  his  death  at  the  end  of  a  few  months,  and  her 
second  marriage,  in  1836,  with  Prince  Ferdinand  of  Saxe-Coburg,  were 
followed  by  grave  political  disturbances,  which  in  course  of  time  were 
aggravated  by  the  personal  avarice  and  want  of  good  faith  of  those  in 
whom  the  young  queen  placed  her  confidence. 

Switzerl'and  The  Swiss  had  little  influence  in  foreign  politics  during 
the  eighteenth  century  ;  and,  until  towards  its  close,  they  suff^ered  little 
from  foreign  interference.  This  tranquillity,  which,  however,  was  often 
interrupted  by  internal  dissensions,  was  alike  favorable  to  the  progress 
of  commerce,  agriculture,  and  manufactures,  and  to  the  arts  and  sci- 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAIXE. 
490 

ences      In  almost  every  department  of  human  knowledge  the  Swiss  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  both  at   home  and  abroad,  acquired   distin- 
guished reputation,  as  the  names  of  Haller,  Bonnet,  Bernoulli!,  J.  J. 
Rousseau,  Lavater,  Bodmer,  Breitinger,  Gessner,  Sulzer,  Hirzel,  Fuseli, 
Hottin"er  John  von  Müller,  Pestalozzi,  and  many  others,  bear  witness. 
There  were  no  oppressive  taxes,  and  almost  everywhere  the  government 
was  conscientiouslv  conducted  ;  the  administration  of  justice  was  cheap 
and  simple,  and  benevolent  institutions  were  numerous.     Although  the 
Swiss  had  at  first  firmly  maintained  their  neutrality  in  the  wars  of  the 
French    Revolution,   French    power   and   intrigue  gradually  deprived 
them  of  their  former  constitution  ;    and,  after  incorporating  several 
portions  of  Switzerland  with  the  French  and  Cisalpine  Republics   the 
French  converted  the  Swiss  Confederacy  into  the  Helvetic  Republic, 
one  and  indivisible,  under  an  executive  directory  of  five  persons.     The 
legislative  power  was  divided  between  a  senate  and  a  great  council,  to 
wliich  each  of  the  fourteen  cantons  elected  twelve  members. 

It  was  in  vain  that  some  of  the  democratic  cantons  attempted  to 
prevent  this  revolution.     They  were  speedily  overpowered.     But  the 
oppressions  of  the   French,  the  arbitrary  manner  in  which  tliey  dis- 
posed of  the  highest  offices,  and  the  great  number  of  weak  and  corrupt 
men  who  were  raised  to  power,  soon  made  the  new  officers  contempt- 
ible     Aloys  Redim?,  a  man  of  enterprising  spirit,  whose  family  was 
celebrated  in  the  annals  of  his  country,  formed  the  plan  of  overthrow- 
ing the  central   government,  and   Reding   imagined   that   Bonaparte 
himself,  who  had  just  withdrawn  his  troops  from  Switzerland,  would 
favor  his  plan.     But,  as  all  the  cantons  did  not  agree,  a  evil  war  was 
the  consequence.    Bonaparte  offered  the  cantons  his  mediation      1  welve 
thousand  French  troops  entered  Switzerland  under  Ney,  and  Reding 
and  Hirzel  were  imprisoned.     The  act  of  mediation,  in  1803,  restored 
the  cantonal  system,  and  granted  freedom  to  the  former  subjects  of  the 
cantons.     The  cantons  were  then  nineteen  in  number.     The  republic 
of  Valais  was  changed,  by  a  decree  of  Napoleon,  in  1810,  into  a  depart- 
ment of  France;  and  as  early  as  1806  he  granted  Neufchatel  (which 
had  been  ceded  to  him  by  Prussia,  but  which  was  under  the  protection 
of  Switzerland)  to  General  Berthier,  as  a  sovereign  principality.    Napo- 
leon assumed  the  title  of  "Mediator  of  Switzerland,"  and  the  military 
service  required  of  the  Swiss  became  more  and  more  oppressive.     It 
was  only  by  great  firmness  and  the  sacrifice  of  immense  sums  of  money 
that  most  of  the  cantonal  governments  averted  greater  oppression. 
They  were  obliged  to  adopt  the  continental  system,  and  the  canton  of 
Tessin  was   long   garrisoned  by  French  troops.     In  1813,  when  the 


CONTEMPORA  KIES. 


491 


theatre  of  war  approached  Switzerland,  France  permitted  the  Swiss  to 
nnintain  their  neutrality;  but  the  allies  expressed  themselves  ambigu- 
ously   and  large  armies  were  soon   marched  through  the  country  in 
various  directions  to  France.     Their  arrival  excited  a  fermentation  in 
many  quarters.     At  length  a  diet  assembled  in  Zurich,  in  1S14,  and 
new  articles  of  confederation  were  agreed  upon  by  nineteen  cantons. 
They  resembled  the  old  federal  pact  in  many  respects.     This  confed- 
ency  was  acknowledged  by  the  congress  of  Vienna.     The  bishopric 
of  Basel    with  Bienne,  was  given   to  the  canton  of  Berne,  excepting 
the  district  of  Birseck,  which  fell  to  Basel,  and  a  small  portion  which 
fell  to  Neufchatel.     The  former  relations  of  the  latter  place  to  Prussia 
were  restored,  and,  with  Geneva  and  the  Valais,  it  joined  the  confed- 
eracy of  the   Swiss  cantons,   making    their  number  twenty-two.     In 
181 S  the  compact  of  Zurich  was  publicly  and  solemnly  adopted,  after 
the  deputies  of  the  confederacy  at  Vienna  had  given  in  their  accession 
to  the  acts  of  the  congress  of  Vienna  so  far  as  they  related  to  Switzer- 
land     Then   the   eight   powers,   Austria,   Russia,   France,   England, 
Prussia,  Spain,  Portugal,  and  Sweden,  proclaimed  by  a  separate  act 
the  perpetual   neutrality  of   Switzerland  and    the    inviolability  of  its 
soil      Soon  after,  Switzerland  became  a  member  of  the  Holy  Alliance. 
But  the  political  state  of  the  Swiss  cantons,  as  settled  by  the  congress 
of  Vienna  and  jealously  watched  by  the  Holy  Alliance,  gave  rise  to 
much  dissatisfaction  in  the  great  body  of  the  people.     This  state  of 
things  continued  until   the   French  revolution  of  July  30,  1830,  set 
the  example  for  various  risings  in  the  country,  and  led  to  a  revision 
of  the  constitution,  the  abolition  of  privileges,  the  extension  of  the 
ri.rht  of  election,  the  abolition  of  the   censorship  of  the  press,  etc. 
The  ordinary  session  of  the  diet  took  place  at  Lucerne,  in  1831, 
and  the  common   concerns  of  the  confederacy,  both  in   its  foreign 
and  domestic  relations,  were  found  to  be  in  a  satisfactory  condition. 
Towards  the  close  of  183 1  the  canton  of  Neufchatel  was  disturbed  by 
risincTs  of  some  portions  of  the  population,  who  renounced  the  author- 
itv  of  Prussia,  and  demanded  a  new  constitution;  but  the  insurgents 
were  soon  put  down,  and  tranquillity  restored. 

Frederic  Eneene*  Duke  of  Wiirtemberg.  Through  his  mother,  a 
Prussian  princess  (from  i733  to  i797  the  princes  of  Würtemberg  were 
Catholics),  Protestantism  became  again  the  religion  of  its  rulers. 
During    the   government  of  Frederic   Eugene,  the  French   Republic 


^  Frederic  Eugene,  in  .793.  sueceeded  his  brother,  the  eccentric  Duke  Charles,  ^vho 
lounded  the  Charles's  school,  in  which  Schiller  was  educated. 


492 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


493 


took  possession  of  the  Würtemberg  territories  on  the  left  bank  of  the 
Rhine,  and  repeatedly  occupied  the  duchy. 

Frederic  I.  (Wilhelm  Karl),  son  of  Duke  Frederic  Eugene,  was  born 
in  1754.  He  received  his  first  instruction  from  his  accomplished 
mother,  a  princess  of  Brandenburg-Schwedt,  and  completed  his  educa- 
tion at  Lausanne,  after  the  French  fashion  of  that  period,  served  in 
the  bloodless  war  of  the  Bavarian  Succession,  accompanied  his  brother- 
in-law,  the  future  Russian  Emperor  Paul,  on  a  journey  to  Italy,  in  1782, 
took  service  in  Russia  as  Governor-General  of  Russian  Finland,  and, 
after  having  left  it  in  1787,  lived  for  some  time  in  retirement.  In 
1790  he  was  a  spectator  of  the  sessions  of  the  French  National  Assem- 
bly ;  in  1796  he  fought  unsuccessfully  against  the  French,  on  the 
Rhine,  and,  being  compelled  to  leave  his  country,  retired  to  Anspach, 
and  subsequently  to  Vienna  and  London.  In  the  following  year  he 
returned  to  Würtemberg,  succeeding  his  fiither  on  the  ducal  throne. 
He  shared  in  the  war  of  1799,  and  received  by  the  treaty  of  Luneville 
as  a  compensation  some  territories  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rhine, 
containing  twelve  thousand  inhabitants,  and  was  allowed  to  assume 
the  electoral  dignity.  In  1805  he  took  part  with  France  in  the  war 
against  Austria;  in  return  for  which  he  was  made  king,  with  sovereign 
power,  and  received  an  addition  to  his  territory  which  gave  him  two 
hundred  thousand  new  subjects.  As  soon  as  the  German  Empire  was 
dissolved,  the  new  king  became  a  member  of  the  Confederation  of  the 
Rhine,  and,  as  such,  took  part  in  all  the  wars  of  France,  except  that 
with  Spain.  Subsequently  to  the  last  war  between  France  and  Austria, 
in  1809,  the  i)opulation  of  the  kingdom  was  increased  to  one  million 
three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand.  After  the  downfall  of  the  French 
Empire,  the  king  secured  all  his  acquisitions  by  joining  the  allies. 
Since  181 5,  Würtemberg,  though  a  small  kingdom,  has  formed  one  of 
the  largest  states  of  the  Germanic  Confederacy.  Frederic  I.  was  a 
tyrant,  and  that  to  a  degree  which  is  rare  at  the  present  time;  yet,  like 
many  other  tyrants,  he  was  a  man  of  talent,  and  judiciously  promoted 
the  good  of  his  subjects,  where  it  was  in  accordance  with  his  own 
objects.  His  first  wife  was  a  princess  of  Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel,  who 
bore  him  two  sons, — William,  his  successor,  and  Paul,  and  a  daughter, 
Catherine,  afterward  Princess  of  Montfort.  His  second  wife  was  Char- 
lotte Matilda,  daughter  of  George  III.,  King  of  England.  Frederic  I. 
died  in  1 816.  ' 

William  I.  succeeded  his  father,  and  the  country  prospered  under  his 
rule.  His  son,  the  crown  prince,  married  the  Grand  Duchess  Olga  of 
Russia.     Charles  I.,  the  present  king,  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  1864. 


I 


Frederic  Augustus  I.  of  Saxony  was  the  eldest  son  of   the  Elector 
Frederic  Christian.     In  1791  he  refused  to  accept  the  crown  of  Poland, 
offered  him  in  the  name  of  that  country.     He  also  rejected  the  in- 
stances of  a  conference  of  the  Emperor  Leopold  II.  and  Frederic  Wil- 
liam IL  of  Prussia,  held  at  Pilnitz,  in  179 1,  to  join  as  an  independent 
sovereign  the  first  coalition  against  the  French  Revolution,  though  he 
did  not  withhold  his  contingent  as  a  member  of  the  German  Empire 
when  the  war  had  been  declared.     In  1796  he  took  part  in  the  treaty 
of  peace  and  neutrality  concluded  with  the  French  Republic  by  the 
district  of  Upper  Saxony.     He  maintained  his  neutrality  during  the 
war  of  1805,  but  in  the  following  year  joined  Prussia  in  the  unhappy 
contest  decided  by  the  battle  of  Jena.     Saxony,  which  fell   into  the 
hands  of  the  French  conqueror,  was  severely  punished,  and  Frederic 
Augustus  was  finally  compelled  to  throw  himself  into  the  arms  of  Na- 
poleon.    Having  concluded  the  treaty  of  Posen,  in  1806,  he  assumed 
the  title  of  king,  and  joined   the  Rhenish  Confederation.     For  the 
cession  of  several  districts  of  Western  Saxony,  annexed  to  the  new 
kingdom  of  Westphalia,  he  was  scantily  compensated  by  a  part  of  Lu- 
satia,  and  after  the  Peace  of  Tilsit  more  liberally  by  the  duchy  of  War- 
saw.'   He  was  a  faithful  vassal  of  the  French  Emperor  during  the  wars 
of  1809  against  Austria,  and  of  181 2  against  Russia,  and  in  1813,  when 
Saxony  became  the  chief  scene  of  the  conflict.     Having  personally 
joined  Napoleon  shortly  before  the  battle  of  Leipsic,  he  was  declared 
after  its  bloody  issue  a  prisoner  of  war  by  the  Emperor  Alexander,  was 
sent  to  Berlin,  and  afterwards  to  the  chateau  of  Friedrichsfeld,  but  was 
subsequently  allowed  to  reside  at  Presburg  during  the  deliberations  of 
the  congress  of  Vienna.     That  congress  restored  to  him  half  of  his  Ger- 
man possessions,  the  other  half  being  annexed  to  Prussia,  and  the  duchy 
of  Warsaw  was  made  a  dependence  of  Russia  as  the  kingdom  of  Poland. 
Returning  to  his  capital  in  June,  1815,  Frederic  Augustus  spent  the  last 
twelve  years  of  his  life  in  healing  the  wounds  of  his  diminished  country, 
by  promoting   its  agricultural,  commercial,  and  mining  interests,  by 
establishing  or  developing  institutions  of  art  and  science,  and  particu- 
larly by  a  "strict  administration  of  justice.     His  grateful  subjects  be- 
stowed upon  him  the  surname  of  the  Just.     He  died  in  1827,  and  his 
brother  Anthony  succeeded  him. 

Frederic  Augustus  II.  was  the  eldest  son  of  Maximilian,  brother  of 
King  Frederic  Augustus  I.  and  Anthony.  Having  lost  his  mother, 
Carolina  Maria  Theresa,  Princess  of  Parma,  at  the  age  of  seven,  he  was 
educated  principally  under  the  care  of  Forell,  a  distinguished  Swiss, 
and  General  Watzdorf.     Though  often  compelled  to  leave  the  capital 


494 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


of  his  uncle  during  the  later  campaigns  of  Napoleon  in  Germany,  and 
frequently  to  change  his  abode,  he  eagerly  pursued  his  studies,  which 
included  political  economy,  law,  and  military  science.  Botany,  how- 
ever, became  his  favorite  pursuit.  When,  in  September,  1830,  in  con- 
sequence  of  the  revolutionary  movement  in  Paris,  Dresden  became  the 
scene  of  political  commotions,  Frederic  Augustus  was  jilaced  by  the  old 
king,  Anthony,  at  the  head  of  the  committee  for  public  tranquillity. 
As  the  prince  was  very  popular,  this  measure  greatly  contributed  to 
quiet  the  agitation.     On  June  6,  1836,  Frederic  Augustus  succeeded  to 

the  throne. 

Frederic  JVil/iam,  Duke  of  Brunswick,  brother-in-law  of  (ieorge  IV. 
of  En<dand,  entered  the  Prussian  service  at  an  early  age,  and  was 
actively  engaged  with  the  army  during  the  war  with  France  in  1792, 
and  again  in  1S06,  and  was  taken  prisoner  with  Pdiicher  at  Leipsic. 
On  the  death  of  his  father  (who  was  killed  in  the  battle  of  Jena)  and 
his  elder  brother,  he  would  have  succeeded  to  the  dukedom,  as  his 
other  brothers  were  incapacitated  by  disease  for  reigning,  had  not  Na- 
l)oleon  put  a  veto  on  his  accession  to  power.  Being  resolved  to  take 
part  in  the  war  against  the  French,  he  raised  a  free  corps  in  Bohemia, 
and  threw  himself  into  Saxony,  which,  however,  he  was  speedily  com- 
pelled to  evacuate. 

After  the  total  defeat  of  the  Austrians,  in  1S09,  the  duke  determined 
to  leave  Germany;  and  with  his  corps  of  seven  hundred  ''black 
hussars"  and  eight  hundred  infantry,  he  began  his  masterly  retreat. 
After  various  skirmishes,  in  one  of  which  he  defeated  the  Westphalian 
commander  Wellingerode  and  a  picked  detachment  of  troops,  he 
reached  Brunswick,  in  the  neighborhood  of  wliich  he  gained  a  victory 
over  four  thousand  Westphalians,  commanded  by  General  Reupel. 
He  next  crossed  the  Weser,  and  having  reached  Elsfleth,  and  taken 
possession  of  a  sufficient  number  of  vessels  and  seamen,  he  embarked 
his  troops,  and  finally  landed  in  England  with  his  men,  in  August, 
1809.  He  was  received  with  enthusiasm,  and,  having  entered  the 
English  service  with  his  men,  subsequently  took  part  in  the  Peninsular 
war,  where  he  served  with  distinction,  receiving  from  the  British 
government  an  allowance  of  six  thousand  pounds  a  year,  wliich  he 
retained  till  he  returned  to  his  own  dominions,  in  1813.  Altliough 
no  prince  cQuld  be  more  earnestly  bent  on  securing  the  welfare  of  his 
subjects,  his  efforts  failed  utterly,  from  the  untimely  and  injudicious 
nature  of  the  reforms  he  endeavored  to  effect ;  while  the  magnitude  of 
his  military  establishments,  which  were  quite  unsuited  to  the  limited 
extent  of  his  territories,  excited  the  ill  will  of  his  i)eople.     He  joined 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


495 


the  allied   army  with  his  hussars  after  the  return  of  Napoleon  from 
Elba,  and  fell  while  leading  on  his  men  at  Quatre  Bras,  on  the  i6th 

of  June,  1815. 

Brunswick- Lüneburg,  the  duchy  of  Bremen,  and  several  other  coun- 
tries became  the  kingdom  of  Hanover  in  1815.  The  death  of  William 
IV.  separated  Hanover  from  England,  as  Victoria  w^as  excluded  from 
the  Hanoverian  sovereignty  by  virtue  of  the  limitation  of  the  crown 
to  heirs  male.  Her  uncle,  Ernest,  Duke  of  Cumberland,  therefore 
succeeded  to  the  throne,  in  1837. 

Frederic  VI.  of  Denmark,  son  of  Christian  VII.  and  Caroline  Matilda, 
sister  of  George  III.  of  p:ngland,  assumed  the  regency  of  the  kingdom 
in  1784,  on  account  of  the  insanity  of  his  father,  on  \vhose  death,  in 
1808,  he  ascended  the  throne.     In  his  reign  feudal  serfdom  was  abol- 
ished, monopolies  were  abrogated,  the  criminal  code  was  amended,  and 
the  slave-trade  prohibited  earlier  than  in  any  other  country.      In  1800, 
Denmark  joined  the  confederation  formed    between  Russia,  Sweden, 
and  Prussia,  which  led  to  retaliation  on  the  part  of  England,  to  the 
seizure  by  that  power  of  all  Danish  vessels  in  British  ports,  and  to  the 
dispatch  of  a  powerful  fleet,  under  Sir  Hyde  Parker  and  Nelson,  to 
frive  efficacy  to  the  peremptory  demand  that  Frederic  should  withdraw 
from  the  convention.     His  refusal  to  accede  to  this  demand  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  fierce  naval   engagement,  in  which   the   Danish   fleet  was 
almost  wholly  destroyed.     A  peace  was  concluded  on  Frederic's  with- 
drawal from  the  confederation  ;  but  in  consequence  of  his  persisting  to 
maintain  an  attitude  of  neutrality,  instead  of  combining  with  Great 
Britain  against  Napoleon,  the  war  was  renewed   in  1807,  by  the  ap- 
pearance, before  Copenhagen,  of  a  British  fleet,  bearing  envoys,  who 
summoned  Frederic  to  enter  into  an  alliance  with  England,  and  to  sur- 
render his  fleet  and  arsenals,  with  the  castle  of  Cronborg,  commanding 
the  Sound.     On  his  refusal,  Copenhagen  was  bombarded  for  three  days, 
the  arsenals  and  docks  were  destroyed,  and  all  the  shipping  disabled, 
sunk,    or   carried    to    England.      This   blow    paralyzed    the    national 
resources,  and  it  required  the  exercise  of  much  discretion  on  the  part 
of  the  government,  and  great  endurance  on  that  of  the  people,  to 
prevent  the  irremediable  ruin  of  the  country.     Smarting  under  the 
treatment  which  he   had  experienced   from   the  English,  the  Danish 
monarch  became   the  ally  of  Napoleon,  and  suffered  proportionally 
after  the  overthrow^  of  his  empire.     In  1814,  Norway  was  taken  by  the 
allies  and  given  to   Sweden.      At  the  general  congress  of  the  allied 
powers,  which  assembled  in  Vienna  in  1815,  Frederic  VI.  was  present, 
and  subscribed  to  the  incorporation  of  the  duchy  of  Holstein  into  the 


496 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


497 


Germanic  Confederation.  Of  Schleswig  not  a  word  was  spoken,  it 
being  considered  an  inseparable  part  of  Denmark.  The  kingdom 
became  bankrupt,  and  many  years  passed  before  order  could  be 
restored  to  the  finances.  Notwithstanding  his  autocratic  tendencies, 
Frederic  so  far  yielded  to  the  movements  of  the  times  as  to  give  his 
subjects,  in  1831,  a  representative  council  and  a  liberal  constitution. 
Frederic  VI.  died  in  1839,  aged  seventy-two.  Twelve  peasants  from 
the  county  of  Copenhagen  asked  permission  to  bear  the  royal  coffin, 
on  which  was  written  "  The  memory  of  the  just  is  blessed."  Having 
no  sons,  he  was  succeeded  by  his  cousin  Christian  Frederic,  who  took 

the  title  of  Christian  VIII. 

Christian  VIII.  was  considered  one  of  the  most  enlightened  mon- 
archs  of  Europe.  Although  he  did  not  give  his  people  all  the  freedom 
they  expected,  yet  he  reformed  the  laws,  encouraged  commerce,  and 
science  and  the  arts  were  munificently  patronized  by  him.  He  married 
Caroline  Amalie,  a  princess  of  Augustenburg,  and  sister  of  the  rebel- 
lious duke  who  involved  Denmark  in  the  terrible  war  with  the  duchies 
of  Schleswig  and  Holstein.     Christian  died  in  1848,  and  the  crown 

devolved  upon  his  only  son. 

Frederic  VII.  came  to  the  throne  when  all  Europe  was  in  a  ferment. 
The  principal  events  of  his  reign  were  the  wars  and  the  diplomatic 
ne>Totiations  arising  out  of  the  revolt  of  the  duchies.  Notwithstanding 
the  heavy  expenses  of  the  war,  the  finances  were  considerably  aug- 
mented and  the  material  prosperity  of  the  country  increased  during 
his  reign.     Frederic  died  in  1863,  leaving  no  children. 

Christian  IX.  succeeded  to  the  throne  in  accordance  with  a  treaty 
to  which  Great  Britain,  France,  Austria,  and  Russia  were  parties,  and 
which  was  signed  in  1852.  This  treaty  was  framed  avowedly  to  secure 
the  integrity  of  the  Danish  dominions,  and  to  avoid  all  difficulties  as 
to  the  saiccession,  Frederic  leaving  no  direct  heir,  and  there  being 
more  than  one  collateral  claimant.  Russia,  which  was  one,  resigned; 
the  Duke  of  Augustenburg,  another  claimant,  sold  his  claim  for  a  sum 
of  rather  more  than  four  hundred  thousand  pounds  sterling;  and  the 
succession  settled  upon  the  loyal  Prince  Christian,  of  the  Sonderburg- 
Glücksburg  line,  upon  whom,  in  1853,  according  to  a  law  passed  in 
the  diet  and  subscribed  to  by  the  king  himself,  the  title  of  Pnnce  of 
Denmark  was  conferred,  his  civil  list  being  fixed  at  an  amount  of  fifty 
thousand  rix-dollars  annually.  The  reason  of  setting  aside  the  suc- 
cession of  the  Augustenburg  line  was,  that  the  duke  had  forfeited  his 
estates  by  his  rebellion,  and  fled  the  country.  The  accession  of  Chris- 
tian was  hailed  with  enthusiasm  by  his  Danish  subjects  and  by  a  large 


maiorilV  of  the  inhabitants  of  Schleswig,  and  the  new  monarch  lost  no 
Le  in  promising  to  them  faithfully  to  uphold  the  constitution  and  to 
^uard  their  liberties.     Christian  appeared  in  some  respects  to  have  a 
'eater  moral  strength  than  his  predecessor ;  he  had  been  poi.ular  as 
the  destined  heir ;  his  eldest  dauglner  ha<i  been  marned  to  the  Prince 
of  Wales  ;  his  second  son  had  accepted  the  crown  of  Greece  ;  and  he 
was  on  excellent  terms  with  Sweden  and  Russia.     But,  with  all  this 
apparent  good  fortune,  his  reign  commenced  in  J-  -^sto    lament, 
b     difficulties.     The  Prince  of  Augustenburg,  Frederic  VIII.,  as  he 
styled  himself,  instantly  claimed  the  duchies,  on   the  plea  that  his 
fa  her,  who  was  still  living,  had  no  power  to  convey  his  rights ;  and 
this  c  aim  was  at  once  supported  by  the  King  of  Bavaria  and  some  of 
the  smaller  German  states.     At  length  Prussia  and  Austria  interlered, 
and  Denmark  being  too  feeble  to  offer  an  effective  resistance    after 
some  gallant  fighting,  she  was  forced  to  conclude  a  treaty  at  Vienna, 
n  1864,  by  which  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and  Lauenburg  were  all  made 
over  to  Prussia  and  Austria.    Since  then  the  Danes  have  been  employed 
in  adapting  their  constitution  to  their  altered  circumstances.     When 
the  nei  Rigsdag  met,  in  x866,  the  address  of  the  king,  on  opening    ne 
sion,  expressed  a  hope  that,  assembling  for  the  first  time  since  th 
definitive  Tolution  of  the  constitutional  question    their  labors  w^uU 
produce  rich  fruits  for  Denmark.     He  announced  the  marriage  of  th 
Princess  Dagmar  with  the  Crown  Prince  of  Russia ;  that   Prussia  had 
en  aged,  by  the  Peace  of  Prague,  to   restore  Northern  Scheswig  to 
Dei  mar;,  Jhould  the  population  express  a  wish  to  that  effect  by  a  vote 
freely  taken  ;  but  adds,  "this  clause  has  not  yet  been  executed ,     and 
he  then  call  d  their  attention  to  the  finances,  the  army,  and  the  navy. 
cZles  XIV.,  K..,  of  Sweden  anä  Norway,  ^^^^y  ^^^^'Z 
Tules  Bernadotte,   was  born   at  Pau,   in   the  south  of   France.      He 
it  the  son  of  ;  lawyer.      He  married  Eugenia  Bernhardina   Desi- 
deia  daughter  of  a  rich  merchant  in  Marseilles,  by  whom  he  had  one 
SOI     the  talented  Oscar.     Bernadotte  entered  the  French  army  as  a 
common  soldier;  became  an  ardent  partisan  of  the  revolution  ;  dis- 
ced himself  greatly  in  the  wars  of  Napoleon,  and  soon  attamed 
e  h  ghest  military  rank.     But  he  was  distrusted  by  Bonaparte,  whose 
ambUitslhemesL  took  no  part  in  promoting    a^l  ^^;^'^;^^l-^2 
taken  offense  at  his  conduct  after  the  battle  of  Wagram,  Bernadotte 
ft  the  army  in  disgust,  and  returned  to  Paris.     He  -Y^'T'd  d 
ent  by  the  ministerial  council  to  oppose  the  British,  who  had  landed 
wiheren,  but   the  breach  between  him  and  the  En.pe^r  grew 
wider.     In  1810  he  was  elected  crown  pnnce  and  heir  to  the  throne 

32 


■J 


498 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


499 


of  Sweden  by  the  states  of  that  kingdom,  and  the  agreement  of  Charles 
XIII  ,  who  had  no  children.  Almost  the  only  condition  imposed  on 
him  was  that  of  joining  the  Protestant  Church.  He  changed  his  name 
to  Charles  John,  and,  the  health  of  the  Swedish  king  failing  in  the 
following  year,  the  reins  of  government  came  almost  entirely  into  his 
hands.  He  refused  to  comply  with  the  demands  of  Napoleon,  which 
were  opposed  to  the  interests  of  Sweden,  particularly  as  to  trade  with 
Britain,  and  was  soon  involved  in  war  with  him.  He  commanded  the 
army  of  the  allies  in  the  north  of  Germany,  and  defeated  Oudinot  at 
Grossbeeren,  and  Ney  at  Dennewitz.  He  showed  great  reluctance, 
however,  to  join  in  the  invasion  of  France,  and  was  tardy  in  his  pro- 
gress southward.  Charles  XIII.  died  in  February,  iSi8,  and  in  May 
of  the  same  year  Bernadotte  was  solemnly  crowned  King  of  Sweden 
and  Norway,  under  the  title  of  Charles  XIV.  His  personal  influence, 
due  alike  to  his  diplomatic  wisdom,  his  virtues,  and  his  eminent  mili- 
tary talents,  became  of  the  utmost  importance  to  Sweden.  During  the 
twenty-six  years  of  his  wise  administration,  all  differences  with  foreign 
nations  were  settled,  public  and  private  credit  was  restored,  and  ample 
provision  made  for  the  payment  of  the  public  debt.  When  ascending 
the  throne  he  adopted  the  motto,  *'The  love  of  my  people  is  my 
reward,"  and  he  fully  realized  it.  Education,  agriculture,  manufac- 
tures, commerce,  and  great  public  works,  as  well  as  the  military 
strength  of  the  kingdom,  were  i)romoted  by  his  care.  He  died  in 
1844,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Oscar. 

Oscar  /.,  the  only  child  of  Charles  XIV.,  was  born  at  Paris  in  i  799. 
After  his  father  was  elected  Crown  Prince  of  Sweden,  Oscar  was  placed 
under  the  tutelage  of  the  poet  Atterbom  for  the  purpose  of  acquiring 
the  Swedish  language.  In  1818  he  entered  the  University  of  Upsala, 
where  his  education  was  completed.  The  effects  of  the  thorough 
training  he  received  were  seen  in  his  rem  irkable  proficiency  in  science, 
literature,  and  especially  the  fine  arts.  In  1823  he  married  Josephine 
Beauharnais,  the  granddaughter  of  the  Empress  Josephine,  by  whom 
he  had  five  children.  After  Oscar's  admission  to  a  share  in  the  admin- 
istration, being  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  national  sentimen  s,  he 
vigorously  opposed,  though  with  becoming  filial  respect,  the  pro- 
Russian  policy  of  his  father.  This  course  of  conduct  rendered  him 
immensely  popular,  and  his  accession  to  the  throne  was  hailed  with 
rapture  by  the  great  majority  of  his  subjects.  His  rule  was  distin- 
guished for  its  liberality  and  justice ;  and  introducing  changes  with 
caution  and  gentleness,  he  had  the  gratification  of  seeing,  in  most 
cases,  his  prudence  crowned  with  success.     During  the  Crimean  war 


he  joined  the  King  of  Denmark  in  a  declaration  of  armed  neutrality. 
His  attitude  at  this  time  gained  him  general  favor  throughout  Europe. 
On  account  of  his  failing  health,  in  1857,  his  eldest  son  was  appointed 
regent,  and  succeeded  to  the  throne  as  Charles  XV.  on  the  death  of 
Oscar,  in  1859. 

Charles  XV.  died  in  1872,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  brother,  Oscar 

Frederic,  the  present  king. 

William  I.  (William  Frederic  of  Orange),  King  of  the  Netherlands, 
and  Grand  Duke  of  Luxemburg,  was  born  in  1772.      His  father,  Wil- 
liam v.,  Prince  of  Orange  and  Nassau,  hereditary  Stadtholder,  who 
died  at  Brunswick  in  1806,  was  descended   from  John,  the  youngest 
brother  of  the  great  William  1.  of  Orange;   his  mother  was  a  princess 
of  Prussia.     In  1788,  Prince  William  Frederic  of  Orange  made  a  tour 
in  Germany,  and  remained  for  some  time  in  Berlin  at  the  court  of  his 
uncle,  Frederic  William  II.      In   1790   he   entered  the  University  of 
Leyden.     In   1791   he   married   Frederica   Louisa  Wilhelmina,  sister 
of  Frederic  William  III.      He  then  undertook  many  improvements  in 
the  army,  but  met  with  much  opposition  from  the  patriots,  who  had 
been  put  down  in  1787  by  the  help  of  Prussian  troops.      Many  of  the 
patriots  fled  to  France;  and  in  1793  the  National  Convention  declared 
war  against  the  Stadtholder,  and  conquered  him.     In  1806,  Napoleon 
erected  the  Batavian  Republic,  the  name  given   to  the  Netherlands 
after  its  conquest  in  1794-5,  into  the  kingdom  of  Holland,  and  placed 
his  brother  Louis  on   the  throne.     Louis  ruled  with  moderation  and 
kindness  ;   but  his  preference  of  the  interests  of  Holland  to  those  of 
France  gave  such  offense  to  his  imperial  brother  that  in  1810  Louis 
abdicated,  and   Holland  was  incorporated  as  an  integral  part  of  the 
French  Empire.     On  the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  the  Prince  of  Orange, 
who  had  been  an  exile  in  England,  was  declared  king  by  an  assembly 
of  notables,  under  the  title  of  William  L,  with  a  constitution  limiting 
his  power  within  moderate  bounds.     The  ten  ancient  provinces  which 
had  remained  under  Spanish  rule  at  the  time  of  the  great  revolution 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  had  subsequently  belonged  to  the  House 
of  Austria,  were  annexed  to  Holland  by  the  congress  of  Vienna,  with 
the  object  of  forming  a  power  of  sufficient  force  to  serve  as  a  check  to 
the  progress  of  France  towards  the  northeast. 

The  differences  of  race,  religion,  language,  and  manners,  however, 
prevented  the  assimilation  of  the  two  sections  into  one  nation ;  and 
on  the  outbreak  of  the  French  revolution  in  1830  the  ten  southern 
provinces  revolted,  and,  aided  by  the  French,  established  their  inde- 
pendence as  the  kingdom  of  Belgium,  with  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg 


"I 


500 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAIXE. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


501 


as  king.  Since  this  separation,  Ilülland  has  continued  flourishing  and 
peacettd,  and  has  made  rapid  advances  in  prosperity  and  opulence. 
William  I.  abdicated  in  1840  in  favor  of  his  son,  William  11.,  who 
died  in  1849,  and  was  succeeded  by  Wdliam  III.,  the  present  king, 
who  married  the  Princess  Sophia  Matilda  of  Wiirtemberg. 

Leopold  L,  Kin<rofBeIgiNm,  was  born  in  Coburg  in  1790.  He  was 
a  son  of  Duke  Francis  of  Saxe-Coburg-Saalield,  received  a  brilliant 
education,  entered  the  military  service  of  Russia,  and  in  1808  accom- 
panied the  Emperor  Alexander  1.  to  Erfurt,  with  the  rank  of  general. 
Compelled  by  the  induence  of  Napoleon,  in  1810,  to  relinquish  his 
position  in  the  army  of  the  Czar,  he  devoted  himself  to  the  interests 
of  Saxe-Coburg.  The  principal  public  achievement  under  his  admin- 
istration was  the  boundary  treaty,  concluded  with  Bavaria  in  181 1. 

In  181 3  he  rejoined  the  Emperor  Alexander,  and  took  an  active 
part  in  the  battles  of  Lützen,  Bautzen,  Leipsic,  and  Culm.  In  1814 
he  accompanied  the  allied  sovereigns  to  England,  where  he  made  the 
acquaintance  of  the  Princess  Charlotte,  whom  he  married  m  1816,  but 
who  died  the  following  year.  On  the  occasion  of  his  marriage,  Leo- 
pold was  raised  by  his  father-in-law,  George  IV.,  to  the  rank  ot  a 
British  field-marshal,  became  a  member  of  the  privy  council,  was 
created  Duke  of  Kendal,  and  a  pension  of  fifty  thousand  pounds  was 
conferred  upon  him.  After  the  death  of  his  wife  he  resided  in 
London,  and  in  his  palace  of  Claremont. 

In  1830  the  crown  of  Greece  was  offered  to  him,  which  he  finally 
refused,  after  having  accepted  it  on  conditions  which  were  not  com- 
plied with. 

In  1 831  he  was  elected  King  of  the  Belgians,  and  was  crowned  in 
July  of  the  same  year.  In  1832  he  married  the  Princess  Louise,  the 
accomplished  daughter  of  Louis  Philippe,  King  of  France.  She  bore 
him  three  children,— Leopold  Louis  Philippe,  Duke  of  Brabant;  Philip 
Eugene,  Count  of  Flanders;  and  Marie  Charlotte,  who  in  1859  was 
married  to  Maximilian,  Archduke  of  Austria,  and  subsequently  Em- 
peror of  Mexico. 

The  revolutionary  tempest  of  1848  menaced  the  tranquillity  of  the 
country  ;  but  King  Leopold,  at  the  outbreak  of  the  catastrophe  in 
France,  promptly  declared  himself  ready  to  retain  or  surrender^  the 
crown  of  Belgium,  according  to  the  decision  of  the  people.  This 
frank  and  ready  declaration  had  a  successful  result  in  strengthening  the 
party  of  order,  while  it  disarmed  even  those  most  disaffected  to  the 
crown.  In  1853  his  eldest  son,  Leopold,  married  Marie,  Archduchess 
of  Austria;    and   in    1867  his   second   son,  Philip,   married    Princess 


Marie  of  Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen.  King  Leopold  I.  died  in  1865, 
and  was  succeeded  by  the  present  king,  Leopold  IL,  who,  on  taking 
the  oath,  indorsed  the  principles  of  the  Belgian  constitution. 

Victor  Amadais  III.,  of  Sardi?na,  joined  Austria  against  France  in 
1792,  and  was  stripped  of  Savoy  and  Nice  in  the  same  year.     He  died 

in  1796. 

Charles  Emanuel  IV.,  his  son,  succeeded  him,  and  in  1797  entered 
into  an  alliance  with  France  against  Austria;  but  his  territory  was 
nevertheless  invaded  by  the  French  Directory,  which  made  the  com- 
plaints of  the  Sardinian  people  against  the  burden  of  taxes,  and  the 
privileges  of  the  nobility,  a  pretext  to  compel  him  to  cede  all  his  con- 
tinental dominions,  in  1798,  to  France.  He  retained  only  the  island 
of  Sardinia,  whither  he  was  obliged  to  retire  with  all  his  family.  In 
1802  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  brother,  Victor  Emanuel  I.,  and 
lived  as  a  private  individual  in  Rome,  where  he  died  in  1819,  having 
entered  the  order  of  Jesuits  in  1817.  From  1806,  Piedmont  with  Genoa 
was  incorporated  in  the  French  Empire. 

Victor  Ef7ianu el  /.,  after  an  insignificant  reign  of  twelve  years,  re- 
turned to  Turin,  in  1818,  and,  after  the  downfall  of  Napoleon,  recovered 
his  continental  territories.  The  congress  of  Vienna  was  desirous  of 
strengthening  the  kings  of  Sardinia,  as  holders  of  the  passes  of  the 
Alps,  and  England  wished  to  establish  a  commercial  intercourse  with 
the  court  of  Turin,  and  Genoa  was  annexed  as  a  duchy  to  the  Sardinian 
monarchy.  Victor  Emanuel  restored,  as  far  as  was  practicable,  the  old 
constitution,  readmitted  the  Jesuits,  subscribed  the  Holy  Alliance,  and 
established  a  rigorous  censorship.  In  March,  1821,  in  consequence  of 
the  troubles  which  resulted  in  the  occupation  of  the  country  by  the 
Austrians,  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  brother  Charles  Felix. 

Charles  Felix  died  in  1831,  and  in  his  person  the  elder  branch  of 
the  House  of  Savoy  became  extinct. 

Charles  Albert,  who  belonged  to  the  younger  branch,  that  of  Savoy- 
Carignan,  and  whose  claims  to  the  crown  had  been  formally  acknowl- 
edged by  the  congress  of  Vienna,  ascended  the  throne.  The  liberals 
had  great  expectations  from  him,  but  w^ere  for  a  long  time  disappointed  ; 
his  government  much  resembled  the  other  Jesuitic  and  despotic  Italian 
governments,  except  that  he  sought  to  promote  the  interests  of  the 
country,  and  to  restrict  the  influence  of  the  clergy  in  political  affairs. 

The  Holy  Alliance  was  a  league  formed  by  the  Emperors  Alexander  I. 
of  Russia,  Francis  I.  of  Austria,  and  Frederic  William  III.  of  Prussia, 
after  the  second  abdication  of  Napoleon,  and  acceded  to  by  most  of 
the  other  powers  of  Europe,  excepting  the  Holy  See  and  England.   Its 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LOKRAINE. 

ostensible  object  was  to  regulate  the  affairs  of  the  states  of  Christendom 
on  principles  of  Christian  amity,  but  the  real  aim  was  to  maintain  the 
existing  dynasties.  Alexander  himself  drew  up  the  agreement  and  gave 
to  it  its  name.  It  was  in  virtue  of  the  Holy  Alliance  that  Austria,  in 
1 82 1,  suppressed  the  revolutions  in  Naples  and  Piedmont,  and  that 
France,  in  1823,  restored  absolutism  in  Spain.  After  Alexander's 
death  the  compact  lost  much  of  its  authority,  and  the  French  revo- 
lution of  1830  may  be  said  to  have  ended  it. 

Otho  /.,  Kin^  of  Greece.— \n   1821,  an   insurrection   broke   out  in 
Greece,  and  the  war  lasted  seven  years,  and  was  one  of  the  most  re- 
markable struggles  recorded  in  history.     Brave  men  joined  the  Greeks 
from  Europe  and  America;  contributions  of  money,  provisions,  and 
clothes  were    forwarded;    eloquent  voices— those  of  Webster,    Clay, 
and  Everett,  in  America— were  raised  for  them  ;  Byron  joined  them  ; 
and  the  Hellenic  cause,  the  cause  of  Christianity,  of  nationality,  and 
of  justice,  finally  triumphed.    The  battle  of  Navarino,  in  1827,  in  which 
the  combined  squadrons  of  England,  France,   and  Russia  annihilated 
the  Turco-Egyptian  fleet,  was  the  decisive  event ;  and  notwithstanding 
his  obstinate  perseverance,  the  Sultan   Mahmoud  H.  was  obliged   to 
come  to  terms,    'in  1829,  hostilities  ceased,  and  the  great  powers  of 
Europe    occupied    themselves  with    the  settlement  of  Greece.      They 
selected   Prince  Leopold  of  Saxe-Coburg  as  sovereign  of  the  emanci- 
pated state ;  he  at  first  accepted  the  offer,  but,  owing  to  a  difference 
on  the  question  of  boundaries,  abdicated  the  unoccupied  throne  four 
months  afterwards,  and  in  1831   was  elected  King  of  Belgium.     The 
great  powers,  after  Leopold's  abdication  of  the  Grecian  throne,  fixed 
upon  Otho,  the  second  son  of  King  Louis  I.  of  Bavaria,  a  prince  then 
(1832)  only  seventeen  years  old.     He  assumed  the  government,  under 
the  direction  of  a  regency,  and  arrived  at  Nauplia  in  1833.     The  seat 
of  government  was  first  established   at    Nauplia;  but  in   1835   it  was 
transferred  to  Athens,  where  Otho,  after  his  marriage  with  the  Princess 
Amalia  of  Oldenburg,  took  up  his  residence  and  established  his  court. 
After  attaining  his  majority  the  king  governed  in  his  own  name,  by 
ministers  responsible  to  himself,  aided  by  a  council  of  state. 

THE    MOST    NOTED    BROTHERS    OF   THE    EMPEROR    FRANCIS    II.    OF    GER- 
MANY (FRANCIS   I.  OF   AUSTRIA). 

Ferdinand  III.,  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  and  Archduke  of  Austria, 
was  born  at  Florence  in  1769.  In  1790  he  succeeded  his  father,  Leo- 
pold IL,  in  the  government  of  Tuscany,  when  the  latter  obtained  the 
imperial'  throne  at  the  death  of  his  brother,  the  Emperor  Joseph  II. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


503 


Ferdinand's  rule  in  Tuscany  was  one  of  combined  mildness  and  ability, 
and  during  his  reign  were  inaugurated  many  judicial,  economical,  and 
legislative   reforms.       Commerce  was  protected  and  encouraged,  hos- 
pitals and  asylums  were  founded,  good  roads  opened  through  the  state, 
and  the  greatest  attention  bestowed  on  the  welfare  of  his  subjects  which 
an  enlightened  and  good  prince  could  exercise.   A  lover  of  peaceful  pro- 
gress, he  remained  strictly  neutral  in  the  first  coalition  against  France, 
and  was  the  first  sovereign  in  Europe  to  recognize  and  treat  diplomatic- 
ally with  the  French  Republic,  in  1792.     In  1793,  intimidated  by  the 
combined  menaces  of  the  Russian  and  British  cabinets,  Ferdinand  was 
constrained    to    relinquish    his    neutral  policy,  and  became  a  passive 
member  of  the  coalition   formed   by  the  above  governments  against 
France.     In  1795,  on  the  French  occupation  of  Piedmont,  he  speedily 
reassumed  friendly  relations  with  France.      In  1797,  in  order  to  save 
his  states  from  annexation  to  the  Cisalpine  Republic,  he  concluded  a 
treaty  with  Bonaparte  on  the  most  unfavorable  terms,  undertaking  to  pay 
a  war  levy  to  France,  and  to  transfer  to  the  museum  of  Paris  some  of 
the    chief    masterpieces    of    the    Florentine    galleries,    including    the 
*' Venus  de  Medici."     Owing  to  the  continued  intrigues  of  France  in 
his  states,  Ferdinand  was  forced  to  seek  an  Austrian  alliance,  which 
furnished   Bonaparte  with  a  pretext  for  declaring  war  simultaneously 
against  Austria  and  Tuscany.     In  1799,  Ferdinand  retired  to  Vienna., 
leaving  the  French  troops  in  occupation  of  Tuscany.     In  1801,  at  the 
Peace  of  Luneville,  he  was  forced  to  renounce  all  claim  on  Tuscany. 
In  1814,  the  Peace  of  Paris  reinstated  him  in  Tuscany,  and  even  re- 
stored his  artistic  treasures.     He  died  in  1824,  leaving  his  states  to  his 

son,  Leopold  II. 

Charles,  Archduke  and  Generalissimo  of  Austria,  Duke  of  Teschen, 
third  son  of  the  Emperor  Leopold  IL,  was  born  in  Florence  in  1771. 
Of  weak  constitution  and  sickly,  he  seemed  to  promise  little,  but  was 
soon  attracted  by  military  subjects,  and  became  fond  of  geometry  and 
other  serious  studies.     He  was  twenty  years  of  age  at  the  time  of  the 
first  war  of  the  Emperor  Francis,  his  brother,  against  France.     Under 
Hohenlohe  he  took  part  in  the  battle  of  Jemmapes  against  Dumouriez, 
and  then  commanded  the  van  of  the  Prince  of  Coburg,  when  he  dis- 
tinguished himself  in  the  engagements  of  Aldenhoven  and  Neerwinden, 
in  which   the   French  were  defeated.     Belgium    having  been   recon- 
quered, he  was  appointed  its  governor-general  in   1793.     In  1794  he 
had  a  part   of  the  Austrian   command,   in  the  battles  of  Landrecy, 
Tournay,  Courtray,  and  Fleurus,  against  the  victorious  army  of  Piche- 
gru.     When  the  Netherlands  were  lost,  he  retired  for  some  time  to 


504 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


505 


/ 


Vienna  to  restore  bis  impaired  health.    In  1  796  he  took  the  field  again, 
as  field-marshal  of  the  empire  and  commander-in-chief  of  the  Austrian 
army   on   the   Rhine,   and   his  victories  over  Jourdan,  at  Neumarkt, 
Teining,  and  Amberg,  soon  compelled   Moreau,  who  had  advanced  as 
far  as  Munich,  to  undertake  bis  famous  retreat ;  the  French  were  driven 
over  the  Rhine,  and  retained   in   their  possession  only  the  bridges  of 
Hüningen  and  Kehl.     Both  these  positions  Charles  attacked  and  took 
in  the  following  winter.      But  while  things  were  going  on  successfi.lly 
in  Germanv  under  his  command,  the  French,  under  Bonaparte,  were 
every  where  victorious  in  Italy,  and  were  rapidly  advancing  toward  the 
heart  of  Austria;  and  wlien  Charles  was  sent  there  to  check  their  pro- 
gress,  the  victorious   young  general,    imitating  the  words  of   Caisar, 
could  say,    ''  Hitherto   1  have  had   to  combat  armies  without  a  com- 
mander ;   now   I   have   to   combat  a  commander  without   an   army." 
Charles  was  compelled  to  conclude  the  preliminary  treaty  of  Loben  in 
1797,  which  was  soon  followed  by  the  Peace  of  Cami)o  Formio.     The 
impaired  state  of  his  health  forced  him  to  quit  the  field  in  1800,  when 
he  was  elected  Governor-General  of  Bohemia.     But  he  had  soon  to 
hasten   to  the  defense  of  the  empire  of  his   brother,  which,  by   the 
admirable  marches  of  Nai)oleon  over  the  Ali>s,  and  of  Moreau  through 
Germany,  was  brought  to  the  brink  of  ruin.     The  armistice  of  Steyer 
concluded  by  him  with  the  latter  was  the  preliminary  of  the  Peace  of 
LuneviUe,  in   iSoi.     His  great  services  were  now  recognized  by  his 
appointment  as  president  of   the  aulic  council  of  war  at  Vienna,  as 
well  as  bv  a  proposition  made  at  the  diet  of  the  German  Empire  to 
reward  him  with  a  statue,  and  the  title  of  Savior  of  Germany ;  which 
honors,  however,  he  refused  to  accept.     In  1805  he  commanded  the 
Austrian  army  in  Italy  against  Massena,  but  his  victory  at  Caldiero  was 
of  little  avail,  as  Napoleon,  after  the  surrender  of  Ulm,  was  rapidly 
advancing  toward  Vienna.     The  hasty  retreat  of  the  Archduke  Ferdi- 
nand to  Bohemia,  and  the  battle  of  Austerlitz,  compelled  Francis  to 
conclude  the  Peace  of  Presburg.      Charles  was  now  made  generalissimo 
of  all  the  Austrian  armies,  and  minister  of  war,  with  unlimited  power, 
which  he  used  for  the  reorganization  of  the  forces  of  the  empire  and  the 
creation  of  a  strong  reserve  and  militia.     In  1808,  after  the  abdication 
of  Charles  IV.,  King  of  Spain,  the  provinces  of  Catalonia  and  Aragon 
called  him  to  the  throne  of  Spain  and  India,  and  an  English  frigate 
was  sent  to  carry  him  from  Trieste,  but  was  sent  back  with  his  thanks. 
In  the  war  of  1809  he  commanded  in  Bavaria,  while  his  brothers  John 
and  Ferdinand  led  the  armies  in  Italy  and  Poland.     Charles  advanced 
as  far  as  Ratisbon,  but  Napoleon's  victories  at  Thann,  Abensburg, 


Landshut,  Eckmühl,  and  Ratisbon  compelled  him  to  retreat.     Having, 
however,  received  reinforcements,  he  defeated  Napoleon  in  the  battle 
of  Aspern  and  Essling,  thus  shaking  the  belief  in  the  invincibility  of 
the  modern  Ceesar.     This  victory  brought  little  more  than  glory ;  the 
great  battle  of  Wagram  decided  ;  gainst  Charles,  though  commenced 
victoriously  by   the   Austrians.      He  retreated   in   the  best  order  and 
continually  fighting  to  Znaym.     An  armistice,  however,  followed  soon 
after  by  the   Peace  of  Schönbrunn,  put  an  end  to  the  bloody  cam- 
paign.     Charles  was  wounded,  and  feeling  at  the  same  time  personally 
mortified,  he  laid  down  his  military  command,  resigning  all  his  offices, 
and  retired  to  Teschen,  whence  he  afterwards  went  to  Vienna.     After 
the  return  of  Napoleon  from  Elba,  he  again  served  for  a  short  time 
as  Governor  of   Mayence ;  but   this  was  the  last  act  of  his  public 
life.     He  married,  in   1815,  Henrietta,  Princess  of  Nassau-Weilberg, 
and  became  the  father  of  a  numerous  and  prosperous  family,  among 
whom  he  lived  in  quiet  retirement,  enjoying  the  honors  and  distinc- 
tions due  to  his  great  merits  as  a  military  commander,  and  a  high 
reputation   for  modesty,  frankness,   and   accomplishments.     His  two 
works,  -Principles  of  Strategy,"  and  -History  of  the  Campaign  of 
1799  in  Germany  and  Switzerland,"  are  highly  esteemed  m  military 

literature.      He  died  in  1847. 

John,  Archduke  of  Austria,   and  Vicar   of   Germany,   was    born    in 
Florence  in  1782.      Without  having  had  any  opportunity  of  acquiring 
practical  military  knowledge,  the  Emperor  Francis,  his  brother,  ap- 
pointed   him,  in  1800,  to  take  the  command-in-chief  of   the  Austrian 
army,  and  he  was  defeated  by  the  French  under  Moreau,  at  Hohenlin- 
den.     After  the  Peace  of  LuneviUe  he  became  director-in-chief  of  the 
department  of  fortification  and  engineering,  and  of  the  chief  military 
academies  of  the  empire.     He  frequently  visited  the  Tyrol,  where  he 
became  very  popular.     He  took  the  place  of  his  brother,  the  Archduke 
Charles,  as  president  of  the  council  of  war  and  as  minister  of  war  from 
1803  to  1805,  when  he  was  invested  with  the  command  of  the  army  in 
the  Tyrol,  but  was  not  able  to  preserve  that  country  for  Austria.     In 
1809  he  planned,  through  Hormayr,  a  Tyrolese  patriot,  the  rismg  of 
the  Tyrolese,  and  commanded   the  army  which  was  to  operate  in  the 
Tyrol  and  Italy.    While  Chasteler,  acting  under  his  orders,  and  assisted 
by  Andreas  Hofer,  Josef  Speckbacher,  and  the  Capuchin  priest  Joachim 
Haspinger,  succeeded  in   conquering  the  Tyrol,  the  Archduke  John 
achieved  several  victories  in  Italy  over  the  Viceroy  Eugene  Beauhar- 
nais.     On  hearing  of  the  critical  condition  of  Vienna,  he  effected  his 
retreat ;  but  while  on  his  way  to  rescue  the  capital,  he  was  defeated  on 


5o6 


J/0  CSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


the  Piave,  and,  having  retreated  as  far  as  Hungary,  met  with  a  still 
more  disastrous  defeat  at  Raab.      In  July,  1809,  he  was  summoned  to 
the  assistance  of  the  Archduke  Charles  at  VVagram,  but  was  not  able  to 
effect  a  junction  with  his  army.      He  relinciuished  his  command  after 
the  Peace  of  Vienna,  and,  with  the  exception  of  the  siege  of  Hüningen, 
took  no  part  in  the  campaigns  of  1813-15.      He  was  not  i)ermitted  to 
go  to  the  Tyrol,  his  jKipularity  there   rendering  him  an  object  of  sus- 
picion to  the  court.     He  resided  many  years  chiefly  in  Gratz,  which 
city   he    had    already   benefited,    in    181 1,   by   the   foundation   of  the 
Johanneum  gymnasium,  and  which  is  indebted  to  him  for  many  othcr 
public   institutions.      In    1827,  while   traveling    in   Styria,   he   became 
acquainted  with  Anna  Plochel,  whose  flither  was  postmaster  at  Aussee. 
He  contracted  a  morganatic  marriage  with   her,  after  which  she  was 
raised  to  the  rank  of  Baroness  of  Brandhof  and   Countess  of  Meran. 
John    lived    for   many  years   in    retirement,  devoted   to   scientific   and 
industrial  pursuits,  but  his  popular  personal  qualities  created  for  him  a 
reputation  beyond  the  mountains  of  the  Tvrol  and  Styria;  and  in  1848, 
on  the  adoption  of  a  provisional  government  by  the  Frankfort  parba- 
ment,  he  was  chosen  vicar  of  the  empire  {Reichsverweser).     Shortly 
before,  after  the  downfall  of  Metternich  and  the  subsequent  flight  of 
his    nephew,   the    Emperor   Ferdinand,    to    Innspruck,    he    had    been 
appointed  by  the   latter  to  take  the  reins  of  government  at  Vienna. 
The  archduke  preferred,  however,  to  devote  himself  to  the  manage- 
ment of  affairs  at  Frankfort;  but  although  showing  much  disposition 
to  accept  the  responsibilities  of  a  constitutional  ruler,  he  was  chiefly 
enf^aged  in  preventing  a  preponderance  of  Russia  at  the  expense  of 
Austria.     After  the  adoption  of  the  resolution  of  March,  1849,  which 
nominated    the  King  of   Prussia   Emperor  of  Germany,  he  was  with 
difficulty  prevented  from  resigning  his  office  ;  after  the  withdrawal  of 
the  Gagern  administration,  in  May  of  the  same  year,  he  appointed 
Graven,  Jochmus,   Detmold,  and   Merck  as   his   ministers,  who  were 
all  (with   the   exception   of  Grävell,  who   soon   retired)  partisans  of 
Austria,  while  the  archduke  himself  virtually  ceased   to  occupy  any 
other  position  than  that  of  a  guardian  of  the  interests  of  the  Austrian 
dynasty.     His  term  of  office  expired  in  December,  1849,  after  which 
he  returned  to  Styria,  leaving  the  reputation  of  a  prince  whose  attach- 
ment to  the  House  of  Hapsburg  was  stronger  than  his  sympathies  with 
the  welfare  of  the  German  people.     He  died  at  Gratz,  the  capital  of 
Styria,  in  1859.     He  had  one  son,  Francis,  Count  of  Meran. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


DISTINGUISHED    PERSONS. 


507 


Clemens   We?izel  Nepomuk  Lothar,  Prince  Metternich,  an   Austrian 
statesman,  was  born  in  Coblentz  in  1773.     His  ancestors  had  held  a 
high  position   since  the  seventeenth  century,  members  of  the  family 
having  repeatedly  filled  the  archbishoprics  of  Treves  and   Mayence, 
and  possessing  the  largest  interest  in  livings  and  stalls  connected  with 
all  the  (Jerman  sees  and  in  the  election  of  bishops.     He  continued  the 
career  of  his  father,  who  had  obtained  some  reputation  as  a  diplomatist, 
and,  as  the  associate  of  Kaunitz,  studied  at  Strasburg,  where  he  had  for 
his  fellow-student  Benjamin  Constant,  and  made  his  first  public  appear- 
ance as  master  of  ceremonies  at  the  coronation  of  the  Emperor  Leo- 
pold II.,  in  1790.     Subsequently  he  spent  some  time  in  Mayence  in 
the  study  of  jurisprudence,  made  a  journey  to  England,  became  Aus- 
trian ambassador  at    the    Hague,  and    married,  in   1795,  the  grand- 
daughter and  heiress  of  Kaunitz,  whose  large   domains,  added  to  his 
own  patrimony,  which  included  extensive  estates  in  Bohemia,  Moravia, 
on  Lake  Constance,  and  on  the  Rhine,  gave  him  a  prominent  position 
among   the  wealthiest  landholders   in   Germany,   and,    in  connection 
with  his  high  rank,  varied  attainments,  and  accomplishments,  led  to 
his  rapid  advancement.      He  first  came  into  prominent  notice  at  the 
congress  of  Rastadt,  in  1797-99,  as  the  representative  of  the  Westpba- 
lian  nobility  ;  after  which  he  accompanied  Count  Stadion  to  St.  Peters- 
burg, and  subsequently  officiated  as  ambassador  in  Dresden,  in  1801. 
As  early  as  1804  he  had  already  obtained  the  reputation  of  the  most 
refined  of  the  Austrian  diplomatists,  and  was  sent  to  Berlin  in  order  to 
prevail  upon  the  King  of  Prussia  to  join  the  new  coalition  against  Na- 
poleon.    In   1806  he  was  selected  for  the  mission  at  the  court  of  the 
Tuileries.     The  French  Emperor  received  him  with  the  remark,  ''You 
are  very  young  to  represent  so  powerful  a  monarchy."      "  Your  majesty 
was  not  older  at  Austerlitz,"  replied  Metternich.     The  importance  to 
which  he  rose  in  public  affairs  was  afterwards  very  salutary  for  Austria, 
for  to  him  indisi)utably  belongs  the  glory,  if  it  be  a  glory,  of  being  in 
some  measure  a  match  for  Talleyrand.      In  1807  he  concluded  at  Fon- 
tainebleau  the  convention  by  which  Braunau  was  restored  to  Austria 
and  the  Isonzo  River  made  the  boundary  of  Italy.     In  1809,  on  the  out- 
break of  the  war  betwe  n  Austria  and  France,  Metternich  had  some 
difficulty  in  obtaining  his  passports,  and  was  not  enabled  to  leave  until 
shortly  before  the  battle  of  Wagram.     He  joined  the  Emperor  Francis 
in  Hungary,  and  was  appointed  to  succeed  Count  Stadion  as  minister 
of  foreign  affairs.     In  1810  he  conducted  the  negotiations  with  Cham- 


5o8 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


pigny  in  regard  to  the  marriage  of  the  French  Emperor  with  the  Aus- 
Irian  archduchess,  and  subsequently  conducted  Maria  Louisa  to  Pans. 
Metternich,  however,  never  ceased  to  watch  the  ambitious  designs  of 
Napoleon,  and  kept  himself  in  constant  communication  with  the  Eng- 
lish  and  Russian  governments.      Napoleon,  smarting  under  his  great 
reverses  in  Russia,  and  embittered  by  what  he  called  the  intrigues  of 
Metternich  and  Stadion,  openly  accused  the  former,  in  his  interview 
with  him  in  Dresden  in  1813,  of  conspiring  against  him,  while  profess- 
in-  to  conclude  with  him  a  treaty  of  peace ;  he  even  went  so  far  as  to 
ask  him  how  much  he  had  received  from  England  for  his  treacherous 
conduct,  at  which  remark  Metternich  grew  pale.     In  the  excitement 
of  the  conversation,  Napoleon  dropped  his  hat,  but  he  was  compelled 
to  pick  it  up  himself,  Metternich  passing  it  several  times  in  walking  up 
and  down  the  room  without  noticing  it,  as  he  would  have  done  on  any 
other  occasion.      Napoleon,   however,   immediately  repented   having 
forL^otten  himself  in  so  inexcusable  a  manner  towards  the  represent- 
ative of  his  father-in-law,  and  of  having  mortally  offended  this  Jesuitical 

courtier.  ,   j    .      ,  •       1  •     4. 

Metternich,  on   the  other  hand,  entirely  succeeded   in  his  object, 
and  on  the  night  of  the  very  same  day  when  he  made  his  hypocritical 
proposals  of  peace  to  Napoleon,  a  formal  treaty  was  concluded  at 
Reichenbach,   signed    by   Stadion,    Nesselrode,  and    Hardenberg,   by 
which  Austria  engaged    to   declare   war  against   France   in   case   the 
conditions   which    were    to    be    proposed    at    Prague    should    not    be 
accepted.     This  treaty  was  for  a  long  time  kept  secret.      1  he  formal 
declaration  of  war  by  Austria  against  France  was  drawn  up  by  Metter- 
nich's  order,  and   the  quadruple   alliance  was  concluded   by  him  at 
Töplitz      Metternich's  great  influence  in  this  war  soon  became  appa- 
rent      The  Kings  of  Bavaria  and  Wiirtembcrg  were  induced  to  for- 
sake Napoleon  by  a  secret  provision,  made  through  Metternich    that 
they  should   be  protected   against    popular  disturbances,   and  should 
receive   additional    possessions.       Metternich    was    rewarded    by  the 
Austrian  Emperor  for  his  zeal  by  the  hereditary  dignity  of  a  prince 
of  the  empire,  which  was  conferred  on  him  on  the  eve  of  the  memor- 
able battle  of  Leipsic.      He   took  a  leading  part  in  all  subsequent 
conferences  and  treaties.      To  Napoleon's  proposal  of  an   armistice 
in  1814,  which  he   dictated  to  La  Besnardiere  in  a  special  letter  to 
Metternich,  the  Austrian  minister  replied  that  -  he  was  convinced  it 
would  not   lead   to  anything."     Napoleon   ridiculed   this  letter,  and 
said    ^^  Metternich  fancies  he  controls  the  destinies  of  Europe,  while 
he  is  under  the  control  of  all  the  other  powers."     When  the  congress 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


509 


of  Vienna  was  opened,  he  was  unanimously  chosen  to  preside  over  its 
deliberations;   and  from  that  time   until  the    revolution    of  1848  he 
exercised  a  remarkable  asceniiency  over  the  affairs    of   Austria  and 
Europe.     Metternich  was  strenuously  opposed  to  the  French  revolu- 
tion of  1830.     Being  at   Carlsbad  with  Count  Nesselrode   when  the 
news  of  it  reached  him,  he   remarked  to  the  French  ambassador  to 
Vienna,   *'The    Emperor  holds  in  entire  abhorrence  that  which  has 
just  taken  place  in    France.     His    profound    conviction  is    that  the 
present  order  of  things  cannot  last."     After  the  death  of  the  Emperor 
Francis,  in  1835,   Metternich   remained   in    possession  of  his  office  as 
chancellor  and  prime  minister,  and  accompanied  the  new  Emperor 
Ferdinand    to  Töplitz  and    Prague,  where  an   interview    took    place 
between  that  monarch  and   the  monarchs  of  Russia  and   Prussia.     In 
1840  and  1841,  during  the  complication  of  the  Oriental  question,  he 
exerted  his  influence  in  favor  of  the  maintenance  of  peace  abroad,  while 
at   home,   by  his  iron    rule,   he  prepared    the  way  for  the  revolution 
which  terminated  his  power   in   March,  1848.      Barely  escaping  with 
his  life  from  the  exasperated  people,  he  fled  through  Holland  to  Eng- 
land, where  he  remained  until  November,  1849.     He  next  removed 
to  Brussels,  and   in   1851   the  reaction  had  progressed   sufficiently  to 
enable  him  to  return  to  Vienna.     On  his  way  thither,  he  visited  his 
estate  of  Johann isberg,  which  had  been  presented  to  him  by  the  Em- 
peror Francis  in  i8i6,  but  which  during  the  revolutionary  movements 
in  Germany  in   1848-49  had   been   taken   from  his  control.      While 
there  he  received  the  visit  of  the  King  of  Prussia,  and  a  similar  honor 
was  conferred  upon  him  by  the  present  Emperor  of  Austria,  who  visited 
the  faithful  servant  of  his  dynasty  almost  immediately  on  his  arrival  in 
Vienna.     Without  resuming  public  office,  he  continued  until  his  death 
to  exercise  great  influence  in  political  affairs,  and  is  said  to  have  advised 
the  maintenance  of  the  most  absolute  rule  over  the  Austrian  possessions 
in  Italy.     He  died  about  a  fortnight  before  the  battle  of  Solferino. 
Metternich  was  fond  of  letters  and  art ;  and  in  his  letters  to  Alexander 
von  Humboldt,  for  whom  he  entertained  a  high  regard  and  admira- 
tion, he  remarks  that  he  had  missed  his  vocation,  and  that  his  inclina- 
tion'would  have  led  him  to  the  sphere  of  science  rather  than  to  that 
of  diplomacy.     Metternich  died  at  Vienna  in   1859,  aged  eighty-six. 
He  left  three  sons  and  three  daughters. 

Charles  Maurice  de  Ferlgord,  Prince  de  Talleyrand,  a  distinguished 
French  statesman,  was  descended  from  an  ancient  family,  to  which,  in 
the  Middle  Ages,  belonged  the  sovereign  counts  of  Perigord.  Pre- 
viously to  the  fall  of  Napoleon  he  was  known  as  the  Prince  of  Bene- 


•!» 


h 

'i 


lO 


I/O  USE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORA  R I  ES. 


511 


ventum,   but  after  that  event  be  was  styled  Prince  Talleyrand.     He 
was  born   in  Paris,  in  1754,  and,  being  designed  for  the  Church,  was 
placed  at  the  seminary  of  Saint  Sulpice.     The  young  abbe  was  dis- 
tinguished for  his  wit,  his  insinuating  manners,  his  talent  for  busmess, 
and  his  insight  into  character.     At  the  breaking  out  of  the  revolution 
he  was  Bishop  of  Autun,  and  had  already  displayed  so  much  acuteness 
and  dexterity  in  seizing  the  hidden  clue  of  aff\iirs,  that  Mirabeau  in  his 
secret  correspondence  with  Berlin  pronounced  him  one  of  the  most  in- 
genious and  poNverful  minds  of  the  age.     Elected  deputy  of  the  clergy 
of  his  diocese  to  the  States-General  in  1789,  he  contributed  to  guide 
and  hasten  the  change  of  public  opinion,  and  voted  in  favor  of  the 
union  of  the  clergy  with  the  deputies  of  the  third  estate.     In  the  be- 
ginnin- of  1790  he  was  chosen  president  of  the  assembly  ;  he  brought 
forward  a  plan  for  applying  the  Church  domains  to  the  public  use,  and 
the  proposition  for  establishing  a  uniform  system  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures emanated  from  him.     With  the  Bishops  of  Lydda  and  Babylon  the 
Bishop  of  Autun  consecrated  the  first  constitutional  bishops,  and  was 
excommunicated  by  Pope  Pius  VI.     Talleyrand  immediately  resigned 
his  bishopric,  and  in  1792  was  sent  on  a  secret  mission  to  England, 
and  while  the  Jacobins  denounced  him  as  the  agent  of  the  court,  the 
emigrants  in  England  accused  him  of  being  the  emissary  of  the  Jaco- 
bins' and  the  English  ministry  ordered  him  to  quit  the  country  within 
twenty-four  hours.       He   then   sailed   for   the   United    States,   where, 
through  successful  speculation,  he  accumulated  a  fortune,  and  carefully 
studied  American  institutions.     Before  the  adjournment  of  the  con- 
vention, on  motion  of  Chenier,  acting  under  Madame  de  Stael's  in- 
fluence, his  name  was  erased  from  the  list  of  emigrants,  and  he  returned 
to  Paris;  where,  shortlv  after,  he  was  made  minister  of  foreign  affairs. 
The  most  important  period  of  his  distinguished  political  career  began 
with  the  return  of  Bonaparte  from  Egypt.     When  Napoleon  assumed 
the  imperial  title,  Talleyrand  was  appointed  grand  chamberlain  of  the 
empire,  and  was  raised  to  the  dignity  of  sovereign  prince  of  Beneven- 
tum.     Availing  himself  of  his  official  information  of  secrets  of  state,  he 
speculated  extensively  in  the  funds,  and  added  largely  to  his  fortune. 

Having  procured  a  brief  from  the  Pope  releasing  him  from  his  cleri- 
cal vows,  he  immediately  married  Mrs.  Grant,  his  mistress,  about 
whom  the  following  story  is  told.  Talleyrand,  having  one  day  invited 
Denon,  the  celebrated  traveler,  to  dine  with  him,  told  his  wife  to  read 
the  work  of  their  guest,  indicating  its  place  in  his  library.  Madame 
de  Talleyrand  unluckily  got  hold,  by  mistake,  of  the  Adventures  of 
Robinson  Crusoe,  which  she  ran  over  in  great  haste;   and  at  dinner  she 


began  to  question  Denon  about  his  shipwreck,  his  island,  and  finally 
about  his  man  Friday.     Napoleon,   in  1807,  removed  him  from  the 
ministry  of  foreign  affairs,  but  promoted  him  to  the  post  of  vice-grand- 
elector,  which  gave  him  a  seat  in  the  public  councils.    When  Napoleon 
left  Paris  in  1814,  to  defend  the  French  soil,  he  appointed  him  one  of 
the  council  of  regency.     The  republican  and  imperial  ex-minister  was 
placed  at  the  head  of  the  provisional  government,  April  i,  1814,  and 
governed  France  until  the  arrival  of  the  Comte  d'Artois.     The  Em- 
peror Alexander  lodged  at  his  hotel ;  and  on  the  12th  of  May,  Talley- 
rand was  once  more  named  minister  of  foreign  affairs,  and  in  June  was 
raised  to  the  peerage,  under  the  title  of  Prince  de  Talleyrand.     Napo- 
leon made  some  unsuccessful  attempts  to  attach  him  to  his  cause  in  the 
Hundred  Days.    In  1828  his  fortune  suffered  considerably  in  the  failure 
of  a  great  Paris  house.     After  the  revolution  of  July,   1830,  he  was 
appointed  ambassador  to  England  with  a  princely  salary,  and  succeeded 
in  negotiating  a  treaty  by  which  France,  England,  Spain,  and  Portu- 
gal united  for  the  pacification  and  settlement  of  the  two  peninsular 
kingdoms.     Satisfied  with  this  last  performance,  he  resigned  his  office 
in   1835,  and  retired  to  private  life.     During  his  latter  years  he  re- 
turned to  the  observance  of  ecclesiastical  rites,  and  died  reconciled  with 
the  Church.     The  Duke  of  Wellington,  speaking  of  Talleyrand  in  the 
British    House    of   Lords,    said  that    ''  none    of    the    great    measures 
which  had  been  resolved  upon  at  Vienna  and  Paris  had  been  concerted 
or  carried  on  without  the  intervention  of  that  illustrious  person.     In 
all  the  transactions  in  which  I  have  been  engaged  with  Prince  Talley- 
rand, no  man  could  have  conducted  himself  with  more  firmness  and 
ability  in  regard  to  his  own  country,  or  with  more  uprightness  and 
honor  in  all  his  communications  with  the  ministers  of  other  countries, 
than  Prince  Talleyrand.     No  man's  public  and  private  character  has 
ever   been   so   much  belied  as   those   of   that   illustrious  individual." 
Lord    Holland  added    that   **  no  man's   private   character  had   been 
more    shamefully   traduced,   and    no    man's    public    character   more 
mistaken  and  misrepresented,   than  the  private  and  public  character 
of  Prince   Talleyrand."     While    Napoleon    possessed    the   genius  of 
victory,  Talleyrand  possessed   the   genius  of  politics;    and  both  to- 
gether were  able  to  bridle  and  annihilate  the  revolution.     Engaging 
without    danger    in    all    the    catastrophes    which    occurred,    hovering 
unseen   over   the  agitations  which   he  had    himself  assisted  to  pro- 
duce, variable  as   fortune   herself,    he   seemed    to  be  the  master   of 
ceremonies  to  the  revolutions  which  followed  one  another  in  France 
with  such  rapidity  for  years.    Talleyrand  died  at  Paris  in  1838,  aged 


HOUSE  OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 

eighty-four.     In  his  will  ho  ordered  the  memoirs  he  left  to  be  pub- 
lished thirty  years  after  his  death. 

.4.-//,«/-   //•?//<-.-/''V,   nui-c  of  Weinnston,   fourth  son   o.    the  l.arl  of 
Mornin^ton,  was  born  in  Ireland  in  ,769.     He  was  sent  to  school  at 
Eton,  .-Tnd   afterwanls  to   the   military  school  of  Angers,  .n  trance. 
He  entered  the  army  as  ensign,  an.l  in  .793.  I'M  interest  and  purchase, 
became  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  thirtieth  regiment.      Ihe  next  year 
he  went  to  Ostend.  and   commanded  a  brigade  n.  the  re  rea    o    the 
Duke  of  York  through  Holland.    In  .  797  1^*=  accompanied  h,s  brother 
!!;„;  Wellesley,  to  India,  where  he  dist.nguished  himself  ,n  .he  attack 
on  Tippoo  Saib,  and  at  the  capture  of  Seringapatam,  and  also  ,n  tlu- 
war  o    the  Mahrattas,  compell.ng  them  to  subnut  to  such  a  peace  as 
the  English  chose  to  dictate.     For  these  services  he  was  honored  wuh 
the  order  of  the   Hath,  and  returne.l  to  England  tn  1805.     Shorty 
after  his  return  he  marrie.l  a  lady  of  the  flunily  of  Lord  Long  ord     o 
whom  he  had  been  previously  engaged.     He  was  soon  order,   to     e 
command  of  a  brigade  under  Lord  Cathcart  ,n  Hanover,  after  wh.cl 
he  was  sent  to  Ireland  as  secretary  of  state.     He  next  accompan.ed 
Lord  Cathcart  in  his  expedition  to  Copenhagen.     In  tSo    he  was  sent 
to   the    Peninsula,  where   he  landed   at   Mondego,  marche.l    towards 
Lisbon,  and   fought   the  battle  of  Vimieira.     Aga.n   he  returned   to 
EnXnd  ;  but  in  ,809  he  was  sent  back  to  Lisbon  with  more  troops  and 
S^con.mission    of  commander-in-chief.      He    marched    to  Oport  , 
from  which  he  drove  the   troops  of  Napoleon,  under  Marshal   bo  d. 
!nTe   t  nng  Spain,  won   the   battle  of  Talavera.     In  :8to,  Marsha 
m1:    was' sent  by  Napoleon   uUo   Portugal.     ^VelUngton   op^d 
him  successfully,  and  then  crossed  '•- T^S-^  to^ttack  Mars  al  M.- 
mont,  who  had  succeeded  Massena,  and  took  C.udad  Kodr.go      1  o 
r^victory  Spain    bestowed   on   him    the   title   of   Duke   of   C.udad 
Rodrigo,  a'.d   the  rank  of  grandee  of  Spain.     After  Napoleon  s  d.s- 
Sers  u/Russia,  Wellington  had  the  whole  Spanish  army  placed  und  r 
his  command.     The  French  army  retreated   to  B"';*''«^'  /'^^^    ^J 
toria,  where  he  overtook  and  defeated  them,  capturing  their  bagga  e 
and  artillery,  and  taking  a  great  number  of  prisoners.     He  was  no 
rised  to  the';ank  of  field-marshal,  and  the  Spanish  goven^nent  create! 
him  Duke  of  V.ttoria.    He  next  besieged  Pampeluna  and  St  Sebas  .an, 
a"  repu  sed  Soult  in  several  attacks  which  that  general  made  to  rel.eve 
1  osrpTaces.    Wellington  then  forced  the  pass  of  Bid-oa,  and  e.,^re 
France      Soult  endeavored  to  impede  his  march,  and  at  Toulouse  the 
farbat'tlewa    fought.    Beace  followed  immediately,  and  the  Bourbons 
were  restored.     After  an  absence  of  five  years,  Wellington  returned  to 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


513 


London,  was  created  a  duke,  and  received  the  thanks  of  both  houses 
of  parliament,  who  voted  him  a  gift  of  four  hundred  thousand  pounds. 
In  July  he  was  nominated  ambassador  extraordinary  to  France,   and 
then  sent  to  the  congress  of  Vienna.     While  there,  Bonaparte  escaped 
from  Elba,  and  Wellington  was  instantly  named  by  the  allied  sover- 
eigns generalissimo  of  all  their  forces,  and  fixed  his  headquarters  at 
IJnissels.      Hostilities  commenced,  and   Napoleon,  after  defeating  the 
troops  at  Ligny,  was  completely  routed  at  Waterloo  by  the  fortunate 
arrival  of  Blücher.     Wellington  then  advanced  to  Paris,  and  an  end 
was  put  to  the  war  under  the  walls  of  Paris.     The  parliament  of  Eng- 
land now  voted  him  a  further  sum  of  two  hundred  thousand  pounds, 
and  the  sovereigns  of  Europe  bestowed  upon  him  rewards  and  honors. 
In  1S26  he  was  sent  to  St.  Petersburg  to  congratulate  the  Emperor 
Nicholas  on  his  accession  to  the  throne.     In  1828  he  assumed   the 
premiership,  although  at  the  previous  session  of  parliament  he  had 
declared  his  entire  unfitness  for  high  civil  office.     In  December,  1830, 
he  was  obliged  to  give  way,  in  turn,  to  the  Whig  ministry.    His  eldest 
son  and  heir,  Arthur,  Marquis  of  Douro,  was  born  in  1807  ;  and  his 
other  son,  Charles,  in  1808.     The  Duke  of  Wellington  died  in  Sep- 
tember,   1852,   aged  eighty-three.     Queen  Victoria,   in    her  journal, 
says  of  him,  ''One  cannot  think  of  this  country  without  'the  Duke,' 
our  immortal   hero!     In   him  centred    almost   every  earthly  honor  a 
subject  could  possess.     His  position  was  the  highest  a  subject  ever  had 
—above  party— looked  up  to  by  all— revered  by  the  whole  nation— 
the  friend  of  the  sovereign  ;  and  how  simply  he  carried  these  honors  ! 
His  experience  and  his  knowledge  of  the  past  were  so  great,  too ;  he 
was  a  link  which  connected  us  with  by-gone  times,  with  the  last  cen- 
tury.    Not  an  eye  will  be  dry  in  the  whole  country.'* 

Gcbhard  Leberecht  von  Blücher,  Prince  of  Wahlstadt,  Field-Marshal 
of  Prussia,  was  born  at  Rostock,  in  Mecklenburg-Schwerin,  in  1742. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  Seven  Years'  War  he  joihed  a  regiment 
of  Swedish  hussars,  and  in  his  first  action  was  taken  prisoner  by  the 
Prussian  hussars,  whose  colonel  persuaded  him  to  exchange  out  of  the 
service  of  Sweden  into  that  of  Prussia,  and  gave  him  a  lieutenancy.  A 
lieutenant  Jägersfeld  having  been  promoted  over  Blücher's  head,  he 
immediately  wrote  to  Frederic  the  Great  as  follows,  "Von  Jägersfeld, 
who  has  no  merit  except  that  of  being  the  son  of  the  Markgraf  of 
Schwedt,  has  been  put  over  my  head;  I  beg  to  request  my  discharge." 
The  result  was  that  Blücher  was  put  under  arrest,  and  after  repeated 
applications  for  discharge,  he  received  from  Frederic  the  curt  intima- 
tion, "Captain  Blücher  is  at  liberty  to  go  to  the  devil!"     Blücher 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


515 


514 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


went  instead  to  his  estate  of  Grossradow,  in  Pomerania,  and  devoted 
himself  to  farming;    but  he  soon  tired  of  a  bucolic  life.     In   1793, 
having  returned  to  the  army,  he  fought  as  colonel  of  hussars  against 
the  French  on  the  Rhine,  evincing  great  genius  as  leader  of  cavalry. 
The  breaking  out  of  the  war,  in  1806,  led  him,  as  lieutenant-general, 
to  the  battle  of  Auerstadt.     Blücher,  with  the  greater  part  of  the  cav- 
alry, occupied  the  left  flank  of  the  Prince  of  Hohenlohe  m  the  retreat 
to  Pomerania.      He  is   accused  on  this  occasion  of  not    givmg  the 
prince  due  support,  and  thus  leading  to  the  capitulation  at  Prenzlau. 
Blücher  then  marched  into  the  territory  of  the  free  town  of  Lübeck, 
and  hastily  fortified  the  city;  but  the  French  took  it  by  storm,  and 
he  was  forced  to  surrender  at  Ratkow,  near  Lübeck,  whither  he  had 
escaped  with  a  few  troops.     A  fortnight  after  he  was  exchanged  for  the 
French   general  Victor;   and  immediately  on  his  arrival  at  Königs- 
berg he  was  sent,  at  the  head  of  a  corps,  by  sea,  to  Swedish  Pomerania, 
to  assist  in   the  defense  of  Stralsund.     After  the  Peace  of  '1  ilsit,  he 
was  employed  in  the  war  department  in   Königsberg  and  Berlin,  and 
subsequently  became  commander  in  Pomerania.     At  a  later  period  he 
was  pensioned,  along  with  several  men  of  note,  at  the  instance,  it  was 
said,  of  Napoleon.     He  was  one  of  the  few  to  combat  the  general 
belief  in  the  invincibility  of  Napoleon,  which  had  grown  into  a  sort  of 
fatalism  in  high  places.     In  common  with  Stein  and  Hardenberg,  he 
labored  to  remove  all  weak  and  unpatriotic  counselors  from  the  person 
of  the  king.     When  all  the  leaders  of  the  army  lost  courage,  his  con- 
stancy revived  confidence  and  made  him  the  centre  of  all  hope  for  the 
future.     When   the   Prussians  at    last   rose   in   opposition   to   France, 
Blücher  was  appointed  to  the  chief  command  of  the  Prussians  and  of 
General  Wintzingerode's  Russian  corps.      At  the  battles  of  Lützen, 
Bautzen,  and  Haynau  he  displayed  heroic  courage.     At  the  Katzbach 
he  defeated  Marshal  Macdonald,  and  cleared  Silesia  of  the  enemy. 

In  vain  did  Napoleon  himself  attempt  to  stop  the  ''  old  captain  of 
hussars,"  as  he  called  him,  in  his  victorious  career.  In  the  battle  of 
Leipsic'he  won  great  advantage  over  Marshal  Marmont,  at  Möckern, 
October,  1813,  and  on  the  same  day  pressed  on  to  the  suburbs  of 
Leipsic'  On  the  iSth,  in  conjunction  with  the  Crown  Prince  of  Swe- 
den (Bernadotte),  he  had  a  great  share  in  the  defeat  of  the  French, 
and  on  the  19th  his  troops  were  the  first  to  enter  Leipsic.  Blücher, 
in  opposition  to  the  policy  of  Austria,  continually  pressed  the  taking 
of  Paris  as  the  real  aim  of  the  war.  On  the  ist  of  January,  1814, 
he  crossed  the  Rhine,  garrisoned  Nancy  on  the  17th  of  the  same 
month  and,  after  winning  the  battle  of  La  Rothiere,  pressed  forward  to 


Paris;  but  his  scattered  corps  were  routed  by  Napoleon,  and  he  fought 
his  way  back  to  Chalons  with  great  loss.     On  the  9th  of  March,  how- 
ever, he  defeated  Napoleon  at  Laon  ;  and  at  the  end  of  the  month, 
after  being  joined  by  Schwarzenberg  and  his  corps,  he  again  advanced 
towards  Paris.     The  day  at  Montmartre  crowned  the  brilliant  deeds  of 
this  campaign,  and  on  the  31st  of  March  Blücher  entered  the  French 
capital      Frederic  William  III.  created  him  Prince  of  Wahlstadt,  in 
remembrance  of  the  victory  at  the  Katzbach,  and  gave  him  an  estate 
in  Silesia.     In  England,  whither  he  followed  the  allied  sovereigns,  he 
was  received  with  an  enthusiasm  never  before  excited  by  a  German. 
The  University  of  Oxford  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Laws      After  Napoleon's  return,  in  1815,  Blücher  once  more  assumed 
the  general  command,  and  promptly  led  the  army  into  the  Netherlands. 
On  the  16th  of  June,  1815,  he  lost  the  battle  of  Ligny,  m  which  he 
was  personally  in  great  danger,  from  his  horse  falling  on  him.    The  vic- 
tory of  the  allies  at  the  battle  of  Waterloo  was  completed  by  Blucher  s 
timelv  appearance  on  the  field.     He  ordered  his  Prussians  to  pursue 
the    flying  enemy,  which    they  did   the  whole  night.     Declining  the 
off-ered  truce.  Blücher  marched  against  Paris,  and  on  the  second  taking 
of  that  city  manifested  a  strong  desire  to  retaliate  on  Paris  the  spolia- 
tion that  other  capitals  had  suff-ered  at  the  hands  of  the  French  ;  but 
he  was  held  in  check  by  the  Duke  of  Wellington.     In  order  to  reward 
Blücher's  services  to  Prussia  and  the  common  cause,  Frederic  William 
III    created  a  new  order,  the  badge  of  which  consisted  of  an  iron  cross 
surrounded  by  golden  rays.     In  August,  1819,  a  colossal  bronze  statue 
was  erected  in  honor  of  Blücher  in  his  native  town.     He  died  in 
September,  1819,  after  a  short  illness,  at  his  estate  of  Krieblowitz,  in 
Silesia      In  Berlin,  a  statue  twelve  feet  high,  modeled  by  Rauch,  and 
cast  in  bronze  by  Lequine  and  Reisinger,  was  erected  to  his  memory, 
in  June    1826,  and  at  Breslau  another,  also  executed  by  Rauch,  in  1827. 
Blücher,  as  a  man  and  as  a  soldier,  was  rough  and  uncultivated,  but 
energetic,  open,  and  decided  in  character.     His  ardent  enthusiasrii  for 
the  liberation  of  Prussia  and  Germany  from  a  foreign  yoke,  and  his 
uncompromising  pursuit  of  this  noble  aim,  have  justly  rendered  him  a 
hero  in  the  eyes  of  the  German  people.     The  old  red  uniform   and  the 
old  name  of  -Blücher's  Hussars,"  were  restored  to  the  Fifth  Regiment 
of  Hussars  by  Frederic  William  IV.,  on  the  occasion  of  the  centenary 
celebration  of  Blücher's  birthday. 


516 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


CONTEMPORARIES, 


517 


napoleon's  marshals. 

Napoleon  selected  men  to  lead  his  armies  from  their  personal  quali- 
ties  alone.  Few  of  them  were  taken  from  the  upper  classes.  Augereau 
was  the  son  of  a  grocer,  Bernadotte  of  an  attorney ;  Bessieres,  St.  Cyr, 
Jourdan,  and  the  fiery  Junot  all  entered  the  army  as  privates.  Kleber 
was  an  architect ;  the  impetuous  Lannes  the  son  of  a  poor  mechanic; 
Lefevre,  Loison,  and  the  bold  Scotchman  Macdonald  were  all  of 
humble  origin.  The  victorious  Massena  was  an  orphan  sailor  boy,  and 
the  reckless,  chivalric  Murat,  the  son  of  a  country  landlord.  Victor, 
Suchet,  Oudinot,  and  the  stern  and  steady  Soult,  commenced  their 
ascent  from  the  lowest  step  of  fame's  ladder.  And,  last  of  all,  Ney, 
**the  bravest  of  the  brave,"  was  the  son  of  a  poor  tradesman  of  Saar- 
Louis.  Immediately  on  the  assumption  of  supreme  power,  Napo- 
leon created  eighteen  marshals,  leaving  two  vacancies  to  be  filled 
afterwards.  Three  of  these,  Kellerman,  Lefevre,  and  Serrurier,  were 
honorary  appointments,  given  for  having  distinguished  themselves  in 
previous  battles, — now  they  reposed  on  their  laurels  as  members  of  the 
Senate.  Kleber  and  Desaix  were  dead,  both  killed  on  the  same  day, 
one  in  Egypt  and  the  other  at  Marengo,  or  they  would  have  been  first 
on  the  list.  It  will  be  sufficient  to  name  them,  with  their  titles,  which 
designate  the  engagements  in  which  they  distinguished  themselves. 

Alexandre Berthier,  Marshal  of  the  Empire,  Grand  Huntsman,  Prince 
of  Neufchatel,  and  Prince  of  Wagram. 

Fierre-Fran(ois- Charles  Augereau,  Duke  of  Castiglione. 

Louis- Nieholas  Davoust,  Prince  of  Eckmühl. 

Louis- Gouvion  St.  Cyr,  received  his  marshal's  baton  in  the  Russian 
campaign,  after  the  battle  at  Polotsk. 

Jean  Lannes,  Duke  of  Montebello. 

Rose-Adrien  de  Moncey,  Duke  of  Conegliano. 

Etienne-Jacques-Joseph- Alexandre  Macdonald,  Duke  of  Tarentum. 

Edivard- Adolphe-  Casimier-Joseph  Mortier,  Marshal  of  the  Empire. 

Nicholas-Jean-de-Dieu  Soult,  Duke  of  Dalmatia. 

Joachim  Murat,  Grand   Duke  of  Berg  and  Cleves,  and   afterwards 
King  of  Naples. 

Fran(;ois- Joseph  Lefevre^  Duke  of  Dantzic. 

Andrea  Massena,  Duke  of  Rivoli. 

Augustus-Frederic-Louis  Viesse  de  Marmont,  Duke  of  Ragusa. 

Victor  Ferrin,  Marshal  Victor.        ^ 

Guillaume- Marie- Anne  Brune,  Marshal  Brune. 

Charles- Nicholas  Oudinot,  Duke  of  Reggio. 


Jean-Baptiste  Bessieres,  Duke  of  Istria. 
Jeafi-Baptiste  Jouj'dan,  Marshal  Jourdan. 

Jean-Baptiste-Jules  Bernadotte,  Prince  of  Ponte  Corvo.     In  1818, 
Charles  XIV.,  King  of  Sweden. 

Louis-  Gabriel  Suchet,  Duke  of  Albufera. 

Joseph Foniatowski,  Marshal  Poniatowski,  died  at  the  battle  of  Leipsic. 

Emmanuel  Grouchy,  Marshal  Grouchy. 

Michael  Ney,  Duke  of  Elchingen. 

Michael  Duroc,V>\:^^t  q{Yx\\jX\. 

Hugh  Bernard  Maret,  Duke  of  Bassano. 

ARTISTS. 

The  most  distinguished  sculptors  in  the  time  of  the  Emperor  Francis 
II.  were  Canova,  Schadow,  Thorwaldsen,  and  Rauch. 

The  celebrated  painters  were  Benjamin  West,  Houdon,  Carl  and 
Horace  Vernet,  Ary  Schefer,  Paul  Delaroche,  and  Jacques  Louis  David, 
the  founder  of  the  modern  French  school  of  i:)ainting.  He  devoted 
himself  to  the  classic  style  of  art,  and  during  the  Revolution  was  ar- 
tistic superintendent  of  the  grand  national  fetes  and  solemnities  that 
recalled  the  customs  of  ancient  Greece.  As  a  member  of  the  Conven- 
tion, he  voted  for  the  death  of  Louis  XVI.  In  1804,  Napoleon 
appointed  him  his  first  painter,  and  among  his  best  and  most  cele- 
brated works  are  several  historic  portraits  of  the  Emperor,  such  as 
'*  Napoleon  crossing  the  Alps."  David  was  warmly  attached  to 
Napoleon,  and  in  1814,  when  the  Duke  of  Wellington  paid  a  visit  to 
his  studio,  and  expressed  a  wish  that  the  artist  would  paint  his  portrait, 
he  coldly  replied,  '*  I  never  paint  Englishmen."  As  one  of  the 
regicides  of  Louis  XVI.,  he  was  banished,  in  181 6,  from  France,  and 
died  in  exile  at  Brussels  in  1825. 

The  famous  musicians  were  Cherubini,  Beethoven,  Auber,  Spohr, 
Von  Weber,  Herold,  Rossini,  Mendelssohn,  Meyerbeer,  Schubert, 
Donizetti,  and  Bellini. 

The  poets  were  Uhland,  Körner,  Klopstock,  Heine,  Burns,  Mrs. 
Hemans,  Lord  Byron,  Moore,  Shelley,  Keats,  and  Scott. 

The  noted  authors  were  August  Wilhelm  Schlegel,  Frederic  Schlegel, 
Tieck,  Novalis  (Hardenberg),  Jean  Paul  Richter,  Kotzebue,  Madame  de 
Stael,  Caroline  von  Pichler,  and  Theresa  Huber. 

The  historians  were  Niebuhr,  Hallam,  and  Neander. 

The  philosophers  were  Jacobi,  Fichte,  Schleiermacher,  divine,  phi- 
losopher, and  philologist,  Hegel,  Schelling,  and  Humboldt,  the  most 
distinguished  savant  of  the  nineteenth  century. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


519 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 
518 

.     zT  ■     ■  h    A/.icander  von  Humboldt  was   born   in  Berlin 

^"'•'t       "^:t.  s'^^Sed        le  University  of  FranUfort  on-the- 

A.D.  1769-      He  hrst  Wilklenow  led  him 

Oder.     An  acquaintance  w uh  th     "^^^^^  „„^^  ^nd  of  the 

,0  «ratify  his  ^^^^^^l  ,L  at  tL  University  of 
numerous  family  of  grasses,     n     1  extending   his 

Göttingen,  studying  philosophy  ""^^^^  ".;>;;;/i,"l,enbach,  Beck- 
knowledge  of  natural  hi-ry  ^.^  ^7  xc  i^  on  the  Hart.  Moun- 
mann,  --»^t-^»^^-^«;  ^"^^"''j^  ^  '  m  ,,,0  he  made  a  rapid  but 
tains  and  the  banks  of  ^^^  f •^'--^^^^  ^Jl^,  Belgium,  Holland, 
.„structive  jon-ey  J'^''  ^'^,^;^^;;°,  ,„  Germany  he  came  in  contact 
England,  and  France.     O"  ^^J  f "         ^,^  ^,„  gtollbergs.     .^t    the 

^^■'"  •  """'t::^'  oI?Te'ibtr!t  ni'ade  the  acquaintance  of  Freiesleben, 
mining  -"<i'=7  °J,  ™'^^  °  ,,,^  „f  ^hom  he  found  twelve  years  later 
Von  Buch   and  Del  ^^'''^J^  ,^  „,,,„  ^he  first  geological  de- 

settled  in  Mexico.     Withl-re.esleDen  In  1792  he  was 

scription  of  one  of  the  Bohemian  "-""'^J^^^f;;,;  ^i  jl„ebirge 
promoted  to  the  post  of  superior  mining  of-    '"    f^  l^     J,,,     tn 

I  the  Franconian  l--iP^'.'-^;.":'^.'tVfu!p  Bavaria.  Galicia,  and 
,,„-4  he  explored  the  ^^^^^^^^ ^:^: ^^^;.rn<:y  through  the 
southern  Prussia.  ^^^^^^  ^e  ^'^^  ,  „"  °  „strJction  from  Volta  in 
Tyrol,  Lombardy,  and  Switzerland,  gai      t,  diplomatic 

Como  and  from  Scarpa  in  Pavia  ^l^f^l^Xs^^U.,  and  was 
mission  to  the  headquarters  of  General  More     ^  ^^^^  ^ 

urged  by  General  Desaix  to  abandon  - '"'^^^^^^^^^i^  ,„  ^^e  already 
regions  of  the  New  World,  in  order    o  ^^     him  ^^  ^^^^  ^^^^^^ 

meditated  French  expedition  to  Egypt.     ^•^°;"  ^      ^is  work, 

of  Galvani's  discovery  he  had  -«"«;"1''^"^^.. '"-^If  J  In  ^797  he 
.Ueber  die  gereizte  ^f^^-^^^'^^^J^.^L^.nä 
passed  three  months  at  Jena,  in  intimate  ^^^'^  ^^  "^        ^  ^^.„„d 

Luier.    studied  -°-  ^^  see^'v^suts.t^^^^^^^^^^  F.na 

journey  to  Italy  with  a  ^esi  e  to  ^ee  ^^^^^,^-^^  ,( 

before  his  departure  f-n    Eu  op         He  _^  ^^^^^^_^^^  ^^^^^ 

Italy  prevented  this  journey,  and  he  pa^sea         .  i^j„s.     He  then 

Berchtesgaden,  occupied  with  -^r;'::^^;:^^^^^^  i-ti.nate 
visited  Paris  to  procure  --/'"^^X  young  botanist  Bonpland. 
with  the  future  companion  oh.     -     '  ^'^  >   " J^^  .„  E,,,pe,  he,  in 
ni^qnnointed   in  his  plans  ot  travels  uy  ui^  .     o     •„       Thev 

compZ  ^vith  Bonpland,  resolved  -^P^';^;;:--;^:.!:.:  ma' i.^ 
passed  leisurely  throu^i  ^Z'Z^^^^^^y  "^  ^^^  ^^ 
rctd^;:iard  r ;;::   UnrSe  patronage  of  the  secretary  of  state, 


lie  was  received  with  distinguished  favor  at  court ;  and  all  the  Spanish 
possessions  in  America  and  the  East  Indies  were  opened  to  him.     He 
received  two  passports,— one  from  the  first  secretary  of  state,  the  other 
from  the  council  of  the  Indies,— which  permitted  him  the  free  use  of 
all  instruments  for  astronomical  and  geodetic  observations,  the  meas- 
urement of  mountains,  the  collection  of  objects  of  natural  history,  and 
investigations  of  every  kind  that  might  lead  to  the  advancement  of 
science.     Such  extensive  privileges  had  never  before  been  granted  to 
any  traveler.     He  left  Madrid,  measuring  the  elevations  on  his  way 
through  Old  Castile,  Leon,  and  Galicia,  and  in  June,  1799,  embarked 
„ith  Bonpland,  in  the  frigate  Pizarro,  from  Corunna.     Avoiding  the 
Ent'lish  cruisers,  they  reached  Teneriffe,  where  they  tarried  to  ascend 
tlie°peak  and  make  observations  on  the  natural  features  of  the  island, 
and  arrived  in  Venezuela  in  July,  i799-    After  visiting  all  the  northern 
part  of  South  America,  and   ascending   Chimborazo,  they  went   to 
Mexico   then   to   Cuba,  and  embarked  at   Havana  for  Philadelphia, 
where  they  enjoyed  a  friendly  reception  from  President  Jefferson;  and 
then    leaving  the  United  States,  they  landed  at  Bordeaux,  in  1804. 
Humboldt  now  selected  Paris  for  his  residence,  no  other  city  offer- 
in"  so  many  aids  to  scientific  study  or  having  so  many  distinguished 
savants,  and  remained  there  until  March,  1805,  arranging  his  numerous 
collections  and  manuscripts,  and  experimenting  with  Gay-Lussac  in 
the  laboratory  of  the  Polytechnic  School  on  the  chemical  elements  of 
the  atmosphere.     He  was  accompanied  by  Gay-Lussac,  who  exerted  a 
lasting  influence  on  his  chemical  studies,  in  a  visit  to  Rome  and  Naples, 
and  also  by  Von  Buch,  on  his  return  through  Switzerland  to  Berlin.    In 
hope  of  modifying  the  ignominious  treaty  of  Tilsit  by  negotiation,  the 
government  resolved,  in  1808,  to  send  the  young  brother  of  the  king, 
Prince  William  of  Prussia,  to  the  Emperor  Napoleon  at  Pans.     During 
the  French  occupation  of  Berlin,  Humboldt  was  busy  in  his  garden, 
making  hourly  observations  of  the  magnetic  declination,  and  now  un- 
expectedly received  the  command  of  the  king  to  accompany  Prince 
William,  and  to  aid  him  by  his  greater  knowledge  of  influential  per- 
sons and  experience  of  the  world.    As  the  condition  of  Germany  made 
it  impossible  for  him  to  publish  there  his  large  scientific  works,  he 
was  permitted  by  Frederic  William  III.,  as  one  of  the  foreign  mem- 
bers of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  to  remain  in  Pans,  which 
was  his  residence,  excepting  brief  periods  of  absence,  from  1808  to 
,827      When,  in  1810,  his  elder  brother,  Karl  Wilhelm,  resigned  the 
direction  of  educational  affairs  in  Prussia  to  become  ambassador  at 
Vienna,  the  former  post  was  urged  upon  Alexander  by  Hardenberg ; 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 

but  he  declined  it,  preferring  his  independence,  especially  as  the  pub- 
lication of  his  astronomical,  zoological,  and  botanical  works  was  not 
yet  far  advanced.  Though  the  position  was  one  of  the  highest  at  the 
court  of  Berlin,  he  chose  to  remain  in  the  society  of  the  illustrious  men 
who  then  made  Paris  the  centre  of  intellectual  culture.  He  had  also 
decided  upon  a  scientific  expedition  through  Upper  India,  the  region 
of  the  Himalaya,  and  Thibet,  in  preparation  for  which  he  was  diligently 
learning  the  Persian  language  under  Sylvestre  de  Sacy  and  .\ndre  de 
Nerciat  In  1814,  Humboldt  went  to  England  in  the  suite  of  the  king 
of  Prussia ;  and  again,  in  company  with  Arago,  when  his  brother  was 
appointed  ambassador  to  London;  and  again,  in  1818,  with  Valenci- 
ennes, from  Paris  to  London,  and  from  London  to  Aix-la-Chapellc, 
where  the  king  and  Hardenberg  wished  to  have  him  near  them  during 

the  congress.  •-  „         j    .     1         j 

In  1S29  began  a  new  era  in  his  active  career.     He  undertook,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Emperor  Nicholas,  an  expedition  to  Northern 
Asia,  the  Chinese  Soongaria,  and  the  Caspian  Sea,  which  was  mag- 
nificently fitted  out  by  the  influence  of  the  minister.  Count  von  Can- 
crin      The  exploration  of  mines  of  gold  and  platinum,  the  discovery 
of  diamonds  outside  the  tropics,  astronomical  and  magnetic  observa- 
tions   and    geognostic  and    botanical  collections  were   the  principal 
results  of  this  undertaking,  in  which  Humboldt  was  accompanied  by 
Ehrenbeig  and  Gustav  Rose.     The  entire  journey  of  over  one  thousand 
miles  was  made  in  nine  months.     The  convulsions  of  1830  gave  a 
more   political   direction   to   Humboldt's  activity  for  several   years, 
without  interrupting   his  scientific  career.     He  had  accompanied  tlie 
Crown  Prince  of  Prussia,  in  May,  1830,  to  Warsaw,  to  the  last  consti- 
tutional diet,  opened  by  the  Emperor  Nicholas  in  person    and  he 
attended  the  king  to  the  baths  of  Töplitz.     On  the  news  of  the  French 
revolution  and  the  accession  of  Louis  Philippe,  he  was  selected,  partly 
on  account  of  his  long  intimacy  with  the  House  of  Orleans,  to  convey 
to  Paris  the  Prussian  recognition  of  the  new  monarch,  and  to  send 
political  advices  to  Berlin.     The  latter  office  fell  to  him  again  in 
i8u-^S,  and  he  was  called  upon  to  fulfill  it  five  times  in  the  following 
twelve  years,  residing  four  or  five  months  in  Paris  on  each  mission^  In 
1 841  he  made  a  rapid  journey  with  King  Frederic  William  IV^to  Eng- 
land, to  attend  the  baptism  of  the  Prince  of  Wales ;  visited  Denmark 
in  1845  ;  and  resided  in  Paris  several  months  in  1847-48,  from  which 
time  he  lived  in  Prussia,  usually  in  Berlin,  pursuing  his  scientific  labors 
in  his  advanced  age  with  undiminished  zeal  and  energy.    The  personal 
habits  of  Humboldt  were  peculiar.     He  slept  but  four  hours,  rose  at 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


S" 


six  in  the  winter  and  five  in  summer,  studied  two  hours,  drank  a  cup 
of  coffee,  and  returned   to  his  study  to  answer  letters,  of  which  he 
received  at  a  low  estimate  one  hundred  thousand  annually.      From 
twelve  till  two  he  received  visits,  and  then  returned  to  study  until  the 
dinner-hour.     From  four  till  eleven  he  passed  at  the  table,  generally 
in  company  with  the  king,  but  sometimes  at  the  meetings  of  learned 
societies  or  in  the  company  of  friends.     At  eleven  he  retired  to  his 
study,  and  his  best  books  are  said  to  have  been  written  at  midnight. 
Humboldt  died  at  Berlin  in  May,  1859.  aged  ninety,  after  an  illness 
of  about  two  weeks,  and  in  the  long  procession  which   followed  his 
funeral  car  to  the  tomb  were  ministers  of  state,  generals  of  the  army, 
professors  in   the   universities,  officers  of  the  court,  the  diplomatic 
corps,  academicians,  students,  and  citizens;  and  the  coffin  was  received 
at  the  church  by  the  Prince  Regent  (now  the  Emperor  Wilham)  and 
the  Princes  of  Prussia.     "The  influence  which  Humboldt  exerted  upon 
science,"   says  Agassiz,    "is   incalculable.     With  him    ends   a   great 
period  in  the  history  of  science,  a  period  to  which  Cuvier,  Laplace, 
Arago,  Gay-Lussac,  De  Candolle,  and  Robert  Brown  belonged 

The  eighteenth  century  opened  with  lustre  derived  from  the  physical 
demonstrations  of  Newton,  and  closed  magnificently  with  the  telescopic 
discoveries  of  Sir  William  Herschel,  who  added  to  our  universe  the 
primary  planet  Uranus,  with  its  satellites,  gave  two  more  satellites  to 
Saturn,  resolved  the  Milky  Way  into  countless  myriads  of  stars,  and 
unraveled    the   mystery  of  nebute  and  of  double   and    triple  stars 
Laplace,   in    his   great  work,   the  "  Mecanique   Celeste       gave  what 
further  proof  was  needed  of  the  truth  and  sufficiency  of  the  Newtonian 
theory.     The    nineteenth  century  opened  with  the  discovery  of  the 
four  small  planets,-Ceres,  in  i8or,  by  Piazzi  ;  Pallas  and  Vesta,  by 
Olbers,   the   former  in   1802,   and   the  latter  in  1807  ;  and  Juno,  by 
Harding,  in  1804.     Caroline  Lucretia  Herschel,  sister  of  Sir  William, 
may  be  mentioned  among  the  astronomers.  .    ^       ■         • 

lean  Frederic  Oberlin,  the  philanthropist,  was  born  in  Strasburg  in 
,740,  and  died  in  Waldbach,  in  the  Ban  de  la  Roche,  in  1826. 

Edward  Tenner,  an  English  physician,  became  celebrated  for  his  dis- 
covery of  vaccination.  His  first  subject  was  a  boy,  whom  he  vaccin- 
ated on  May  ,4,  1796,  an  anniversary  still  celebrated  in  several  parts 

of  England.  .,     •  .  i  i   „«.^^ 

Robert  Fulton,  an  American  inventor  and  civil  engineer,  celebrated 
for  the  successful  introduction  of  steam  navigation,  was  born  ,n  Lan- 
caster County,  Pennsylvania,  in  ,765.  and  died  in  New  York  m  18^. 
The  committee  of  the  first  London  Exhibition,  m  1851,  said  of  him, 


522 


HOUSE   OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


523 


**Many  persons,  in  various  countries,  claim  the  honor  of  having  first 
invented  small  boats  propelled  by  steam ;  but  it  is  to  the  undaunted 
perseverance  and  exertions  of  the  American  Fulton  that  is  due  the 
everlasting  honor  of  having  produced  this  revolution  both  in  naval 
architecture  and  navigation." 

George  Stephenson,  the  founder  of  the  railway  system  of  Great 
Britain,  and  perfectcr  of  the  locomotive-engine,  possessed  that  shrewd 
decision  which  ingenious  i)ersons  often  want,  enabling  him  to  detect 
what  is  truly  valuable  in  the  numerous  mechanical  schemes  which  at 
any  time  are  afloat,  and  to  devise  the  means  of  realizing  them.  His 
first  important  undertaking  was  the  construction  of  a  railroad  eight 
miles  in  length  for  the  owners  of  the  Hatton  colliery,  which,  on 
November  18,  1822,  was  successfully  opened,  the  level  parts  being 
traversed  by  locomotives,  while  stationary  engines  were  employed  to 
overcome  the  heavy  grades. 

Sir  Humphry  Davy,  one  of  the  greatest  chemists  of  his  own  or  any 
other  age,  was  born  at  Penzance,  in  Cornwall,  in  1778,  and  died  at 
Geneva  in  1829.  The  Genevese  government  evinced  its  respect  by  a 
public  funeral.  So  widely  spread  was  Sir  Humphry's  reputation,  that 
he  was  a  member  of  almost  all  the  scientific  institutions  in  the  world. 

Statistical  records  were  kept  by  the  Jews,  the  Greeks,  and  the 
Romans.  In  later  times,  the  first  writer  on  statistics  was  the  Venetian 
doge,  Tommaso  Mocenigo,  who  in  1421  collected  the  materials  for  a 
memoir  on  the  situation  of  different  empires,  their  monetary  systems, 
finances,  public  debts,  etc.  Within  a  few  years  past,  societies  for  the 
collection  of  statistics  have  been  established  in  most  of  the  countries 
of  Christendom.  The  Statistical  Society  of  London  was  founded  in 
1834.  The  British  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  has 
had  a  statistical  section  since  1833;  the  American  Association  has  a 
similar  section  ;  and  the  encouragement  of  the  collectors  of  statistical 
matters  is  one  of  the  avowed  means  by  which  the  Smithsonian  Institu- 
tion proposes  to  diffuse  knowledge  among  men. 

The  first  savings-bank  was  instituted  in  Hamburg  in  1778 ;  in  Berne 
in  1787  ;  and  in  England  in  1797.  The  first  in  the  United  States  was 
instituted  in  Philadelphia  in  1816,  though  Franklin  had  suggested 
something  of  the  kind  fifty  years  earlier  ;  the  second  was  in  Boston,  the 
same  year;  and  the  third  in  New  York,  in  1819. 

Mayer  Anselm  ^Rothschild  was  born  at  Frankfort-on-the-Main  in 
1743,  and  died  there  in  181 2.  He  was  educated  for  a  rabbi,  but 
commenced  business  as  a  small  trader,  and  eventually  procured  a 
situation  in  a  Hanoverian  banking-house.     Subsequently  he  returned 


to  Frankfort,  and  established  himself  as  a  banker  '^e  e   and   he  r  ch 
anderave  of  Hesse,  William  IX.,  who  afterwards,  as  Elector  of  Hesse 
^ook  tie    itle  of  W  Uiam  I.,  made  him  his  banker.     Rothschdd  first 
becane  known  as  a  negotiator  of  government  loans  '-79^-  when  the 
French  general  Custine  imposed  upon  the  senate  of  Frankfort  a  very 
lr.vv  ransom    to  be  raised  in  a  short  time,  as  the  alternatne  of  the 
HnlThe  r  city      The  senate  could  devise  no  means  of  procurnig 
:::  money,  when    he  Jewish  banker  obtained  it  for  them  from  the 
ndgrav         His  services   in   negotiating    loans  were  afterwards  fr- 
int  y  in  demand  among  the  smaller  states  of  Germany.     In     806 
K.,  o leon   decreed   the  forfeiture  of   the  states  of  the  sovereigns  of 
He  se  Cassel  and  Brunswick,  and  sent  an  army  to  enforce  h.s  decree. 
?,      et  or  wi  unable  to  offer  resistance,  but  he  had  five  mdhon 
doUarilv      which    he  was   unwilling    to   give  up   to    Napoleon 
n     :n:b.e  to   carry  with   him    in    his   flight.     ^^iJ^Jf^^ 

c.hild    he  offered   him   the  use  of  the  money  without  interest  i 
sch.ld,  he  öfteren  1  ^^^  ,^.^  ^^^^^  ^^.,,q„^ 

would  remove  it  to  a  place  01  saiety. 

he  had  associated  with  him  in  business,  enjoyed  the  use  of  th.  la  e 
f  »;„ht  vpars  When  Napo  eon  was  banished  to  h.lba,  tne 
Tctorg  e  not  c  tha^  ie  should  withdraw  it ;  but  when  Napoleon 
e  ctped  and  returned  to  France,  he  was  so  much  alarmed  that  he  urged 
rRothscJilds  to  keep  it  at  the  interest  of  two  per  -t.  per  annum 
which  they  did  till   1823,  when  they  returned  it  to  his  son  and  sue 

m  1821.     James  was  lor  a  brothers  con- 

tn.rof :;,".»,«» .0-"-.  ;;^  -:..-.- "  «s; 

compelW  peace  b,  refu.ing  to  fan,.!,  the  sme« 


'I 


SM 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


a  period  of  less  than  twelve  years  they  have  furnished  in  loans  two 
hundred  million  dollars  to  England,  fifty  million  dollars  to  Austria, 
forty  million  dollars  to  Prussia,  eighty  million  dollars  to  France,  fifty 
million  dollars  to  Naples,  twenty-five  million  dollars  to  Russia,  twelve 
million  dollars  to  Brazil,  and  four  million  dollars  to  some  of  the  smallei 
states.  The  promptness  and  courtesy  with  which  they  responded  to 
Metternich's  application  for  a  loan  in  1813  led  the  Emperor  Francis 
to  confer  on  each  of  the  brothers  a  patent  of  nobility,  with  the  title 
of  baron  of  the  empire.  Of  the  five  brothers,  James  is  the  only 
one  now  living,  but  the  members  of  the  third,  and  even  some  of 
the  fourth,  generation,  have  been  taken  into  the  partnership.  The 
leading  active  partner  is  now  Baron  Nathan  Lionel  de  Rothschild, 
of  London,  son  of  Nathan,  born  in  London  in  1808,  and  succeeding 
to  his  father's  titles  and  connections  in  1836.  In  1847  ^^  ^^'^s  elected 
a  member  of  the  House  of  Commons  from  the  city  of  London  ;  but 
declining  to  take  the  ordinary  oath,  *'on  the  true  faith  of  a  Christian," 
he  did  not  take  his  seat,  although  regularly  re-elected  till  1858,  when, 
the  disabilities  being  removed,  he  took  his  place  in  the  house,  being 
the  first  adherent  of  the  Jewish  religion  who  ever  sat  in  the  Commons. 
Sir  Anthony,  born  in  1810,  the  second  son  of  Nathan,  was  created  a 
baronet  in  1846.  The  members  of  the  family  have  generally  inter- 
married, so  that  their  immense  wealth  will  probably  remain  in  a  few 
hands  for  many  years.  They  have  met  with  few  heavy  losses,  the  only 
one  of  considerable  amount  being  the  result  of  the  revolutions  of  1848, 
by  which  they  are  said  to  have  lost  in  nine  months  forty  million 
dollars ;  but  so  vast  was  their  wealth  that  even  this  did  not  in  the 
least  impair  their  credit  or  position.  They  have  now  banking-houses 
in  most  of  the  large  cities  in  the  world. 


UNITED  STATES. 

It  was  in  1792  that  Francis  II.  became  Emperor  of  Germany,  and 
in  that  same  year  Washington  was  re-elected  President  of  the  United 
States.  To  him  succeeded  John  Adams,  elected  by  the  Federal  party; 
Thomas  Jefferson,  the  candidate  of  the  Republican  or  Democratic 
party ;  James  Madison,  Republican.  Distinctions  of  party  seemed 
scarcely  to  exist  when  James  Monroe  was  elected  President,  Federalists 
and  Republicans  uniting  in  the  support  of  the  government.  President 
Jefferson  appointed  Monroe,  in  1803,  envoy  extraordinary  to  the  French 
government,  to  negotiate,  in  conjunction  with  the  resident  minister, 
Robert  R.  Livingston,  for  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  or  a  right  of 
depot  for  the  United  States  on  the  Mississippi.     The  result  exceeded 


COXIEMPORARIES. 


525 


the  most   sanguine   expectations  of  the   administration.      Bonaparte 
needed  money,  and  within  a  fortnight  after  the  arrival  of  Monroe  in 
Paris  the  ministers  secured,  for  the  comparatively  trifling  sum  of  fifteen 
million   dollars,  the  entire   -territory  of  Orleans"   and   -district  of 
Louisiana."     Monroe  became  President  in  1817,  and  was  re-elected  in 
1821.     The  year  1824,  the  last  of  Monroe's  administration,  was  sig- 
nalized by  the  visit  to  the  United  States  of  the  venerable  Lafayette, 
who  was  received  throughout  the  Union  with  enthusiastic  exhibitions 
of  public  affection  and  respect.     Monroe's  efforts  to  advance  the  in- 
terests and  heighten  the  general  prosperity  of  the  whole  nation  were 
energetic  and  unceasing.     On  the  great  question  of  intervention  by 
the  European  powers  in  the  affairs  of  the  Western  continent,  he  assumed 
a  bold  and  uncompromising  position,  which  was  supported  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  has  ever  since  operated  as  a  check  upon  the  governments  of 
the' Old  World.     John  Quincy  Adams  was  elected  President  in  1825  ; 
he  was  succeeded  by  General  Andrew  Jackson,  in  1829,  who  was  re- 
elected in  1833. 

INTERREGNUM. 
AUSTRIA. 

Ferdinand!.,  Emperor  of  Austria,  the  eldest  son  of  Francis  I.,  was 
born    at  Vienna  in  1793-      He  was,   from  the  first,  of  a  weak  con- 
stitution, and  was  unfortunate   in  those  to  whom   his  education  was 
intrusted      Yet  he  showed  on  all  occasions  a  goodness  of  heart,  and 
followed  the  advice  of  his  uncle,  the  Archduke  Charles,  to  whom  he 
was  much  attached.     While  crown  prince,  he  traveled  through  his 
Italian  provinces,  Switzerland,  and  part  of  France,  and  took  great 
interest  in  manufacturing  industry.     In  1835  he  succeeded  his  father 
on  the  throne.     It  was  expected,  from  his  character,  that  he  would 
inaugurate  a  more  liberal  policy  than  his  predecessors  had  pursued,  but 
the  absolutist  principles  that  seemed  destined  to  rule  forever  the  Aus- 
trian  cabinet  triumphed,  and  Metternich  was  allowed  to  carry  on  the 
government       It  now  became  obvious  that   Ferdinand  sadly  lacked 
moral  decision,  and  his  -goodness"  exhausted  itself  in  numerous  acts 
of  clemency  and  benevolence.      Nevertheless,  during   his   reign    the 
industry  of  Austria  made  a  great  advance,  and  the  great  net-work  of 
railroads  and  highways  was  begun.      The  insurrection  in  Galic.a,  in 
1846    led  to  the  annexation  of  Cracow  to  Austria.     No  country  was 
more  affected  by  the  European  movement  that  began  in  the  winter  of 
1847-48  than   Austria,  though   the    revolutionary  storms  that  shook 
the  empire  cannot  be  attributed  to  any  want  of  good  will  to  his  people 
on  the  part  of  Ferdinand,  but  only  to  a  complete  want  of  political 


520 


HOUSE    OF  AOSTRIA-LOKRAIXE. 


wisdom.  On  the  disturbances  breaking  out  in  March,  he  consented  to  the 
dismissal  of  Metternich  and  the  appointment  of  a  responsible  ram.stry 
and  granted  the  outlines  of  a  constitution.  An  insurrection  broke  out 
in  Milan,  and  Radetzky,  the  military  comman<ler,  was  forced  to  refre 
on  Verona.  Venice  rose  at  the  same  time  and  drove  out  the  Austr.ans. 
In  May,  the  Emperor,  with  his  court,  fled  to  Innspruck.  A  Slave  mst^- 
rection  broke  out  in  Prague,  which  was  repressed  w,th  bloody  sever.ty 
by  Prince  Windischgrätz.  While  the  Emperor  was  hnger.ng  at  Inn- 
spruck, leaving  Vienna  in  the  power  of  the  populace,  and  the  Hun- 
garians were  pursuing  an  independent  course,  in  Italy  the  power  of 

Austria  began  to  recover  itself.  ^      ,  r      • 

Radetzky  had  at  first  been  reduced  to  the  maintaining  of  a  defensn-e 
position  at  Verona,  against  Charles  Albert  of  Sardinia,  who  had  de- 
clared war  on  Austria  at  the  outbreak  of  the  revolution,  and  the  forces 
that  came  to  his  aid  from  Tuscany,  Rome,  and  Naples  ;  and  tlie  foreign 
policy  of  Austria  was  in  such  a  state  of  disorganization,  that  negotia- 
tions were  entered  into  under  the  mediation  of  Great  Britain,  offering 
the  Lombards  independence  on  moderate  conditions.  In  June,  how- 
ever, Radetzky  took  up  the  offensive,  re.luced  in  succession  Vicenz.n, 
Padua,  and  other  cities,  and  then,  turning  against  the  chief  Sardinian 
force,  defeated  it  at  Custozza,  in  July,  and  drove  it  from  the  field. 
The  fruits  of  the  victory  were  the  dissolution  of  Charles  Albert  s  army, 
and  a  truce  which  again  delivered  Lombardy  to  Austria. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  government  at  Vienna  was  more  powerless  than 
ever    The  Emperor  remained  at  Innspruck,  and  the  constituent  diet  was 
opened,  in  July,  by  his  uncle,  the  Archduke  John,  as  his  representative. 
In  Hungary,  the  Croats,  under  their  Ban,  Jellachich,  opposed  the  pre- 
dominance of  the  Magyars,  and  refused  obedience  to  the  Hungarian 
government,  which,  under  the  Batthyanyi-Kossuth  ministry,  was  pur- 
suing a  policy  almost  independent  of  Austria.     Jellachich's  resistance 
was  officially  condemned  by  the  Emperor,  and  he  was  threatened  with 
deposition  ;    but,  as  subsequently  appeared,  his  conduct  was  secretly 
approved  by  the   court.     The    Archduke-Palatine   Stephen   now  left 
Hungary,  after  a  last  attempt  at  conciliation,  and  the  Emperor   who 
had    returned    to    Vienna   after    repeated    invitations,   named    Count 
Lamberg  commissioner,   with    the   supreme   command    in    Hungary. 
Lamberg,  however,  was  murdered  on   the    bridge  of  Pesth,  in   Sep- 
tember      The   Hungarian   parliament  was  now  dissolved,   and   the 
command  given  to  Jellachich.     But  the  parliament  continued  its  sit- 
tings, and  appointed  Kossuth  president  of  the  committee  of  defense 
When  the  imperial  troops  began  to  march  against  Hungary,  a  frightful 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


527 


insurrection  broke  out  in  Vienna,  in  October,  which  was  attributed 
to  Hungarian  instigation.  The  arsenal  was  stormed,  and  the  war- 
minister,  Latour,  murdered  ;  the  court  fled  to  Olmiitz,  a  comrnittee 
of  safety  was  appointed,  the  armed  populace  organized,  and  the 
Polish  general  Bern  was  put  at  the  head  of  military  aff-a.rs,  while 
the  diet  wavered  between  loyalty  and  revolution.  In  the  mean  time, 
the  military  forces  had  withdrawn  and  joined  Jellachich,  in  order  to 
prevent  the  Hungarians  from  coming  to  the  aid  of  the  Viennese. 
Windischgrätz  now  approached  with  an  army,  and  declared  Vienna  in 
a  state  of  siege.  The  attack  began  on  the  23d  of  October,  and  after  a 
resistance  of  eight  days  Vienna  surrendered. 

Severe  measures  were  then  taken,  and  a  number  of  leaders,  among 
otlers  Robert  Blum,  were  condemned  and  shot.  The  diet  now  met  at 
Kremsir,  and  a  new  ministry  was  formed,  into  which  Prince  Schwartzen- 
berg.  Count  Stadion,  Bach,  Bruch,  and  others  entered.  But  the  vigorous 
policy  thought  to  be  necessary  for  the  restoration,  and  advocated  by 
the  Archduchess  Sophia,  was  not  responded  to  by  the  easy  nature  of 
her  brother-in-law,  Ferdinand  I.  Accordingly,  the  Emperor  abdi- 
cated, December  2,  as  did  also  his  brother,  the  Archduke  Francis 
Charles-  and  the  latter's  son,  Francis  Joseph,  was  declared  Emperor, 
to  the  great  satisfaction  of  his  mother,  the  Archduchess  Sophia.  _ 

Since  that  time  the  ex-Emperor  Ferdinand  has  mostly  resided  m 
Prague,  enjoying  in  his  retirement  a  certain  degree  of  popularity  with 
the  masses,  but  without  any  political  influence.  In  February,  183 1,  he 
married  Caroline,  daughter  of  Victor  Emanuel  I.,  King  of  Sardinia, 
but  he  has  no  children.  . 

Sophia  of  Bavaria,  daughter  of  the  Elector  and  King  Maximilian  I 
(Joseph),  whom  the  first  Napoleon  raised  to  a  throne,  was  born  amid 
the  glories  of  the  Napoleonic  Empire,  and  educated  in  the  strictest 
hatred  of  all  that  the  Napoleonic  Empire  had  brought  to  pass,  saving 
only  and  excepting  the  elevation  to  the  royal  dignity  of  the  ancient 
Electoral  House  of  Wittelsbach.     One  of  her  older  sisters,  Charlotte, 
who  married  the  Crown  Prince  of  WUrtemberg,  was  divorced  while 
Sophia  was  yet  a  child.     The  Roman  Church  tolerates  "o  divorce 
But  courtesy  to  great  kings  enabled  the  divorced  Princess  of  Wurten  - 
berg  and  Bavaria  to  become  the  third  and  last  wife  of  Francis  II.,  last 
Emperor  of  the  Holy  Roman  German  Empire,  and  first  Emperor  of 
Austria.     Under  her  auspices,  her  cadet  sister,  the   Duchess  Sophia, 
became,  in  1824,  at  the  age  of  nineteen,  an  Archduchess  of  Austria 
.    as  the  wife  of  the  Archduke  Francis  Charles,  and  consequently  the 
step-daughter-in-law  of  her  own  imperial  self.     Sophia,  once  fixed  ,n 


528 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


her  place  at  the  Austrian  court,  soon  made  herself  felt  as  a  power. 
In  1848,  when  the  storm  broke  over  all  the  thrones  of  Europe,  Sophia 
was  almost  the  only  one  among  the  personages  of  the  House  of  Haps- 
burg-Lorraine  who  neither  trembled  at  its  thunder  nor  was  paralyzed 
by  its  lightnings. 

ENGLAND. 

Victoria,  the  only  daughter  of  Edward,  Duke  of  Kent,  succeeded  her 
uncle,  William  IV.,  and  her  accession  to  the  throne  was  hailed  with 
more  than  ordinary  enthusiasm.     The  28th  of  June,  1838,  witnessed 
the  coronation  of  the  young  queen,  which  took  place  amidst  universal 
rejoicing.       The  first  great  event   of  1840  was  the  marriage  of  her 
majesty  with  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.      An  expedition 
was  sent  soon  after  to  China,  to  obtain  indemnity  for  the  past,  and 
better  security  for  British  commerce  for  the  future.     The  following 
year  brought  with  it  a  cessation  of  hostilities  by  the  occupation  of 
Canton,  which  was  ransomed  by  the  payment  of  six  million  dollars  to 
the  British,  by  way  of  indemnity  for  the  expenses  of  the  war.     In  1842 
the  war  with  China  broke  out  afresh,  but  it  was  renewed  with  so  much 
vigor  on  the  part  of  the  British  government  that  the  Chinese  were 
compelled  to  sue  for  peace,  and  to  pay  twenty-one  million  dollars. 
Several  Chinese  ports  were  thrown  open  to  the  British  merchants,  and 
the  island  of  Hong-Kong  was  ceded  in  perpetuity  to  the  British  Em- 
pire, with  other  important  commercial  advantages.     The  Afghan  war 
was  followed  by  disturbances  in  India,  and  ope  of  the  most  eventful 
and  fearful  struggles  that  ever  called  into  action  the  strength  and  valor 
of  the  Anglo-Indian  army  was  closed  successfully  in  1846. 

FRANCE. 

Lotiis  Philippe,  King  of  the  French  from  1830  to  1848,  was  born  in 
the  Palais  Royal,  Paris,  in  1793,  and  died  in  exile  at  Claremont,  near 
London,  in  1850.  He  was  the  son  of  Philippe  Egalite,  Duke  of 
Orleans,  and  of  Louise  de  Bourbon  de  Penthievre.  On  the  father's 
side  he  was  descended  from  a  brother  of  Louis  XIV. ;  on  his  mother's, 
from  the  Count  of  Toulouse,  a  natural  legitimized  offspring  of  that 
monarch  and  Madame  de  Montespan.  His  godfather  was  Louis  XVI. ; 
his  godmother  was  Marie  Antoinette.  His  earliest  preceptor  was  M. 
de  Bonnard.  In  1781  he  was  placed  under  the  care  of  Madame  de 
Genlis.  In  1785,  when  his  father  became  Duke  of  Orleans,  he  ex- 
changed his  original  title  of  Duke  of  Valois  for  that  of  Duke  of 
Chartres.     In  1793  his  father  was  arrested,  and  Louis  Philippe  fled  to 


CONTEMPORA  RIES. 


529 


Switzerland,  where  he  procured  employment  in  a  boarding-school  at 
Reichenau,  giving  lessons   in   mathematics  and  geography  under  the 
name   of   Chabot-Latour.      In    1794,  when    the   news   of   his   father's 
execution  reached  him,  he  left  Switzerland  and  went  to  Hamburg,  in- 
tending to  proceed  to  the  United  States.    Unable  to  leave  immediately, 
he  employed  the  interval  in  visiting  Denmark,  Sweden,  Norway,  Lap- 
land, and  Finland.    In  1796  be  took  passage  as  a  Danish  subject  to  the 
United  States,  and  landed  at  Philadelphia.    In  company  with  the  Duke 
de  Montpensier  and  the  Count  de  Beaujolais,  who,  after  the  recovery 
of  their  liberty,  lost  no  time  in  joining  their  elder  brother,  he  made 
the  tour  of  the  United  States.     In  1800  they  sailed  for  England,  and, 
after  several  fruitless  attempts  to  go  to  Spain  to  visit  their  mother,  they 
took  up  their  abode  at  Twickenham.     Both  of  his  brothers  died  of 
consumption,-Montpensier  in  1807,  and  Beaujolais  in  1808,  the  latter 
while  on  his  wav  to  Malta.     Louis  Philippe  now  went  to  the  court  of 
Ferdinand  IV.,  at  Palermo,  where  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  the 
accomplished  daughter  of  the  king.      He  w^as  at  length  permitted  to 
visit  his  mother  in  Spain,  who,  with  his  sister  Adelaide,  accompanied 
him  to  Palermo,  where  his  marriage  with  Marie  Amelie  took  place  in 
November,  1809,  and  where  liis  first  child,  afterwards  Ferdinand,  Duke 
of  Orleans,  was  born,  in  1810.     After  the  fall  of  Napoleon  he  returned 
to  France,  having  been  absent  twenty-one  years. 

Charles  X.  was  too  despotic,  and  when  the  news  of  the  success  ot 
his  army  in  Algiers  reached  Paris,  on  the  9tb  of  July,  he  hoped  it 
micrht  gain  him  popularity  ;  accordingly,  on  the  26th  he  issued  ordi- 
nances abolishing  the  freedom  of  the  press,  dissolving  the  new  chamber 
of  deputies,  though  it  had  never  met,  and  appointing  a  new  mode  of 
election  The  insurrection  now  broke  out,  and  on  the  29th  the  troops 
of  th.'  line  declared  for  the  cause  of  the  people.  Charles  immediately 
siirned  an  order  for  the  repeal  of  the  obnoxious  ordinances,  but  it  was 
too  late  Charles  and  the  Duke  d'Angouleme  formally  abdicated  in 
favor  of  his  infant  grandson,  the  Duke  of  Bordeaux,  now  called  the 

Count  de  Chambord,  or  Henry  V.  ,    .  ,     x^    •       1 

La  Fayette  was  once  more  appointed  to  the  command  of  the  National 
Guard;  the  revolution  of  the  ^' Three  Days^  was  ended;  and  on  the 
Qth  of  August,  Louis  Philippe  was  invited  to  become,  not  the  ^^^  f 
France  as  the  old  monarchs  styled  themselves,  but  the  Ä///,-  of  the 
FrencJi,  thereby  recognizing  the  existence  of  the  people.  La  Fayette 
led  the  new  king  forth  into  a  balcony  which  overlooked  the  square, 
and  embraced  him,  to  show  his  own  approval  of  the  act  ;  then,  pre- 
senting him  to  the  people,  he  exclaimed,  -Now  we  have  the  best  of 

34 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


republics  I"     Louis  Philippe  accepted  the  charter,  signed  the  constitu- 
tion, and,  if  he  had  gone  on  as  he  began,  all  would  have  been  well; 
but,  as  he  grew  older,  he  became  ambitious,  and  set  about  schemes  for 
aggrandizing  his  family  and   founding  a  dynasty  on  the  principles  of 
ancient   despotism,   the   result  of  which  was   his   overthrow,   in  1848. 
Abdicating,  then,  in  favor  of  his  grandson,  the  Count  of  Paris,  he  fled 
from  the  capital,  the  same  moining  on  which  the  republic  of  France 
was  proclaimed.     With  great  difficulty  he  succeeded   in  crossing  the 
Seine  with  his  wife  from  Honfleur  to  Havre,  under  the  name  of  Smith. 
From  thence  he  was  carried  by  a  steamer  sent  for  his  use  by  the  Eng- 
lish government,  and  went  to  Claremont,  the  palace  of  the  King  of  the 
Belgians,  where  he  spent  the  rest  of  his  life. 

HIS    CHILDREN. 

Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Orleans,  heir-apparent  to  the  throne,  was  killed 
in  June,  1842,  in  jumping  from  his  carriage,  the  horses  of  which  had 
taken  fright  ;  Louis,  Duke  de  Nemours;  Francis,  Prince  de  Joinville, 
who,  in  ^840,  went  to  St.  Helena,  and  brought  the  body  of  Napoleon 
L  to  Paris,  to  be  interred  in  the  Hotel  des  Invalides;  Henry,  Duke 
d'Aumale;  and  Antoine,  Duke  de  Montpensier. 

SONS   OF    FERDINAND,  DUKE   OF   ORLEANS. 

Louis  Philippe,  Count  of  Paris,  the  representative  of  the  Orleans 
Bourbon  line ;  and  Robert,  Duke  of  Chartres. 

PRUSSLA. 

Frederic  William  IV.  \s2.%  born    in    1795.      He  received   a   careful 
scientific  education,  though  his  boyhood  was  passed  in  the  most  disas- 
trous period  of  Prussian  history,  and   his  youth  in  that  of  the  great 
struggle  against  Napoleon.     Ancillon,   Delbrück,    Scharnhorst,   Kne- 
sebet^:,  Savigny,  Ritter,  and  Rauch  were  among  his  teachers  in  philos- 
ophy, belles-lettres,  military  science,  political  economy,  and  art.      He 
was  often   present   on   the  scene  of  action  during  the  last  campaign 
against    Napoleon,  became   familiarly  acquainted   with    many   distin- 
guished men  of  his  age,  of  whom  Humboldt  remained  attached  to  him 
t^hrough  life,  and  developed  his  taste  for  the  fine  arts  while  residing  in 
Paris \fter  its  occupation  by  the  allies,  and  on  a  journey  to  Italy  in 
1828.     As  military  governor  of  Pomerania,  his  affability  gained  him 
general  popularity,  and  great  expectations  had  been  formed  of  his  future 
career,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  throne,  in  1840.     His  first  solemn 
declaration  at  Königsberg,  a  limited  political  amnesty,  the  reinstating 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


531 


of  \rndt,  the  old  liberal  poet,  the  reappointment  to  office  of  the  popu- 
la/  lieutenant-general  Von   Boyen,  the  conciliatory  termination   of  a 
diffic  ultv  between  the  state  and  the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  were  hailed 
with  applause  ;  but  the  appointment  of  statesmen  like  Hassenpflug  and 
Eichhorn,  the  patronage  bestowed  on  the  nobility,  as  well  as  on  the 
representatives  of  the  historico-romantic  and  pietistic  schoo  s,  the  ex- 
pulsion from  the  kingdom  of  Prussian   and  non-Prussian   democrats, 
and    the   cordial    relations  of  the   court  with  the    Emperor    Nicholas 
brother-in-law  of  the  king,  soon  destroyed   the  hopes  of  the  liberal 
party  of  the  nation.     The  Polish  conspiracy  of  1846  was  detected  in 
time,  and  the  insurgents  were  put  down  with  rigor.     The  French  revo- 
lution of  1848  involved  the  whole  of  Germany  in  a  flame.      1  he  popular 
movement  was  victorious  all  over  the  southwest  and  south  of  the  con- 
federation before  Frederic  William  was  forced  to  yield  to  its  irresistible 
current       Even  after  the  fall  of  Metternich,  in  Vienna,  he  was  deter- 
mined to  maintain  his  royal  authority,  and  to  grant  liberties  only  as 
free  mfts      When  at  length,  however,  the  citizens  of  Berlin  and  troops 
came  into  collision,  Frederic  William  came  forward  as  the  professed 
re-enerator  of  his  country,  offering  to  lay  down  his  royal  title  and 
merge  his  kingdom  in  the  common  fatherland,  for  the  salvation  of  which 
he  recommended  a  cordial  union  of  all  German   princes  and  people 
in  one  bond,  and  proposed  himself  as  the  guide  and  leader  of  this  new 
Germany.    His  own  subjects,  and  at  first  many  Germans  m  other  states, 
were  carried  away  by  these  Utopian  schemes. 

Being  displeased  with  the  revolutionary  character  of  the  Frankfort 
diet    he  refused  to  accept  the   imperial  crown  which  it  offered  him ; 
his  ardor  in  the  cause  of  his  fatherland  cooled,  his  pledges  to  his  own 
subjects  were  evaded  as  long  and  as  completely  as  the  occasion  per- 
mitted, and  his  policy  became  more  strongly  tinged  than  be  ore  with 
a  jealousy  of  Austria.     His  powerful  co-operation  in  putting  down  the 
insurrection  in  Poland  and  the  democratic  party  in  Baden,  gave,  how- 
ever,  ample  proof  of  his  determined  opposition  to  every  popular  demon- 
tra ton  against  absolutism.      In    the  war  of  the   Schleswig-Holstein 
duchies    the   Prussians  acted   in  concert  with  the   disaffected  against 
their  sovereign,  the  King  of  Denmark,  occupying  the  ducal  provinces 
in  the  name  and  on  behalf  of  the  diet.     The  latter  years  of  the  reign 
of  Frederic  William  IV.  were  characterized  by  great  advance  m  the 
material  prosperitv  and  internal  improvement  of  the  country.     Exten- 
sive  lines'of  Railway  and  post-roads  were  opened;  the  river  navigauon 
was  greatlv  facilitated;  treaties  of  commerce  were  formed  ..th  foreign 
countries,'and  great  expansion  given  to  the  Prussian  and  North  Ger- 


532 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


man  Zollverein;  the  army  was  put  npon  a  footing  of  hitherto  unprece- 
dented efficienc  y  in  arms  and  artillery,  and  the  educational  system  of 
the  country  was  still  fiiitlier  developed.  The  life  of  Frederic  William 
was  twice  attempted:  the  first  in  1844,  by  Tschech,  a  dismissed  burgo- 
master, the  second  by  an  insane  (]is(  harged  soldier,  Sefeloge,  in  1850. 
In  1S57  the  king  was  seized  by  a  malady  that  led  to  temporary  insanity, 
which,  increasing  by  degrees,  comi)elled  him,  in  October,  1858,  to  give 
up  the  personal  management  of  affairs,  and  to  repair  for  the  restoration 
of  his  health  to  the  Tyrol,  and  subsequently  to  Italy.  His  marriage 
with  Elizabeth,  Princess  of  Bavaria,  being  without  issue,  his  brother 
William,  Prince  of  Prussia,  became  regent,  till  the  death  of  the  king, 
in  1 86 1,  when  he  succeeded  to  the  throne. 

The  Elector  Maximilian  IV.,  Joseph,  of  Bavaria,  who  took  the  title 
of  King  Maximilian  I.  in  1805,  died  in  1825.  His  wife  was  Wilhel- 
mina Augusta,  daughter  of  the  Landgrave  George  William  of  Hesse- 
Darmstadt.     Their  children  were — 

Louis  L,  who  succeeded  him. 

Augusta  Amalia,  who  married  Eugene  Beauharnais,  Duke  of  Leuch- 
tenberg, in  1806. 

Charlotte  Augusta,  who  married  Frederic,  Crown  Prince  of  Wiir- 
temberg,  in  1814,  and  in  18 16  the  Emperor  Francis  L  of  Austria. 

Charles  Theodore. 

Elizabeth  Ludovica,  who  married  Frederic  William  IV.  of  Prussia. 

Amalia  Augusta,  who  married  the  Prince  of  Saxony,  afterwards  King 

John. 

Sophia  Dorothea,  who  married  Francis  Charles,  Archduke  of  Austria. 

Mary  Anna,  who  married  Frederic  Augustus,  King  of  Saxony. 

Ludovica  Wilhelmina,  who  married  Maximilian,  Duke  of  Bavaria. 

Louis  /.,  King  of  Bavaria,  was  a  well-meaning,  liberal,  and  intel- 
lectual monarch;  he  distinguished  himself  particularly  by  his  generous 
and  enlightened  patronage  of  letters  and  art.  He  removed  the  Univer- 
sity of  Landshut  to  Munich,  reorganized  the  Academy  of  Fine  Arts,  and 
immortalized  hims -If  by  the  construction  of  the  Basilica,  Pinakothek, 
Walhalla,  and  other  public  works  and  monuments,  destined  to  be  re- 
positories of  works  of  art,  or  to  diffuse  a  love  of  art.  In  the  sphere  of 
learning,  he  encouraged  more  especially  historical  studies,  and  his  taste 
for  poetry  is  attested  by  his  own  publications,  "Gedichte,"  in  1829,  and 
*'  Walhalla's  Gtnossen,"  in  1843.  '^^^^^  ^^^^t  railroad  in  Germany  was 
opened  from  Nuremberg  to  Fürth,  in  1838.  In  1836  the  Ludwig-Canal, 
uniting  the  Main  with  the  Danube,  was  begun,  and  it  was  finished  in 
1845.    I"  ^^^^  ^^^^b'  P^^^t  ^^  ^^^^  ^^'^o^"*  ^^^'  ^""^^^  ^^^y  popular;  but  from  1831 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


533 


the  ultramontane  party  predominated  in  his  counsels,  and  m  1S47 
the  hostility  to  that  party,  and  to  Lola  Montez,  who  was  supposed  to 
have  great  infiuence  with  the  king,  led  him  to  resign  in  favor  of  his 
son  *  The  wife  of  Louis  I.  was  Theresa,  a  princess  of  Saxe-Altenburg. 
His  children  were  Maximilian  II.  ;  Matilda,  who  married  the  heir  of 
the  Grand  Duke  of  Hesse-Darmstadt ;  Otho,  King  of  Greece ;  Luit- 
nold,  who  married  Augusta,  daughter  of  the  Grand  Duke  Leopold  II. 
of  Tuscany;  Adelgunda,  who  married  Francis  V.,  Duke  of  Modena  ; 
Hildegarde,  who  married  the  Archduke  Albert  of  Austria;  Alexander, 
who  is  unmarried  ;  and  Adalbert,  who  married  Amalia,  daughter  ot 
the  Infant  of  Spain,  Don  Francisco  de  Paula. 

Maximilian  IL  was  unwilling  to  promote  the  union  of  Germany, 
which  was  considered  by  the  governments  both  of  Bavaria  and  Wur- 
temberg  as  only  Prussian  supremacy.      Maximilian  also  refused  to  be  a 
party  to  the  treaty  of  London,  in  1852,  which  undertook  to  regulate 
the  peaceable  union  of  the  Schleswig-Holstein  duchies  with  the  crown 
of  Denmark,  and  on  the  death  of  Frederic  he  declared  in  favor  of  the 
succession  of  the  Duke  of  Augustenburg,  whose  rights  he  was  ready  to 
defend  with  all  his  power.     In  1862  his  brother.  King  Otho  of  Greece, 
returned  to  Bavaria.    The  equivocal  position  in  which  Otho  was  placed, 
in  1853    between  the  allied  powers  on  the  one  hand,  and  his  subjects, 
whose  sympathies  were  strongly  in  favor  of  Russia,  on  the  other,  greatly 
increased  the  difficulties  of  his  situation.     His  council,  too.  was  com- 
posed of  men   unable   or  unwilling  to  support  him,  and  his  position 
became  year  by  year  more  and  more  difficult.     The  strong  pro-Rus- 
sianism  of  his  queen,  Frederica  Amelia  of  Oldenburg,  rendered  her  for 
some  time  a  favorite  ;  but  the  belief  that  Otho's  absolute  measures  were 
due  to  her  instigation  turned  the  tide  of  popular  hatred  so  strongly 
a-ainst  her  that  attempts  were  made  on  her  life.     At  length  a  formida- 
bte  insurrection  broke  out,  and,  to  avoid  the  effusion  of  blood,  Otho 


*•  From  the  coronation  of  Louis  I.,  in  October.  1825.  until  his  resignation,  in  March. 

1848.  he  expended— 

For  architecture 8,390,770  flonns. 

"     sculpture  and  painting       ....     I.465-39I 

"     furniture 655,672 

"  general  advancement  of  art  .  .  •  753-150 
His  residence  in  Munich,  after  his  resignation,  «as  the  palace  of  Wittelsbach ;  his  two 
favorite  sum.ner  residences  were  the  castles  of  Ludwigshöhe,  in  the  Palatinate,  on  the  left 
bank  of  the  Rhine,  and  Leopoldskrone,  in  Salzburg.  He  spent  a  third  of  h,s  mconte  m 
charity,  making  no  distinction  on  account  of  age,  sex,  rank,  or  religion  He  usually 
travel«!  a  great  deal,  and  there  are  few  towns  or  villages  in  Bavar.a  wh.ch  have  not 
reaped  their  share  of  his  attention  and  liberality.  He  died  at  Nice,  February  29.  1868. 
aged  eighty-two. 


534 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE, 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


535 


and  his  wife  returned  to  Bavaria.      Otho  died  at  Bamberg  in  1867, 
leaving  no  children. 

The  National  Assembly  elected  Prince  Alfred  of  England  for  their 
king.  On  the  refusal  of  this  prince  to  accept  the  throne,  their  choice 
fell  on  Prince  William  of  Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glucksburg, 
the  second  son  of  Christian  IX.,  King  of  Denmark,  who,  under  the 
title  of  George  I.,  King  of  the  Hellenes,  in  October,  1863,  assumed 
the  functions  of  royalty.  In  1867,  King  George  married  Olga,  elde  t 
daughter  of  the  Grand  Duke  Constantine  of  Russia. 

Maximilian  II.  of  Bavaria  died  in  1864.  His  wife  was  Mary,  Prin- 
cess of  Prussia. 

Louis  IL  succeeded  his  fiither,  Maximilian.  The  measures  of  gov- 
ernment since  his  accession  have  assumed  a  liberal  tendency;  one  of 
the  most  marked  was  the  law  for  a  full  amnesty  to  all  the  Bavarians 
and  Germans  implicated  in  tlie  insurrection  in  the  Palatinate  in  1849. 

Nieholas  /.—  The  influence  of  Nicholas  I.  on  the  affairs  of  Europe 
from  1830  to  1840  was  not  very  conspicuous.  After  crushing  Poland, 
he  drew  closer  his  alliance  with  Austria  and  Prussia.  In  1844  he  paid 
a  visit  to  Queen  Victoria,  and  subsequently  he  visited  the  Emperor  of 
Austria,  and,  in  1846,  Pope  Gregory  XVI.  He  abstained  from  inter- 
fering during  the  political  excitement  which  preceded  and  followed 
the  French  revolution  of  1848,  except  in  the  Danubian  principalities, 
until  his  assistance  was  invoked  by  Francis  Joseph  against  the  Hun- 
garians, whose  revolution  was  crushed  by  the  aid  of  Russian  troops, 
Görgey  surrendering  his  army  at  discretion  to  the  Russian  general 
Rüdiger,  acting  under  the  command  of  Paskiewitch,  at  Vilagos,  in 
August,  1849.  ^^'^  ^•■'^  East,  Nicholas  followed  the  traditions  of  his 
house  in  his  wars  of  conquest  in  Persia,  the  Caucasus,  and  Turkey. 
His  ambition  of  gaining  preponderance  in  Turkey  was  constantly 
perceptible  during  his  reign,  and  led,  in  1853,  on  occasion  of  the 
controversy  about  the  guardianship  of  the  Holy  Places  at  Jerusalem  and 
the  protectorate  over  the  Danubian  principalities,  to  the  rupture  with 
England  and  France  which  resulted  in  the  Crimean  War.  \\\  the 
si)ring  of  1853  he  had  an  interview  with  the  Emj)eror  of  Austria  at 
Olmütz ;  but  subsequently,  during  the  war,  the  latter  concluded  a 
treaty  with  the  allies,  occupied  the  Danubian  principalities,  and  con- 
centrated a  large  army  in  Galicia.  Nicholas  was  left  alone  to  fight 
the  combined  armies  of  France,  England,  Sardinia,  and  Turkey.  The 
repeated  defeats  and  losses  of  his  formidable  armies  and  fleets  produced 
a  deep  effect  upon  his  powerful  constitution,  and  hastened  his  death, 
the   more   immediate  cause  of  which  was  atrophy  of  the   lungs.      It 


was  not  till   February  28,  .855,  that  his  state  was  considered  very 
serious,  but  from  that  time  he  grew  rapidly  worse.      On  the  ist  ot 
March  he  calmly  received  the  report  of  the  physicians  in  regard  to  his 
critical  condition,  and  took  the  last  sacraments  early  the  next  morning. 
He  then  took  leave  of  the  Empress,  his  children,  and  grandchildren, 
and  blessed  each  one  of  them  with  a  firm  voice.     He  next  sent  for 
Counts  Orloff  and  Adlerberg,  and  Prince  Dolgoruki,  thanked  them 
for  their  fidelity,  and  bade  them  farewell.     Subsequently  he  took  leave 
of  the  servants  immediately  about  his  person,  on  which  occasion  he 
was  much  affected.     Last  of  all,  Madame  Rohrbeck,  the  lady-in-wait- 
ing  of  the  Empress,  was  sent  for,  whom  he  begged  never  to  quit  her 
mistress      While  his  father-confessor  was  speaking  to  him,  he  took  the 
Empress's  hand  and  put  it  into  the  priest's.     After  this  he  lost  h.s 
speech  for  awhile,  during  which  time  he  was  engaged  in  prayer,  and 
crossed  himself  repeatedly.     Almost  the  last  articulate  words  that  the 
Emperor  spoke  to  his  wife  were,  Ditcs  ä  Fritz  (the  Empress  s  brother, 
Frederic  William   IV.  of  Prussia)  de  rcstcr  toujours  le  mane  pour  la 
Russie,  et  de  ne  pas  ouMier  les  paroles  de  papa,-"T,\\  Fritz  to  remain 
always  the  same  to  Russia,  and  not  to  forget   the  words  of  papa. 
Nicholas  was  of  a  commanding  presence,  and  the  glance  of  his  large, 
clear,   cold,   blue-greenish  eyes   pierced    through   and   through.     No 
Muscovite  sovereign  ever  succeeded  in  inspiring   his  subjects  with  a 
more  fanatical  attachment  to  his  person  ;  and  wherever  the  lofty  stature 
and  imperial  port  of  Nicholas  appeared,  he  was  hailed  as  a  demi-god 
rather  than  a  man.     His  pride  rose  with  his  power,  and  at  times  he 
seemed  possessed  of  almost  superhuman  greatness.     Besides  his  eldest 
son  and  successor,  Alexander  II.,  his  children  are,  Maria,  widow  of 
the  Duke  of  Leuchtenberg  (son  of  Eugene  Beauharnais)  ;  Olga,  wife 
of  the  King  of  Wtirtemberg  ;  Constantine,  high-admiral;  Nicholas; 
and  Michael.     The  widow  of  Nicholas  died  in  St.  Petersburg,  Novem- 
ber 1,   i860.  •,        1        0,0        Ho 

Alexander  IL,  Emperor  of  Russia,  was  born  in  April,  1818.  He 
was  carefully  educated  by  his  father,  Nicholas,  who  professed  himself 
delighted  with  the  manifestations  of  "  true  Russian  spirit  in  h.s  son. 
At  "ixteen  he  was  declared  of  age,  made  commandant  of  the  Lancers 
of  the  Guard,  Hetman  of  the  Cossacks,  first  aide-de-camp  of  the  Em- 
peror, and  subjected  daily  to  a  life  of  manoeuvring,  reviewing,  and 
military  parade!  which  at  last  seriously  injured  h.s  health.  H.  then 
traveled  through  Germany  to  recruit  his  energies,  and,  while  there 
concluded  a  marriage  with  the  Princess  Maria,  daughter  of  the  Grand 
Duke  of  Darmstadt,  in  1841.     He  now  vigorously  applied  himself  to 


«I 


<?'' 


536 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


537 


his  duties  as  chancellor  of  the  University  of  Finland.  By  his  dexterous 
and  subtle  manners  he  insinuated  himself  into  the  affections  of  the 
Finns,  and  weakened  their  love  of  independence.  He  founded  a  chair 
of  the  Finnish  language  and  literature,  patronized  the  academy  for  the 
culture  of  Finnish  literature,  and  defrayed  the  expenses  of  remote 
explorations  undertaken  by  their  savans,  such  as  Cygna^us,  Wallin, 
and  Castren.  In  1850  he  visited  Southern  Russia,  Nicola'ieff,  Sebas- 
topol,  Teflis,  Erivan,  etc.  It  is  said  that  he  witnessed  with  regret  the 
attitude  which  his  flither  assumed  towards  Europe,  and  that  he  alto- 
gether disapproved  of  the  Crimean  War.  On  his  accession  to  the 
throne,  March  2,  1855,  he  found  himself  in  a  very  critical  position. 
He  had  two  parties  to  conciliate  at  home, — the  old  Muscovite  party, 
blindly  zealous  for  war,  and  the  more  peaceable  and  intelligent  portion 
of  the  nation,  who  possessed  his  personal  sympathies.  He  pursued  a 
course  calculated  to  encourage  both  ;  spoke  of  adhering  to  the  policy 
of  his  ''illustrious  ancestors,"  and  at  the  same  time  concluded  peace. 
Since  then,  he  has  shown  a  strong  desire  to  purge  the  internal  admin- 
istration of  its  impurities;  he  has  sharply  rebuked  the  corruption  of 
functionaries,  and  severely  punished  some  as  a  warning  to  the  rest. 
An  honorable  recognition  has  been  given  to  public  instruction,  which 
he  has  freed  from  military  influence  where  it  absurdly  existed,  as  in 
the  Law  School  of  St.  Petersburg,  and  has  placed  it  under  his  own 
direct  and  personal  superintendence.  His  moderation  even  stimulated 
the  hopes  of  the  Poles.  By  a  ukase  of  May  27,  1856,  he  granted  per- 
mission to  return  home  to  all  Polish  exiles  who  were  willing  to  express 
repentance  «for  the  past;  but  though  desirous  of  preserving  the  nation- 
ality of  Poland,  he  will  not  have  it  separated  from  the  ''great  Russian 
flimily."  The  grandest  achievement  of  his  reign,  however,  as  yet,  is 
the  emancipation  of  the  Russian  serfs  in  1861,  and  of  the  Polish  serfs 
in  1864.  An  attempt  was  made  to  assassinate  him  at  Paris,  in  June, 
1867,  while  on  a  visit  to  Napoleon  III. 

FRANCE. 

In  1S48,  France  adopted  a  republican  constitution,  and  proceeded 
to  elect  a  president  to  hold  the  executive  power  for  four  years.  There 
were  six  candidates,  Lamartine,  Ledru  Rollin,  Raspail,  Generals  Chan- 
garnier  and  Cavaignac,  and  Louis  Napoleon,  strong  in  the  prestige 
of  a  name,  and  hailed  by  the  people  as  the  representative  of  that  world- 
renowned  Emperor  whom  France  can  never  forget.  The  result  of  the 
election  surprised  every  one.  Seven  and  a  half  millions  of  votes  were 
polled  in  the  nation,  and  of  these  five  and  a  half  millions  were  cast 


for  Louis  Napoleon,  who  was  inaugurated  president  on  the  20th  of 
December.     Louis  Napoleon,  the  son  of  Louis  Bonaparte  and  Hortense 
Beauharnais,  the  King  and  Queen  of  Holland,  was  born  in  the  palace 
of  the  Tuileries,  April   20,   1808,  and   being   the  first  prince  of  the 
Napoleonic  dynasty  born  under  the  imperial  regime,  and  the  only  one 
living  at  the  time  of  his  election  as  President  of  the  French  Republic, 
he  considered  himself,  and  was  acknowledged,  as  the  legitimate  repre- 
sentative of  the  Emperor  Napoleon,  and  the  heir  to  his  empire.     The 
constitution  of  1848  provided  that  it  might  be  revised  by  a  vote  of 
three-fourths  of  the  Assembly  during  the  last  year  of  the  presidential 
term,  and  that  the  president  should  be  ineligible  to  re-election  until 
after'an  interval  of  four  years.     Early  in  1851  the  question  of  revision 
was  brought  before  the  Assembly,  and  soon  the  strife  of  parties  was  fast 
bringing  matters  to  a  crisis  that  would  probably  have  ended  in  anarchy 
and  civil  war,  when  suddenly,  unexpectedly,  and  quietly,  Louis  Na- 
poleon put  forth  his  hand,  grasped  the  reins  of  power,  and,  crushing 
the  constitution,  overwhelmed  all  opposition  to  his  will.     Again  the 
votes   of   the   nation   were    taken,   when   the   official    returns  showed 
nearly  seven  and  a  half  millions  in  his  favor,  and  but  little  more  than 
half  a  million  against  him.      It   intrusted   the  government  to  Louis 
Napoleon  {ox  ten  years.     He  was  an  Emperor  in  all  but  name;   and 
before  a  year  had  passed  he  assumed  that  title,  apparently  with  the 
consent  and  by  the  desire  of  the  nation.     Napoleon's  first  step  after 
securing    the    imperial  throne  was  the  consummation  of  a  marriage, 
by  which  his  family  might  be  perpetuated  ;  and  with  this  view  the 
ambassadors  at   the  several  European   courts  were  directed   to  make 
proposals  for  negotiating  a  match.     For  some  unexplained  reason  he 
was  met  with  a  refusal  on  every  hand,  and  therefore  selected  for  him- 
self a    Spanish    lady,  Mile.  Eugenie  de  Montijo,  Countess  de  Teba, 
and   the    marriage  took  place  in   January,  1853.     The  beginning  of 
this  year  was  noted  for  the  dissensions  between  Russia  and  Turkey  in 
relation  to  the  guardianship  of  the  "  Holy  Places,"-the  Porte  con- 
sidering the  claim  of  the  Czar  to  exercise  a  protectorate  over  the  Greek 
Christians  in  the  Turkish  dominions  as  an  infringement  of  her  sover- 
eign rights.     By  the  advice  of  the  British  and  French  ministers,  the 
de'iiiands  of  the  Czar  were  rejected.     At  first  the  Turks  were  successful 
in  several  battles,  but  a  Turkish  fleet  at  Sinope,  on  the  Black  Sea,  was 
completely  destroyed  by  a  Russian  naval  force,  and  the  admiral  taken 
prisoner       The  Western  powers  were  aroused,  and  the   French  and 
En-lish  squadrons  were  ordered  into  the  Black  Sea,   to  protect  the 
Turks;  and  in  April,  1854,  ninety  thousand  French  and  British  troops 


538 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA  LORRAINE. 


set  out  for  the  Danube  under  the  command  of  Marshal  St.  Arnaud  and 
Lord  Raglan.  The  most  powerful  fleet  ever  equipped  was  dispatched 
to  the  Baltic  under  the  command  of  Sir  Charles  Napier.  The  allies 
landed  in  the  Crimea,  and  defeated  the  Russians  at  Alma.  Balak- 
lava  and  Inkermann  followed,  and  then  siege  was  laid  to  Sebastopol. 

In  March,  1S55,  the  Emperor  Nicholas  died,  and  the  Grand  Duke 
Alexander,  who  succeeded  him,  announced  his  intention  of  carrying 
out  his  father's  policy.  The  siege  of  Sebastopol  occupied  twelve 
months,  and  more  than  one  hundred  thousand  men  ])erished  by  wounds 
and  disease  within  and  before  its  walls.  It  was  during  this  war  that 
Florence  Nightingale  rendered  such  essential  service  to  the  sick  and 
wounded  soldiers,  that  her  name  will  go  down  to  posterity  among 
those  of  the  greatest  philanthropists  the  world  has  known.  An  armis- 
tice was  proclaimed  between  the  opposing  armies  early  in  1856,  and  a 
few  weeks  after,  the  plenipotentiaries  of  Great  Britain,  France,  Russia, 
Austria,  Sardinia,  and  Turkey  assembled  in  Paris  and  settled  on  the 
terms  of  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  was  signed  in  March,  1856.  The 
first  point  guaranteed  the  neutralization  of  the  Black  Sea,  all  the  Rus- 
sian forts  and  arsenals  on  which  were  to  be  destroyed.  By  the  second, 
Russia  gave  up  all  pretension  to  interference  with  the  internal  admin- 
istration of  the  Turkish  government.  The  third  point  guaranteed  the 
right  of  vessels  of  all  nations  to  navigate  the  Danube.  The  fourth 
secured  to  the  Christian  subjects  of  the  Sultan  certain  immunities  and 
privileges.  The  fifth  stipulated  that  Nicolaieff  should  be  dismantled, 
and  made  certain  regulations  concerning  the  Aland  Islands,  Ismail,  and 
Bomarsund.  The  treaty  was  signed  with  an  eagle's  quill,  elegantly 
mounted  with  gold  and  gems,  which  was  then  presented  to  the  Empress 
Eugenie,  who  had  expressed  a  desire  to  preserve  it  as  a  memorial  of 
the  event.  A  discharge  of  one  hundred  and  one  guns  at  the  Invalides 
proclaimed  the  tidings  of  peace  to  the  delighted  inhabitants  of  the 
French  capital,  who  recalled  to  mind  the  fact  that  on  that  day  forty- 
two  years  previously  the  battle  of  Paris  was  fought,  and  that  on  the 
following  day  the  Russians  dictated  terms  of  peace  in  the  place  where 
now  their  ambassadors  came  to  crave  it.  The  alliance  between  France 
and  England  had  rendered  Napoleon  III.  so  popular  in  the  latter 
country  that,  in  1855,  he  and  the  Empress  Eugenie  paid  a  visit  to 
Queen  Victoria  in  her  own  dominions,  where  he  was  received  with 
great  enthusiasm.  The  pleasure  of  the  Emperor  was  somewhat  damped 
shortly  after  his  return  home  by  an  attempt  to  assassinate  him  while 
riding  near  the  Barriere  de  I'Etoile.  A  few  months  subsequently  the 
British  queen  returned  the  visit  of  her  imperial  neighbor,  when   the 


4 


« 

^ 
t 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


539 


great  centre  of  modern  civilization,  luxury,  art,  science,  and  fashion 
exhausted  all  her  resources  in  endeavoring  to  delight  the  royal  visitor. 
On  the  14th  of  March,  1855,  the  Empress  Eugenie  gave  birth  to  a  son, 
an  event  which  was  hailed  throughout  France  with  the  most  extrava- 
gant demonstrations  of  joy.     In  September,  1857,  a  formal  interview 
took  place  at  Stuttgart  between  the  French  and  Russian  Emperors,  at 
which  the  Russian  Empress  and  the  Queen  of  Greece  were  present. 
The  conference  was  held  at  the  palace  of  the  King  of  Würtemberg, 
and  continued  four  days.      It  is  understood  that  one  of  the  points  set- 
tled was  a  definition  of  the    limits  within  which    Russia   and    Great 
Britain  will  in  future  be  permitted  to  extend  their  Eastern  conquests. 
In  January,  1858,  as  the  carriage  containing  the  Emperor  and  Empress 
of  France  was  approaching  the  Italian  opera-house,  three  hollow  pro- 
jectiles, aimed   at  his   person,  burst  beneath  his  feet,  without   injury 
to  either  Napoleon  or  Eugenie,  but  killing  and  wounding  many  per- 
sons who  surrounded  the  imperial  carriage.     The  parties  who  perpe- 
trated this  dastardly  outrage  were  Italian  refugees,  named  Orsini  and 
Pierri,  who  were  immediately  seized,  and  shortly  after  executed.    Great 
offense  was  given  to  the  liberal  party  in   England  by  the  measures 
taken  by  the  French  government  to  guard  against  further  attempts  to 
assassinate  the  Emperor,  and  Lord  Palmerston  having  been  censured 
for  too  much  subserviency  to  the  dictation  of  Louis  Napoleon  in  rela- 
tion to  these  measures,  his  lordship  resigned  his  position  as  prime  min- 
ister to  quell  the  storm  of  popular  indignation.     However,  the  good 
understanding  between  the  two  nations  was  not  materially  disturbed ; 
and  Queen  Victoria  was  present  at  the  ceremonies  consequent  upon  the 
opening  of  the  great  basin  in  the  harbor  of  Cherbourg,  France.     On 
the  4th  of  August,  1858,  the   Queen  of  England   and   Prince  Albert 
were  entertained  on  board  the   French  man-of-war  Bretagne  by  the 
Emperor  and  Empress ;  afterwards  the  royal  party  landed,  and  inspected 
the  fortifications.     Her  majesty  and  the  prince  consort  departed  on 
the  5th,  under  a  triple  salute;  and  the  fetes,  which  were  continued 
until  the  8th,  were  closed  by  the  inauguration  of  the  statue  of  Napo- 
leon.    A  marriage  was  negotiated  between  Prince  Napoleon,  a  cousin 
of  the  Emperor,  and  the  Princess  Clotilda,  daughter  of  the  King  of 
Sardinia,  an  avowed  antagonist  of  Austria  on  the  question  of  Italian 

independence. 

^  AUSTRIA. 

Francis  Joseph,  the  reigning  Emperor  of  Austria,  born  August  18, 
i8'>o  is  the  eldest  son  of  the  Archduke  Francis  Charles,  and  nephew 
of^tlie  Emperor  Ferdinand  I.     He  was  educated  under  the  care  of 


540 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


Count  Bombelles,  and  was  early  inspired  with  ambition  by  his  mother, 
the  Archduchess  Sophia,  daughter  of  Maximilian  Joseph,  King  of  Ba- 
varia,  and  sister  of  the  Queens  of  Prussia  and  Saxony,— a  handsome, 
energetic  woman,  who  possessed  more  influence  and  enterprising  spirit 
than  either  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  or  her  husband,  the  heir-presump- 
tive to  the  throne.     Like  his  uncle  Ferdinand,  he  was  taught  to  speak 
the  various  languages  of  his  polyglot  empire, — the  German,  Hungarian, 
Sclavonian,  Latin,  Wallachian,  Turkish,   modern  Greek,  Italian,  and 
French;   he  also  became  a  skillful  rider,  and  was  fond  of  military  dis- 
plays.   Sent  to  Pesth,  in  1847,  ^o  install  his  cousin  Stephen  as  Palatine 
of  Hungary,  he  spoke  Hungarian  to  the  assembled  nobles,  and  even 
gained  some  popularity.     This,  however,  was  of  short  duration.     The 
revolutions  of  1848  having  brought  the  Austrian  Empire  to  the  brink 
of  dissolution,  his  mother  became  the  leading  spirit  in  the  counter- 
revolutionary plots  which  saved   it.      Francis  Joseph  was  sent  to  the 
army  of  Italy,  and  was  fovorably  mentioned  in  some  reports  of  Ra- 
detzky.     Lombardy  having  been  reconquered  by  that  general,  Prague 
and  Vienna  subdued  by  Windischgratz,  and  the  Hungarians  defeated 
before  Vienna,  it  seemed  to  the  Archduchess  Sophia  that  the  moment 
had  arrived  for  completing  her  work.      Francis  Joseph  was  declared  of 
age  December  i,  1848,  at  the  temporary  court  of  Olmiitz,  and  on  the 
following  day  his  father  resigned  his  right  to  the  succession,  and  the 
Emperor  his  crown,  in  fcivor  of  the  youthful  prince.    Hungary  had  still 
to  be  conquered,  and  a  constituent  Austrian  parliament  was  assembled 
at  Kremsir.      The  young  Emperor  in  his  inaugural  proclamation  prom- 
ised a  constitutional,  progressive,  and  liberal  reign.     Its  beginning  was 
successful.     The  Hungarians  under  Görgey  retreated  before  Windisch- 
gratz, giving  up  Presburg,  Raab,  Buda,  and  Pesth;  Guyon  and   Perc- 
zel  were   routed  ;    Schlick  was  victorious  in    the  north  of  Hungary. 
The  battle  of  Kapolna,  which  was  announced  by  Prince  Windischgratz 
as  a  decisive  victory  over  the  united  main  army  of  the  rebels,   was 
believed  to  have  given  the  finishing  blow  to  the  revolution  in  Hungary. 
On  receiving  this  news,  the  Emperor  dissolved  the  Austrian  parliament, 
ordered  the  arrest  of  its  liberal  members,  and  promulgated  a  new  con- 
stitution of  his  own.      But  on  the  very  next  morning  the  victory  of 
Damjanics  at  Szolnok  destroyed  the  delusions  of  Windischgratz,  and 
now  the   imperial  army  suffered  defeat  after  defeat  in   Hungary  and 
Transylvania.      Radetzky,  however,  was  again  victorious  over  Charles 
Albert    in    Italy.     To   subdue    Hungary,   foreign    aid   was    necessary. 
Francis  Joseph,  therefore,  went  to  Warsaw  to  invoke  the  assistance  of 
the  Emperor  Nicholas.     This  was  granted,  and  Hungary  was  invaded 


CONTEMPO  RA  RIES. 


541 


from  every  quarter.     Francis  Joseph  himself  went  for  some  time  to 
that  country,  and  was  present  at  the  capture  of  Raab.     After  the  fall 
of  the  revolution,  its  leaders  who  had  surrendered  were  severely  pun-     . 
ished.     One  day  witnes-sed   the  execution  of  Count  Batthyanyi    the 
Hungarian  Egmont,  at  Pesth,  and  of  thirteen  generals  at  Arad,  all  of 
whom  had  surrendered.     The  dungeons  of  the  empire  were  filled  with 
victims.      Görgey   alone   was  spared.      Soon   after   the   surrender   of 
Venice  and  Comorn,  which  inaugurated  the  unlimited  centralizing  s^vay 
of  the  minister  of  the  interior,  Bach  and  Prince  Felix  Schwarzenberg 
resumed  with  new  energy  the  management  of  foreign  affairs.     The 
revolutio  .ary  schemes  of  a  German  union  apart  from  Austria  had  been 
defeated  ;  and  now  the  schemes  of  Prussia  for  forming  a  separate  union 
with  a  number  of  smaller  German  states  were  discomfited.     In  Octo- 
ber   1850,  Francis  Joseph  mustered  his  South  German  allies  at  Bregenz, 
and  in  November  Prussia  yielded  to  their  threatening  attitude.     Aus- 
trian influence  prevailed  in  restoring  the  ancient  order  in  the  electorate 
of  Hesse  and  in  Schleswig-Holstein,  as  well  as  the  ancient  federal  diet 
at  Frankfort.     After  the  death  of  Schwarzenberg,  who  was  succeeded 
by  Count    Buol-Schauenstein  as    minister  of  foreign   affairs     Francis 
Joseph  renewed  his  friendly  relations  with  Frederic  William  I\ .  in  an 
interview  at   Berlin,   in    December,    1852,   which  was   followed   by   a 
treaty  of  commerce  in  February,  1853.     ^  the  mean  time,  absolutism 
was  gradually  re-established  within  the  empire.     The  national  guards 
were  dissolved,  the  freedom  of  the  press  was  put  down    and    finally, 
the  constitution  itself,  which  had  been  in  operation,  was  abolished  Jan- 

"'The'unfivorable  reception  which  the  Emperor  met  with  in  Hungary 
on  a  journey  undertaken  in  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  proved  that 
that  country  felt  it  was  treated  like  a  conquered  province      An  out- 
break at  Milan,  in  1853,  which  was  suppressed  by  Radetzky,  evinced 
the    revolutionary   spirit   of    Lombardy.       In    the    same    year,   while 
walking  on  the  public  promenade  of  Vienna,  the  Emperor  was  furiously 
attacked  with  a  knife  by  a  young  Hungarian  tailor,  named  Libenyi,  who 
h.d    for  months  meditated   and  coolly  prepared  for  this  deed.     The 
wound  inflicted  was  regarded  as  threatening  to  the  life,  and  afterwards 
to  the  .ight,  of  the  monarch,  who,  however,  slowly  recovered.  Libenyi, 
who  had  been  disarmed  with  difficulty,  died  on  the  gallows  l-testing  his 
fidelity  to  republicanism  and  Hungary.     A  few  months  after,  the  Em- 
peror Nicholis  paid  Francis  Joseph  a  visit  at  Olmutz  but  the  attitude  of 
he  latter  in  the  war  in  Turkey,  which  soon  followed,  and  dur in g^^^^^^^^^ 
he  concluded  a  treaty  with  the  allies,  in  1854,  occupied  the  Danubian 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 

principalities,  and  concentrated  a  large  army  in  Galicia,  was  far  from 
satisfying  either  Russia  or  her  enemies.     The  treaty  of  Paris,  in  1856, 
which  terminated  tlie  great  struggle,  was  signed  on  the  part  of  Austria 
by  Biiol  and  Hiibner.     The  expenses  of  all  these  diplomatic  and  mili- 
tary  undertakings  were  met  by  means  of  extravagant  and  often  violent 
financial  operat^ions.     In  April,  1854,  Francis  Joseph  married  Eliza- 
beth, daughter  of  the  Bavarian  Duke  Maximilian  Joseph  of  Zweibruc- 
ken-Birkenfeld,  who,  in   1855,  bore  him  a  dnughter,  Sophia;  in  1856, 
another,  Gisela;  and  in  1858,  a  son,  Rudolph.     The  first-born  child 
died  during  a  second  imperial  journey  through  Hungary,  in  1857,  at 
Buda      In  October  of  the  same  year,  Francis  Joseph  received  a  visit  at 
Vienna  from  Alexander  II.  of  Russia,  which  quieted  the  apprehensions 
caused  by  a  preceding  interview  of  the  same  monarch  with  Napoleon 
III    at  Stuttgart.      While  Austrian  diplomacy  was  thus  successful  in  its 
various  operations,  it  was  most  effectually  active  in  Italy.  A  concordat 
concluded  with  the   See  of  Rome,  in   1855,  conferred  extraordinary 
rights  upon  the  Roman  Catholic  bishops  and  the  Jesuits,  and  private 
treaties  with  Tuscany,  Parma,  and  Modena,  made  Austrian  influence 
predominant  in  the  peninsula. 

When   Charles  Albert,  King  of  Sardinia,  espoused  the  cause  of  the 
revolted  Lombards,  in  1848,  and  was  defeated  by  Radetzky  in  a  pitched 
battle  at  Novara,  he  abdicated  in  favor  of  his  son,   Victor  Emmanuel 
11.,'^  went  to  Portugal,  and  died  there  of  a  broken  heart.     The  young 
kin-  sued  for  peace,  which  was  granted  on  condition  that  he  should 
not^'intermeddle  with  the  affairs  of  Austrian  Italy,  nor  advance  beyond 
a  certain  point  for  ten  years,-from  1849  to  1859.     The  stipulated  time 
having  elapsed,  Victor  Emmanuel  was  not  only  making  active  prepara- 
tions for  war,  but  had   secured  the  aid  of   France.     The  immediate 
cause  of  hostilities  seems  to  have  been   the  extensive  armaments  of 
France  and  Sardinia,  which  Russia  proposed  to  stop  by  an  adjustment 
of  the  difficulty  through  the  medium  of  a  conference  of  the  great  powers 
of  Europe.     The    British    government,  with   the  concurrence  of  the 
French,  presented  to  Francis  Joseph  four  points  as  bases  of  negotiation, 
which  the  latter  professed  his  willingness  to  accept,  with  certain  modi- 
fications, but  insisted  upon  the  immediate  disarming  of  Sardinia.     1  his 
being  unanimously  objected  to  by  the  other  powers,  Francis  Joseph 
suggested,  as  a  substitute,  a  general  and  immediate  disarmament  of  all 
the  powers.     The  British  cabinet  proposed  that  the  principle  be  ad- 
mitted, and  that  its  execution  be  regulated  by  a  commission,  in  which 


*  Victor  Emmanuel  married  the  Archduchess  Adelaide  of  Austria  in  1842. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


543 


Sardinia  should  be  represented  ;  and  also  that  the  Italian  states  should 
be  admitted  to  a  participation  in  the  congress  of  the  five  powers. 

To  these  propositions  France,  Russia,  Prussia,  and  Sardinia  acceded  ; 
but  Austria  demurred,  and  insisted  that  Sardinia  should  disarm  at  once, 
to  which  the  other  powers  would  not  consent.     Austria  then  sent  to 
Sardinia  her  ultimatum,  dated  April  21,  1859,  which  contained  a  per- 
emptory demand    for  the   disbanding  of  her  Italian  volunteers,  and 
allowing   but  three  days  for  a  reply,  which,  if  adverse,  would  be  fol- 
lowed by  the   immediate  commencement  of  hostilities.     Victor  Em- 
manuel refused  to  comply,  and  convened  the  chambers,  who  invested 
him  with  dictatorial   powers.     Simultaneously  with  the   last   demand, 
Austria  dispatched   eighty  thousand   troops  to  Italy,  in  addition   to 
those  already  there;   and  on  the  26th  of  April  three  divisions  of  the 
Austrian  army,  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  strong,  crossed  the 
Ticino,  and  invaded  Sardinia.     A  strong  feeling  in  favor  of  Sardinia 
existed    throughout    Italy;    and   early  in  April,   the  Grand   Duke   of 
Tuscany,  rather  than  embark  in   a  war  against  Austria,  to  which  he 
was  urged  by  the  Marquis  of  Lajatico  and  the  officers  of  his  army,  left 
his  dominions.     When  the  tidings  of  the  Austrian  demand  upon  Sar- 
dinia were  received  in  Paris,  Count  Walewski  presented  to  the  Corps 
Legislatif  a  manifest,  drawn  up  by  order  of  Louis  Napoleon,  which, 
after  giving   an   account  of   the    proceedings   that    had    taken   place, 
concluded  thus:   '*  In  presence  of  this  state  of  things,  if  Sardinia  is 
menaced,  if,  as  everything  leads   it  to  be  presumed,  her  territory  is 
invaded,  France  cannot  hesitate  to  respond  to  the  appeal  of  a  nation, 
her  ally,  to  which  she  is  bound  by  common  interests  and  traditional 
sympathies,  regenerated  by  a  recent  confraternity  in  arms,  and  by  the 
union  contracted  between  the  two  reigning  houses."     By  the  rapidity 
of  her  movements,  Austria  evidently  hoped  to  annihilate  the  army  of 
the  Sardinians  before  the  arrival  of  the  French  troops;  but  the  latter 
were  pushed  forward  with  such  dispatch,  across  the  Alps  by  land,  and 
by  sea  to  Genoa,  that  in  a  few  days  the  allies  were  fully  as  strong  as 
the  Austrians.     The  latter,  after  advancing  about  forty  miles  into  the 
Sardinian  territory,  spread  themselves  over  the  most  fertile  provinces 
of  Piedmont,  and  levied  exhausting  contributions  upon  the  inhabitants. 
On  the    loth  of  May,   Napoleon   III.,  confiding    the  regency  to   the 
Empress,  set  out  for  Italy  to  take  command  of  the  army  in   person, 
and  arrived  at  Genoa  on  the  12th,  where  he  was  welcomed  with  the 
utmost  enthusiasm.     His  first  '*  order  of  the  day"  resembled  in  its 
style  the  addresses  by  which  the  first  Napoleon  was  wont  to  excite 
the  ardor  and  arouse  the  enthusiasm  of  his  soldiers.     But  the  allies 


544 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


were  prevented  from  advancing  in  force  by  the  lack  of  full  supplies, 
unfavorable  weather,  and  inundations,  so  that,  beyond  unimportant 
skirmishes  of  advanced  parties,  no  actual  engagement  took  place  until 
May  20,  when  a  severe  action  was  fought  at  Montebello,  on  the  very 
spot  where,  June  9,  1800,  the  Austrians  were  defeated  by  Marshal 
Lannes.  General  Garibaldi,  with  a  force  consisting  chiefly  of  Italian 
volunteers,  was  sent  northward  to  carry  the  war  into  Lombardy  ;  and, 
crossim.^  the  frontier,  he  took  possession  of  Varese,  where  he  was 
attacked  by  an  Austrian  force,  which  he  repulsed.  After  a  severe  fight, 
he  entered  Como,  and  the  Austrians  retreated  to  Camerletta,  where 
the  combat  was  again  renewed,  with  the  result  of  compelling  the 
Austrians  again  to  retreat  towards  Milan,  and  all  the  steamers  on  Lake 
Maggiore  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  allies. 

Francis  Joseph   now  left  Vienn-a  for  the  seat  of  war.     Victor  Em- 
manuel drove  the  Austrians  from  Palestro,  and  General  Niel  entered 
Novara.     Then  followed   the  great  battle  of  Magenta,  in  which   the 
Austrians   lost   twenty  thousand    in    killed    and  wounded,  and   seven 
thousand    prisoners.       Immediately  after    this    battle    Napoleon    and 
Victor  Emmanuel  entered   Milan,  which   had   been  evacuated  by  the 
Austrians,  and  were  enthusiastically  received  by  the  inhabitants.     Na- 
poleon issued  a  proclamation  to  the  Italians,  defining  his  position  and 
promising  them  national  independence;  and  Victor  Emmanuel  also 
published   a   proclamation    to   the   people   of  Lombardy,    announcing 
the  union  of  that  country  with  Sardinia.     In  June,  the  battle  of  Me- 
legnano  was  gained  by  the  allies,  and  two  weeks  afterwards  the  terrible 
battle  of  Solferino  took  place,  which  raged  from  five  o'clock  in  the 
morning  until  a  late  hour  in  the  afternoon,  when  the  Austrians  began 
to  retreat  along  their  entire  line,  favored  by  a  fearful  storm,  and  when 
the  weather  cleared  up  they  had  disappeared.     On  the  8th  of  July,  an 
a:mistice  was  concluded  between  the  belligerents,  to  continue  until  the 
15th  of  August;  and  on  the   nth  of  the  same  month,  Napoleon  an- 
nounced to\is  army  that  a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  signed  between 
Francis  Joseph   and    himself,   on   the   following  basis:    i,  an  Italian 
confederation   to  be   formed,  under  the  honorary  presidency  of  the 
Pope ;  2,  Lombardy  to  be  ceded  to  France  in  trust  for  Victor  Emmanuel ; 
3,  Venice  to  be  retained  by  Austria,  but  to  form  an  integral  part  of  the 
Italian  confederation.     The  interview  between  the  two  Emperors  took 
place  at  ViUafranca,  and  was  the  result  of  a  letter  from  Napoleon,  to 
which  Francis  Joseph  returned  a  courteous  reply.     The  treaty  was 
concluded   at  the  time  without  any  reference  to  the  other  powers  of 
Europe,    and    created    some   dissatisfa^ction,    particularly    among    the 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


545 


Sardinians,  whose  king  did  not  hesitate  to  express  his  regret.     Count 
Cavour,  the  Sardinian  prime  minister,  immediately  resigned  his  office. 
This  peace  of  ViUafranca  cut  Italy  to  the  heart,  but  enabled  the  Em- 
peror  to  return  to  Paris  with  the  prestige  of  a  conqueror ;  after  which 
he  took  the  necessary  steps  for  the  convention  of  a  European  congress 
at  Zurich,  to  settle  the  minutiae  of  a  permanent  treaty  of  peace;   but 
he   was   bitterly  disappointed  when    Italy  pronounced   for   a   united 
nationality  under  Victor  Emmanuel.      In    1861,   Napoleon    induced 
England  and  Spain  to  join  him  in  an   invasion  of  Mexico,  and  m 
a   letter    to    General    Forey   announced   his   self-imposed    mission  to 
reconstruct  the  Latin  race  in  America  and  rebuild  the  fallen  edifice 
of  its  power.      At  that  time  there  was  no  favorable  opportunity  for 
Napoleon  to  interfere  actively  in  European  affairs.    The  American  civil 
war  absorbed  the  attention  of  the  older  nations,  and  they  were  more 
vitally  interested  in  its  results  than  was  then  apparent  on  the  surface. 
This  Mexican  expedition  was  a  threat,  an  impertinence,  an  indirect  in- 
terference in  American  affairs.    It  was  meant  to  be  the  first  step  towards 
an  intervention  on  behalf  of  the  South.     The  dismemberment  of  the 
United  States  would  have  been  the  triumph  of  dynastic  ideas  through- 
out the  world,  and  there  was  nothing  apparently  which  Napoleon  more 
ardently  wished.     The  withdrawal   of  England  and  Spam   from  the 
expedition  was  so  quietly  and  respectfully  accomplished  that  the  good 
understanding  of  France  with  those  nations  was  not  disturbed      The 
crown  of  Mexico  was  offered  to  Maximilian,  brother  of  Francis  Joseph. 
The   French    army  under   Bazaine  won  a  few  easy  triumphs  in  the 
country,  and  the  most  that  was  possible  was  made  out  of  Maximilian  s 
temporary  investiture  with  the  purple  in  1864.     Two  things  baffled  the 
nicely-arranged  plans  of  the  French  Emperor,  the  Proclamation  of 
Emancipation,  issued  by  Abraham  Lincoln,  declaring  -  forever  free 
all  the  slaves  in  the  States  in  rebellion,"  and  the  steady  friendship 
of  Russia.     The  moral  support  of  the  English  masses,  and  the  conse- 
quent caution  of  the  English  government,  saved  the  United  States 
from  what  was,  for  a  short  time,  a  very  imminent  danger.     In  1864, 
Francis  Joseph  co-operated  with  William  I.  of  Prussia  against  Schles- 
wig-Holstein ;    and   in   1866   he  was   at  war  with   Prussia,   and    was 
defeated  at  Sadowa  with   great   loss.      In    the  same   year   he  ceded 
Venetia  to   Napoleon,  and,  greatly  humiliated,  was  by  the  treaty  of 
Prague  excluded  from  the  German  Confederation.     The  civi    war  in 
the  United  States  ended  in  the  triumph  of  the  North,  in  1865.     In 
X867,  Maximilian,  Emperor  of  Mexico,  deserted  by  J^js  foreigii  allies, 
was  defeated  and  shot.     This  was  the  severest  blow  which  the  dynastic 

35 


540 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRlA-LOf^RAINE. 


system  had  received  since  the  French  Revolution, — this  the  Nemesis 
which  overtook  Napoleon  III.  three  years  afterwards.  The  heavy 
blows  of  fortune  caused  Francis  Joseph  to  listen  to  judicious  coun- 
selors, and,  granting  autonomy  to  Hungary,  he  was,  with  extraordi- 
nary pomp,  crowned  its  king,  and  the  loyalty  of  that  nation  was 
secured.  He  promulgated  one  of  the  most  liberal  constitutions  of 
Continental  Europe,  guaranteeing  freedom  of  religion  and  conscience, 
and  the  freedom  of  the  press. 

Maximiliafi,  Emperor  of  Mexico,  was  the  son  of  the  Archduke 
Francis  Charles  and  of  Sophia  of  Bavaria.  He  was  born  on  the  6th 
of  July,  1832.  In  1846  he  entered  the  Austrian  navy.  On  the  27th 
of  July,  1859,  he  married  the  unfortunate  Maria  Carlotta,  daughter  of 
Leopold  I.  of  Belgium.  He  was  appointed  admiral  of  the  Austrian 
navy  in  1859,  and  retained  this  position  until  his  acceptance  of  the 
Mexican  crown.  During  his  administration  of  this  high  office  in  his 
own  country,  he  introduced  many  important  reforms  in  the  navy,  and 
he  left  his  post  amid  universal  regret. 

Napoleon  III.  wrote  to  General  Forey  that  it  was  not  to  recover  a 
paltry  debt  of  a  few  millions,  but  '*  to  restore  to  the  Latin  race  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Atlantic  all  its  strength  and  prestige."  **  It  was  not 
for  the  interests  of  France  that  the  United  States  should  take  posses- 
sion of  the  whole  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  be  the  sole  dispensers  of  the 
produce  of  the  New  World."  To  carry  out  these  ideas  was  Maxi- 
milian's calling  in  Mexico.  It  was  a  year  and  a  half  after  the  invaders 
landed  before  they  reached  the  city  of  Mexico.  It  was  in  December, 
1 86 1,  when,  after  the  disasters  of  Bull  Run  and  Ball's  Bluff,  loyal 
hopes  had  sunk,  and  foreigners  looked  forward  with  some  show  of 
reason  to  a  dismemberment  of  the  great  North  American  Union,  that 
France,  having  induced  England  and  Spain  to  join  her,  and  taking 
advantage  of  our  calamities,  entered  on  the  invasion  of  Mexico.  At 
first  the  avowed  intention  of  these  allies  was  to  secure  the  payment  of 
interest  on  debts  due  by  Mexico  to  these  three  invading  powers,  and 
to  obtain  acknowledgment  of  certain  claims  for  damage,  suffered  chiefly 
by  French  subjects.  The  debt  to  England  was  about  sixty  million 
dollars;  that  to  Spain,  ten  million  dollars;  and  that  to  France,  in- 
cluding all  claims  having  a  color  of  justice,  probably  less  than  five 
million  dollars.  Guarantees  were  demanded.  Mexico  showed  a  will- 
ingness to  give  them;  the  three  powers  protesting  meanwhile,  by  public 
proclamation,  and  in  an  article  of  the  treaty  of  the  Soledad,  that  they 
would  never  interfere  with  the  domestic  institutions  of  Mexico,  nor 
attempt  anything  against  the  independence  of  the  Mexican  Republic. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


547 


Three  or  four  months  passed  in  preliminary  negotiations,  and  the  mat- 
ter appeared  on   the  eve  of  satisfactory  adjustment,  when  suddenly 
new   instructions   reached   the   French   commission.      Napoleon   had 
determined  to  march  to  Mexico.    Thereupon  the  Spanish  commissioner, 
the  well-known   General  Prim,  somewhat  vainglorious  and  haughty, 
but  with  that  sense  of  honor  on  which  a  Castilian  prides  himself,  pro- 
tested against   this  violation  of  public  faith.     The  English  commis- 
sioner joined  in  the  protest.     The  French  commissioner  coolly  replied 
that  he  had  his  instructions,  and  would  act  upon  them.    On  the  receipt 
of  this  reply,  in  May,  Spain  and  England  withdrew,  and  France  alone, 
in  violation  of  solemn  promises,  persisted  in  her  course.     Heavy  re- 
inforcements were  sent  on,  and  in  November,  1862,  there  were  forty-two 
thousand  French  troops  in  Mexico.     In  June,  1863,  the  French  entered 
the  city  of  Mexico.     Six  days  later  General  Forey  issued  a  decree, 
designating  twenty-five    Mexican,  a  -Superior  Junta,"  who  were  to 
associate  with  them  two  hundred  and  forty-five  more,  of  their  own 
selection;    these  formed  the  -Assembly  of  Notables,"  who  were   to 
determine  the  future  government  of  Mexico. 

They  met  in  July,  1863,  and  at  their /rx/  session,  and  without  a  single 
word  of  debate,  decreed  as  follows  :   -First,  The  Mexican  nation  adopts 
as  its  form  of  government  a  limited  hereditary   monarchy,  with  a 
Roman  Catholic  prince.     Second.  The  sovereign  shall  take  the  title  of 
Emperor  of  Mexico.      Third.  The  imperial  crown  of  Mexico  is  offered 
to  His  Imperial  and  Royal  Highness  the  Archduke  Ferdinand  Maxi- 
milian of  Austria,  for  himself  and  his  descendants.    Fourth.  If  the  Arch- 
duke of  Austria  should  not  take  possession  of  the  throne,  the  Mexican 
nation  relies  on  the  good  will  of  His  Majesty  Napoleon  III.  to  indi- 
cate for  it  another  Catholic  prince."     The  last  article  was  unneces- 
sary:   the  crown  did  not  go  a-begging.     In  June,  1864,  ^^^^^^^^^^ 
ascended  the  throne.     The  United  States  government  officially  declared 
that  the  Austrian  archduke  should  never  be  recognized  by  the  United 
States  as  Emperor  of  Mexico.     In  truth,  the  only  chance  he  ever  had 
was  in  the  success  of  the  Southern  secession.     The  Confederacy,  once 
established,  would  doubtless  have  recognized  him. 

A  few  months  later,  at  the  opening  of  the  French  chambers  the 
Emperor  gravely  informed  those  bodies  that  there  had  been  established, 
under  French  auspices,  in  Mexico,  -  a  government  founded  upon  the 
will  of  the  people,-a  government  which  is  becoming  consolidated, 
and  the  malcontents,  vanquished  and  dispersed,  have  no  longer  any 
leader  "  The  French  Emperor  little  expected,  when  he  penned  these 
words'  that  in  two  years  eleven  months  and  three  days  from  the  time 


548 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


his  protege  ascended  the  Mexican  throne,  the  leader  Juarez,  whose 
existence  he  thus  officially  denied,  would  capture  that  protege,  and 
extinguish  the  last  lingering  spark  of  imperialism  on  Mexican  soil. 
Juarez   captured   Maximilian,  and  ordered  him   to  be  shot.      He  was 

executed  July  19,  1867. 

At  the  Grand  Exposition  in  Paris,  when  Mr.  Hughes,  the  inventor 
of  the  printing  telegraph,  was  called  up  to  receive  his  prize,  the  Em- 
peror took  his  hand,  making  him  an  exception  to  all  the  other  recipients 
of  medals.  Mr.  Hughes,  when  he  touched  the  imperial  fingers, 
slipped  into  his  hand  a  little  bit  of  paper,  containing  the  last  message 
by  the  cable,  and  printed  by  the  machine  for  the  invention  of  which 
he  was  just  being  decorated.  It  contained  these  words:  ''  Maximilian 
is  shot.  His  last  words  were,  Poor  Cariottaf  Napoleon  HI.  read 
the  telegram,  and  immediately  gave  evidence  of  fearful  agitation. 

ITALY. 

Victor  Emmanuel  II.  from  the  beginning  of  his  reign  adhered  to  a 
liberal  policy,  and  surrounded  himself  with  the  most  approved  mem- 
bers of  the  constitutional  party, — D'Azeglio,   Cavour,  and  La  Mar- 
mora.    He  aimed  at  strengthening  his  government  by  a  system  ot 
gradual  reform  in  the  internal  administration,  and  at  restoring  Sardinia 
to  that  rank  among  the  European  powers  which  she  had  lost  by  her 
last  reverses.     Improvements  took  place  in  all  the  branches  of  govern- 
ment, industry  was  fostered,  and  commercial  treaties  were  concluded 
with  foreign  nations.     Abroad,  especially  by  joining  the  Anglo-French 
alliance  in  the  Crimean  War,  Sardinia  acquired  even  more  than  hei 
former  political  importance;  and  when,  in  1859,  she  was  attacked  by 
Austria,  she  not  only  found  France  by  her  side,  but  was  supported  by 
public  opinion  generally,  and  even  by  former  republicans,  like  Gari- 
baldi, as  the  champion  of  Italian  independence.     In  a  short  campaign 
Lombardy  was  conquered.     The  Peace  of  Zurich,  however,  left  many 
questions  of  importance  undecided.     Napoleon  favored  the  formation 
of  an  Italian  federation,  while  Victor  Emmanuel  aimed  at  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  whole  peninsula  into  a  single  kingdom.     Assisted  by 
Garibaldi  and   the  people,  who  in  various  parts  of  Italy  rose  in  his 
favor,  he  energetically  pursued  this  purpose. 

In  January,  i860,  Count  Cavour  resumed  the  ministry  of  foreign 
affairs,  and  the  premiership  of  a  new  cabinet.  Parma  and  Modena 
were  at  once  annexed.  In  March,  the  people  of  Tuscany  and  the 
^milian  provinces  of  the  Papal  States  were  called  upon  to  decide  by 
vote  whether  they  would  be  annexed  to  the  constitutional  monarchy  of 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


549 


Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  or  form  a  separate  kingdom.  An  overwhelming 
majority  was  given  in  favor  of  annexation,  and  the  title  of  Kingdom 
of  Sardinia  was  changed  to  that  of  Kingdom  of  Italy.  Soon  afterwards 
Savoy  and  the  county  of  Nice,  which  had  been  ceded  to  France  by  the 
treaty  of  Turin,  sanctioned  the  transfer  by  a  nearly  unanimous  vote, 
and  were  taken  possession  of  by  the  delegates  of  Napoleon.  An  in- 
surrection having  broken  out  in  Sicily,  Garibaldi,  who  had  resigned 
his  rank  as  a  general  and  his  seat  as  a  deputy,  assembled  volunteers  in 
and  around  Genoa,  and  made  preparations  to  assist  the  insurgents; 
and  the  ministry,  in  spite  of  the  remonstrances  of  several  of  the 
European  governments,  declined  to  interfere. 

Ferdinand II,  who  succeeded  his  father,  Francis  I.,  followed  in  the 
footsteps  of  his  grandfother,  Ferdinand  I.  ;  the  slightest  political  dis- 
order was  severely  punished,  what  remained  of  political  liberties  was 
abolished,  and  the  people  were  kept  in  abject  ignorance.  In  1847,  under 
the  hopes  inspired  by  the  election  of  Pope  Pius  IX.,  revolutionary 
movements  broke  out  in  Sicily.  In  1848,  the  people  of  Palermo  rose 
in  arms,  and  worsted  the  royal  troops,  driving  them  into  the  citadel ; 
the  insurrection  spread  like  fire  through  the  island,  and  extended  to 
the  continent.  The  king,  frightened  by  popular  manifestations  in  and 
around  his  capital,  changed  his  ministry,  granted  a  constitution,  estab- 
lished universal  suffrage,  and  placed  General  Pepe  at  the  head  of  an 
army  that  was  to  uphold  the  cause  of  Italian  independence ;  but  he 
secretly  prepared  the  means  of  overpowering  the  revolutionists  as  soon 
as  circumstances  would  permit,  and  for  that  purpose  reinforced  his 
Swiss  troops.  A  rising  in  Naples  was  quelled  after  several  bloody 
encounters,  and,  Ferdinand  following  up  his  success,  within  a  few 
weeks  Sicily  was  again  in  his  power,  General  Pepe  was  recalled,  and 
the  sworn  constitution  was  suspended.  Many  were  the  sentences  of 
death  against  political  leaders,  and  those  who  escaped  the  gallows 
were  confined  in  prison.  All  was  silent  around  the  king,  who,  by  the 
merciless  cannonades  he  ordered,  won  the  surname  of  Bomba.  With 
the  aid  of  his  mercenary  troops  and  the  lazzaroni,  whom  he  treated 
with  marked  favor,  he  was  enabled  to  spend  his  latter  years  in  com- 
parative tranquillity. 

His  son,  Francis  II,  followed  at  first  the  same  policy,  but  failed  to 
secure  the  same  result.  Sicily  first  claimed  its  independence,  and 
Garibaldi  went  to  aid  the  insurgents.  In  less  than  two  months, 
Francis  II.  saw  that  Sicily  was  lost  beyond  recovery;  but  he  still 
hoped  he  could  propitiate  the  Neapolitans.  Garibaldi  landed  near 
Reggio,  worsted  the  troops  that  opposed  him,  and  soon  found  himself 


HOUSE   OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 

master  of  the  southern  part  of  the  kingdom.     Seeing  that  it  was  impos- 
Bible  to  remain  longer  in  Naples  without  imminent  danger,  Francis  left 
his  capital  in  the  afternoon  of  September  6,  and  the  next  mornmg  Gan- 
baldi  made  a  triumphal  entry,  amid  the  enthusiastic  applause  of  the 
people.     Meanwhile,  Victor  Emmanuel  had  prepared  for  every  emer- 
gency; an  army,  under  La  Marmora,  had  been  stationed   along  the 
Mincio  and  the  Po,  to  prevent  any  attack  from  the  Austrians ;  another, 
of  twenty  thousand  troops,  under  Cialdini,  kept  the  frontier  on  the 
eastern  slope  of  the  Apennines ;  and  a  third,  of  thirty  thousand,  under 
Fanti,  was  concentrated  at  Arezzo,  overlooking  the  valley  of  the  Tiber. 
No   sooner  had   Garibaldi   entered   Naples  than   Cialdini  and   Fanti 
were  ordered  to  move  forward.     The  latter  marched  towards  Perugia, 
which  he  entered,  while  the  former,  after  taking  possession  of  Urbmo, 
advanced  towards  Ancona,  routed  the  papal  troops  under  Lamonciere, 
made  four  thousand  prisoners  at  Loretto,  besieged  Ancona,  where  La- 
moriciere  had  taken  refuge,  and  forced  him  to  surrender.     Garibaldi 
authorized  the  dictator,  Pallavicino,  whom  he  had  appointed,  to  issue  a 
plebiscite  summoning  the  people  of  the  Two  Sicilies  to  decide  upon 
fheir  annexation  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy.     The  vote  was  taken,  and 
out  of  one  million  four  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  voters,  one  mil- 
lion three  hundred  and  ten  thousand  declared  for  annexation.    During 
this  time  Fanti  and  Cialdini  had  marched  their  troops  into  the  Abruzzi, 
and  Victor  Emmanuel  had  slowly  advanced  towards  Naples.     He  met 
Garibaldi  at  Teano,  and  entered  Naples,  November,  i860,  in  company 
with  the  -  liberator,"  amid  popular  applause.     Umbria  and  the  march 
of  Ancona  had  also  voted  for  annexation,  and  Victor  Emmanuel  found 
himself  the  sovereign  of  a  kingdom  numbering  twenty-two  million 
inhabitants,  and,  after  the  surrender  of  Gaeta,  which  was  obstinately 
defended  by  Francis  II.  until  February,  1861,  master  of  all  Italy,  with 
the  exception  of  the  territory  of  Rome  and  the  province  of  Venice. 
Francis  II    went  to  Rome  in  the  hope  of  a  popular  reaction,  or  foreign 
intervention  in  his  favor.     Count  Cavour  died  in  June,  1861,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Baron  Ricasoli.     In  September,  1870,  the  Italian  troops 
occupied  the  States  of  the  Church,  and  in  October   the  vote  of  the 
people  pronounced  for  annexation  to  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  and  Rome 

became  its  capital. 

Fius  IX.,  Giovanni  Maria  Mastai  Ferretti,  the  reigning  pontiff,  was 
born  at  Sinigaglia  in  1792.  He  was  originally  destined  for  the  mili- 
tary profession,  and  was  sent  to  Rome  to  enter  the  Noble  Guard  ;  but 
symptoms  of  an  epileptic  tendency  led  to  his  abandoning  his  intended 
profession,   and,   entering   an    ecclesiastical   seminary,   he  took  holy 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


551 


orders,    and   for  a   time  exercised    his   ministry   in  connection   with 
several  works  of  charity  and  benevolence  in  Rome.     Afterwards  he 
was  sent  to  South  America  as  *' auditor"   of  Monsignor  Muge,  the 
Vicar-Apostolic  of  Chili.     On  his  return  he  became  domestic  prelate 
of  Leo  XII.  ;  and  in  1829  he  was  named  Archbishop  of  Spoleto.     He 
was  soon  after  sent  to  Naples  as  nuncio;  and  in  1840  he  was  named 
cardinal,  from  which  date  he  continued  to  reside  in  his  see.     On  the 
death  of  Gregory  XVI.,  in  1846,  Cardinal  Mastai  Ferretti  was  elected 
by  acclamation  to  succeed  him ;  and  having  learned  by  long  inter- 
course with  the  people  of  the  Legations  the  prevalence  and  the  causes 
of  discontent,  which  had  been  concealed  under  the  repressive  system 
of  Gregory,  following  the  direction  of  the  Austrians,  by  whom  a  pro- 
tectorate was  exercised,  he  entered  at  once  on  a  course  of  reforms,  by 
which  he  hoped  to  establish  the  papal  government  on  a  popular  but  firm 
basis.     He  resolved  to  extirpate  all  abuses  of  administration,  financial 
as  well  as  political,  to  withdraw  as  far  as  possible  the  restrictions  of 
personal  liberty,  to  secularize  in  many  details  the  local  administration, 
and  to  extend  the  rights  of  self-government  as  far  as  was  compatible 
with  the  essential  institutions  of  the  Roman  States.     His  first  step  to 
this  end  was  to  grant   an   amnesty ;   and  this  measure,  humane  and 
necessary  though  it  was,  had  the  unfortunate  result  of  drawing  together 
into  the  Roman  States  a  body  of  men  whom  an  unhappy  experience  of 
foreign  exile  had  embittered  against  the  existing  order  of  things,  and 
who  had  served  in  foreign  revolutions,  and,  in  secret  councils  which 
their  position  had  necessitated,  an  apprenticeship  to  the  arts  of  po- 
litical intrigue.     For  a  time  the  reforming  policy  of  Pius  IX.  carried 
with  it  the  affections  of  the  people  ;  but  soon  he  began  to  fall  far  short 
of  the  expectations  he  had  created.     The  outbreak  of  the  revolution 
of  February,  1848,  precipitated  the  crisis  of  popular  excitement  and 
popular  discontent.      Reform  assumed  the  shape  of  revolution.     In 
November  of  that  year.  Count  Rossi,  whom  the  Pope  had  appointed 
as  his  minister,  was  assassinated  ;   violent  demonstrations  were  daily 
employed  to  compel    the  Pope's  assent  to  measures  which  he  repu- 
diated, and  he  was  driven  to  confine  himself  a  close  prisoner  in  the 
Quirinal.     At  length,  in  December,  he  fled  secretly  from  Rome  and 
established  himself  at  Gaeta,  a  Neapolitan  sea-port,  not  far  beyond  the 
Roman  frontier.     A  republic  was  proclaimed  in  Rome,  the  provisional 
heads  of  which  proceeded  to  a  complete  and  radical  remodeling  of  the 
civil  government  of  the  state.     Pius,  from  his  exile,  addressed  a  re- 
monstrance   to    the   various   sovereigns.      In  April,    1849,   a   French 
expedition  was   sent   to  Civita  Vecchia,  which  eventually  advanced 


552 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIA-LORRAINE. 


upon  Rome,  and,  after  a  siege  of  about  thirty  days,  took  possession 
of  that  city  and  established  a  French  army  of  occupation  within  the 
Roman   state.      The    Pope's   government  was   re-established,  but   he 
did  not  return  till  1850,  when  once  again  he  entered  upon  the  admin- 
istration.     In    consequence  of   the   unsettled  condition  of  Italy  and 
the  failure  of  many  of  his  early  measures  of  improvement,  he  declared 
himself  unable  to  proceed  with   the  reformations  which  he  had  con- 
templated.     Afterwards  his  authority  was  maintained  without  much 
interruption  ;   but  it  could  not  be  doubted  that  the  discontent  with 
the   government  still  continued,   and   that   if  the  French   army  were 
withdrawn  violent  changes  would  be  imminent.     In  consequence  of 
the  war  for  the  unification  of  Italy,  the  Legations,  Ancona,  and  the 
remainder  of  the  papal  territory,  including  Rome,  have  been  annexed 
to  the  kingdom  of  Italy,  but   Pius  persistently  refused  to  cede  any 
portion  or  to  enter  into  any  compromise.     His  ecclesiastical  admin- 
istration was  very  active,  and  he  proceeded  upon  the  strongest  assump- 
tion of  the  right  of  independent  action  on  the  part  of  the  Church. 
In  this  view  he  re-established  the  hierarchy  in  England,  sanctioned 
the  establishment  in  Ireland  of  a  Catholic  university,  and  condemned 
the  principles  upon  whicli  the  queen's  colleges  in  that  country  were 
constituted.      He  concluded  with  Austria  a  concordat,  afterward  abro- 
gated, much   more   favorable  to   Church  authority  than  the  existing 
ecclesiastical  laws  had  permitted. 

In  1854  he  issued  a  decree  propounding  as  a  doctrine  of  the  Church 
the  Immaculate  Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  In  1868  he  con- 
voked an  (Ecumenical  Council,  to  meet   at  Rome,  on  December  8, 

1869,  for  the  purpose  of  defining  the  infallibility  of  the  Pope  as  regards 
**  whatever  belongs  to  faith  and  morals,  or  the  primacy  and  teaching 
authority  of  Peter,"  and  the  relations  of  the  Church  to  state  govern- 
ments. On  July  18,  1870,  the  council  pronounced  in  favor  of  the 
dogma  of  infallibility,  by  a  vote  of  five  hundred  and  thirty-three  to  two. 
The  opposing  prelates  were  Mgr.  Riccio,  Bishop  of  Cajazzo,  in  Italy, 
and  Mgr.  Fitzgerald,  Bishop  of  Little  Rock,  in  the  United  States;  but 
they  formally  withdrew  their  negative  immediately  upon  the  pronun- 
ciation of  the  dogma  by  the  Pope.  The  only  noted  theologian  who 
opposed  the  decree  after  its  official  promulgation  was  Dr.  Döllinger, 
of  Munich,  who  was  excommunicated,  April  17,  1871.  On  the  occu- 
pation of  the  States  of  the  Church  by  the  Italian  troops,  in  September, 

1870,  Pius  IX.  was  relieved  from  temporal  power,  and  in  the  same 
month  issued  a  protest  against  the  acts  of  the  Italian  government.  On 
October  2,  1870,  the  vote  of  the  people  was  given  for  annexation  to 


CONTEMPORARIES, 


553 


the  kingdom  of  Italy.  By  permission  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  the  Pope 
took  up  a  residence  in  the  Leonine  City,  that  part  of  Rome  which 
adjoins  St.  Peter's. 


SAXONY. 

John  (Nepomuck  Maria  Joseph)  distinguished  himself  at  an  early  age 
by  his  knowledge  of  Italian  literature,  and  subsequently  translated  and 
published  a  version  of  the  whole  ^'Divina  Commedia"  of  Dante,  with 
critical  and  historical  annotations.     He  presided  for  many  years  over 
the  financial  affairs  of  Saxony,  and  evinced  much  ability.    His  brother, 
King  Frederic  Augustus,  was  thrown  from  his  carriage  while  travehng 
in  the  Tyrol,  and  died  shortly  after,  leaving  no  children.     John  suc- 
ceeded him  on  the  throne  in  1854.     He  translated  some  of  Bryant's 
poems  into  German,  and,  speaking  of  our  language,  said,  ''Since  1850, 
at  least  one-fourth  of  the  trade  of  Saxony  has  been  with  England  and 
America;    and    now,  thank    God,   every  pupil    at    our   lyceums  who 
reaches  the  second  class  has  to  learn  to  speak  English."     King  John 
died  at  his  chateau  of  Pilnitz,  November  11,  1873,  aged  seventy-two. 
His  widow  is  Amalia  Augusta,  daughter  of  King  Maximilian  I.  of 
Bavaria.     His  eldest  daughter  married  the  Duke  of  Genoa,  brother  of 
Victor  Emmanuel  II.      His  eldest  son,  Albert  (Frederic  Augustus), 
who  has  just  succeeded  to  the  throne,  married,  in  1853,  a  daughter 
of  Prince  Gustavus  Vasa. 

ENGLAND. 

Victoria.— "YX^^  French  revolution  of  1848  occasioned  great  agita- 
tion in  England,  and  a  number  of  persons,  called  Chartists,  made  a 
movement  for  reform.     Their  efforts  were  abortive,  and  some  of  the 
leaders  were  punished   for  treasonable  practices.     In  1854,  England 
took  the  part  of  the  Turks  against  Russia,  not  out  of  love  to  the  Turks, 
but  because  it  was  feared  that  if  Russia  possessed  a  powerful  navy  m 
the  Black  Sea,  with  access  through  the  Bosphorus  into  the  Mediterra- 
nean, the  route  of  the  English  to  India  and  the  East  might  at  any  time 
be  cut  oß"  and  their  rich  possessions  isolated  from  the  mother-country. 
France  and  Sardinia  were  actuated  by  similar  considerations.      This 
war  lasted  two  years,  and  Russia  was  obliged  to  dismantle  the  fortress 
of  Sebastopol  and  open  the  commerce  of  the  Black  Sea  to  all  nations, 
and  both   the  Russians  and  the  Turks  were  forbidaen  to  maintain  a 
navy  upon  its  waters.      By  far  the  greater  part  of  the  glory  of  the 
Crimean  War  fell  to  the  share  of  the  French,  and  a  very  natuj-al  conse- 


554 


HOUSE    OF  AUSTRIALORR^MNE. 


quence  was  a  feeling  of  alarm  in  England,  that  Napoleon  III.,  pre- 
suming  on    the   inferred  superiority  of   his   soldiers,  should    invade 
England.     The  agitation  on  this  subject  had  become  a  panic  in  i860. 
In  July  of  that  year,  Napoleon  wrote  to  his  ambassador  in  London, 
disclaiming  any  hostility  against  England,  and  all  fears  of  a  war  at 
once  subsided.     In  the  same  year,  the  Prince  of  Wales,  traveling  undcr^ 
the  name  of  Baron  Renfrew,  visited  the  United  States  and  Canada.    In 
December,  1S61,  Prince  Albert  died  at  Windsor  Castle,  to  the  great 
grief  not  only  of  the  royal  family,  but  of  the  entire  British  people. 
This    prince   was   gifted  with    a    handsome    figure,  was   expert    in   all 
knightly  exercises,  well  skilled  in  the  sciences  connected  with  state- 
craft, thoroughly  conversant  with  natural  history  and  chemistry,  and 
displayed  great  taste  for  the  fine  arts,  especially  painting  and  music. 
After  his  marriage,   which  was  a  happy  one,  he  devoted  himself  to 
all  the  interests  of  the  British  Empire,   and   opened  for  himself  an 
influential  sphere  of  action  in  the  encouragement  and  promotion  of 
science  and  art.     His  sound  judgment,  excellent  example,  and  bene- 
ficial influence  will  transmit  his  name  to  future  generations  as  ^^\lbert 

the  Good." 

In  July,  1862,  the  freedom  of  the  city  of  London  was  presented  to 
Mr.  Peabody,  an  American  banker  doing  business  there,  in  acknowl- 
edgment of  a  gift  from  him  of  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars 
for  the  benefit  of  the  poor  in  that  city.  This  sum  was  afterwards  in- 
creased to  nearly  two  millions  of  dollars  ;  and  when  Mr.  Peabody  died, 
in  1S69,  Queen  Victoria  directed  his  body  to  be  conveyed  to  America 
in  an  English  man-of-war. 

The  war  against  secession  in  the  United  States  proved  distressing  in 
the  extreme  to  the  cotton-spinners  in  England,  and  during  the  first 
two  years  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  thousand  persons  applied  for 
relief.  Large  sums  of  money  were  raised  for  them  both  in  England 
and  in  America,  and  from  the  latter  country  several  ship-loads  of  bread- 
stuff-s  were  sent  in  addition.  In  1866,  the  Atlantic  cable,  connecting 
the  continents  of  Europe  and  America,  was  laid.  The  original  idea  was 
American,  and  to  the  spirit  and  perseverance  of  an  American,  Cyrus 
W.  Field,  the  final  success  of  the  undertaking  may  be  largely  attributed. 

The  children  of  Prince  Albert  and  Queen  Victoria  are : 

1.  Victoria  Mary,  married,  in  1858,  to  Prince  Frederic  William  of 
Prussia,  now  Prince  Imperial  of  Germany. 

2.  Albert  Edward,  Prince  of  Whales,  married,  in  1863,  to  Princess 
Alexandra  of  Denmark. 

3.  Alice,  married,  in  1862,  to  Prince  Louis  of  Hesse-Darmstadt. 


CONTEMPORARIES. 


555 


4.  Alfred,  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  Captain  in  the  Royal  navy,  married, 
in  1874,  to  Marie,  daughter  of  the  Emperor  of  Russia. 

5.  Helena,  married,  in  1866,  to  Prince  Frederic  Christian  of  Schles- 
wig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg. 

6.  Louise,  married,  in  1871,  to  John,  Marquis  of  Lome. 

7.  Arthur,  Captain  Rifle  Brigade. 

8.  Leopold. 

9.  Beatrice. 


IIUUSE    OF    HOHENZOLLERN. 


EMPEROR   WILLIAM   L     a.d.   1871. 

Frederic  William  Louis, 
second  son  of  Frederic  Wil- 
liam III.  of  Prussia  and  of 
Queen  Louisa,  daughter  of 
the  Grand  Duke  of  Meck- 
lenburg-Strelitz,  was  born  on 
the  23d  of  March,  1797.  He 
was  a  weakly,  delicate  child, 
and  rather  small  for  his  age, 
when  he  donned  his  first  uni- 
form, a  Christmas  gift  from 
his  father,  who  presented  him, 
villi  his  brother  Frederic 
William  IV.,  and  his  cousin, 
Prince  Frederic,  —  both  of 
latter  being  also  dressed 
full  regimentals  for  the 
occasion, — to  Queen  Louisa, 
as  the  three  youngest  recruits 
of  the  Prussian  army.  This 
first  uniform,  which  the  child- 
prince  wore  with  the  greatest 
imaginable  pride  and  joy, 
was  that  of  the  famous  Ru- 
dorf  (afterwards  Ziethen) 
Regiment  of  Red  Hussars, 
\vhi(  li  lias  since  had  the  honor  of  conferring  a  sobriquet  upon  another 
rt'iiowiu'l  uiMiMi  (H  Ihr  llohenzollerns.  For  nearly  four  years  the 
priiH  c  (ontmiitd  to  wear  the  scarlet  dolman  and  blue  i)elisse  slashed 
with  while  (it'  ll' 
fatliiT  handrn  ] 
compaii}'  of  tile 
55<> 


VV  i  L  L I  A  M     i . 


K 


Rudoiicr,   but  on  New  Year's  Day,  1S07,  his  royal 

h]<  first   commission  as  ensign  in  the  first  (body) 

-i  i'russian  Foot  Guards,  in  which  his  elder  brother 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


557 


and  Prince  Frederic  of  Prussia  were  already  lieutenants;  and  on 
Christmas  Eve  of  the  same  year  he  was  promoted  to  the  latter  rank. 
Early  in  the  spring  of  1808,  Prince  William  having  attained  his 
eleventh  year,  Queen  Louisa,  writing  to  her  father,  spoke  of  her  second 
son  in  the  following  terms: 

*'Our  son  William — permit  me,  venerable  grandpapa,  to  introduce 
your  grandchildren  to  you  in  their  regular  order— will  turn  out,  if  I 
am  not  much  mistaken,  like  his  father,— simple,  honest,  and  intelli- 
gent. He  also  resembles  him  most  of  all,  but  will  not,  I  fancy,  be  so 
handsome.  You  see,  dear  papa,  that  I  am  still  in  love  with  my  hus- 
band." 

These  were  prophetic  words  of  the  lovely  and  accomplished  queen, 
whose  memory  is  still  worshiped  by  her  only  surviving  son,— ^^  simple, 
honest,  and  intelligent."  The  Emperor  William  has  proved  to  be  all 
these,  and  more.  He  has  shown  fortitude  in  adversity,  self-control  in 
prosperity,  courage  and  wisdom  at  all  times,  and  an  amiability  of  dis- 
position that  has  won  the  heart  of  every  one  who  has  ever  enjoyed  the 
privilege  of  being  brought  into  personal  contact  with  him.  His  third 
commission  in  the  Guards  is  dated  May  i^,  1812,  and  his  fourth,  as 
captain,  October  30  of  the  same  year.  A  few  da>^  after  lie  liad  re- 
ceived his  first  epaulette  from  his  father's  hand,  he  left  Ixr]  n  for  his 
first  campaign,  and  was  under  fire  Januarv  i.  1S13,  whicn  the  allies 
crossed  the  Rhine  at  Mannheim  in  the  teeth  of  strong  French  batteries, 
suffering  heavy  loss,  lu  February,  1814,  the  prince  distinguished  him- 
self at  the  battle  of  Bar-sur-Aube  by  such  conspicuous  gallantry  and 
heroic  indifference  to  danger  that  the  Emperor  Alexander  conferred 
upon   him  the  cross  of  St.  George,— a   Russian   military  order   ''for 

-      -- i  the 


<  h.  ^^■ 


valor,"— and  his  father  decorated  him,  on  the  loth  of  Mar 
iron  cross,  then  the  most  coveted  of  all  the  Prussian  distinctions.  His 
fifth  commission,  as  major  in  the  Prussian  army,  bears  date  May  30, 
1814,  and  a  week  later  he  visited  London  for  the  first  time,  in  the 
company  of  his  father,  his  elder  brotixer,  and  his  cousin  Frederic.  The 
royal  Prussian  warriors  were  lodged  in  St.  James's  Palace,  and  were 
entertained  with  the  most  splendid  hospitality.  Frederic  William  \\\. 
was  installed  at  Windsor  as  a  Knight  of  the  Garter,  and,  with  his 
sons,  visited  Oxford,  went  to  the  Ascot  races,  and  plunged  into 
all  the  gayeties  of  a  London  season,— gayeties  to  which  the  young 
princes,  whose  lives  had  hitherto  been  exclusively  devested  to  stiidv 
and  military  exercises,  were  altogether  unaccustomed,  and.  01"  wr.uli 
his  present  majesty  retains  to  this  day  the  liveliest  and  mobi  agreeable 
recollection. 


f  -  c 


HOUSE   OF  IIOIIEXZOLLERN. 


Nearly  three  years  later,  Prince  William  was  i)roniote(l  to  the  rank 
of  rolonel,  and  took  command  of  the  first  battalion  of  the  First  Foot 
Ciuards,  and  in  June,  icSiy,  was  nominated  chief  of  the  Seventh 
Grenadiers,  now  tlie  ''King's,"  an  honorary  command  which  his  maj- 
esty still  holds.  On  the  30th  of  March,  1818,  a  week  after  the  celebra- 
tion of  his  twenty-first  birthday,  he  became  a  major-general,  and  was 
shortly  afterwards  intrusted  by  his  flither  with  the  charge  of  the  whole 
Prussian  military  department  during  the  king's  absence  in  Russia. 
From  that  time  forth  Prince  William's  whole  energies,  time,  and 
ambition  were  given  to  the  improvement  of  the  Prussian  army,  in 
the  organization,  drill,  uniforming,  and  arming  of  which  he  intro- 
duced reform  after  reform,  until  he  made  it  what  it  was  when  it  over- 
threw the  hosts  of  the  two  most  formidable  military  powers  in  Europe. 
lie  never  meddled  with  politics,  although  his  well-known  staunch 
conservatism  rendered  him  exceedingly  unpopular  in  the  Prussian 
capital  during  the  Sturm  uiui  Drang  paroxysm  in  1848-49, — com- 
])cH;ng  him  to  flee  for  safety  to  England,  where  he  remained  six  weeks. 
hi  ihe  following:  vear  he  resumed  the  command  of  the  army  corps  at 
first  assigned  rni.  II«^  was  a  fliithful  subject — the  very  model  and 
type  of  a  lo\al  ii -treuer — to  his  flither  and  brother,  and  he  has  been 
tiie  ba-t  kiim  th  ii  e\cr  sat  on  a  Prussian  throne.  As  husband,  father, 
frieiul.  lie  Ha  Vai^ht  example  to  his  people. 

Ill  June,  iSjg.  lie  married  tiie  Princess  Augusta,  daughter  of  the 
Crran-l  I^ake  of  S,i\e-^^'ei!nar.  Two  ehildren  were  Inirn  tn  this  alli- 
ance,— liie  present  (  rriuu  prince,  and  the  I'rincess  Louise,  now  wife 
of  tlie  (irand  Duke  of  Baden.  lu  iS,|o.  In>  krothei,  Kine  kre<leric 
William  1\'..  conlerreii  upiui  hiiu  tiie  title  ef  I'riiK  e  of  PruN^uu  and 
appointed  him  Li'oN'erp.or  »sf  Poinerania.  and  pi'e-^i<ltai!  v\  tb.e  suite  min- 
istry. In  iS4()  he  was  de^iLiaiated  Ic  --!i['prrSN  t'le  insurreetion  m  the 
Pakitinate,  and  sueees>ful!\'  diseliarged  tlu-  dut}-,  and  then  took  up  ins 
residence  at  Coblentz,  as  L;()\'ernor  of  \\'e>t[shalia  and  tlie  [)ro\unees  of 
tlie  Rhine.  \w  1854.  Prinee  AVilliam  celebrated  his  silver  wedding, 
and  was  on  that  occasion  gazetted  lietitenant-general  of  the  infmtry. 
In  iS;:  he  (  elelirated  his  htneth  \-ear  of  militarv  scrvi(  e.  Meantime, 
his  son  was  l)etrotlied  to  tlie  eldest  daughter  of  the  (Jueeri  of  Ihigland, 
Victoria,  tlie  princess-royal,  and  the  marriage  took  place  in  London, 
January,  1858. 

During  the  dangerous  illness  of  Th-ederic  William  IV.,  in  185S, 
Prince  William  undertook  the  regency,  and  after  the  death  of  tlie 
V\wM  he  ascended  the  throne  of  lVu->Nia.  The  coronati(an  took  })lace 
at  Königsberg,  October  18,  1861.      It  is  related  tliat  the  king  himself 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


59 


took  the  crown   and   placed   it  upon   his  head  with  his  own  hands, 
saying,  '*God  gives  it." 

King  William  was    the  first   to  aid   the  duchies  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein   in   the  defense  of  their  rights,  which  had  been   repeatedly 
infringed  by  Denmark.     The  Prussian  government  also  succeeded  in 
persuading  Austria  to  share    in    the   undertaking.      In   January,  1864, 
the   allied   armies   entered   Holstein,   under  Field-Marshal  Wrangel. 
Prince  Frederic  Charles  gained  a  victory  at  Missunde,  and   the  Aus- 
trians  another  at  Oberselk,  obliging  the  Danes  to  abandon  the  Dane- 
werk.    Their  rear-guard  was  overtaken  by  the  Austrians  at  Oeversee, 
and  defeated.      Meantime,   the   Prussians   crossed  the  Schlei  at  Amis 
and  Cappeln,  thus  enabling  the  allies  to  enter  Jutland.     The  Prussian 
flotilla  commanded  by  Jachmann  gained  an  advantage  over  the  Danish 
vessels  at  Rügen.      The  Düppel  intrenchments  were  stormed  by  the 
Prussians,  and  the  Danes  driven   from  the  fort  Fridericia.     While  a 
peace  conference  was  held  in  London,  Herwarth  von  Bittenfeld  con- 
quered the    island   of  Alsen,  and   Vogel  von    Falkenstein,   with  the 
allied  army,  took  possession  of  all  Jutland.     Meantime,  an  Austrian 
squadron    gained    possession   of   the    islands   of  West    Friesland.      In 
October  of  the  same  year,  peace  was  concluded  at  Xhenna,  and  Chris- 
tian TX      f  Denmark  ceded  the  duchies  of  Schleswig,  Holstein,  and 
Lauenburg  to  Prussia  and  Austria.      In  1865  an  agreement  was  made 
at  Gastein  between  Prussia  and  Austria,  in   consequence  of  the  strife 
cncrendered   by   the    Prussians,  wl-o  were    molested  in    those   duchies. 
Au-tria   then   took  Holstein,  and   Prussia  Schle-wig  :   and   Pru->;a  pur- 
chased Lauenburg  of  Austria  fnr  two  and  a  half  million  Danish  dollars. 

WAR     OF     PKr>-IA     AXn     IIALV     AH  \IN"T     AUSTRIA    AND     HER     CERAIAX 

ALLIES. 

The  Austrian  government  was  decidedly  op])osed  to  any  further 
increase  of  the  power  k>{  Pru>sia.  and  therefore  favored  the  pretensions 
o\  Prince  l^-ederic  of  Augustenburg  to  the  duchies  of  Schleswig  and 
Holstein.  Lively  remonstrances  followed,  which  ended  in  prepara- 
tions for  war  b.v  Austria.  In  June,  1866,  the  war  began.  Italy  took 
])art  With  I^russi'a.  in  the  hojie  of  getting  the  Venetian  territories.  Be- 
sides Italv,  the  small  states  of  Xorth  Germany  took  part  with  Prussia. 
On  tlie  side  of  Austria  were  Hanover,  Saxony,  Bavaria,  Würtemberg, 
Hesse-Darmstadt,  Hesse-Cassel,  Nassau,  and  Baden,  the  last  of  which 
was  compelled  to  join  in  the  contest. 

There  were   three  divisions    in   the   Prussian   army:    the  first,  under 
Prince  Frederic  Charles,  numbered  one  hundred  thousand  men  ;  the 


56o 


HOUSE    OF  HOUEXZOLLERJSr. 


second,  under  the  crown  prince,  one  hundred  and  sixteen  thousand; 
and  the  army  of  the  Elbe,  under  General  Herwarth  von  Bittenield, 
forty  thousand.  These  grand  divisions  marched  to  the  frontiers  of 
Saxony  and  Hohemia.  Three  smaller  divisions  were  stationed  in 
Wetzlar,  Holstein,  and  Westphalia.  King  William  was  commander- 
in-chief,  assisted  by  General  von  Moltke,  and  the  Minister  of  War, 
Von  Roon.  The  crown  prince  and  Frederic  Charles  marched  into 
Saxony,  and  took  Dresden.  The  Saxon  army  retreated  to  Bohemia,  to 
join  the  Austrians.  Frederic  Charles  and  the  army  of  the  Elbe  imme- 
diately followed,  and  invaded  Bohemia.  Frederic  Charles  gained 
victories  at  Liebenau,  Turnau,  and  Podol  over  the  Austrians,  com- 
manded by  Clam-Gallas.  The  crown  prince  forced  his  way  through 
the  Silesian  and  Bohemian  frontiers  at  the  pass  of  Nachod.  General 
Steinmetz  conquered  the  Austrians,  under  Ramming,  at  Nachod.  At 
the  same  time  General  Bonin  was  checked  at  Trautenau  by  the  Aus- 
trians, under  Gablenz.  On  the  same  day  the  army  of  the  Elbe,  after 
the  glorious  victory  of  Hühnerwasser,  joined  the  army  of  Frederic 
Charles.  On  the  28th  of  June,  Frederic  Charles  defeated  Clam-Gallas 
at  Münchengrätz,  when  the  Austrians  and  Saxons  withdrew  to  Gitschin. 
On  that  same  day  Steinmetz  won  a  brilliant  victory  over  the  Archduke 
}\rnestat  Skalicz,  and  the  Prussian  Guards  defeated  Gablenz.  On  the 
291:1  the  Austrians  and  Saxons  were  completely  routed  at  Gitschin; 
and  the  cro\\  n  jjrince  took  Königinhof.  The  Austrians  retreated,  and 
concentrated  their  forces  at  Königgrätz,  under  Benedeck,  their  com- 
iiLiiuler-in-chicf.  King  William  joined  the  army  of  Frederic  Charles, 
and  took  the  command,  with  Von  Moltke  as  chief  of  the  general  staff. 
Tlic  slccisive  battle  took  place  at  Königgrätz,  July  3,  under  the  com- 
niaiiil  (!i  the  kiiii;.  rVederic  Charles  sustained  the  shock  of  the  whole 
AiMiini  force  (luring  the  forenoon,  until  the  crown  prince  attacked 
tlic  eiie!ii\  on  tiie  u  fl  wiug  and  decided  the  victory.  The  conquerors 
took  easel!  i]  lu^^,  one  InnMlrvil  and  seventy-four  cannons,  and  eighteen 
tliou>an(l  j)ri>i)n.er>.  The  greater  part  01"  the  Austrians  fled  in  disorder 
tu  Ohiiiii/.  Tile  A\\\\\  o\  the  er■*J^\■n  oiance  tnrru,  d  towards  Olmiitz, 
anei  dcieated  tlie  AiiOLrani  rear-guard  at  dViOit.^cdiau  ;  I'Vederic  Charles 
niareiied  on  Ihänin,  eaai  t!;c  annv  uT  p  e  I'dbc  look  its  way  towards 
Vienna. 

Th.c  Austrian^  willidirew  tmop^  froni  Italw  aial  iiie  Archduke  Albert 
superseded  Ikaiedeck  in  (.DnnnaiKl,  winle  i^ra^^ue  avA  hh'iinn  were  seized 
bv  the  PriH>ians.  Tlie  List  \-irtorious  content  of  the  i*ru^^ians,  under 
Franscrki,  took  place  at  ISliiiiuMiau,  near  Prc>l)uig.  The  I'riir- iaiis 
were  within  a  few  miles  ol'  X'leima,  when   the  iireijimn  u  les  i-\   ij(;a(,e, 


EMPEROR   WILLIAM  I. 


;6i 


under  the  mediation  of  France,  were  signed  at  the  castle  of  Nichols- 
burs,  the  headquarters  of  the  king. 

While  the  grand  armies  of  Prussia  were  gaining  all  these  victories 
over   the  Austrians,    General  Vogel   von    Falkenstein    marched    into 
Hanover,  when  King  George  V.,  with  his  army  of  twenty  thousand 
men,  fell  back  to  the  south,  in  order  to  unite  his  forces  with  those  of 
Southern  Germany.     June  27,  he  reached  Langensalza,  where  he  met 
nine  thousand  Prussians  under  General  Flies,  who  was  at  first  driven 
back ;  but  he  not  only  recovered  himself,  but  also  defeated  and  sur- 
rounded the  enemy  and  forced  them  to  surrender.     The  capitulation 
took  place  on  the  29th  of  June,  and  King  George  and  his  son,  the  crown 
prince,  were  allowed   to  depart.      Von   Falkenstein    then  united   the 
various  army  cory.s  in   the  west,  as  commander  of  the  army  of  the 
Main,  and  marched  against  the  South  German  allies  of  Austria.     Five 
days  afterwards.  Generals  Beyer  and  Goeben  defeated  the  Bavarians,  at 
Hiinfeld  and  Dermbach.     Von  Falkenstein  crossed  the  Rhön  mount- 
ains, and  Goeben  and  Beyer  conquered  the  Bavarians  ^t  Kissingen  and 
Hammelburg,  while   Manteuffel  was  victorious  at  Waldaschbach  and 
Hausen      Von  Falkenstein  then  turned  upon  the  Wlirtembergers  and 
Hessians,  who  were   near  Aschaffenburg,   conquered   the  Hessians  at 
Frohnhofen  and  Laufach,  the  day  following  defeated  the  Austrians  and 
Hessians  at  Aschaffenburg,  and  then  marched  against  the  old  imperial 
city  of  Frankfort.     Von  Falkenstein  was  then  appointed  to  a  com- 
mand in  Bohemia.     Manteuffel  succeeded  him,  and  marched  against 
.the  Würtembergers  and  Hessians,  defeating  them  at  Tauberbischof- 
sheim,  and  the  Baden  troops  at  Werbach.    After  the  overthrou-  of  these 
Austrian  allies  at  Gerchsheim,  and  the  Bavarians  at  Lettingen   and 
Rossbrunn,  he  besieged  the  f-,  ires  of  Marienberg,  nt  Wurzburg,  and 
captured  it.     A  suspension  of  hostilities  folh.woh     The     tahans,  the 
allies  of  Prussia,  crossed   the  Mincio,  and  were   defeated  b>  the  Au.s- 
trians,  under  the  Arehduke  Albert,  at  Custozza;  and  A.hv.ral     egethoff 
vanquished  the  naval  force  of  the  Italians,  un.kr  Persano.  at  1,.^^^.- 

Peace  was  now  concluded  at  I'rague  between  Au-ina  and  Irnssia, 
v,e.  the  allies  of  Austria,  one  after  the  other,  at  length  auree.  .0  us 
conditions.  An-iria  re.iounced  all  connection  with  the  Cerman  t  on- 
fcderation,  a.r„l  .  eJ.ed  her  elann.  -,0  Schleswig  and  Hol,te.n.  wirah 
„ere  accord.injv  .ncorporated  uuh  the  Prussian  monarchy,  and 
lovntally  ann.x.d  hv  right  of  con,,ne~t,  O.tober  S.  1S66.  Austna 
,K„  ceded,  fne  Wnenan  terruorv  ,0  Italy,  attd  con^anted  to  tne  con- 
sna.Mon  o,  a  r:ew  ( -.ernian  Confed.eration.  under  the  leadership  ot 
Prn'.sia        Th.is   wa>r    resulted    .n    the   ann.exation  of  Hanover,   Hesse- 


5  ^''  - 


HOUSE    OF  IIOHEXZOLLERN. 


Cassel,  Frankfort,  Nassau,  Laueiiburg,  part  of  Hesse-Darmstadt,  and  a 
small  district  of  Bavaria  to  Prussia.  The  number  of  scjuare  miles 
acquired  by  Prussia  was  one  thousand  three  hundred  and  seven  and  a 
half,  and  that  of  inhabitants  four  million  five  hundred  thousand. 

In  1867  strife  began  between  Prussia  and  France  in  regard  to  Luxem- 
burg, which  the  Km])eror  Napoleon  wished  to  j)urchase  from  Holland 
and  Belgium.  Upon  the  remonstrance  of  Prussia,  the  matter  was 
referred  to  a  conference  of  the  great  powers,  to  be  held  in  London. 
The  result  was  the  dismantling  of  the  fortifications  of  Luxemburg  and 
the  declaration  of  the  neutrality  of  its  territory. 

It  had  been  the  policy  of  France  to  promote  disunion  in  Germany; 
but  the  war  of  1S66  resulted  not  only  in  i)romoting  unity  among  the 
different  states,  but  also  in  greatly  increasing  the  power  and  impor- 
tance of  Prussia.  P>ance  felt  envious,  and  began  preparations  for 
war,  waiting  only  for  an  opportunity  to  have  recourse  to  arms. 
Through  Spain  the  pretext  came. 

The  question  of  the  succession  of  Isabella  11.  to  the  throne  of  Si)ain 
caused  a  bloody  civil  war  and  disorders,  whose  evil  results  have  endured 
to  the  present  day.  Her  father,  Ferdinand  VH.,  in  his  will  appointed 
his  wife,  Maria  Christina,  regent  and  guardian  of  Isabella,  and  of  a 
second  daughter,  who  afterwards  became  the  wife  of  the  Duke  of  Mont- 
pensier,  son  of  Louis  Philippe.  Maria  Christina  assumed  the  regency 
in  1833.  Conceiving  a  violent  passion  for  Ferdinand  Munoz,  a  private 
soldier  in  the  royal  body-guard,  whose  parents  kept  a  tobacco-shop  in 
Tarincon,  she  n^arried  him  secretly,  in  December,  1833.  Soon  she 
began  to  lose  more  and  more  ground  with  the  people,  partly  on  account 
of  her  subserviency  to  the  jnodcrado  party  and  to  France,  but  chiefly 
()\\ m-  to  her  clandestine  relations  with  Munoz.  In  1840  she  issued  a 
(!c(  ICC,  ill  ubcJience  to  1  iciich  influence,  which  put  an  end  to  the  old 
ni!inifip:d  lilx^rties  of  Spain.  The  people  rushed  to  arms,  and  the 
•  I'lccii  a!Mi:<  itcd  Ml  favor  of  Espartero  as  regent,  and  repaired  to  Paris. 
Alter   tile  (i<A\r.iaii    <if  Esi)ait'  in.  she   returned   to   Madrid.      In  1844 


she  ce! 


)!'    It! 


11  c 


nirriao^e  with  Muiloz  in  public,  on  which  occasion 

she  (FcatcMl  iii'ii  l)'ikc  of  Ri.iii/.ares.  Alter  liie  declaration  of  the 
maj()rir_\-(>f  IsjhelLi,  ^he  continued  tr)  intenncldle  in  pnblie  affiirs 
tmtil,  in  1S54,  ->lie  wa>  expelled  iVum  Spain  1)\-  a  re\"uint  e  aiai'x  nio\'e- 
ment,  and  retired  with  lier  hinbind  a.nd  tiie  ten  eiiddrtai  ^lie  iia«!  hnme 
him  to  l''ran(  e,  u'here  she  liad  juiri  ini^ed  trie  (  'aiaiean  of  M  ilin.ii'-*  )P,. 

Isabella  \va.^  crowned  in  1.S43,  and  in  i.S,.p)  niarri./d  her  cousin,  iJoii 
Franei>ro  d'Assisi,  Diike  of  Cadi/,  and  son  of  the  Infmt  Fran<  i>eo 
de    Paula,    l)rother   of    Ferdinand  \'1I.      Hefore    her   marriage    she   was 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  /. 


5^J3 


beloved  by  her  subjects  ;  but  her  conduct  after  her  alliance  with  a 
prince  whose  hand  was  forced  upon  her  by  the  intrigues  of  Louis 
Philippe  proved  injurious  to  her  reputation.  Discontent,  revolt,  and 
insurrection  succeeded  one  another  rapidly,  and  a  revolution  broke 
out  in  September,  1868. 

The  queen  had  gone  to  St.  Sebastian,  accompanied  by  her  minister 
Bravo,  in  order,  it  was  supposed,  to  visit  the  Emperor  of  the  French, 
who,  with  the  Empress,  was  then  at  Biarritz.     The  revolution  was  in- 
itiated by  the  fleet.     On  the  i8th  of  September,  Admiral  Topete  with 
his  vessels  appeared  before   Cadiz,   which,   after  a  slight   resistance, 
joined  the  insurgents,  and  was  followed  by  Ferrol,  Seville,  and  the 
whole  of  Andalusia.     Ships  had  been  sent  for  the  exiled  generals,  who 
were  soon  assembled  at  Cadiz,  and  General  Prim  arrived  from  Eng- 
land.    Bravo    resigned    his    office   and    fled    to  France,  and   Isabella 
appointed  Marshal  Concha  to  the  post,  who,  although  he  held  Madrid, 
formed  no  cabinet.     Marshal  Serrano  took  command  of  the  army, 
and  marched  against  the  Marquis  Novaliches,  who  led  the  forces  on 
the  part  of  the  queen.     The  armies  met  at  Alcala,  and  after  a  battle, 
in  which  the  marquis  was  wounded,  the  royal  army  fraternized  with 
the  insurgents,  and  the  united  force  advanced  towards  Madrid,  which 
rose  and  declared  in  favor  of  the  movement.     Isabella  then  left  Spain 
and  went  to  Pau,  where  the  Emperor  of  the  French  placed  the  imperial 
castle  at  her  disposal,  after  an   interview  with  him  and  the  Empress 
for  fifteen  minutes  at  the  railway  station  at  Biarritz.      Serrano  entered 
Madrid  on   the   3d   of  October,  when  a  provisional  government  and 
ministry  were  formed,  and  a  junta  was  organized  for  the  city.    Serrano 
became  president  of  the  provisional  government,  and  Prim  assumed 
command  of  the  army.     The  Official  Gazette  published  a  programme 
of  the  contemplated  measures;   the  principal  of  which  was  election  ])y 
universal  suff'rage  of  deputies  to  a  constituent  assembly,  which  was  to 
decide  on  the  future  form  of  the  government;   the  queen  was  solemnly 
deposed,  and   everv  branch  of  the   Hou.sc   uf  Buurboii  expelled   from 
Spain.    The  other  measures  proposed  were  libcrtv  of  religion,  education 
t'>  be  general  and  withdrawn  tVom  trie  supervision  of  ecclesiasti(\<.  free- 
dom of  the  press,  freedom 


v^i  trade,  the  ri-ht  of  [peaceful  association, 


the  expui.iou  01  t.e  Jestiit^.  and  the  suppression  of  the  conventual 
establi:>hnients  fouiuled  h\  I-abtlla.  In  November.  Isabella  leit  Ibui, 
an<l  took  up  lier  reMd.iM  e  in  Pari^,  ac  (aMiii)anied  bv  her  hudemd  ,ind 
children,  abdiiatin-  in  tav^r  of  her  son,  the  brinee  of  A^turia^.  Mean- 
tune,  >pain  continued  divided  m  respect  to  the  tonn  of  ge.vernmein  it 
was  ])e:^t  to  aaie.pt,  the  republican  party  being  the  smallest,  thotigh  the 


HOUSE    OF  HOIIEXZOLLERN. 


iii.Kt  active.  \*  length  it  was  announced,  in  July,  1870,  that  General 
Prim  had  offered  the  throne  of  Spain  to  Prince  Leopold  of  Hohen- 
zollern. 

The  "Brandenburg  or  Prussian  Hohenzollerns,  in  1530,  embraced  the 
Lutheran  religion,  whicli  has  ever  since  been  the  prevailing  faith  of 
Prussia;  while  the  senior  Suabian  or  main  family  retained  and  still 
hold  their  original  Roman  Catholic  creed.  It  is  this  senior  branch 
that  the  father  of  Prince  Leopold  Hohenzollern  now  represents.  They 
bear  no  resemblance  to  and  have  no  near  relationship  with  the  Prus- 
sian family,  and,  being  very  wealthy,  lead  a  life  of  ease  and  scholar- 
ship. Not  until  1S51  did  they  surrender  their  rights  of  sovereignty  to 
their  tenth  cousin,  Frederic  William  IV.  of  Prussia. 

Leopold  is  the  oldest  son  of  Prince  Charles  Anton  and  Princess  Jo- 
sephine, and  therefore  is  related  to  the  dynasty  of  Bonaparte,  his  father 
being  a  son  of  Princess  Antoinette  Murat,  and  his  mother,  Princess 
Josephine  of  Baden,  a  daughter  of  Stephanie  Beauharnais,  who  was  an 
adopted  daughter  of  Napoleon  I.  Hence  it  is  not  surprising  that  the 
government  of  Madrid  should  expect  these  ties  of  relationship  to 
recommend  their  candidate  at  the  Tuileries.  Prince  Charles  Anton 
had  always  been  an  intimate  friend  and  adviser  of  Louis  Napoleon,— 
had  projected  for  the  Emperor  his  Strasburg  fiasco, — and  it  was  he,  in 
fact,  and  not  the  son,  who  was  arranging  the  Spanish  throne  business. 
In  1 86 1,  Prince  Leopold  married  the  sister  of  the  King  of  Portugal, 
which  gave  him  character  in  that  part  of  Europe.  The  fother.  Prince 
Charles  Anton,  with  his  family,  usually  lives  at  his  chateau  in  Sig- 
maringen, built  by  King  William  of  Prussia  for  the  head  of  the  House 
of  Hohenzollern.  It  was  here  that  the  preliminary  negotiations  with 
the  Spanish  government  were  discussed.  In  the  contracts  of  Decem- 
ber, 1851,  between  Prussia  and  the  princes  of  Hohenzollern  of  Anton's 
line,  by  which  the  latter  ceded  their  rights  of  sovereignty  to  the  crown 
of  Prussia,  it  is  expressly  stipulated  that  in  case  of  extinction  of  male 
representatives  the  crown  of  Prussia  shall  not  claim  i)roprietary  rights 
to  the  principalities  of  the  senior  or  Anton  line,  and  that  the  princes 
of  Hohenzollern  shall  not  inherit  the  rights  of  the  Prussian  branch. 
The  head  of  the  family  is,  therefore,  not  the  King  of  Prussia,  but 
Prii  *  .  Charles  Anton,  who,  by  royal  order,  received  the  title  of 
*'  Highness,"  and  later,  **  Royal  Highness,"  but  with  distinct  specifi- 
cation that  it  changed  in  no  manner  the  relation  of  the  House  of  Ho- 
henzollern to  the  throne  of  Prussia.  It  will  thus  be  clearly  seen  that 
tiir  Prussian  tlironc  was  in  no  manner  interested  in  or  profited  by  a 
I   .  htative  of  that  house.     No  better  expression  of  the  motives  of 


re 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


the  Spanish  government  in  choosing  Prince  Leopold  for  their  regent 
can   be  given  than  a  quotation  from    a  paper   of    the   distinguished 
statesman  Sefior  Salazar.     He  said,  -  In  the  first  place.  Prince  Leopold 
belongs  to  that  branch  of  the  Hohenzollern  family  which  has  for  cen- 
turies kept  aloof  from  Protestantism,  now  predominant  at  Berlin.     He 
would  be  the  present  heir  of  the  Prussian  crown  had  his  ancestors,  pos- 
sessing the  right  of  primogeniture,  been  willing  to  forswear  the  Catholic 
for  the  Protestant  religion."      In  the  second  place,  Salazar  put  the 
question,  ''  Is  Portugal  dependent  on  Spain  because  their  thrones  are 
occupied  by  members  of  the  same  family?     Of  what  profit,  in  1866, 
was  the  relationship  of  the  dethroned   King  of  Hanover  to  Queen 
Victoria?    Gratitude  is  an  empty  word  in  politics;  and,  aside  from 
this,  upon  what  ground  of  interest  is  Prince  Leopold  bound  to  Prussia? 
His'attachments  would  all  be  to  the  Spanish  cortes."     The  Prussian 
government  had  no  part   in   this  transaction,  and  King  William  was 
greatly  surprised  when  Prince  Leopold,  who   is  of  full  age,  came  to 
Ems  to  communicate  to  him,  as  a  matter  of  courtesy,  his  renunciation 
of  the  candidature.     The  only  control  the  king  exercised  over  him 
arose  from  the  fact  that  Prince  Leopold  was  an  officer  of  the  Prussian 
army       The  prince's  own   motive   for  this  action  was  entirely  per- 
sonal.    One  reason,  which  he  has  authorized  to  be  published  in  his 
own  language,  is,  that  -without  knowing  what  the  people  of  Spam 
thought  about  it,  everybody  in  Germany  versed  in  foreign  politics  was 
of  the  opinion  that  the  Peninsula,  on  account  of  its  geographical  po- 
sition and  peculiar  constitution,  would  have  nothing  to  gain  and  much 
to  lose  by  entanglements  in  European  politics,  and  that  therefore  their 
sovereigns  would  be  strong  neutrals." 

When  the  proposition  was  brought  to  the  notice  of  King  William, 
he  opposed  it  on  the  ground  of  the  unfitness  of  German  princes  to 
rule  Latin  subjects,  as  shown  by  the  experiment   of  Maximilian   m 
Mexico  ;  besides,  he  had  grave  doubts  as  to  the  propriety  of  Prussia  s 
favoring  the   scheme,  for  the  political   reason   that  Prince  Leopold 
would  be  too  strongly  in  favor  of  the  French  idea  and  against  Prussia 
On  the  6th  of  Tulv,  1870,  it  was  announced  that  Prince  Leopold  of 
Hohenzollern  had  formally  accepted  the  Spanish  crown.      This  fact 
was  known  to  the  French  government  the  day  previous,  and  -  a  firm 
and  energetic  note "  was  addressed   to  Baron  Werther,  the  Prussian 
ambassador,  upon  the  receipt  of  which  the  baron  departed  for  Ems  to 
meet  the  King  of  Prussia.     What  the  tenor  of  this  note  was  might  be 
inferred  from  the  statement  made  the  next  day  in  the  Corps  Legislatif 
by  the  Duke  de  Grammont,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  namely,  that 


-r.T) 


HOUSE    OF  IWirE.yZOLLERN. 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


567 


it  was  true  that  General  Prim  luul  offered  the  throne  of  Spain  to  the 
Prince  of  Hohenzollern,  who  had  accej)ted  it,  but  that  the  people  of 
Spain  ]iad  not  pronounced  on  the  transaction,  and  France  had  to 
know  the  details  of  an  affair  which  had  been  conducted  in  secrecy. 
The  French  government  would  persist  in  its  policy  of  neutrality,  but 
under  no  pretext  would  it  permit  a  German  power  to  place  one  of  its 
princes  on  the  throne  of  Charles  V.  The  duke  expressed  the  hope, 
however,  that  prudence  in  Germany  and  wisdom  in  Spain  would  avert 
extremities. 

Seeing  that  his  acceptance  of  the  Spanish  crown  was  likely  to  make 
serious  trouble  between  the  two  countries,  Leopold,  by  the  advice  of 
his  father,  made  a  personal  renunciation  before  the  matter  had  been 
fairly  brought  to  the  notice  of  the  Prussian  government. 

The  Moniteur,  on  the  evening  of  the  9th,  said,  ''  The  abandonment 
of  the  Hohenzollern  project  on  the  part  of  Prussia  is  not  enough  now. 
France  must  prevent  the  repetition  of  similar  projects,  and  demand  on 
the  part  of  Prussia  an  entire  fulfillment  of  the  Treaty  of  Prague, — 
namely,  the  liberty  of  South  Germany,  the  evacuation  of  the  fortress 
of  Mayence,  the  renunciation  of  military  influence  beyond  the  Main, 
and  the  settlement  of  the  Schleswig-Holstein  question  with  Denmark." 
Ev^er  since  the  war  of  1866,  a  war  that  seemed  necessary  to  clear  the 
political  skies  of  Germany,  **a  purely  family  affair,"  as  the  Germans 
called  it,  having  nothing  to  do  with  the  outside  world,  and  ever  since 
the  scheme  of  German  unity  commended  itself  as  a  scheme  of  strength 
and  good  to  the  German  people,  France  had  been  jealous  of  their 
prosperity,  and  wished  to  humble  them.  France  had  within  two 
hundred  years  invaded  Germany  numerous  times,  crowding  and  jos- 
tling her  states,  and  compelling  them  to  put  up  with  insults, — this  last 
one  not  the  least.  For,  notwithstanding  Prince  Leopold's  withdrawal, 
the  French  government  insisted  upon  the  official  renunciation  now  and 
forever  of  all  pretensions  to  the  throne  of  Spain  on  the  part  of  any 
member  of  the  Hohenzollern  family.  It  was  said  that  the  king  refused 
to  receive  Count  Benedetti,  the  French  ambassador,  bringing  the  above 
demand  from  the  French  court.  The  Prussians  say  that  King  William 
was  not  offended  by  Benedetti's  conduct,  but  saw  fit  to  treat  him  with 
consideration.  The  king  seemed  ready  to  make  great  concessions 
rather  than  bring  sacrifices  upon  the  country,  and  wrote  a  dispatch  to 
the  Emperor,  virtually  making  the  disclaimer  asked.  This  dispatch  he 
sent  to  Bismark,  his  minister,  for  revision,  by  whom  its  tone  was  some- 
wiiat  altered  to  suit  the  emergency;  and  instructions  were  sent  to  the 
Prussian  ambassador  at   Paris  to  sustain  the  dignity  of  Prussia.     The 


1 


1 


i 


king  left  Ems  and  set  out   for  Berlin,  where  his  ministry  were  sum- 
moned to  meet  him.     By  accident  they  all  met  at  the  railway  station 
in  Berlin,  were  joined  by  the  crown   prince,  and  had  set  out  for  the 
Assembly  Chamber,  when  their  attention  was  attracted  by  the  newsboys 
crying  out  that  war  had  been  declared  by  the  French.    The  papers  were 
asked  for,  and  the  king,  believing  that  war  had  been  declared,  put  up 
his  hands  to  his  head,  and  said,   -  Must  I,  in  my  old  age,  again  go  to 
war!"  and  tears  ran  down  his  cheeks.     Upon  examining  the  papers, 
it  was  found  to  be  quite  uncertain  whether  war  had  been  declared  or 
not.     There  was  no  actual  declaration,  but  a  telegram  saying  that  a 
declaration  had  been  made.     But  the  time  for  action  had  arrived,  and 
the  crown  prince,  who  stood  just  behind  Bismark,  whispered  in  his  ear, 
*^  Radical  or  nothing."     Bismark  then  said  to  the  king  that  there  was 
no   impediment  to  mobilizing  the  whole  army,  and   that  no  occasion 
had  ever  been  so  favorable.      King  William  at   once  replied   that  he 
would   mobilize   the  whole  army.      Bismark,    fearing   that   he  would 
retract,  spoke  out  quickly,  and   in  a  loud  voice,  so  that  forty  persons 
could  hear  him,   ^'The  king  has  declared   that  he  will  mobilize   the 
whole  army;"  and   the   minister  of  war.  Von  Roon,  who  was  present, 
said,  -  I  have  heard  it,  and  will  at  once  give  necessary  orders." 

On  the  15th  of  Julv,  the  French  government,  sustained  by  the  Corps 
Legislatif,  declared  war  against  Prussia.     This  declaration  asserted  that 
the  Emperor  of  the  French  was  obliged  to  consider  the  proposal  to 
elevate  a  Prussian  prince  to  the  throne  of  Spain  as  an  attack  on  the  se- 
curity of  France ;  that  he  desired  that  Prussia  should  disavow  the  scheme, 
which  Prussia  refused  to  do,  reserving  her  right  to  be  governed  by  cir- 
cumstances  ;  and  that  the  Emperor  was  forced  to  consider  this  deter- 
mination as  equally  menacing  to  France  and  the  European  equilibrium, 
particularly  as  it  was  rendered  the  more  significant  by  the  communica- 
tion made  bv  Prussia  to  the  cabinets  of  Europe,  giving  an  account  of 
the  refusal  to  receive  the  French  ambassador.     The  declaration  con- 
cluded as  follows  :    ''The  French  government,  therefore,  is  taking  steps 
for  the  defense  of  its  honor  and  injured  interests,  and,  having  adopted 
all  measures  which  the  circumstances  render  necessary,  considers  itself 

at  war  with  Prussia."  . 

The  French  Emperor  left  St.  Cloud  for  the  field  on  the  28th,  taking 
with  him  the  prince  imperial,  and  leaving  the  Empress  Eugenie  as 
Recrent  of  France  during  his  absence.  At  that  date  the  Prussian  army 
was"  concentrating  between  Treves  and  Merzig,  on  the  river  Saar. 

Kin-  William,  in  his  address  to  the  North  German  parliament,  on 
calling^t  together  at  the  beginning  of  the  war,  after  speaking  of  the 


568 


HOUSE    OF  IIOIIENZOLLERN. 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


569 


Spanish  succession  of  a  German  prince,  said,  ** France  has  made  this 
circumstance  a  pretext  for  declaring  war  with  Germany,  even  after  the 
original  pretense  has  been  removed,  and  the  Emperor  in  contemptuous 
disregard  of  the  just  right  of  nations  to  enjoy  the  blessings  of  peace, 
has  followed  the  examples  set  him  in  the  history  of  former  rulers  of  that 
country.  If  Germany  in  former  centuries  silently  bore  such  outrages 
upon  her  rights  and  honor,  she  only  did  so  because,  disunited  as  she 
was,  she  did  not  know  her  strength.  Now,  when  the  ties  of  an  intel- 
lectual and  judicial  union,  which  were  first  knit  by  the  war  of  liberation, 
are  drawing  the  races  of  Germany  more  closely  together  the  longer  they 
last, — now,  when  the  defenses  of  our  country  leave  no  loop-hole  for 
a  foreign  foe, — Germany  has  both  the  will  and  the  power  to  repel 
the  renewed  insults  of  France.  It  is  no  vainglorious  feeling  which 
induces  me  to  speak  thus.  The  federal  governments,  and  I  myself, 
act  in  the  full  conviction  that  victory  and  defeat  lie  in  the  hand  of  the 
God  of  battles.  We  have  carefully  weighed  the  responsibility  which, 
before  the  judgment-seat  of  God  and  man,  must  fall  upon  his  head  who 
drives  two  peaceable  nations  in  the  very  heart  of  Europe  into  a  destruc- 
tive war.  The  peoples  of  Germany  and  France,  who  both  equally  enjoy 
and  desire  the  blessings  of  Christian  civilization  and  an  increasing 
prosperity,  are  called  to  a  nobler  emulation  than  tlie  bloody  rivalry  of 
arms.  Those  who  bear  rule  in  France,  however,  by  carefully  mislead- 
ing the  great  nation  which  is  our  neighbor,  have  found  out  a  way  to 
use  the  justifiable  but  sensitive  patriotism  of  the  country  for  their  own 
personal  interests  and  passions.  The  more  deeply  the  federal  gov- 
ernments feel  that  they  have  done  everything  their  honor  and  dignity 
permitted  to  preserve  to  Europe  the  blessings  of  peace,  the  more  appa- 
iciu  It  is  to  all  that  the  sword  has  been  forced  into  our  hands;  the 
more  confidently  do  we,  supported  by  the  unanimous  approbation  of 
all  the  governments  of  Germany,  of  the  South  as  well  as  the  North, 
appeal  to  the  patriotism  and  willing  self-sacrifice  of  the  people  of  Ger- 
man.}, and  summon  them  to  defend  her  honor  and  independence.  We 
h'h(  V.  the  cxamj)lc  of  our  fathers  in  fighting  for  our  freedom  and  our 
lights,  against  the  violence  of  foreign  invaders;  and,  as  in  this  war  we 
]ia\c  no  otl^cr  dim  tlian  to  secure  the  lasting  peace  of  Europe,  God  will 


be  ^\"itil  ii>. 


\x:  UM- 


w  iih  our  fathers." 


TlVv'  pretext  (A  \.\\)^)W\)\\  iur  declaring  war  cxciicd  the  indignation 
of  all  (icrniaiiv,  an«!  rnnsc'l  it^  enthusiasm  to  the  liighest  ])itch.  The 
Soiitli  ("rermau  |  rinee-,  wlu».  Awx  tiic  war  of  1866,  had  made  an  alli- 


ance, üffen^iN'c 


and   (!etVn-i\-r,  witli 


russia,  N'.rrc  nri-in 


to  take  tlie 


•leid.      With   unhcard-ul   rapid it\-   all   were  uu   lac   inarLü,  and  ai   iiie 


besinninir  of  August  the  armies   were  on  the  shores  of  the  Rhine, 
ready  to  defend  the  fatherland.     King  William  himself  took  the  ent.re 

'Trfirs't  division,  under  General  Steinmetz,  consisting  of  Prus^ns 
only,  was  ordered  to  occupy  the  country  around  baarlou.s  and  Saar- 

'^Tte'econd  army,   under  Prince  Frederic    Charles    consisting  of 
Prussians,  Hessians,  and  Saxons,  was  sent  to  Z-^''"^"f  ^";  ^^_ 

The  third,  under   the  crown   prince,  consisting  of  Prussians,  Ba 
vadans,  Würtembergers,  and  the  troops  of  Baden,  took  up  pos,t,on  at 

''t.m;rot>s  forces  were  also  sent  to  protect  the  coasts  of  the  North 
,nd  Baltic  Seas  against  the  French  fleet,  under  the  comn.and  of  Gen 

^t:  the  ToftuTt::'..  French  corps  Frossard  began  hostilities 
In^stL  of  the  Emptor,  by  attacking  SaarbrUcka.  which   a^ter  a 

braL  defense  by  a  few  hundred  ^^l^^^^^^^^ 

The  Germans  then  began  the  attack,  ine  ciu  i 
Frich  frontiers  on  the  4th  of  August,  stormed  We.ssenburg  and  the 
Gaisb  rgciefended  by  the  division  Douay  of  McMahon's  army,  and  at 
S"r  1  Encountered  McMahon  himself  and  defeated  h,m  m  a  bloody 
battle  The  same  day  a  part  of  the  first  army  attacked  the  corps 
Frossard.^lrld  the  Lights  of  Spicheren,  not  far  from  Saarbrücken, 
nnH  forced  the  enemy  to  retreat  in  disorder  to  Forbach. 

Tlfe   c  own    prince,   having   sent    the   Baden   troops  to   Strasburg, 

llie   crown    prmcc,  »    ,„  p„;^      The  first  and  second  army 

marched  to  Nancy,  on  h.s  way  to  Pans.      1  he  tirs  ' 

proceeded  towards  Metz,  where,  at  Pange  (Courcell  s)    Ste  nmeU  met 

the  enemy,  and  after  a  hot  contest  drove  hun  into  the  fort=,  and  then 

'liuime'princT  Frederic  Charles  had  crossed  the  Moselle  south 
of  Met:  ri  rushed  on  the  retreating  columns  of  the  enem>.  On  e 
/:  ^  f  Anmißt  with  a  part  of  the  second  army,  he  met  the  i  rencn 
J^nlSr:,::?  B:ine,  and  in  the  ---^-^,:;  T^:; 
vine  (Mars  la  Tour)  cut  off  the  retreat  of  *  ^^/-'^^^  ',;„', 

were  superior  i"  '-^-J^^    ^^  ^^  J^^^^lLd  b    Kin,  W.- 
began  again,  when  the  nam  J^ienc  ^ 

liam  at  Gravelotte,  and  driven  into  >K  ./•  -  n.t. 

the  pursuing  Germans.  .,„^  r^^^ch^d  C\.:don>- 

.,.„orrou-n,.nn,v!.ul  jjone  on  through  N,.nc>.... I.-«- 

s„,-.NS,.,ne;   but  a.  Marshal  MaLuu..  with  w,.nu  w,.  tl^  1    n     ro  , 
L   .cceiv;d  reinforcement,  and   unr..!  norti.  to  r..ch  A.u  0.  t,i. 


>,, 


570 


HOUSE    OF  iroiniXZOLLERN. 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


:>  / 


Belgian  frontiers,  in  order  to  relieve  Bazaine,  the  crown  prince  also 
turned  v.)  ihe  north.  At  tlie  same  time  the  Maas  army,  composed  of  a 
p:irt  of  tlie  second  army,  under  Albert,  Crown  Prince  of  Saxony, 
hastened  to  bar  the  way  to  Metz,  conquered  the  enemy  at  Beaumont, 
and  united  witli  the  .army  under  the  Crown  Prince  of  Prussia.  The 
whole  f>ench  army  w\is  then  surrounded,  and  on  September  2  the 
battle  of  Sedan  took  place,  under  the  command  of  King  William. 
The  French  were  forced  to  surrender,  and  Napoleon  with  eighty-three 
thousand  unwounded  soldiers  was  taken  prisoner.  Inmiense  military 
stores  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors,  and  Napoleon  was  sent,  by  order 
of  King  William,  to  Wilhelmshöhe,  near  Cassel.  Bazaine  made  a  sortie 
in  the  hope  of  joining  McMahon,  but  was  repulsed  after  a  severe 
contest. 

The  Emperor's  government  was  now  overthrown  at  Paris,  and  France 
declared  a  republic.  The  third  division  and  the  Maas  army  then  be- 
gan their  march  to  the  French  capital,  while  the  first  and  second 
divisions,  under  Prince  Frederic  Charles,  remained  before  Metz.  After 
the  capital  of  France  was  reached,  the  garrison  of  Paris  made  a  sortie, 
encountered  the  fifth  Prussian  corps,  and  was  defeated.  The  giant 
city  was  then  surrounded  and  besieged.  At  the  beginning  of  the  siege 
King  William's  headquarters  were  at  Ferrieres,  but  subsequently  he 
removed  to  Versailles.  The  French  troops  in  Paris,  under  General 
Trochu,  made,  at  different  times,  three  unsuccessful  sorties.  At  Le 
Bourget,  northeast  of  Paris,  where  the  French  had  strongly  intrenched 
themselves,  General  Budritzki,  in  command  of  the  Prussian  Guards, 
after  a  severe  contest,  dislodged  and  routed  them. 

On  the  2.3d  of  September  Toul  was  surrendered,  after  a  bombardment 
Kji  six  hours.  There  were  surrendered  one  hundred  and  nine  officers, 
twentv  two  liuiidred  anci  forty  privates,  and  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
se\cr,  cannon.  The  surrender  of  Strasburg  followed  five  days  later. 
It  was  captured  sf-cr  a  siege  of  six  weeks.  The  prisoners  taken  num- 
bered -c\e-itoc!i  tiiousand  men,  including  National  Guards,  and  four 
and   iii'i  \  -Diie  uincers. 


hundred  and    iii'i  \  - 
and  seventx'  eanrio! 
military   (  he>t,    ana 
eiirht  millions  m^jre 


AiiM»ng  the  spuds  were  one  hundred 

fil'ieen   Imndtaal    horses.  t\v(^  million   francs  in  the 
^owrnmeüt    jircperu    ni    tiaj    ])ani<    estimated    at 


Soisson,-^  was  taken  un  tiie  Küii.  and  S; 


i .  --^t 


alt  on 


the  24th.  Finally,  on  tlie  271h  ot'  (  )etuber,  Metz  \va>  torced  h\-  lain^er 
X)  surrender.  Six  thnu-.md  ottieer-,  one  lanaired  and  be\  enit  \--t  liree 
thuusand  men,  and  an  inunense  amonnt  ui  nnat  ir\  -'<a-(S  fell  \\\\o  tLe 
hands  of  the  Germans. 

While  these  events  were  taking  |)la(  e,  the  Dake  uf  A(jsta,  Amadeas, 


second  son  of  Victor  Emmanuel,  was  chosen  candidate  for  the  Spanish 
throne,  and  his  acceptance  officially  announced  at  Madrid. 

The  following  fortified  places  were  besieged  and  taken  :  Fort  Islor- 
tier,  near  Neu-Breisach,  on  the  7th  of  November;  Verdun,  on  the 
8th  ;  Neu-Breisach,  on  the  loth  ;  Diedenhofen,  on  the  24th;  La  Fere, 
on  the  27th  ;  Pfalzburg,  on  the  12th  of  December ;  Montmedy,  on  the 
14th;  Mezieres,  on  January  2,  1871  ;  Rocroy,  on  the  5th;  Peronne, 
on  the  loth;  and  Longwy,  on  the  25th.  Last  of  all,  die  strongly- 
fortified  Belfort  fell,  after  a  hard  siege  of  three  months. 

Whilst  Paris  was  besieged  by  the  Prussians,  the  French  were  making 
great  exertions  to  raise  new  armies,  in  order  to  deliver  their  capital. 
The  fall  of  Metz  left  Frederic  Charles  free,  with  two  hundred  thousand 
men,  to  oppose  the  armies  which  might  be  raised.  He  went  to  Ver- 
sailles, and  then  were  seen,  for  the  first  time,  the  princes  of  the  confed- 
erated states  wearing  the  Prussian  helmet  and  sash.  As  far  back  as  the 
reign  of  the  father  of  Frederic  the  Great,  it  had  been  prescribed  that 
no  prince  of  the  royal  house  should  ever  be  created  field-marshal,— 
probably  to  remove  from  the  throne  the  risk  of  military  predominance. 
But  now  King  William  himself  set  this  law  aside,  and  ''  Fritz"  and 
the  ''  Red  Prince"  were  made  field-marshals,  and  Moltke  a  count.  The 
king  made  an  appropriate  speech  upon  conferring  the  tide  upon  the 
crown  prince,  saying  that  it  was  a  proper  occasion  to  bestow  the  highest 
military  honors  upon  those  most  conspicuous  in  the  late  successes. 

The  city  of  Paris  was  invested  by  the  Crown  Princes  of  Prussia  and 
Saxony,— the  headquarters  of  the  former  being  at  Versailles,  to  the 
southwest,  and  those  of  the  latter  at  Grand  Trembloy,  on  the  northeast. 
General  von  der  Tann  had  gone  south  with  his  Bavarians  and  Prus- 
sians, and  defeated  the  French  at  Artenay  and  Orleans,  but  was  forced 
to  yield  by  the   new  army  of  the   Loire,  under  General  Aurelles  de 
Paladines,  the   enemy  being  much  superior  in   numbers.     Soon,  how- 
ever,   reinforcements   arrived,  under  Field-TvLirshal   Frederic   Charles 
and  '  tlie   Gran  1    Duke   Frederic   Francis  of   :Mecklenburg.      Frederic 
Charles  defeated   the  French   at   Beaune   la   Rokmde.  and   then,  with 
the  Grand  Duke,  laid  siege  to  Orleans,  which  fell  again  mto  tke  hands 
e-i  tlie  Germans,  and  the  Loire    arm}   divided   into  two  parts.      Ihe 
division   which  had  been   driven   w,  r^i.   l)eing  reinforced,  returned   to 

defeated 


the  alta' 


but  after  fair  davs'  bard   tlLilumg  was  ceavii-Heteiy  ( 


a.t  r.eaugencv.      In  consequence 


of  thi-^  deil'at,  tlie  provisional  seat  ot 

the   lead i  11 L' 


L;()vernnumt.    ot    wlaeli    C^ambetta.    minister  ol    war,    was 

Bordeaux,    ^^'^  ■ 


s|a] 


wp,--    remaAaai    Iruin 


ours    to 


nil   General    Chanzy 


sn}<erseck 


d  De  Paladines  in    the  western   Freneh  army,  while  that  part 


0  / 


HOUSE    Of  JiOIIEXZOLLERN'. 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  L 


573 


of  ib.c  l.oirc  ariii)  wlucli  !uul  been  driven  to  the  south  was  put  under 
tlic  romniniid  of  General  Bourbaki.  Vendbme  was  taken  l)y  troops 
<)!  1  rrdcric  Charles,  and  shortly  after  a  succession  of  victories  drove 
the  army  of  General  Chancy  to  Le  Mans,  which  was  captured  on  the 
I  2th  of  January,  1871 .  iVenty  thousand  prisoners  were  taken,  and  a 
ku-e  booty  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Prussians.  The  western  army 
of  the  French  was  nearly  annihilated. 

In  the  north  the  French  had  collected  troops  under  General  Faid- 
herbe  to  operate  for  the  relief  of  Paris.  General  Manteuffel,  with  an 
inferior  number  of  Prussian  troops,  took  Rouen,  the  capital  of  Nor- 
mandy, drove  Faidherbe  from  Amiens,  and  entered  the  town.  Faid- 
herbe  was  again  repulsed  on  the  L'Hallu,  and  again  defeated  by 
Manteuffel  at  Baupaume.  General  Manteuffel  was  now  sent  to  take 
command  of  the  newly-organized  army  in  the  south,  which  was  to 
march  against  Bourbaki.  General  Goeben,  who  succeeded  Manteuffel 
at  the  north,  completely  overthrew  Faidherbe  at  St.  Quentin,  and  his 
army  fled  in  disorder  to  the   fortresses  of  Lille  and   Douay  on   the 

frontiers. 

Meantime,  General  von  Werder,  with  the  troops  of  Baden  and 
Prussians,  had  conquered  nearly  all  the  territory  of  Franche-Comte, 
winning  a  victory  at  Rioz,  and  capturing  Dijon,  repulsing  Garibaldi 
at  Pasques,  and  defeating  the  eastern  French  army  and  Garibaldi's 
corps  at  Nuits  on  the  i8th  of  December.  After  the  loss  of  Orleans, 
the  remainder  of  the  army  of  the  Loire,  under  Bourbaki,  was  sent  to  the 
relief  of  the  fortress  of  Belfort,  after  which  they  were  to  march  and 
attack  the  besieging  army  at  Paris.  Bourbaki  marched  against  General 
von  WciVk T,  who  at  first  retreated,  but  who,  in  the  three  days'  fight 
:it  licifort,  defeated  Bourbaki.  Meantime,  Manteuffel  had  hastened 
irniii  ihc  north  ^\\h  two  IVussian  corps,  and  cut  off  the  retreat  of 
rn.ur]  iki  uiih  an,  .nay  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  men  to  the 
soutin  A  nuilc  took  place  at  Pontarlier,  and,  after  a  hard  contest, 
eiginx  tiuMi.and  ui  Uourbaki's  men  retreated  through  the  almost  im- 
passabk-  ravint'S  of  tlie  Jura  Mountaiub  and  intcn:=ely  cold  weather  to 
tiic    nicuir.il    tcrriior\-   ui'   Switzerland.      Tlius    all   attempts   to   rescue 

]\iri>  faded. 

Mcanwhdc  the  siege  of  Paris  coniinndk      ddie  most  important  sortie 

of  the  l)e-in-nd  was  made  Nowankta-  y:  and  Dtnenn.Lr  i,  to  the  south- 
east, a-'-ainst  llic  i)Osts  of  the  W'iirieniberuer^,  Saxons,  nnnl  the  second 
PriHsian  cori)- at  Krie  and  (diani|ai:nv,  in  the  liope  of  kreakincr  throneh 
the  arniv  of  tlie  be^iei^crs  and  joiinne  the  ann\-  mider  I'a'adines. 

On  the  27th  of  Deeeniber  tiie    krn^daiiS  Ije^an  the  konikardment  of 


the  fortifications  of  Paris,  which  wa,  .ollowed  on  the  i^fj^^ 

t87i    bv  bombardin.^  the  city.     After  the  last  grand  so.t.e  on  January 

0    a.aL     he  Fifth  Army  Corps,  which  fatled  with  severe  losses  by 

t,^  pinch    the  proud  city  was  compelled  to  enter  into  negot,at,ons, 

t^t^^  Falre,  ^inisLr  of  Foreign  ^-^^' f^^^^^^TS:^ 
On  Janukry  .8,  a  delegation  from  the  cty  surrendered  '-  fons  t^^^^^ 
Germans,  the  garrison  of  Paris  was  declared  prisoners,  and  a  truce 

'' D:;:;?t;:Trur:eSations  for  peace  commenced  between  Count 
Bism";^ald  Messrs.  Favre  and  Thiers,  who  had  been  -— .oned 
by  the  newly. elected  French  National  Assembly.     The  Gem  ans  ^^ere 
in  readiness  to  march  directly  upon  Bordeaux  and  occupy  all  France 
if  the  terms  of  peace  which  they  offered  should  be  refused     The  t.uce 

.„y  f„r,h.r  .ucce,.  of  .he.r  ..my,  "    "S *  »^  '  ,„,       „„„„„ie. 

Assembly  had  meantime  accepted  l^»^--   "'J^^.^fin     v^ly  settled  at 
The  principal  conditions,  which  had  to  be  dehnitive  y 

Brussels,  were  as  follows :  exception  of  Belfort, 

I.  France  agrees  to  give  up  Alsace,  witn  i  i 

and  the  German  part  of  Lorraine  -th  Metz   to  Germany  ^^ 

.    Frinre  ao-recs  to  pay  an  indemnity  for  the  expense  oi  u 

''r?i:rrvaTutiL:';f  See  by  the  German  forces  to  commence  im- 

m^i^';     After  the  payment  of  twelfths  ^[^^Zl-:::. 
mans  to  hold  only  the  departments  of  Marne,  Ardennes,  m.  ^^ 

r  I'u^L,  ani  the  fbrtress  of  Bellbrt.     ^^  ^^r:::     '^l  i 

fifths,  to  keep  only  fifty  thotisand  troops  in  France   an. 

sufficient  money  guarantees  are  given  bv  the  ^-^"^^  |-  ,^ 

4    The  German  troops  to  make  no  inrfner  requisition,  i   .    ,  •    > 
.,,  "ernn.ent  to  supply  food  to  the  army  of  occupation.  ''-         -' 

;.,„,,.„,....,,  ,ho  inh.abitants  to  hue  time  to  move  c    ,f  Hk)  ....>re. 

r'     \ii  •..risonersof  wr.rtol.c  ininicJiatay  n.cn.ica. 

5.   ..\,l  ,.ii.oner>  <„  ,„nicd  depavtinent>   to  be  given  lo 

,,,   Tl.e  n,.n:,geme.u  ol    tl.e   .».upcn        '  ,^.,^  ;„  the 

,    .  1  T  ■     ♦    n    ^x'f^\7^^r    to  t  le   vieinian  coiaiiia.ivi^i^ 

li-eneli  olticials,  subject,  liowevei,  to  me 

interest  of  tlie  Ceianan  troops. 


5  74 


HOUSE    OF  IIOIIEXZOLLERiV. 


EMPEROR    WILLIAM  I. 


75 


riic  ncrman  army  of  occupation  in  France  consisted  of  the  Seventh 
irid    1  .velfth  Prussian  Corps,  and  the  corps  of  Wiirtenibergers. 

The  result  of  the  German  victories  over  France  was  the  re-establish- 
ment of  the  German  Empire,  and  of  the  dignity  of  German  Emperor, 
which  had  been  vacant  since  i8o6.  Negotiations  between  the  North 
German  Confederation  and  the  South  German  States  terminated  in 
the  union  of  Germany,  with  King  William  for  Emperor.  Bismark 
sent  a  dispatch  notifying  the  cabinet  of  Vienna  of  the  completion  ot 
German  unity,  and  Baron  von  Beust,  in  his  reply,  said,  ''that  the 
restoration  of  the  German  Empire  is  not  only  received  with  satisfac- 
tion by  the  people  of  Austria,  but  is  personally  gratifying  to  the 
Emperor  Francis  Joseph.  Austria,"  he  added,  '' sincerely  wishes  to 
cultivate,  the  friendship  of  North  Germany.  This  would  be  a  pledge 
of  enduring  union  and  lasting  peace." 

Louis  II.,  King  of  Bavaria,  announced  the  concurrence  of  all  the 
German  princes  and  the  Hanse  towns  in  bestowing  upon  King 
William  of  Prussia  the  imperial  crown,  as  Frederic  William  I.,  Em- 
peror of  Germany;  and  on  the  i8th  of  January,  1S71,  he  was  solemnly 
declared  Emperor,  at  Versailles, — exactly  one  hundred  and  seventy 
years  after  the  Elector  Frederic  III.  declared  himself  King  of  Prussia. 

The  new  Emperor  spoke  of  the  confidence  he  felt  that  he  and  his 
successors  would  continue  to  increase  the  power  of  the  German  Em- 
pire, not  in  war  and  conquests,  but  in  the  blessings  of  peace,  in  the 
national  welfare,  freedom,  and  civilization. 

Early  in  March  the  Emperor  returned  to  Germany,  and  to  his  capi- 
tal, to  the  great  joy  of  his  people.  Soon  after.  Count  von  Bismark 
was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  Prince  of  the  German  Empire,  and  General 
Count  von  Moltke  was  presented  with  the  grand  cross  of  the  order  of 
the  Iron  Cross. 

On  the  2 ist  of  March  the  legislative  session  of  the  Reichstag  was 
opened  in  Berlin.  The  Emperor  William  delivered  a  speech  from  the 
marble  throne  of  Charlemagne,  which  had  been  brought  from  Aix-la- 
Chapelle.  Upon  the  Emperor's  retirement  from  the  hall,  a  motion 
was  passed  congratulating  him  upon  the  occurrence  of  the  seventy- 
tiiiid  aiiiiiversary  of  his  birth.  Herr  Frankenburg,  President  of  the 
Chamber  of  I)e!)uties,  on  taking  his  seat,  warmly  greeted  the  South 
Gcriihin  ni«  nibcrs  on  their  ai)pearance  in  the  united  legislative  body 
of  the  nation. 

N.i!)'tK  (HI  Ml  was  allowed  to  leave  Wilhelmshöhe  and  go  to  England, 
wlicrc  ill'  took  ii|>  his  abode  111  Camden  House,  at  Chiselhurst,  a  small 
phu  f,  >!ni  i*u(l  en  \\w  Iventisli  uplands,  about  twelve  miles  from  London. 


Here  he  died,  January  9,  1873.     The  Empress  Eugenie  still  lives  here ; 
and  her  son  is  being  educated  in  England. 

France,  a  republic  for  the  third  time,  appointed  M.  l.ouis  Adolphe 
Thiers,  president,  for  a  period  undetermined  by  the  law  of  August  31, 
1871.     Marshal  McMahon  succeeded  him  as  president  in  1873. 

Dona  Maria,  Queen  of  Portugal,  had  a  troubled  reign.    Insurrections 
and  counter-insurrections  were  of  frequent  occurrence  ;  the  troops  were 
not  to  be  depended  upon  in  times  of  emergency,  and  guerrilla  bands 
scoured  the  country  at  will,  and  openly  defied  the  queen's  authority. 
At  last,  in  the  crisis  of  1852,  Dona  Maria  died  suddenly,  and  her  eldest 
son  ascended  the  throne,  in  1853,  as  Pedro  V.,  under  the  regency  of 
the  king-consort,  his  father.      The  latter  used  his  power  discreetly  ; 
by  his  judicious  management   the   financial  disorders  were  partially 
adjusted,  and  since  that  period  Portugal  has  been  less  disturbed  by 
party  faction,  the  royal  family  have  gradually  recovered  popularity, 
and  the  general  condition  of  the  nation  is  more  promising.     The  pre- 
mature death  of  the  young  king  and  his  brother  Joao,  in  1861,  height- 
ened these  feelings  of  loyalty;   and   the  present  sovereign,  Louis  I., 
second  son  of  Dona  Maria,  was  proclaimed  king  in  the  midst  of  general 
rejoicing  and    sympathy  with  the  reigning   house.      In   1862,  Louis 
married  Maria  Pia,  daughter  of  King  Victor  Emmanuel  of  Italy. 

In  January,  1871,  King  Amadeus  made  his  public  entry  into 
Madrid ;  but,  although  he  was  disposed  to  grant  every  concession  in 
order  to  restore  peace  and  prosperity  to  Spain,  the  republicans  were 
resolved  not  to  submit  to  his  rule.  In  July,  1872,  an  attempt  was 
made  to  assassinate  Amadeus  and  his  wife,  Maria  Victoria,  as  they  were 
returning  from  the  palace  gardens  to  the  palace.  Insurrections  and 
disturbances  continuing,  Amadeus  abdicated  in  February,   1873,  and 

returned  with  his  family  to  Italy. 

Spain  was  then  declared  a  republic,  and  in  August,  1873,  Emdio 
Castelar  was  elected  president  of  the  Spanish  cortes.  War  broke  out 
immediately  between  the  Republicans  and  the  Carlists,  and  has  not 
ended  at  the  present  time.  Spain  is  the  only  country  now,  in  Europe, 
destitute  of  the  blessings  of  peace. 


i  jS  D  1:.^^. 


A. 


Abdelrahman,  83. 

Abelard.  82. 

Adalbero,  Bishop  of  Metz.  51. 

Adalbert,  Archbishop  of  Bremen,  63. 

Adam  Krafft,  224. 

Addison,  391.  .   . 

Adelaide  of  Saxe-Memmgen,  40^. 

Adelheid,  wife  of  Otho  the  Great,  43. 

Admiral  Coligny,  299,  309. 

Adrian  IV.,  Pope  (Flooriszoon),  239. 

Adrian  IV.,  Pope  (Nicholas  Breakspeare), 

96. 
Adrian  von  Bubemberg.  200. 
/Eneas  Sylvius,  201. 
Adolph  of  Nassau,  Emperor.  136. 
Ap-itha  wife  of  Edward  the  Ethehng.  72. 
Agnes  of  Burgundy,  wife  of  Rudolph  of 

Hapsburg,  135-      ,     .  ..       ^  /-u^^i^c 

Agnes,  Countess-Palatme,  wife  of  Charles 

IV.,  160.  J 

Agnes  of  Hungary,  daughter  of  Albert  i.. 

142. 
Agnes  of  Mansfeld.  316.  ttt     a^  a^ 

Agnes  of  Poitou,  wife  of  Henry  HI.,  62,  63- 
Albert  I.,  Emperor,  i39- 
Albert  H..  Emperor,  199- 
Albert,  Archbishop  of  Magdeburg,  242. 
Albert,  Archduke  of  Austria,  331. 
Albert  of  Brandenburg,  203. 
Albert  Dürer.  224. 
Albertus  Magnus,  126. 
Albigenses,  122. 
Albrecht  of  Mecklenburg,  188. 
Albuquerque,  228. 
Alcuin.  or  Flaccus  Albinus,   22. 
Alemanni,  9.  .^       •  ^ 

Alexander  I.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  476. 
Alexander  II.,  Emperor  of  Russia,  535. 
Alexander  VI..  Pope  (Borgia).  238. 
Alexander  de  Medici.  303. 
Alexander  Farnese.  Duke  of  Parma,  305 

327- 
Alfred  the  Great,  40. 
Alice  of  Champagne,  117- 
Alovs  Reding,  490. 
Alpiionso  VI.  of  Spain,  76. 
Alphonso  X.  of  Castile  and  Leon,  128. 
Amadeus  I.,  King  of  Spain,  571. 
Amelia,  Landgravine  of  Hesse,  369. 
America,  414,  437- 


Amerigo  Vespucci,  258. 

Andrea  del  Sarto,  260. 

Andrea  Mantegna,  234. 

Andrea  Orcagna,  170. 

Andreas  I.,  King  of  Hungary,  73- 

Andrew  H..  King  of  Hungary,  iii. 

Angilram,  Bishop  of  Metz,  22. 

Anna,  Empress  of  Russia,  411. 

Anna,  wife  of  Ferdinand  I.,  296. 

Anna,  wife  of  Wladimir  of  Novgorod,  48. 

Anna  of  Hochberg,  wife   of    Rudolph   of 

Hapsburg,  135.  ^  ^,      ,      _^^     ^. 

Anna  of  Silesia,  wife  of  Chades  l\-.  160. 
Anna  Amalia,  Duchess   of  Saxe-Weimar. 

Anne^'of  Austria,  daughter  of  Maximihan 

H.,  332. 
Anne,  Queen  of  England,  390. 
Anne  of  Austria,  Queen  Regent  of  France. 

391- 
Anne  of  Bohemia,  184. 

Anne  of  Bretagne.  216,  227. 

Anne  of  Cleves,  252. 

Anne  of  Denmark,  370. 

Anne  of  Warwick,  212. 

Anne  de  Beaujeu,  Regent  of  France,  215. 

Anne  Boleyn,  252. 

Anselm,  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  72. 

Arcemboldus,  242. 

Archbishop  Tillotson,  391. 

Valdes.  293. 

Werner,  132. 

Willigis.  50. 
Archduchess  Sophia  of  Bavaria  527- 
Archduke  Charies,  afterwards  Charies  Vi., 
456. 

Charies,  brother  of  Francis  II.,  503. 
]ohn,  brother  of  Francis  II.,  505- 
Leopold,  Bishop  of  Passau,  brother  of 

Rudolph  IL,  319-  ,^  ^       , 

Leopold,  afterwards  Leopold  I.,  305. 

Architecture.  218. 

Armada  Mercury,  the  first  newspaper,  320. 

Arminius.  329. 
Arnold  of  Brescia.  96. 
Arnold  von  Melchthal,  141. 
Arnold  von  Winkelried,  173. 
Arnold  Walpode,  126. 
Arnulph,  Emperor,  32. 
Artists,  517- 
Ary  Scheffer,  517. 
Auber,  517. 

37  577 


=;t.s 


INDEX. 


Aiigereau,  516. 

Augsburg  Confession.  246, 

Augusta,  wife  of  Emperor  William,  558. 

Augustines,  82. 

Augustus  the  Strong.  Elector  of  Saxony  and 

King  of  I'oland,  400. 
Augustus  III.,  Elector  of  Saxony  and  King 

of  I*oland,  436. 
August  Wilhelm  and  Frederic  Schlegel,  517. 
Axel,  Count  Oxenstiern,  347. 


B. 


Babenbergcrs  and  Conradians,  222. 

Bach,  John  Sebastian,  413. 

Bajazet,  193. 

Balboa,  258. 

Baner,  364. 

Baron  Loudon,  438. 
Thugut,  426. 
Trenck,  439. 

Battle  of  the  Spurs,  251. 

Beatrice  of  Burgundy,  wife  of  Frederic  Bar- 
barossa, 100. 

Beatrice  of  Silesia,  wife  of  Louis  the  Bava- 
rian, 155. 

Beatrice  of  Suabia,  wife  of  Otho  IV.,  109. 

Beethoven,  517. 

Belgic  Confession,  301. 

Bellini,  517. 

Bern,  527. 

Benvenuto  Cellini,  261. 

Berengar,  42. 

Berengaria  of  Navarre,  116. 

Beringer  of  Landenberg,  141. 

Bernadotte,  517. 

Bernard,  St.,  of  Clairvaux,  93. 

Bernhard,  Duke  of  Weimar,  346. 

Bernini.  402. 

Bernouilli,  490. 

Bernward,  Bishop  of  Hildesheim,  82. 

Bertha,  mother  of  Charlemagne,  23. 

Bertha,  Margravine  of  Susa,  wife  of  Henry 

IV.,  67. 
Berthier,  Prince  of  Wagram,  516. 
Bessieres,  Duke  of  Istria,  517. 
Bethlehem  Gabor,  344. 
Bianca  Sforza,  wife  of  Maximilian  I.,  225. 
Bishop  Runiet,  391. 
Bishop  of  Würzburg,  319. 
Blanche  of  Castile,  119. 
Blanche  de  Valois,  wife  of  Charles  IV.,  160. 
Blücher,  513. 
Blum,  527. 
Boccaccio,  170. 
Bodmer,  490. 

Bohemond  of  Tarentum,  78. 
Boileau,  391. 
Boniface,  St.,  11. 
Boniface  VIII.,  Pope  (native  of  Anagni), 

139- 
Bonne  of  Luxemburg,  164. 

Bonnet,  490. 

Borgogne,  402. 


Bossuet,  393. 

Rourdaloue,  393. 

Bourdon,  402. 

Bramante,  230. 

Brcitinger,  490. 

Bruno,  Bishop  of  Toul,  and  Count  of  Haps- 

burg,  62. 
Bruno  the  Great,  43. 
Bruno,  St.,  82. 
Brunswick-Lüneburg,  495. 
Bucquoy,  341. 
Buffon,  414. 
Bürger,  442. 
Burke,  463. 
Burns,  517. 
Byron,  517. 
Byzantine  Empire,  194. 


C. 


Cabral,  228. 

Calixtus  in..  Pope  (Alphonso  Borgia),  203. 

Calvin,  300. 

Campo  Basso,  207. 

Canova,  517. 

Canute  the  Great,  54. 

Caravaggio,  334. 

Cardinal  Granvelle,  311,  329. 

Wolsey,  241. 

Ximenes,  232. 
Carl  and  Horace  Vernet,  517. 
Caroline  of  Brandenburg-Anspach,  406. 
Caroline  of  Brunswick,  465. 
Caroline  von  Pichler,  517. 
Carloman,  brother  of  Pepin  the  Short,  14. 
Carrara,  168. 
Carthusians,  82. 
Castle  of  Granson,  206. 

Hapsburg,  131. 

Kyberg,  132. 

Wartburg,  87. 
Catherine  I.,  Empress  of  Russia,  411. 
Catherine  IL,  Empress  of  Russia,  433,  449. 
Catherine  de  Medici,  297,  322. 
Cervantes,  335. 
Chardin,  412. 
Charles  Martel,  11. 
Charlemagne,  Emperor,  17. 
Charles  the  Fat,  Emperor,  31. 
Charles  IV.,  Emperor,  156. 
Charles  V.,  Emperor,  239. 
Charles  V.,  Emperor,  at  Yuste,  265. 
Charles  VI.,  Emperor,  403. 
Charles  VI I. ,  Emperor,  405. 
Charles  I.,  King  of  England,  370. 
Charles  IL,  King  of  England,  389. 
Charles  the  Bald,  King  of  France,  30. 
Charles  the  Simple,  King  of  France,  45. 
Charles  IV.,  the  Fair,  King  of  France,  163. 
Charles  V..  the  Wise,  King  of  France,  16^. 
Charles   VI.,   the   Well-Beloved,   King   of 

France,  186, 
Charles  VI  I.,  the  Victorious,  King  of  France, 
187. 


INDEX, 


579 


Charles    VI IL,  the    Courteous,    King    of 

Früncc   214.« 
Charles  I'x.,  King  of  France,  299,  308. 
Charles  X.,  King  of  France,  471. 
Charles  IL.  King  of  Spain.  384. 
Charles  III.,  King  of  Spain,  431. 
Charles  IV.,  King  of  Spain,  486. 
Charles  XII.,  King  of  Sweden,  409. 
Charles  XIV.,  King  of  Sweden,  497. 
Charles  XV.,  King  of  Sweden,  499. 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgundy,  113,  204. 
Charles  of  Anjou,  113. 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  382. 
Charles  of  Lorraine,  brother  of  Francis  L, 

420. 
Charles  Albert,  King  of  Sardmia,  501. 
Charles  Emanuel  of  Savoy,  340. 
Charles    Emanuel    IV.,    King    of  Sardmia, 

501. 
Charles  Felix,  King  of  Sardinia,  501. 
Charles  Theodore  of  Bavaria.  435,  455.  482. 
Charlotte  of  Bavaria,  wife  of  Francis  IL,  463. 
Charlotte  of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz,  464. 
Charlotte  of  Savoy,  214. 
Chatham,  Earl  of,  463. 
Chaucer,  167. 
Chevalier  Bayard,  244. 
Cherubini,  517. 
Childeric,  8. 

Children  of  Louis  Philippe.  530. 
Chivalry,  83.  - 

Christian,  Archbishop  of  Mayence,  106. 
Christian  IV..  King  of  Denmark.  346. 
Christian  VI IL.  King  of  Denmark,  496. 
Christian  IX.,  King  of  Denmark,  496. 
Christina,  Queen  of  Swed(fn,  398. 
Cid  Campeador,  76. 
Cimabue,  88. 
Cities  of  Austrasia,  12. 

Neustria,  12. 
Claude  of  France,  256. 
Claude  Lorrain,  402. 
Claude  Perrault,  402.  • 

Claude  Vernet,  443. 

Claudia  of  Austria,  wife  of  Leopold  L,  387. 
Clemence  of  Hungary,  163. 
Clement  V.,  Pope  (Bertrand  of  Bordeaux), 

14S. 
Clement  VIL,  Pope  (Julius  Medici),  245. 

Clouet,  402. 
Clovis,  8. 
Colbert,  392. 
Coleridge,  463. 
Columbus,  221. 

Conde,  365,  396.  ,  u     ou-  A 

Confederacy  of  the  Cities  of  the  Rhine,  126. 
Confederation  of  the  Rhine,  483. 
Conformists  and  Non-Conformists,  301. 
Conrad  L,  Emperor,  34. 
CoNRAU  II.  the  Sahc,  Emperor,  59. 
Conrad  III..  Emperor,  91. 
Conrad  of  Lichtenau,  127. 
Conradino,  11 3-  . 

Constance  of  Aragon,  wife  of  Frederic  IL, 

113- 


Constance  of  Castile,  117. 
Constance  of  Sicily,  wife  of  Henry  VI.,  104. 
Constable  de  Bourbon,  243. 
Constantine  Palyeologus,  202. 
Contemporaries  of  Albert  II.  and  Frederic 
ILL,  210. 
Charles  V.,  263. 

Charles  VI.  and  Charles  VIL,  406. 
Ferdinand  I.,  296. 
Francis  I.  and  Maria  Theresa,  428. 
Francis  IL,  463. 

Henry  VIL,  Frederic  the  Handsome, 
Louis  the  Bavarian,  and  Charles  IV., 
161. 
Joseph  II.  and  Leopold  XL,  448. 
Leopold  I.  and  Joseph  I.,  389. 
Matthias,    Ferdinand   IL.   and    Ferdi- 
nand III.,  370. 
Maximilian,  I.,  226. 
Maximilian  IL,  308. 
Rudolph    of    Hapsburg,    Adolph    of 

Nassau,  and  Albert  I.,  143. 
Rudolph  IL,  320. 
Wenceslaus,    Rupert,   and   Sigismund, 

184. 
Franconian  Emperors,  71. 
Hohenstaufen   or  Suabian    Emperors, 

115- 
Saxon  Emperors,  44. 

Corneille,  392. 

Correggio.  259. 

Corte  Real,  228. 

Cossacks,  194. 

Council  of  Basle,  182. 

Constance,  179. 

Trent,  295. 
Count  Cavour,  545,  548. 

de  Rohan,  216. 

Egmont,  305,  312. 

Hoorn,  313. 

Meinhard  of  Tyrol,  134. 

Peter  of  Savoy,  117,  191. 

Thorn,  338. 

von  Daun,  438. 
Cousin,  402. 
Coypel,  402. 
Crusade,  the  First,  76,  78. 

Second,  93. 

Third,  100. 

Fourth,  109. 
Cuyp,  379- 


D. 


Dagobert,  9. 

Dante,  151. 

David,  517. 

Davoust,  516. 

Declaration  of  Independence.  448. 

Delia  Scala,  168. 

De  Moncey,  516. 

Desaix,  516. 

De  Thou  and  Cinq-Mars,  375. 

Die  Heilige  Vehme,  123. 

Diether,  Archbishop  of  Mayence,  203. 

Dolgoruki,  411. 


58o 


INDEX. 


Domenichino,  334. 

Dominicans,  120. 

Donatelli,  220. 

Donizetti,  517. 

Don  Carlos  of  Spain,  267. 

Don  John  of  xXustria,  290. 

Dona  Maria,  Queen  of  Portugal,  575. 

Donna  Magdalena,  290. 

Duchy  of  Franconia,  128. 

Du  Guesclin,  165. 

Duke  of  Alva,  275,  312,  328. 

Bassano,  517. 

Braganza,  378, 

Buckingham,  374. 

Christian  of  Brunswick,  356. 

Guise,  249,  282. 

John  William  of  J  uliers,  318. 
Dunstan,  44. 
Duroc,  517. 

E, 

Earl  of  Warwick,  212. 

East  India  Company,  335. 

Eberhard  of  Wiirtemherg,  150. 

Eclectics  and  Naturalisti,  334. 

Edith,  wife  of  Otho  the  Great,  43. 

Edmund  of  Haddam,  186. 

Edward  the  Confessor,  71. 

Edward  the  Etheling.  72. 

Edward  I.,  King  of  England,  143. 

Edward  II.,  King  of  England,  161. 

Edward  III..  King  of  England,  161. 

Edward  IV.,  King  of  England,  211. 

Edward  V.,  King  of  England.  212. 

Edward  VI.,  King  of  England,  254. 

Edward  of  Lancaster,  211. 

Edward  the  Black  Prince,  161, 

Edward  Underhill.  255. 

Egbert,  the  first  King  of  England,  18. 

Egbert  of  Meissen,  66. 

Eginhard,  23. 

Eleanor,  Queen-Dowager  of  Portugal  and 

France,  229.  257,  265. 
Eleanor  of  Aquitaine,  115,  117. 
Eleanor  of  Portugal,  wife  of  Frederic  III., 

210. 
Eleanor  of  Provence,  117. 
Eleanora  of  Castile,  143. 
Eleanora  of  Neuberg,  wife  of  Leopold   I., 

387. 
Eleanora  of  Portugal,  wife  of  Charles  V., 

250. 
Eleanore  of  Mantua,  wife  of  Ferdinand  III., 

370. 
Elector  Gebhard.  316, 
Elector  of  Saxe-Wittenberg,  183. 
Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England,  296,  308,  320, 
Elizabeth,  Empress  of  Russia,  431. 
Elizabeth  of  Austria,  308. 
Elizabeth  of  Bohemia,  151. 
Elizabeth  of  France,  332. 
EUzabeth  of  Hungary,  wife  of  Albert  II., 

200. 
Elizabeth  of  Nuremberg,  wife  of  Rupert, 

176. 


Elizabeth  of  Parma,  wife  of  Joseph  II.,  447. 
Elizabeth  of  Pomerania,  wife  of  Charles  IV., 

160. 
FLlizabeth  of  Tyrol,  wife  of  Albert  I.,  143. 
Elizabeth  of  Wiirtemberg,  wife  of  Francis 

II..  463. 
Elizabeth  of  York,  226. 

Elizabeth   Christina  of  Brunswick,  wife  of 

Charles  VI.,  404. 

Elizabeth  Stuart,  Queen  of  Bohemia,  344. 

Elizabeth  Woodville,  211. 

Emanuel  the  Great  of  Portugal,  228. 

Immanuel  Philibert  of  Savoy,  302. 

Erasmus,  241. 

Ernest,  Count  Mansfeldt,  340,  346. 

Ernest  of  Bavaria,  316. 

Erwin  of  Steinbach,  219. 

Este,  168. 

Esther  of  Silesia,  wife  of  Henry  VII.,  151. 

Ethelred,  45. 

Eudes,  Count  of  Paris,  31. 

Eugene  Beauharnai^,  469,  484. 

ILugenie,  Empress  of  France,  537. 

l'2ulenspiegel,  220, 

Eustace  de  St.  Pierre,  167. 

Evangelical  Union,  318. 


P. 


Fabricius.  339. 

P\imily  of  Frederic,  Prince  of  Wales,  406. 

Fenelon,  393. 

Ferdinand  I.,  Emperor,  293. 

Ferdinand  II.,  F^mperor,  341. 

Ferdinand  III..  l'2niperor,  363. 

Ferdinand.  Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  502. 

PY'rdinand  I..  Emperor  of  Austria,  525. 

Ferdinand  IV.  of  Naples,  afterwards  Fer- 
dinand I.,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  485. 

Ferdinand  II.,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies, 
486. 

Ferdinand  VI.  of  Spain,  430. 

Ferdinand  VII.  of  Spain,  487. 

Ferdinand  Magellan,  258. 

Ferdinand  of  I^runswick,  439. 

Ferdinand  of  Gratz,  337,  340. 

Ferdinand  the  Catholic  of  Spain,  217. 

F"ernando  Cortez,  258. 

Fichte,  517. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  241. 

Filippo  Brunelleschi,  219. 

Flemish    and    Dutch    Schools  of   Painting, 

379- 
Flodden  Field,  251. 

Florence  Nightingale,  538. 

Fontenelle,  392. 

Fox,  Charles  James,  463. 

Era  Bartolomeo,  233, 

France  in  1848.  536. 

Frances  d'Aubigne,  393. 

Francesco  Sforza,  201. 

Francis  I.,  Emperor,  417. 

Francis  II.,  P2mperor,  459. 

Francis  I.,  King  of  France,  255. 


INDEX. 


581 


Francis  II.,  299. 

Francis,  Duke  d'AlenQon,  326, 

Francis  Joseph,  l^mperor  of  Austria,  539. 

Francis  I.,  Kmg  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  486. 

Francis  II..  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies.  549. 

Francis  III.  of  Modena,  437- 

Francis  Gomar,  329. 

F'rancis  von  Sickingen,  238. 

Franciscans,  121. 

Francisco  Borja,  273,  285,  292. 

Franconian  Emi'EROrs,  57. 

Frank  Emperors,  16. 

Frederic  I.,  Barbarossa,  Emperor,  95. 

Frederic  II..  Emperor,  109. 

Frederic    the    Handsome,    Emperor, 

Frederic  III.,  Emperor,  200. 
Frederic  I.,  King  of  Wiirtemberg,  492. 
Frederic  II..  the^Great,  434.  509.  516. 
Frederic  III.,  Elector  of  Brandenburg,  and 

B'rederic  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  401. 
Frederic  1 1 1,  of  the  Palatinate,  300. 
Frederic  IV.  of  the  Palatinate,  337,  344- 
Frederic  VI.,  King  of  Denmark.  495. 
F'rederic  VII.,  King  of  Denmark,  496. 
Frederic  of  Suabia.  100. 
F>ederic  the   Victorious  of  the  Palatmate, 

203. 
Frederic  the  Wariike,  179. 
Frederic  the  Wise  of  Saxony,  239. 
Frederic  with  the  Bitten  Cheek,  138. 
Frederic  Augustus  I.  of  Saxony,  493. 
Frederic  Augustus  II.  of  Saxony,  493. 
Frederic    Eugene,    Duke   of   W^ürtemberg, 

491.  .  , 

Frederic  William,  Duke  of  Brunswick.  494. 
Frederic    William,    the    Great    Elector    of 

Brandenburg,  400. 
Frederic  William  I.,  King  of  Prussia,  408. 
Frederic  William  II..  456. 
Frederic  William  III.,  478. 
Frederic  William  IV.,  530. 
French  and  Indian  War,  437. 
Frobisher,  320. 
Fulton,  521. 
Fuseli,  490. 


Gallas.  365. 

Gallitzin,  411. 

Garibaldi,  544,  549- 

Geliert.  414. 

General  Mercv,  365. 

Gerhard.  Archbishop  of  Mayence,  138. 

George  I..  King  of  England,  406. 

George  II..  King  of  England,  406,  428. 

George    HI.,   King  of    England.  429.  448. 

463. 
George  IV..  King  of  England,  464. 
George  V.,  King  of  Hanover.  693. 
George  I..  King  of  the  Hellenes,  534. 
George  Podiebrad.  203. 
Gerhard  von  Eppstein,  138. 
Germaine  de  Foix,  218. 


Gessler.  141. 

Gessner.  490. 

Gervais  of  Tilbury.  127. 

Gibbon,  459. 

Giorgione,  233. 

Giotto,  88. 

Giovanni  Bellini,  233. 

Giraldus  Cambrensis,  115. 

Gisela  of  Suabia,  wife  of  Conrad  IL,  60. 

Gluck,  413. 

Goethe.  440. 

Goetz  von  Beriichingen.  237. 

Golden  Bull.  159. 

Gonzaga,  168. 

Gonzalvo  de  Cordova.  218. 

Görgey.  540. 

Gredenigo,  Doge  of  Venice,  108.        .  ^  , 

Gregorv  V.,  Pope  (Bruno,  brother  of  Otho 
the  Great),  49. 

Gregory  VII.,  Pope  (Hildebrand),  64. 

Gregory  XL,  Pope  (Peter  Roger,  a  French- 
man), 169. 

Gregory  XVI..  Pope   (Mauro  Cappellan). 

474- 
Grouchy,  517. 
Guelph'l.  of  Bavaria.  73. 
Guelph  II.  of  Bavaria.  74. 
Guelphs  and  Ghibellines,  70. 
Guido  Reni.  334. 
Gunhilda,  wife  of  Henry  TIL,  61. 
Günther  of  Schwarzburg,  Emperor. 

158. 
Gustavus  Adolph  us.  King  of  Sweden,  347. 
Gustavus  Vasa.  King  of  Sweden,  301. 
Gustavus  Wrangel,  366. 
Gutenberg,  209, 


H. 

Hagedorn,  414. 

Hallam,  517. 

Haller,  490. 

Handel,  412. 

Hanno,  Archbishop  of  Cologne,  63. 

Hanover,  495. 

Hans  Burgkmair,  224. 

Hans  Hemling.  220. 

Hans  Holbein,  261. 

Hans  Sachs,  224. 

Hans  von  Hallewyl,  206. 

Hanseatic  League,  124. 

Hapsburg  and  other  Houses.  129. 

Harold  Bluetooth.  46. 

Haroun-al- Raschid,  20. 

Hasse.  413. 

Hatto,  Archbishop  of  Mayence,  33. 

Hawkins,  320. 

Haydn,  442. 

Hedwig,  168. 

Hegel,  517- 

Heidelberg  Catechism,  300. 

Heine,  517. 
Hemans,  517. 
Henault,  392. 
Henri  de  Rohan,  374. 


5^-^ 


INDEX, 


Henrietta  Maria,  370. 

Henry  the  Fowler,  Emperor,  39. 

Henry  II.  (St.  Henry).  Emperor,  51. 

Henry  HL,  Emperor,  61, 

Henry  IV.,  Emperor,  63. 

Henry  V..  Emperor,  68. 

Henry  VI.,  Emperor,  103. 

Henry  VII.,  Emperor,  149. 

Henry  I.,  King  of  England,  72. 

Henry  II.,  King  of  England,  115. 

Henry  III.,  King  of  England,  117. 

Henry  IV.,  King  of  England,  185. 

Henry  V.,  King  of  England,  185. 

Henry  VI.,  King  of  England,  210. 

Henry  VH.,  King  of  England,  226. 

Henry  VIII.,  King  of  England,  251. 

Henry  I..  King  of  France,  73. 

Henry  II.,  King  of  France,  297. 

Henry  III.,  King  of  France,  321. 

Henry  IV.,  King  of  France,  323. 

Henry  I.,  King  of  Portugal,  76. 

Henry  the  Lion  of  Sa.xony,  96. 

Henry  the  Proud,  74. 

Henry  the  Quarrelsome,  46. 

Henry  de  Blois,  Bishop  of  Winchester,  115. 

Henry  Isaak,  224. 

Henry  Raspe  of  Thuringia,  114. 

Henry  Tudor,  212. 

Heraldry,  148. 

Herder,  441. 

Hermangarde,  wife  of  Louis  the  Pious,  27. 

Hermann  of  Lu.xemburg,  66. 

Hermann  von  Eptingen,  205. 

Hermann  von  Salza,  208. 

Herold,  517. 

Hildegarde,  wife  of  Charlemagne,  23. 

Hirschvogel,  224. 

Hirzel,  490. 

Hogarth,  412. 

Holy  Alliance,  501. 

Hortense,  Queen  of  Holland,  468. 

Hottinger,  490. 

Houdon,  517. 

House  of  Anjou  in  Hungary,  184. 

House  of  Austria,  Lineage  of  Haps- 

P.URG,  197. 

House  of  Austria-Lorraine,  415. 

House  of  Hohenzollern,  556. 

Hubert  and  Jan  van  Eyck,  220. 

Hugh  Capet,  53. 

Hugh  de  Lusignan,  116. 

Hugh  the  Fair,  45. 

Hugo  Grotius,  330, 

Hugo  Vander  Goes,  220. 

Humbert  the  White-Handed,  60. 

Humboldt,  518. 

Hume,  414. 

Huss,  178. 

Hulten,  243. 


I. 


Illuminati,  456. 

Imagina  of  Limburg,  wife  of  Adolph,  138. 

Imperial  Free  Cities,  125. 


Infanta  Mary  of  Portugal,  269. 

Innocent    III.,  Pope   (Lothaire,  Count  of 

Segni),  106. 
Interim,  248. 
Interregnum,  128,  525. 
Invincible  Armada,  320. 
Irene,  wife  of  Philip  of  Suabia,  107. 
Isabella  of  Angouleme,  116. 
Isabella  of  Aragon.  1,44. 
Isabella  of  Bavaria,  186. 
Isabella  of  Castile,  217. 
Isabella  of  England,  wife  of  Frederic  H., 

113. 
Isabella  of  France,  161. 

Isabella  of  Valois,  185. 

Isabella  IL,  Queen  of  Spain,  562. 

Italian  Republics,  54. 


J. 

Jacob! ,  517. 

Jacqueline  of  Hainault,  190. 

Jacques  Cartier,  259. 

Jacques  Clement,  322. 

Jacques  de  Molay,  81. 

James  I.,  King  of  England,  321,  370. 

James  IL,  King  of  luigland,  385,  389. 

Jane,  Countess  of  Montfort,  167. 

Jane  d'Albret,  309. 

Jane  d'Evreux,  164. 

Jane  of  Bourbon,  166. 

Jane  of  Burgundy,  164. 

Jane  of  France,  227. 

Jane  of  Navarre,  146. 

Jane  Seymour,  252. 

Janizaries,  193. 

Jean  Froissart,  166. 

Jean  Paul  Richter,  517. 

Jellachich,  651. 

Jenner,  521. 

Jerome  of  Prague,  179. 

Jerome  Savonarola,  220. 

Jesuits  and  Jansenists,  430. 

Joan  of  Arc,  187. 

Joanna  of  Bavaria,  wife  of  Wenceslaus,  171. 

Joanna  of  Naples,  145. 

Joanna  of  Navarre,  185. 

Joanna,  heiress  of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic, 

225,  284. 
Joannes  Scotus  Erigina,  28. 
Jofm,  King  of  Bohemia,  156,  161. 
John,  King  of  England,  116. 
John,  King  of  Saxony,  553, 
John  VI.,  King  of  Portugal  and  Emperor 

of  Brazil,  488. 
John     XXIL,    Pope    (James    of    Cahors, 

France),  169. 
John  XXIII. ,  Pope  (Balthasar  Cossa),  177. 
John  Frederic,  Elector  of  Saxony,  252. 
John  George,  Elector  of  Saxony,  356. 
John  the  Fearless  of  Burgundy,  189. 
John  the  Good,  King  of  France,  164. 
John  the  Steadfast,  Elector  of  Saxony,  246. 
John  of  Brabant,  137. 


INDEX. 


583 


John  of  Nepomuck,  171. 
John  of  Suabia,  142. 
John  of  Zapolya,  293. 
John  de  Brienne,  iii. 
John  Cabot,  226. 
John.Capristan,  202. 
John  Casimir  of  the  Palatmate,  316. 
fohn  Hunyady,  200. 
John  Knox.  300. 
John  Reuchlin,  237. 
John  Sobieski,  382,  399. 
John  Tetzel,  242. 
JOSEPH  I.,  Emperor,  387. 
Joseph  IL,  Emperor,  444. 
Joseph  Bonaparte,  King  of  Spam,  467. 
Josepha  of  Bavaria,  wife  of  Joseph  II.,  447- 
Josephine,  467. 
Juan  de  Regia,  272. 
Juanna,  Regent  of  Spain,  266. 
Judith,  wife  of  Louis  the  Pious,  26. 
Julian,  Emperor  of  Rome,  8. 
Julius  IL,  Pope  (Giuliano    della    Rovera), 

229. 
Justus  of  Ghent,  220. 


K. 


Kant,  440.  ! 

Kasimir  of  Poland,  168. 

Katharina  von  Schwarzburg,  313. 

Katharine  of  Aragon,  251. 

Katharine  of  Braganza,  389. 

Katharine  of  Valois,  186. 

Katharine  Howard,  253. 

Katharine  Parr,  253. 

Kara  Mustapha,  382. 

Kaunitz,  454. 

Keats,  517. 

Kepler,  320. 

King     Philip,   King   William,  and    Queen 
Anne's  War,  402. 

Kleber,  516. 

Klopstock.  517. 

Knights  of  St.  John,  78. 
Templars,  80. 
Teutonic  Order,  100,  114. 

Koenigsmark,  367. 

Körner,  517. 

Kosciusko,  450. 

Kossuth,  526, 

Kotzebue,  517. 

Kunigunde  of  Luxemburg,  wife  of  Henry 

IIm  53- 

L. 

Ladislas  VII.  of  Hungary,  210. 

Lafayette,  451,  525- 

La  Fontaine,  392. 

La  Jacquerie,  164. 

Lafranc,  72. 

Lannes,  516. 

Laplace,  521. 

Lavater,  490. 


Lefevre,  516. 

Leibnitz,  413. 

Le  Nain,  402. 

Leo  III.,  Pope  (the  Great,  St.,  a  Roman), 

18. 
Leo  X.,  Pope  (Giovanni  de  Medici),  239, 

241. 
Leo    XI I. ,    Pope   (Annibale  della  Genga), 

474. 
Leonardo  da  Vinci,  233. 
Leonhard  Torstensohn,  347. 
Leopold  L,  Emperor,  381. 
Leopold  IL,  Emperor,  447. 
Leopold  I.,  King  of  Belgium,  500. 
Leopold  IL,  King  of  Belgium,  501. 
Leopold  the  Brave,  172. 
Leopold,   the    "  Flower   of    Knighthood, 

142,  153. 
Leopold,  "  the  Old  Dessauer,"  411. 
Leopold  of  Hohenzollern,  560. 
Le  Sueur,  402. 
Lessing,  440. 
Letter  of  Majesty,  338. 
Locke,  391. 
Lord  Clive,  429. 
Burleigh,  308. 
Howard  of  Effingham,  320. 

Lorenzo  Ghiberti,  219. 

Lothaire,  eldest  son  of  Charlemagne,  26. 

Lothaire  of  Supplinburg,  Emperor,  70. 

Louis  the  Bavarian,  Emperor,  153. 

Louis  the  Child,  Emperor,  33. 

Louis  the  Deronnaire.  Emperor,  25. 

Louis  the  German,  Emperor,  29. 

Louis  the  Fat,  King  of  France,  73. 

Louis  VIL,  the  Young,  King  of  France,  117. 

Louis  VIIL,  the  Lion,  King  of  France,  118. 

Louis  IX.,  St.  Louis,  King  of  France,  119. 

Louis  X.,  the  Peevish,  King  of  France,  163. 

Louis  XI..  213. 

Louis  XII.,  the  Father  of  his  People,  226. 

Louis  XIII. ,  376. 

Louis  XIV.,  the  Grand,  383,  392. 

Louis  XV.,  the  Well-Beloved,  407,  430. 

Louis  XVI.,  449,  465. 

Louis  XVII.,  466. 

Louis  XVI IL,  471. 

Louis  Philippe,  471.  528. 

Louis  L,  King  of  Bavaria,  532. 

Louis  IL.  King  of  Bavaria.  534,  574- 

Louis  of  Anjou,  King  of  Hungary,  168. 

Louis  Bonaparte,  King  of  Holland,  468. 

Louis  of  Eptingen,  206. 

Louis,  Duke  of  Orleans   216. 

Louis  I.,  King  of  Portugal,  575. 

Louisa,  Queen  of  Prussia,  480. 

Louisa  of  Lorraine,  322. 

Louisa  of  Savoy,  255. 

Louvois,  392. 

Lucas  Cranach,  224. 

Ludolf,  son  of  Otho  the  Great,  42. 

Ludovico  and  Annibale  Caracci,  334. 

Ludovico  Moro,  223. 

Luis  Quixada,  271. 

Luther,  241. 


5^4 


INDEX. 


M. 


Macdonald,  516. 
Madame  Dacier,  393. 

De  Genlis,  528. 

De  Sevii;ne,  393. 

De  Stael.  517. 
Mahomet  II.,  202. 
Malcolm  Canmore,  72. 
Mamelukes,  195. 
Manfred,  113. 
Marco  Paolo,  127. 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  211. 
Margaret  of  Austria,  daughter  of  Maximilian 

I..  225. 
Margaret  of  Austria,  wife  of  Leopold  I.,  387. 
Margaret  of  Brabant,  wife  of  Henry  VII., 

151- 
Margaret  of  Burgimdy,  163. 

Margaret  of  Holland,  wife  of  Louis  the  Ba- 
varian, 156. 
Margaret  of  Parma,  daughter  of  Charles  V., 

303- 
Margaret  of  Provence,  119. 

Margaret,  the  Semiramis  of  the  North,  188. 

Margaret  Beaufort,  186. 

Margaret  Maultasch  of  Tyrol,  156. 

Margaret  Stuart,  213. 

Margaret  de  Valois,  323. 

Marguerite  of  France,  144. 

Maria  Carlotta,  Empress  of  Mexico,  546. 

Maria  Christina,  Queen  of  Spain,  488. 

Maria  Leszczynski,  407,  430, 

Maria  Louisa,  469. 

Maria  Louisa  Beatrice,  wife  of  Francis  II., 

463- 
Marie  Amelia,  471, 

Marie  Antoinette,  466. 

Marie  Josephine  Louise,  471. 

Maria  Theresa,  Empress,  419,  422. 

Maria  Theresa,  Queen  of  France,  393. 

Maria  Theresa  of  Sicily,  wife  of  Francis  IL, 

463- 
Marie  Therese  of  Savoy,  471. 

Marlborough,  Duke  of,  385. 

Marmont,  516. 

Marshal  Brune,  516. 

Jourdan,  517. 

Poniatowski,  517. 

Saxe,  439. 

Victor,  516. 
Martin  Gaztelu,  272. 
Martin  V.,  Pope  (Otho  Colonna),  177. 
Martin  Schön,  224. 
Martinitz,  339. 
Mary  of  Anjou.  187. 

Mary  of  Brabant,  wife  of  Otho  IV.,  109. 
Mary  of  Brabant,  Duchess  of  Burgundy, 145. 
Mary  of  Burgundy,  wife  of  Maximilian  I., 

204,  225. 
Mary  of  Hungary,  wife  of  Sigismund,  183. 
Mary  of  Luxemburg,  164. 
Mary,  Infanta  of  Portugal,  332. 
Mary  de  Bohun,  185. 
Mary  de  Medici,  324,  371. 


Mary,  sister  of  Henry  VIII.,  228. 
Mary  I.,  Queen  of  ICngland,  254. 
Mary  II.,  Queen  of  England,  390. 
Mary,  wife  of  Maximilian  II.,  308. 
Mary,  Queen-Dowager  of  Hungary,  265. 
Marv  Amalia  of  Austria,  wife  of  Charles 

Vil.,  405. 
Mary  Anna  of  Austria,  wife  of  Ferdinand 

III.,  370. 
Mary  Anna  of  Bavaria,  wife  of  Ferdinand 

II..  363. 

Mary  Beatrice,  Queen  of  England,  389. 

Mary  Leopoldine  of  Austria,  wife  of  Ferdi- 
nand III.,  370. 

Mary  Stuart,  Queen  of  France  and  Scotland, 
299. 

Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  309. 

Massena,  516. 

Massillon,  393. 

Matilda  of  Boulogne,  115. 

Matilda  of  England,  wife  of  Henry  V.,  68. 

Matilda  of  Scotland,  73. 

Matilda  of  Tuscany,  74. 

Matthew  Paris,  127, 

Matthias,  Emperor,  336. 

Matthias  am  Buhl,  173. 

Matthias  Corvinus,  199. 

Maurice  of  Nassau,  Prince  of  Orange,  329. 

Maurice  of  Saxony,  248. 

Maximilian  I.,  Emperor,  222. 

Maximilian  II.,  Emperor,  306, 

Maximilian,  ICmperor  of  Mexico,  546. 

Maximilian  I.  of  Bavaria,  319,  338,  348. 

Maximilian  II.  of  Bavaria,  382. 

Maximilian  III.  of  Bavaria,  406,  426. 

Maximilian  IV.  (Joseph),  Elector  and 
King,  482. 

Maximilian  IL,  King,  533. 

Mayors  of  the  Palace,  15. 

Mazarin,  Cardinal,  376. 

Mazeppa,  409. 

Medici,  230. 

Melanchthon,  246. 

Melandcr,  366, 

Mendelssohn,  517. 

Mentchikoff,  411. 

Mercenaries  and  Condottieri,  169. 

Metastasio,  412. 

Metternich,  507. 

Meyerbeer,  517. 

Micislav  of  Poland,  46. 

Mieris,  379. 

Michael  Angelo,  235. 

Michael  Wohlgemuth,  224. 

Mignard,  402. 

Milton,  391. 

Minnesingers,  86. 

Moliere,  392. 

Montecuculi,  382. 

Montesquieu,  392. 

Moore,  517. 

Morat,  206. 

Morgarten,  154. 

Mortier,  516. 

Mosheim,  414. 


INDEX, 


585 


Mozart,  457. 

Mühlberg,  248. 

Mühldorf,  154. 

Miinzcr,  244. 

Murat,  King  of  Naples,  462,  516. 


N. 


Näfles,  173. 

Napoleon  I.,  Emperor  of  France,  466,  472. 
Napoleon  IL,  Emperor  of  France,  470. 
Napoleon    III.,    Emperor  of   France,  537. 

574. 
Napoleon's  Marshals,  516. 

Neander,  517. 

Newton,  391. 

Nev,  517- 

Nicholas  L,  Emperor  of  Russia,  477.  534- 

Niebuhr,  517. 

Nominalists  and  Realists,  178. 

Novalis,  517. 


O. 


Odilo  of  Bavaria,  11. 

Odo  of  Bayeux,  72. 

Odowalski,  367. 

Old  Saxony,  183. 

Olden  Barneveld,  330. 

Oliver  Cromwell,  371. 

Ordeals,  145. 

Order  of  the  Garter,  167. 

Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  190. 

Oscar  I.,  King  of  Sweden,  498. 

Otho  the  Great,  Emperor,  41. 

Otho  IL,  Emperor,  46. 

Otho  HI.,  Emperor,  48. 

Otho  IV.,  Emperor,  107. 

Otho  L.  King  of  Greece,  502,  534. 

Otho,  Bishop  of  Freysing,  97. 

Otho  the  Illustrious  of  Bavaria,  109. 

Otho  of  Wittelsbach,  96. 

Ottavio  Farnese,  303. 

Ottocar  of  Bohemia,  134. 

Ottoman  Empire,  193. 

Oudinot,  516. 

Owen  Tudor,  186. 


Painting,  88. 

Palestrina,  412. 

Paper,  209. 

Pappenheim,  349. 

Paschal  IL,  Pope  (a  native  of  Tuscany),  68. 

Paschal  III.,  Pope  (antipope).  24. 

Paul  III.,  Pope  (.\lessandro  Farnese),  263. 

Paul  IV..  Pope  (Gianpietro  Caraffa),  268. 

Paul  I..  Emperor  of  Russia.  474. 

Paul  Delaroche,  517. 

Paul  Warnefried,  22. 

Peace  of  Westphalia,  368. 


Pedro  I.,  Emperor  of  Brazil,  489. 

Pepin  of  Heristal,  10. 

Pepin  of  Landen,  10. 

Pepin  the  Short,  11. 

Pergolesi,  413. 

Pestalozzi,  490. 

Peter  the  Great,  Emperor  of  Russia,  410. 

Peter  IL,  Emperor  of  Russia,  411. 

Peter  I  IL,  Emperor  of  Russia,  432. 

Peter  HI.  of  Aragon,  114. 

Peter  the  Hermit,  77. 

Peter  of  Pisa,  22. 

Peter  Lombard,  126, 

Peter  Vischer,  224. 

Petrarch,  165. 

Philip  of  Suabia,  Emperor,  105. 

Philip  I.,  King  of  France,  73. 

Philip  HI.,  the  Bold,  King  of  France,  144. 

Philip  IV.,  the  Fair,  King  of  France,  145. 

Philip  v..  King  of  France,  163. 

Philip  VI.,  King  of  France,  164. 

Philip  IL,  King  of  Spain,  302,  331. 

Philip  HI.,  King  of  Spain,  333,  343. 

Philip  IV.,  King  of  Spain,  378. 

Philip  v..  King  of  Spain,  384,  408. 

Philip  Augustus,  King  of  France,  ii8. 

Philip  de  Comines,  221. 

Philip  the  Bold  of  Burgundy,  189. 

Philip  the  Good  of  Burgundy,  189. 

Philip  the  Handsome,  225. 

Philip  of  Hesse,  248. 

Philippaof  Hainauh,  162. 

Piccolomini,  354. 

Pierre,  Cardinal.  121. 

Pierre  von  Hagenbach,  205. 

Pius  VI.,  Pope  (Angelo  Braschi),455,  471. 

Pius  VIL,   Pope   (Gregorio   Chiaramonti), 

472. 
Pius   VIIL,   Pope    (Francis   Xavier   Casti- 

glione),  474. 
Pius  IX.,  Pope  (Giovanni  Mastai-Feretti), 

550- 
Pizarro,  259. 

Poland,  first  division,  434. 

second  and  third  divisions,  450. 

Ponce  de  Leon,  258. 

Poniatowski,  last  King  of  Poland,  449. 

Pope,  391. 

Portugal,  191. 

Potemkin,  449. 

Poussin,  402. 

Pretender,  390. 

Prester  John,  127. 

Prince  Albert,  554. 

Prince  Eugene,  382,  385,  404,  455. 

Prince  Henry  of  Prussia,  439. 

Proclamation  of  Emancipation,  545. 

Protestant,  246. 

Prussia,  a  hereditary  duchy,  245. 


Q. 


Quedlinburg,  Abbesses  of,  51. 


586 


INDEX. 


R. 


Rabanus  Maurer,  28. 

Racine,  392. 

Radetzky,  540. 

Raphael,  234. 

Rauch,  517. 

Ravaillac,  323. 

Raymond  de  Castelnau,  122. 

Rembrandt,  379. 

Rene  of  Lorraine,  206. 

Republic  of  France,  466. 

Reinike  Fuclis,  220. 

Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  King  of  England, 

116. 
Richard  IL,  King  of  England,  184. 
Richard  I  IL,  King  of  England,  212. 
Richard  of  Cornwall,  128. 
Richelieu,  Cardinal,  374. 
Rienzi,  168. 

Rise  of  Switzerland,  140. 
Robert  Guiscard,  64,  75. 
Robert  the  Pious,  King  of  France,  53. 
Robert  of  Normandy,  73. 
Robert  de  Sorbonne,  127. 
Roderic  Ximenes,  127, 
Roger  IL,  King  of  the  Two  Sicilies,  75. 
Roger  Bacon,  127. 
Roger  de  Loria,  188. 
Roland,  Count  of  Bretagne,  18. 
Rollo  the  Norman,  45. 
Rossini,  517. 
Rothschild,  522. 
Rousseau,  490. 
Rubens,  379. 
Rudolf  of  Suabia,  66. 
Rudolph  of  PIapsburg,  Emperor,  131. 
Rudolph  IL,  Emperor,  315. 
Rudolph  Redin,  154. 
Rupert,  Emperor,  175. 
Russia,  192. 
Ruysdael,  379. 

S. 

Saladin,  100. 

Salic  Law,  57. 

Savings-Banks,  522. 

Savoy,  191. 

Saxo  Grammaticus,  126. 

Saxon  Emperors,  36. 

Schadow,  517. 

Schaumburg,  243. 

Schelling,  517. 

Schiller,  441. 

Schleiermacher,  517. 

Schubert,  517. 

Schwerin,  439. 

Scott,  517. 

Sempach,  172. 

Settlements  in  America,  379. 

Seven  Years'  War,  434. 

Shakspeare,  321. 

Shelley,  517. 

Sicilian  Vespers,  114. 


Siegfried  Schwepperman,  154. 
Siegfried  of  Westerburg,  137. 
ShilsMUND,  Emperor,  176. 
Simon  de  Montfort,  121. 
Simone  Memmi,  170. 
Sire  de  Joinville,  120. 
Sir  Hunijihry  Davy,  522. 

PYancis  Drake,  320. 

William  Herschel,  521, 

Godfrey  Kneller,  412. 

Walter  Raleigh,  321. 

Philip  Sidney,  321. 
Slawata,  339. 
Smalkaldic  League,  247. 
Snyders,  379. 

Solyman  the  Magnificent,  246. 
Sons  of  Ferdinand,  Duke  of  Orleans,  530, 
Sophia  of  Bavaria,  wife  of  Wenceslaus,  175, 
Sophia  Dorothea  of  Zell,  406. 
Soult,  516. 
Spagnoletto,  334. 
Spain,  168. 
Spohr,  517. 
Stamp  Act,  429. 
State  of  society  before  the  Hohenstaufens, 

82. 
Statistical  Records,  522. 
Steele,  391. 

Stephen,  St.,  King  of  Hungary,  54, 
Stephen,  King  of  England,  115. 
Stephen  Colonna,  168. 
Stephenson,  522. 
Stigand,  72. 
St.  Cyr,  516. 
St.  Greal,  86. 
SuABiAN  Emperors,  91. 
Suchet,  517. 
Sully,  323. 
Sulzer,  490. 
Suwaroff,  452. 
Sweyn,  54. 
Swift,  391. 
Switzerland,  489. 
Synod  of  Dort,  330. 


T. 

Taddeo  Gaddi,  170. 

Tallard,  386. 

Talleyrand,  509. 

Tallis,  412. 

Tamerlane,  193. 

Tancred  of  Hauteville,  74. 

Tassilo,  Duke  of  Bavaria,  18. 

Tasso,  334. 

Tekeli,  382. 

Theophania,  wife  of  Otho  IL,  48. 

Teniers,  379. 

The  Admirable  Crichton,  335. 

The  Catholic  League,  348. 

The  First  French  Empire,  466. 

The  Fronde,  396. 

The  Fugger  Family,  263. 

The  Golden  Horde,  194. 


INDEX. 


587 


The  Jesuits,  262. 
The  Protestant  Union,  344. 
The  Welsers,  264. 
Theodore  d'Aubigne,  323. 
Theresa  Hubert,  517. 
Thirty  Years'  War,  318,  344. 
Thomas  Aquinas,  127. 
Thomas  ä  Becket,  115. 
Thomas  \  Kempis,  220. 
Thorwaldsen,  517. 
Thuringia  and  Saxony,  19. 
Tieck,  517. 
Tilly.  348. 
Titian,  260. 
Torriano,  272. 

Tournaments  and  Jousts,  40. 
Transubstantiation,  114. 
Treaty  of  Cambray,  244. 
Treaty  of  Passau,  249. 
Troubadours,  84. 
Trouveres,  85. 
Turenne,  366,  394. 
Tycho  Brahe,  320. 

Ü. 

Uhland,  517. 

Ulric  with  the  Thumb,  150. 

United  States,  450,  524. 

Urban  IL,  Pope  (a  native  of  France),  tj. 

Urban  V.,  Pope  (William  Grimoard),  169. 

Urban  V.,  Pope  (Bartolomeo  Prignano),  169. 


V. 

Van  Dyck,  379. 

Varangians,  192. 

Vasco  de  Gama,  228. 

Vauban,  397. 

Veit  Stoss,  224. 

Velasquez,  378. 

Verazzana,  259. 

Victor  Amadeus  III.  of  Sardinia,  501. 

Victor  Emanuel  I.  of  Sardinia,  501. 

Victor  Emanuel  IL  of  Sardinia  and  King 

of  Italy,  501,  548. 
Victoria,  Queen  of  England,  528,  553. 
Visconti,  168. 
Voiture,  392. 
Voltaire.  430. 
Von  Müller,  490. 
Von  Weber,  517. 
Von  Zeithen,  439. 
Vouet,  402. 


W. 


Waldman  of  Zurich,  206. 

Wallenrode,  208. 

Wallenstein,  349. 

Walter  Fürst,  141. 

War  of  Prussia  and  Italy  against  Austria 

and  her  German  Allies,  559. 
War  of  the  Peasants,  244. 
War  of  the  Wartburg,  87. 
Watteau,  412. 
Weinsberg,  92. 
Wellington,  512. 
Wenceslaus,  Emperor,  170. 
Werner  Stauffacher,  141. 
West,  517. 
Wickliffe,  163,  184. 
Widow  Glisson,  167. 
Wieland,  442. 

William  L,  Emperor,  556. 
William  the  Conqueror,  King  of  England, 

72. 
William  Rufus,  King  of  England,  72. 
William  III.,  King  of  England,  390. 
William  IV.,  King  of  England,  465. 
William  I.,  King  of  the  Netherlands,  499. 
William  L,  King  of  Würtemberg,  492. 
William  the  Silent,  Prince  of  Orange,  304, 

325. 
William  of  Tyre,  126. 
William  of  Grumbach,  307. 
William  of  Holland,  128. 
William  of  Villehardouin,  114. 
William  Caxton,  211. 
William  Tell,  141. 
William  van  Male,  272. 
Windischgratz,  540. 
Wittikind,  13. 
Wordsworth,  463. 
Wouvermans,  379. 
Wrangel,  Field- Marshal,  559. 


Y. 

Yoland  of  Jerusalem,  wife  of  Frederic  II., 
113- 


Zollverein,  480. 
Zurbaban,  378. 
Zwingli,  299. 


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